1085:, a top Ittihad commander, was stopped near Pol-e Sorkh, and although Alem escaped, one of the passengers was killed. On June 3, 1992, heavy fighting between forces of Ittihad-i Islami and Hizb-I Wahdat in West Kabul broke out. Both sides used rockets, killing and injuring civilians. On June 4, interviews with Hazara households stated that Ittihad forces looted their houses in Kohte-e Sangi, killing six civilians. The gun battles at this time had a death toll of over 100 according to some sources. On June 5, 1992, further conflicts between forces of Ittihad and Hizb-i Wahdat in West Kabul were reported. Here, both sides used heavy artillery, destroying houses and other civilian structures. Three schools were reportedly destroyed by bombardment, and an unknown number of civilians were injured or killed. Gunmen were reported killing people in shops near the Kabul Zoo. On June 24, 1992, the Jamhuriat hospital located near the interior ministry was bombed and closed. Jamiat and Shura-e Nazar forces sometimes joined the conflict when their positions came under attack by Wahdat forces and in June and July bombarded Hizb-i Wahdat positions in return. Harakat forces also sometimes joined the fight.
1098:
150. In the early morning on August 10 Hezb-e Islami forces attacked from three directions—Chelastoon, Darulaman and
Maranjan mountain. A shell also struck a Red Cross hospital. On April 10–11 nearly a thousand rockets hit parts of Kabul including about 250 hits on the airport. Some estimate that as many as 1,000 were killed, with the attacks attributed to Hekmatyar's forces. By August 20 it was reported that 500,000 people had fled Kabul. On August 13, 1992, a rocket attack was launched on Deh Afghanan in which cluster bombs were used. Eighty were killed and more than 150 injured, according to press reports. In response to this, Shura-e Nazar forces hit Kart-I Naw, Shah Shaheed and Chiilsatoon with aerial and ground bombardment. In this counterattack, more than 100 were killed and 120 wounded.
1337:
By
October 1994, the Taliban movement had attracted the support of Pakistan, which was unhappy with the unsuccessful Hekmatyar, which saw in the Taliban a way to secure trade routes to Central Asia and establish a government in Kabul friendly to its interests. Pakistani traders who had long sought a secure route to send their goods to Central Asia quickly became some of the Taliban's strongest financial backers. The Pakistanis also wished for a stable government to take hold in Afghanistan, regardless of ideology, in hopes that the 3 million Afghans who for 15 years had taken refuge in Pakistan would return to their homeland since the refugee population became increasingly viewed as a burden.
562:
1371:. Between November 11–13, 1995, at least 57 unarmed civilians were killed and over 150 injured when rockets and artillery barrages fired from Taleban positions south of Kabul pounded the civilian areas of the city. On November 11, 36 civilians were killed when over 170 rockets as well as shells hit civilians areas. A salvo crashed into Foruzga Market. Rockets struck the Taimani District where many people from other parts of Kabul had settled. Other residential areas hit by artillery and rocket attacks were the Bagh Bala District in the northwest of Kabul and Wazir Akbar Khan where much of the city's small foreign community live.
494:
483:
472:
461:
450:
222:
210:
198:
186:
174:
147:
55:
331:
1357:
forces heavily bombarded
Western Kabul driving Wahdat out. According to other reports the forces of Jamiat-e Islami also committed mass rape and executions on civilians in this period. The Taliban retreated under this, taking Mazari with them and throwing him from a helicopter en route to Kandahar. The Taliban then continued to launch offensives against Kabul, using the equipment of Hezbe Islami. While the Taliban retreated, large amounts of looting and pillaging was said to have taken place in southwestern Kabul by the forces under Rabbani and Massoud.
596:
538:
371:
290:
619:
608:
551:
400:
319:
505:
235:
439:
162:
250:
387:
306:
977:
584:
575:
526:
517:
344:
263:
417:
1240:. One attack during this time from Wahdat killed at least nine civilians. Further rockets bombardments took place on February 26, 1993, as Shura-e Nazar and Hezb-i Islami bombarded each other's positions. Civilians were the main victims in the fighting which killed some 1,000 before yet another peace accord was signed on March 8. However, the following day rocketing by Hekmatyar's Hezb-i Islami and Hezb-i Wahdat in Kabul left another 10 dead.
1392:
359:
278:
1015:
thousands of rockets into the city. Fighting between Hezb-i Islami and
Junbish occurred in the Shashdarak area of Kabul. On May 5–6, 1992, Hizb-i Islami subjected Kabul to a heavy artillery bombardment, killing and injuring an unknown number of civilians. On May 23, 1992, despite a cease-fire, the forces of Junbish-i Milli bombarded Hizb-i Islami positions in Bini Hissar,
954:, while still in the centre of Kabul, they had set free all the inmates, including many criminals who were able to take arms and commit gruesome actions against the population. With the government institutions either collapsing or participating in the factional fighting, maintaining order in Kabul became almost impossible. The scene was set for the
1271:. The Ittihad troops of Abdul Rasul Sayyaf escalated the operation into a rampage against civilians. Both Ittihad and Wahdat forces severely targeted civilians in the war. The Wahhabist Ittihad supported by Saudi Arabia was targeting Shias, while the Iran-controlled Wahdat was targeting Sunni Muslims as well as their own people.
651:
fought against Wahdat as well. In 1995 Massoud and the ISA forces were able to control most of Kabul. Pakistan stopped support to
Hekmatyar in 1995, and supported the Taliban instead. Without Pakistani support, and with the arrival of the Taliban, Hekmatyar stopped fighting against the Islamic State of Afghanistan.
1336:
Significant changes occurred in 1994 in how the war was conducted and who fought which side. The
Taliban movement first emerged on the military scene in August 1994, with the stated goal of liberating Afghanistan from its present corrupt leadership of warlords and establishing a pure Islamic society.
1304:
against the forces of
Massoud and the interim government. During this, Hezb-i Islami was able make use of Junbish's air force in both bombing the positions of Jamiat and in resupplying their men. This led to greater artillery bombardment on behalf of Hezb-i Islami. Hezb-i Islami and Junbish were able
1262:
and Hezb-i Wahdat forces that took place in
February 1993. The Iran-controlled Hezb-i Wahdat, together with the Pakistani-backed Hezb-i Islami of Hekmatyar, were shelling densely populated areas in Kabul from their positions in Afshar. To counter these attacks, Islamic State forces attacked Afshar in
1235:
near Rabia Balkhi girls' school. Most notable during this period was the rocket bombardments which would start against the residential area of Afshar. Some of these areas, such as Wahdat's headquarters at the Social
Science Institute, were considered military targets, a disproportionate number of the
1168:
area, where Wahdat Corps had based their artillery commander, as well as the area near the
Russian Embassy where Wahdat's Division 096, were particularly targeted by the long ranged rockets. Charasyab, which housed Hizb-i Islami's artillery, Shiwaki, where the intelligence department was deployed and
1120:
On November 23, Minister of Food Sulaiman Yaarin reported that the city's food and fuel depots were empty. The government was now under heavy pressure. At the end of 1992 Hizb-i Wahdat officially withdrew from the government and opened secret negotiations with Hizb-I Islami. In December 1992, Rabbani
1097:
shells, rockets and fragmentation bombs killed over 2,000 people in Kabul, most of them civilians. On August 1 the airport was attacked by rockets. One hundred and fifty rockets were launched the following day, and according to one author, these missile attacks killed as many as 50 people and injured
818:
was given the post of prime minister, but he did not accept this position as he did not want to share power and Pakistan was urging him to take power for himself. Massoud, in a recorded conversation, tried to convince Hekmatyar to join the peace agreement and not to enter Kabul. But Hekmatyar replied
1356:
due to the advance of the Taliban. The Taliban were therefore able to take control of this weaponry. In March, Massoud launched an offensive against Hezb-e Wahdat. Mazari allied himself with the Taliban, allowing them to enter Kabul, although many of Wahdat's forces joined Massoud instead. Massoud's
1321:
particularly singled out. According to the Afghanistan Justice Project, during this period until June 1994, 25,000 people were killed. Areas around Microraion were particularly bloody. By now the population of Kabul had dropped from 2 million during Soviet times to 500,000 due to a large exodus from
1080:
areas such as Rahman Baba High school. According to reports by Nabi Azimi, who at the time was a high ranking governor, the fighting began on May 31, 1992, when four members of Hezb-e Wahdat's leadership were assassinated near the Kabul Silo. Those killed were Karimi, Sayyid Isma'il Hosseini, Chaman
938:
area. While charging towards the Kote Sangi and Kabul University, Sayyaf's forces attacked Hezb forces from the Ghazi School area in a surprise move, and the Hezb forces were separated into two groups after being cut off by Jamiat troops. Throughout the night, the exhausted and demoralized forces of
1101:
Hezb-i Islami was not, however, the only perpetrator of indiscriminate shelling of civilians. Particularly in West Kabul, Wahdat, Ittihad and Jamiat all have been accused of deliberately targeting civilian areas. All sides used non-precision rockets such as Sakre rockets and the UB-16 and UB-32 S-5
1071:
of Kabul, a fact which has been well-documented. Artillery exchanges quickly broke out, escalating in late May-early June. Shura-i Nazar was able to immediately benefit from heavy weapons left by fleeing or defecting government forces and launched rockets on Hekmatyar's positions near the Jalalabad
1014:
As mentioned above, Kabul came completely under the control of the interim government on April 30, 1992, and hopes were rising for a new era. But the situation was far from stabilized. The Hezb-i Islami had been driven out, but they were still within artillery range, and soon started firing tens of
1287:
on May 20 under which Massoud agreed to relinquish the post of defense minister. Massoud had resigned in order to gain peace. Hekmatyar at first accepted the post of prime minister but after attending only one cabinet meeting he left Kabul again starting to bomb Kabul leaving more than 700 dead in
1125:
to elect the next president. On December 29, 1992, Rabbani was elected as president and he agreed to establish a parliament with representatives from all of Afghanistan. Also notable during this month was the solidification of an alliance between Hezb-i Wahdat and Hezb-i Islami against the Islamic
772:
As soon as he announced his willingness, on March 18, to resign in order to make way for a neutral interim government, Najibullah immediately lost control. As the government broke into several factions, the issue was how to carry out a transfer of power to a new government. Najibullah resigned on
1454:
and his brother General Shahpur Ahmadzai, perceiving them to be puppets loyal to nations other than Afghanistan. All key government installations appeared to be in the Taliban's hands within hours, including the presidential palace and the ministries of defense, security and foreign affairs. The
650:
Wahdat worked with the Islamic government of Afghanistan until it withdrew in late 1992 joining Hezb-i Islami. Dostum, previously allied with Massoud, joined forces with Hekmatyar in 1994. Harakat, remaining allied to Jamiat, generally fought with Wahdat against Ittehad; however, occasionally it
1000:, that they would enter the city through Bagram, Panjshir, Salang and Kabul Airport. Many government forces, including generals, joined Jamiat, including the troops of General Baba Jan, who was at the time in charge of the garrison of Kabul. On April 27, all major parties had entered the city.
1075:
Particularly noticeable in this period was the escalation of the fight in West Kabul between the Shi'a Wahdat forces supported by Iran and those of the Wahhabist Ittihad militia supported by Saudi Arabia. Wahdat was somewhat nervous about the presence of Ittihad posts which were deployed in
984:
The immediate objective of the interim government was to defeat the forces acting against the peace agreement (the Peshawar Accord), particularly Hekmatyar's Hezb-i Islami (backed by Pakistan) but later to include Mazari's Wahdat (backed by Iran) and Dostum's Junbish (backed by Uzbekistan).
946:
Kabul came completely under Islamic State control on April 30, 1992, but the situation was far from stabilised. The Hezb-i Islami had been driven out, but they were still within artillery range, and soon started firing tens of thousands of Pakistan-supplied rockets into the city.
768:
and Najibullah loyalists put up resistance. At this point, it was reported that Massoud had approximately 20,000 troops stationed around Kabul. By mid-April, the air force command at Bagram capitulated to Massoud. With no army to defend it, Kabul had become completely helpless.
1176:
By far the worst perpetrator of attacks against non-military targets were the forces of Hizb-i Islami. These included attacks against hospitals and a bombing attack on the headquarters of the International Red Cross. There was general indiscriminate bombing starting in August.
1219:
On January 3, 1993, Burhanuddin Rabbani, the leader of the Jamiat-i Islami Party, was sworn in as president. However, Rabbani's authority remained limited to only part of Kabul; the rest of the city remained divided among rival militia factions. On January 19, a short-lived
1163:
As Jamiat-i controlled the strategic high areas, they were better able to target specific military objectives rather than resorting to indiscriminate shelling as other factions such as Hezb-i Islami had done. According to the officer, the 3rd Regiment deployed in the
1207:
who engaged in an extremely violent struggle for power and who were not affiliated with the interim government in Kabul. The bullet-riddled city came to be a center of lawlessness, crime and atrocities fuelled by complex Pashtun tribal rivalries.
927:'s Jamiat forces quickly took control of these strategically important offices. Although Hezb forces got to the gates of the ministry of justice and took control of the ministry of the interior, they were quickly repulsed after bombing from the
1325:
However, by the end of 1994 Junbish and Dostum were on the defensive, and Massoud's forces had ousted them from most of their strongholds. Massoud more and more gained control of Kabul. At the same time, Junbish was able to push Jamiat out of
1117:, 30 miles east of Kabul, cutting electricity to the capital and shutting down the water supply, which is dependent on power. His forces and other Mujahideen were also reported to have prevented food convoys from reaching the city.
746:, and began to take control of Mazar Sharif from the Pashtun defenders. The capture of Mazar and the large quantities of weapons there crippled Najibullah's government and by April 14, 1992, Massoud and his forces took control of
1062:
From the onset of the battle, Jamiat and Shura-e Nazar controlled the strategic high areas, and were thus able to develop a vantage point within the city from which opposition forces could be targeted. Hekmatyar continued to
1374:
On November 20, 1995, the forces of the Taliban gave the government a five-day ultimatum after which they would resume bombardment if Rabbani and his forces did not leave the city. This ultimatum was eventually withdrawn.
1351:
The Taliban soon began to approach Kabul, capturing Wardak in early February and Maidshahr, the provincial capital on February 10, 1995. On February 14, 1995, Hekmatyar was forced to abandon his artillery positions at
1283:, Rabbani and Hekmatyar agreed to share power until elections could be held in late 1994. Hekmatyar's condition had been the resignation of Massoud as minister of defense. The parties agreed to a new peace accord in
1072:
Customs Post, and in the districts around Hood Khil, Qala-e Zaman Khan and near Pul-i Charkhi prison. On June 10, it was reported that Dostum's forces had also begun nightly bombardments of Hezb-i Islami positions.
870:
to join him while entering Kabul, but they declined his offer and instead backed the Peshawar Accord. Jamiat-i Islami had seized massive amount of weapons while overrunning the mostly Pashtun Communist garrisons in
1299:
The war changed dramatically in January 1994. Dostum, for different reasons, joined with the forces of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar. Hezb-i Islami, along with their new allies of Wahdat and Junbish-i Milli, launched the
1139:
2044:(from 1992, one month after the collapse of the communist regime, after Hekmatyar was repelled to the southern outskirts of Kabul, before he started the heavy bombardment of Kabul with the support of Pakistan)
1263:
order to capture the positions of Wahdat, capture Wahdat's leader Abdul Ali Mazari and to consolidate parts of the city controlled by the government. The operation took place in a densely populated district of
1030:
On May 30, 1992, during fighting between the forces of Junbish-i Milli and Hizb-i Islami in the southeast of Kabul, both sides used artillery and rockets killing and injuring an unknown number of civilians.
1022:
Peace talks on May 25, 1992, originally agreed to give Hekmatyar the position of prime minister. However, this lasted less than a week after Hekmatyar had attempted to shoot down the plane of President
899:
had decided to surrender all its weapons to Jamiat, instead of Hezb. All the Parchamis had fled abroad through the Jamiat-controlled areas. Jamiat had seized massive stockpiles of heavy weapons such as
1617:
1482:, a coalition of various armed factions known in the Pakistani and Western media as the "Northern Alliance", was constituted in opposition to the Taliban under the leadership of Massoud.
1236:
rockets, tank shells and mortars fell in civilian areas. Numerous rockets were reportedly launched from Haider-controlled frontlines of Tap-I Salaam towards the men of Division 095 under
1378:
By the end of November and December, more than 150 people had died in Kabul due to the repeated rocketing, shelling and high-altitude bombing of the city, reportedly by Taliban forces.
1003:
Meanwhile, in Western Kabul, an area that would later see some of the fiercest fighting and greatest massacres of the war, Sayyaf's mostly Pashtun forces began to enter the city from
858:. The different groups entered the city in different directions. Hezb-i Islami made the first move and entered the city from the south. With soldiers armed and financed by Pakistan,
1340:
In October 1994, a bomb struck a wedding ceremony in Qala Fathullah in Kabul, killing 70 civilians. No fighting had been witnessed in the area in several days according to reports.
827:
allies began to infiltrate Kabul. This forced Massoud to advance on the capital in order to preserve the Peshawar Accord and prevent the establishment of a Hekmatyar dictatorship.
1937:
Amnesty International. "Afghanistan: Further Information on Fear For Safety and New Concern: Deliberate and Arbitrary Killings: Civilians in Kabul." 16 November 1995 Accessed at:
931:, which was supported by artillery shells fired from a TV tower onto Jade Maiwand. Hundreds of Hezb fighters were killed or taken prisoners, including some foreign fighters.
1288:
bombing raids, street battles and rocket attacks in and around Kabul. Massoud returned to the position of minister of defense to defend the city against the rocket attacks.
1910:
1301:
1305:
to hold parts of central Kabul during this time. Junbish forces were particularly singled out for committing looting, rape and murder. Some commanders such as
190:
1728:
Jamilurrahman, Kamgar. “Havadess-e Tarikhi-e Afghanistan 1990–1997. Peshawar: Markaz-e Nashrati (Meyvand, 2000) pp. 66–68 translation by Human Rights Watch.
1310:
1067:
Kabul with rockets. Although Hekmatyar insisted that only Islamic Jihad Council areas were targeted, the rockets mostly fell over the houses of innocent
2155:
1318:
1237:
2145:
1409:
1314:
1584:
1232:
1126:
State of Afghanistan. While Hizb-i Islami joined in bombardments to support Wahdat, Wahdat conducted joint offensives, such as the one to secure
1343:
Also in October 1994, the Taliban revolted in Kandahar, capturing the city on November 5, 1995, and soon going on to capture most of the south.
1130:. On December 30, 1992, at least one child was apparently killed in Pul-i Artan by a BM21 rocket launched from Hezb-i Islami forces at Rishkor.
1456:
1225:
939:
Hezbi Islami fought. After suffering heavy casualties, Hezb forces on the southern bank deserted their positions, fleeing out of Kabul towards
120:
1267:, the Afshar District. The Afshar District is situated on the slopes of Mount Afshar in West Kabul. The district is predominantly home to the
785:, declared themselves an interim government for the purpose of handing over power to Tajik warlord Ahmad Shah Massoud. However many Pashtun
1364:, leading to a relative period of calm for a few months. The battle left hundreds of Taliban dead and the force suffered its first defeat.
798:
Massoud hesitated to enter Kabul, waiting for the political parties to reach a peace and power-sharing agreement first. In April 1992, the
1306:
1027:. Furthermore, as part of the peace talks, Hekmatyar was demanding the departure of Dostum's forces, which would have tilted the scales.
934:
In the western sector of the city, the Hezb forces crossed the Kabul River and arrived at the northern bank after taking control of the
1224:
broke down when Hezb-i Islami forces renewed rocket attacks on Kabul from their base in the south of the city supervised by Commander
2140:
226:
17:
1146:
806:
and stipulated that an interim government would be formed with a supreme leadership council. A transitory presidency was given to
915:
Hekmatyar's Hezb forces were very far from key points of the city such as the presidential palace, the prime minister's office,
2165:
2150:
1914:
1450:
In September 1996 the Taliban seized Kabul. In its first action, the Islamic militant group publicly hanged former president
1228:. Hundreds were killed and wounded while many houses were destroyed in this clash between Hizb-i Islami and Jamiat-i Islami.
1940:"Afghanistan: Further information on fear for safety and new concern: Deliberate and arbitrary killings: Civilians in Kabul"
1965:
Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Afghanistan. §5.6 Burgeroorlog". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.
1081:
Ali Abuzar and Vaseegh, the first three being members of the party's central committee. Following this, the car of Haji
919:, the ministry of defense and many other important government offices. Much of the city lies on the North Bank of the
1431:
1746:
Sharon Herbaugh, “Pro-Government militias intervene as fighting continues in Kabul,” Associated Press, June 5, 1992.
955:
721:
681:
125:
46:
31:
1523:
Brokers, Bureaucrats, and the Quality of Government: Understanding Development and Decay in Afghanistan and Beyond
835:
727:
1755:
Philip Bruno, “La seconde bataille de Kaboul ‘le gouvernment ne contrôle plus rien,“ Le Monde, August 20, 1992.
688:'s regime in April 1992 led to a peace treaty between the Afghan political parties and the establishment of the
2125:
1413:
2135:
1472:
803:
738:
and the newly found Anti Pashtun alliance of Northern militias called the Movement of the North would ally
689:
152:
1360:
In March 1995, Massoud's forces were able to drive out the Taliban from the area around Kabul, and retake
1152:
Throughout the war, the most devastating aspect of it remained the indiscriminate shelling of the city by
781:
mission where he remained until 1996. A group of Parchami generals and officials, led by acting President
916:
774:
734:
population following the replacement of Tajik generals in the North with Pashtun ones leading to General
730:
in 1991, the Soviet-supported government of Najibullah would lose credibility amongst Afghanistan's non
2108:
2087:
2076:
2065:
2054:
2033:
2015:
1673:
1596:
1445:
1478:
Massoud's militia and other groups decided to retreat to the north to reduce civilian casualties. The
773:
April 14 and attempted to leave Kabul on April 17, but was stopped by Dostum's troops, who controlled
509:
2160:
2130:
1526:
863:
1541:
Doomed in Afghanistan: A U.N. Officer's memoir of the Fall of Kabul and Najibullah's Failed Escape
2005:(documentary film directly from the year 1989 explaining the beginning of the turmoil to follow)
1402:
1160:. Although most sides engaged in bombardments, some were more indiscriminate in their targeting.
1044:
793:
476:
323:
54:
1138:
1024:
807:
587:
465:
830:
Eleven armed groups in total entered Kabul and its vicinities, which included the seven Sunni
677:
1468:
1016:
997:
951:
888:
566:
238:
1939:
1880:
8:
2175:
1451:
1268:
1255:
1153:
1142:
1056:
924:
855:
815:
811:
790:
735:
685:
600:
555:
542:
443:
2094:
Starving to Death Afghanistan (documentary report) by Journeyman Pictures/ABC Australia
1204:
739:
498:
454:
1169:
the Rishkor Division were also targeted, in addition to the Dasht-I Saqawa airport in
1479:
831:
782:
693:
202:
113:
1674:"Blood Stained Hands: Past atrocities in Kabul and Afghanistan's Legacy of Impunity"
2170:
1249:
1200:
928:
847:
819:
he would enter the capital with "our naked sword. No-one can stop us". Hekmatyar's
743:
627:
578:
521:
214:
892:
851:
799:
751:
375:
294:
166:
1258:'s Islamic State of Afghanistan government forces against Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's
696:
and Communist ranks started to vie for power, abetted by foreign powers, namely
2061:
Massoud is popular among the people who also trust him to rebuild their country
1853:
1327:
1196:
1170:
940:
867:
778:
487:
234:
60:
2102:
2081:
2070:
2059:
2048:
2027:
2009:
2119:
1259:
1181:
1157:
1114:
1032:
989:
895:
had aligned themselves to the Jamiat, and the former Communist government of
820:
623:
530:
347:
266:
178:
1980:
1787:
1785:
712:, who began arming their Afghan proxies to fight for control and influence.
1644:
1642:
1640:
1460:
1280:
843:
839:
701:
254:
249:
1833:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1887:
1821:
1809:
1797:
1782:
1770:
1758:
1690:
1105:
In November, in a very effective move, Hekmatyar's forces, together with
1064:
1008:
920:
896:
612:
595:
537:
493:
482:
471:
460:
449:
370:
289:
221:
209:
197:
185:
173:
146:
90:
1724:
1722:
1637:
976:
1702:
1580:
1416: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1221:
1106:
1040:
993:
789:
and Najibullah loyalists opposed this and would enter an alliance with
709:
583:
574:
525:
516:
391:
386:
343:
310:
305:
262:
1475:. A rigidly strict version of Sharia was imposed upon the population.
1719:
1368:
1361:
1353:
1284:
1165:
1127:
1094:
1082:
1047:, who also were active in the areas such as the military university.
1036:
935:
859:
1981:"Casting Shadows: War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity, 1978–2001"
1391:
2022:
Massoud's Conversation with Hekmatyar (original document from 1992)
1464:
1231:
Heavy fighting was reported around a Wahdat post held by Commander
1192:
1068:
876:
762:
747:
731:
697:
684:(1989–1992) the city of Kabul saw little fighting. The collapse of
421:
416:
2040:
Commander Massoud's Struggle (documentary film) by Nagakura Hiromi
2001:
Afghanistan – the Squandered Victory (documentary film) by the BBC
1077:
1004:
758:
618:
607:
405:
102:
692:. But soon after, the undisciplined commanders from both former
909:
884:
880:
872:
755:
662:
1501:
Taliban: The Power of Militant Islam in Afghanistan and Beyond
1264:
1122:
891:
and other northern cities. Adding to that, all the forces of
824:
786:
765:
670:
666:
335:
86:
1978:
1893:
1839:
1827:
1815:
1803:
1791:
1776:
1764:
1713:
1696:
1648:
1110:
905:
901:
705:
363:
358:
282:
277:
77:(4 years, 5 months, 2 weeks and 3 days)
109:
Taliban control Kabul along with 80 percent of the country
27:
Series of intermittent battles during the Afghan Civil War
1592:
1035:
forces were said to have been around the customs post on
1908:
2072:
Massoud tries to prevent war between Ittihad and Wahdat
1543:. 1992. Rutgers University Press. (31 January 2003), 70
1904:
1902:
1878:
1480:
United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan
1899:
1881:"Women in Afghanistan: A Human Rights Catastrophe"
1671:
1279:Under the March accord, brokered by Pakistan and
1254:The Afshar Operation was a military operation by
996:and the commander of the Kabul garrison, General
2117:
1737:Mohammaed Nabi Azimi, “Ordu va Siyasat.” p. 606.
1933:
1931:
1851:
1628:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1928:
1911:"Afghanistan Human Rights Practices, 1995"
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1459:was proclaimed, securing recognition from
1184:were involved in indiscriminate shelling.
1952:
1432:Learn how and when to remove this message
1093:In the month of August, a bombardment of
1137:
975:
2050:Hekmatyar attacks Kabul but is repelled
1909:U.S. Department of State (March 1996).
1654:
715:
14:
2118:
1520:
1498:
1195:was filled with three different local
1113:groups, barricaded a power station in
992:entered the city, with agreement from
2156:History of Afghanistan (1992–present)
1860:. Library of Congress Country Studies
1579:
1570:, Library of Congress country studies
1563:
1561:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
777:. Najibullah then took refuge at the
1979:Afghanistan Justice Project (2005).
1573:
1414:adding citations to reliable sources
1385:
950:When Hekmatyar's forces had overrun
823:forces with assistance of their new
126:Continuation of the Afghan Civil War
2146:Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)
2083:Massoud talks about his convictions
75:April 28, 1992 – September 27, 1996
24:
1558:
1507:
1309:, commander of the 51st Regiment,
1147:Junbish-i-Milli Islami Afghanistan
680:from 1979 to 1989, and subsequent
116:controls 20 percent of the country
25:
2187:
1995:
1059:became President of Afghanistan.
2104:Taliban attack Kabul and Massoud
1894:Afghanistan Justice Project 2005
1840:Afghanistan Justice Project 2005
1828:Afghanistan Justice Project 2005
1816:Afghanistan Justice Project 2005
1804:Afghanistan Justice Project 2005
1792:Afghanistan Justice Project 2005
1777:Afghanistan Justice Project 2005
1765:Afghanistan Justice Project 2005
1714:Afghanistan Justice Project 2005
1697:Afghanistan Justice Project 2005
1649:Afghanistan Justice Project 2005
1390:
673:during the period of 1992–1996.
617:
606:
594:
582:
573:
560:
549:
536:
524:
515:
503:
492:
481:
470:
459:
448:
437:
415:
398:
385:
369:
357:
342:
329:
317:
304:
288:
276:
261:
248:
233:
220:
208:
196:
184:
172:
160:
145:
53:
30:For other uses of the term, see
1972:
1872:
1845:
1749:
1740:
1731:
1401:needs additional citations for
1367:In October, the Taliban retook
862:had asked other groups such as
802:was signed. It established the
1879:Amnesty International (1994).
1610:
1546:
1533:
1492:
1457:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
980:Control in Kabul in April 1992
121:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
13:
1:
2166:Modern history of Afghanistan
2151:Battles involving Afghanistan
1585:"Afghanistan: power struggle"
1568:The Fall of Kabul, April 1992
1485:
1471:and the partially recognized
661:was a series of intermittent
2141:Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)
1858:Afghanistan: A Country Study
1852:Peter R. Blood, ed. (2001).
1055:In June 1992, as scheduled,
810:for two months, after which
804:Islamic State of Afghanistan
722:Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)
690:Islamic State of Afghanistan
153:Islamic State of Afghanistan
47:Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)
7:
1672:Human Rights Watch (2005).
1473:Chechen Republic of Ikheria
1102:airborne rocket launchers.
961:
917:Kabul International Airport
775:Kabul International Airport
728:breakup of the Soviet Union
336:Khalqists Afghan Army Units
40:Battle of Kabul (1992–1996)
10:
2192:
1443:
1247:
1039:Road under the command of
719:
29:
1302:Shura Hamaghangi campaign
1188:Kandahar at the same time
988:The forces of Jamiat and
908:tanks, Scud missiles and
649:
642:
637:
429:
137:
67:
52:
44:
39:
18:Battle of Kabul (1992-96)
1854:"The Struggle for Kabul"
1527:Johns Hopkins University
1503:. Yale University Press.
864:Harakat-Inqilab-i-Islami
1618:"Afghanistan "s1.16.2""
1521:Nadiri, Khalid (2017).
1446:Taliban's rise to power
1381:
1346:
1291:
1211:
1199:commanders Amir Lalai,
966:
477:Mohammad Nabi Mohammadi
324:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin
1499:Rashid, Ahmed (2010).
1180:In 1994 the forces of
1149:
1134:About the bombardments
1121:postponed convening a
1025:Sibghatullah Mojaddedi
981:
808:Sibghatullah Mojaddedi
588:Commander Shafi Hazara
466:Sibghatullah Mojaddedi
430:Commanders and leaders
112:Massoud and Rabbani's
2126:20th century in Kabul
1553:Doomed in Afghanistan
1141:
979:
791:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's
2136:1990s in Afghanistan
1622:publishing.cdlib.org
1469:United Arab Emirates
1410:improve this article
998:Abdul Wahid Baba Jan
952:Pul-e-Charkhi prison
814:was to succeed him.
750:and Jabalussaraj in
716:Political background
567:Abdul Jabar Qahraman
239:Hezb-e Islami Khalis
191:Jebh-e Nejat-e Melli
119:Installation of the
1634:De Ponfilly, p. 405
1529:. pp. 155–156.
1452:Mohammad Najibullah
1269:Hazara ethnic group
1256:Burhanuddin Rabbani
1154:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
1143:Abdul Rashid Dostum
1057:Burhanuddin Rabbani
925:Burhanuddin Rabbani
856:Abdul Rashid Dostum
816:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
812:Burhanuddin Rabbani
736:Abdul Rashid Dostum
686:Mohammad Najibullah
601:Abdul Rashid Dostum
556:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
543:Abdul Rashid Dostum
444:Burhanuddin Rabbani
2098:(from March 1996)
1205:Mullah Naqib Ullah
1150:
982:
740:Ahmed Shah Massoud
499:Abdul Rasul Sayyaf
455:Ahmad Shah Massoud
338:(until late 1994)
1539:Corwin, Phillip.
1442:
1441:
1434:
1311:Kasim Jangal Bagh
1109:from some of the
832:Afghan mujahideen
783:Abdul Rahim Hatif
678:Soviet–Afghan War
669:over the city of
655:
654:
350:(after Dec. 1992)
326:(until late 1994)
269:(until Dec. 1992)
203:Harakat-i-Inqilab
133:
132:
16:(Redirected from
2183:
2105:
2084:
2073:
2062:
2051:
2030:
2029:The Conversation
2012:
2011:Afghanistan 1989
1991:
1989:
1987:
1966:
1963:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1935:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1913:. Archived from
1906:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1717:
1711:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1678:
1669:
1652:
1646:
1635:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1595:. Archived from
1577:
1571:
1565:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1518:
1505:
1504:
1496:
1437:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1417:
1394:
1386:
1319:Abdul Cherikwere
1250:Afshar Operation
1238:Ali Akbar Qasemi
1217:January–February
1201:Gul Agha Sherzai
929:Afghan Air Force
854:of ex-communist
848:Abdul Ali Mazari
836:Islamic Movement
761:defecting while
744:Abdul Ali Mazari
632:
622:
621:
611:
610:
599:
598:
586:
579:Abdul Ali Mazari
577:
565:
564:
563:
554:
553:
552:
541:
540:
528:
522:Abdul Ali Mazari
519:
508:
507:
506:
497:
496:
486:
485:
475:
474:
464:
463:
453:
452:
442:
441:
440:
420:
419:
408:(from late 1994)
404:
402:
401:
390:
389:
378:(Jan.–Aug. 1994)
374:
373:
362:
361:
346:
334:
333:
332:
322:
321:
320:
309:
308:
293:
292:
281:
280:
265:
253:
252:
241:(until mid-1992)
237:
227:Ittehad-e Islami
225:
224:
215:Harakat-i Islami
213:
212:
201:
200:
189:
188:
177:
176:
165:
164:
163:
150:
149:
69:
68:
57:
37:
36:
21:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2161:Sieges of Kabul
2131:1990s conflicts
2116:
2115:
2103:
2082:
2071:
2060:
2049:
2028:
2010:
1998:
1985:
1983:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1953:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1929:
1920:
1918:
1907:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1877:
1873:
1863:
1861:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1790:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1720:
1712:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1670:
1655:
1647:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1602:
1600:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1538:
1534:
1519:
1508:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1448:
1438:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1407:
1395:
1384:
1349:
1294:
1252:
1214:
1089:August–December
1019:and Kart-iNau.
969:
964:
893:Junbish-i Milli
852:Junbish-i Milli
800:Peshawar Accord
752:Parwan Province
724:
718:
676:Throughout the
659:Battle of Kabul
628:
616:
615:
605:
593:
592:
590:
581:
571:
561:
559:
558:
550:
548:
535:
534:
529:
520:
513:
504:
502:
501:
491:
490:
480:
479:
469:
468:
458:
457:
447:
446:
438:
436:
425:
414:
413:
409:
399:
397:
384:
383:
379:
376:Junbish-i Milli
368:
367:
356:
355:
351:
340:
330:
328:
327:
318:
316:
303:
302:
298:
295:Junbish-i Milli
287:
286:
275:
274:
270:
259:
247:
246:
242:
219:
207:
195:
183:
171:
167:Jamiat-e Islami
161:
159:
144:
93:
76:
58:
35:
32:Battle of Kabul
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2189:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2112:
2111:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2079:
2068:
2057:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1996:External links
1994:
1993:
1992:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1951:
1927:
1898:
1886:
1871:
1844:
1842:, p. 105.
1832:
1820:
1808:
1796:
1781:
1769:
1757:
1748:
1739:
1730:
1718:
1701:
1689:
1653:
1636:
1627:
1609:
1583:(1992-04-28).
1572:
1557:
1545:
1532:
1506:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1444:Main article:
1440:
1439:
1398:
1396:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1348:
1345:
1328:Mazar-e Sharif
1315:Ismail Diwaneh
1293:
1290:
1275:March–December
1248:Main article:
1213:
1210:
1171:Logar Province
968:
965:
963:
960:
868:Khalis faction
834:; the Shi'ite
794:Hezb-e Islami.
779:United Nations
720:Main article:
717:
714:
653:
652:
647:
646:
643:
640:
639:
635:
634:
603:
545:
488:Hussain Anwari
432:
431:
427:
426:
394:
313:
258:
257:
231:
230:
229:
217:
205:
193:
181:
140:
139:
135:
134:
131:
130:
129:
128:
123:
117:
110:
99:
95:
94:
85:
83:
79:
78:
73:
65:
64:
61:Jadayi Maiwand
50:
49:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2188:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1941:
1934:
1932:
1917:on 2010-07-11
1916:
1912:
1905:
1903:
1896:, p. 63.
1895:
1890:
1882:
1875:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1836:
1830:, p. 79.
1829:
1824:
1818:, p. 78.
1817:
1812:
1806:, p. 77.
1805:
1800:
1794:, p. 67.
1793:
1788:
1786:
1779:, p. 76.
1778:
1773:
1767:, p. 71.
1766:
1761:
1752:
1743:
1734:
1725:
1723:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1699:, p. 66.
1698:
1693:
1675:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1651:, p. 65.
1650:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1599:on 2007-07-09
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1554:
1549:
1542:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1502:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1447:
1436:
1433:
1425:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1399:This section
1397:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1358:
1355:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1334:July–December
1331:
1329:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1260:Hezb-i Islami
1257:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1234:
1233:Sayid Ali Jan
1229:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1182:Rashid Dostum
1178:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1161:
1159:
1158:Rashid Dostum
1155:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1045:Baba Jalandar
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:Shura-e Nazar
1028:
1026:
1020:
1018:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
990:Shura-e Nazar
986:
978:
974:
973:
959:
957:
953:
948:
944:
942:
937:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
913:
911:
907:
903:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
828:
826:
822:
821:Hezb-i Islami
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
796:
795:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
770:
767:
764:
760:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
723:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
648:
645:25,000 (1996)
644:
641:
636:
633:
631:
625:
624:Mullah Borjan
620:
614:
609:
604:
602:
597:
591:
589:
585:
580:
576:
570:
569:(until 1993)
568:
557:
546:
544:
539:
533:
532:
531:Karim Khalili
527:
523:
518:
512:
511:
500:
495:
489:
484:
478:
473:
467:
462:
456:
451:
445:
434:
433:
428:
424:
423:
418:
412:
411:Supported by:
407:
395:
393:
388:
382:
381:Supported by:
377:
372:
366:
365:
360:
354:
353:Supported by:
349:
348:Hezb-i Wahdat
345:
339:
337:
325:
314:
312:
307:
301:
300:Supported by:
296:
291:
285:
284:
279:
273:
272:Supported by:
268:
267:Hezb-i Wahdat
264:
256:
251:
245:
244:Supported by:
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
218:
216:
211:
206:
204:
199:
194:
192:
187:
182:
180:
179:Shura-e Nazar
175:
170:
169:
168:
158:
157:
156:
155:
154:
148:
142:
141:
136:
127:
124:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
107:
106:
104:
100:
97:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:
80:
74:
71:
70:
66:
62:
56:
51:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
2113:
2097:
2043:
2004:
1984:. Retrieved
1973:Bibliography
1943:. Retrieved
1919:. Retrieved
1915:the original
1889:
1874:
1864:29 September
1862:. Retrieved
1857:
1847:
1835:
1823:
1811:
1799:
1772:
1760:
1751:
1742:
1733:
1692:
1680:. Retrieved
1630:
1621:
1612:
1601:. Retrieved
1597:the original
1588:
1575:
1567:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1535:
1522:
1500:
1494:
1477:
1461:Saudi Arabia
1449:
1428:
1419:
1408:Please help
1403:verification
1400:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1350:
1342:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1324:
1297:January–June
1296:
1295:
1281:Saudi Arabia
1278:
1274:
1273:
1253:
1243:
1242:
1230:
1226:Toran Kahlil
1216:
1215:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1179:
1175:
1162:
1151:
1145:, leader of
1133:
1132:
1119:
1104:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1074:
1061:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1029:
1021:
1013:
1002:
987:
983:
971:
970:
958:of the war.
949:
945:
933:
914:
844:Hezbe Wahdat
840:Asif Mohseni
829:
797:
771:
725:
702:Saudi Arabia
675:
658:
656:
629:
572:
547:
514:
435:
410:
396:
380:
352:
341:
315:
299:
297:(until 1994)
271:
260:
255:Saudi Arabia
243:
151:
143:
138:Belligerents
114:United Front
101:
45:Part of the
1986:10 November
1682:22 November
1581:Urban, Mark
1009:Maidan Shar
921:Kabul River
897:Afghanistan
759:Parchamites
613:Mullah Omar
91:Afghanistan
2176:Warlordism
2120:Categories
1945:2014-10-18
1921:2010-01-05
1603:2007-07-27
1486:References
1222:cease-fire
1156:and later
1107:guerrillas
1041:Gul Haidar
994:Nabi Azimi
956:next phase
850:; and the
754:with many
710:Uzbekistan
694:mujahideen
392:Uzbekistan
311:Uzbekistan
1369:Charasiab
1362:Charasiab
1354:Charasiab
1307:Shir Arab
1285:Jalalabad
1166:Darulaman
1128:Darulaman
1095:artillery
1083:Shir Alam
1069:civilians
1051:June–July
1037:Jalalabad
972:April–May
936:Karte Seh
860:Hekmatyar
825:communist
787:Khalqists
766:Khalqists
726:With the
682:civil war
510:Abdul Haq
105:victory
1589:NewsHour
1465:Pakistan
1422:May 2018
1193:Kandahar
962:Timeline
889:Fayzabad
877:Charikar
866:and the
748:Charikar
698:Pakistan
638:Strength
422:Pakistan
82:Location
59:Kabul's
2171:Taliban
2109:YouTube
2088:YouTube
2077:YouTube
2066:YouTube
2055:YouTube
2034:YouTube
2016:YouTube
1322:Kabul.
1197:Pashtun
1065:bombard
1017:Kalacha
1005:Paghman
910:MiG-21s
763:Pashtun
732:Pashtun
663:battles
630:†
406:Taliban
103:Taliban
63:in 1993
1467:, the
1317:, and
1244:Afshar
1115:Sarobi
1078:Hazara
885:Kunduz
881:Takhar
873:Bagram
667:sieges
626:
403:
98:Result
1677:(PDF)
1265:Kabul
1123:shura
941:Logar
756:Tajik
671:Kabul
87:Kabul
1988:2009
1866:2018
1684:2009
1555:, 71
1382:1996
1347:1995
1292:1994
1212:1993
1203:and
1111:Arab
1043:and
1007:and
967:1992
906:T-55
904:and
902:T-62
842:and
742:and
708:and
706:Iran
665:and
657:The
364:Iran
283:Iran
72:Date
2107:on
2086:on
2075:on
2064:on
2053:on
2032:on
2014:on
1593:PBS
1412:by
846:of
838:of
2122::
1954:^
1930:^
1901:^
1856:.
1784:^
1721:^
1704:^
1656:^
1639:^
1620:.
1591:.
1587:.
1560:^
1525:.
1509:^
1463:,
1330:.
1313:,
1173:.
1011:.
943:.
923:.
912:.
887:,
883:,
879:,
875:,
704:,
700:,
89:,
1990:.
1948:.
1924:.
1883:.
1868:.
1716:.
1686:.
1624:.
1606:.
1435:)
1429:(
1424:)
1420:(
1406:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
