1596:. The Soyo-Ngoyo army rallied around EstĂȘvĂŁo Da Silva and his light artillery pieces. It proved difficult to access for the Portuguese artillery, allowing the allied force to use the Dutch light field pieces to good effect. They then charged and routed the Portuguese. The colonial army was comprehensively destroyed. The Portuguese not killed in the battle drowned attempting to flee across the river or were captured. Legend has it the captives were offered as white slaves to the Dutch. Its commander, de Almeida, died during the battle. The number of casualties among the Soyo forces are unknown.
94:
1496:
1487:, which provided men and equipment, and by the Dutch, who provide guns, light cannon and ammunition. The combined Soyo-Ngoyo force was led by EstĂȘvĂŁo Da Silva, and the Portuguese by JoĂŁo Soares de Almeida. Both commanders were killed in the battle, which resulted in a decisive victory for Soyo. Few, if any, of the invaders escaped death or capture.
1591:
The decisive engagement of the campaign occurred near or at a wooded area called Nfinda Ngula near the large village of
Kitombo in October. During the interval, both forces were able to reorganise and to replenish their supplies. The Soyo army used this time to re-equip themselves with more arms from
1604:
The Battle of
Kitombo was a humiliating defeat for the Portuguese and a boon for the state of Soyo. Portuguese Angola remained hostile to Soyo and Kongo, but they dared not venture back. Soyo and the House of Kimpanzu became even more powerful in the politics of the region, but never attained the
1575:
for assistance. Ngoyo had at one time been at least nominally subordinate to the king of Kongo but had grown apart from the state during the 17th century. Ngoyo, which boasted a large fleet of shallow draught craft, sent many soldiers to its southern neighbour in anticipation of the attack.
1564:, into Soyo to crush the kingdom once and for all. It was led by JoĂŁo Soares de Almeida, with the most powerful colonial force that had been organised in Central Africa up until then. It included 400 musketeers, a rare detachment of cavalry, 4 light cannons, an unknown number of
1538:
on the throne. By this time both the
Portuguese and central authority in Kongo were growing tired of Soyo's meddling. While the Kinlaza and others in Kongo lived in fear of a Soyo invasion, the governor of Luanda wished to curb the growing power of Soyo. With access to
1547:
of Kongo, driven by Soyo from his capital, fled to Luanda, where he sought
Portuguese aid to restore him to the throne. In return, he promised Portugal money, mineral concessions and the right to build a fortress in Soyo to keep out the Dutch.
1613:
to intervene on their behalf. At the behest of the Soyo, the pope sent a papal nuncio to the King of
Portugal who obtained an agreement recognising Soyo's independence and bringing an end to further attempts on its sovereignty.
173:
124:
1571:
The then Prince of Soyo, Paulo da Silva, received word of the impending invasion and prepared his army to meet it. In a surprising show of post-Mbwila BaKongo unity, Soyo called on the kingdom of
1526:. Soyo, home to many Kimpanzu partisans, was eager to take advantage of the chaos. Within a few months of the national tragedy at Mbwila, the Prince of Soyo Paulo da Silva invaded the capital of
1483:
on 18 October 1670. Earlier in the year a
Portuguese expeditionary force had invaded Soyo with the intention of ending its independent existence. The Soyo were supported by the Kingdom of
275:
118:
1518:
and most of the kingdom's nobility, the disbandment of its army and the installation of a
Portuguese puppet ruler. Afterwards, Kongo erupted in a brutal civil war between the
1592:
their Dutch allies. The BaKongo forces regrouped at Nfinda Ngula, a densely forested area that had served Soyo well in their battles against Kongo during the invasions of
1543:
merchants willing to sell them guns and cannons plus diplomatic access to the Pope, Soyo was on its way to becoming as powerful as Kongo had been before Mbwila.
268:
202:
261:
973:
911:
876:
766:
626:
1926:
786:
1013:
1931:
1605:
wealth of pre-Mbwila Kongo as the
Portuguese had feared. The next prince of Soyo used the state's Dutch contacts, specifically through
1322:
1275:
1270:
1344:
968:
195:
1396:
476:
1695:
1063:
319:
1426:
1334:
188:
1583:, a brief but bloody engagement north of the Mbidizi river in June. Afterwards the Portuguese advanced deeper into Kongo.
1936:
1411:
1173:
576:
496:
1507:, mostly viewing it as a source of slaves. In 1665 a Portuguese army invaded the Kingdom and defeated its army at the
953:
1901:
1868:
1845:
1812:
1775:
1743:
1722:
1671:
1446:
376:
1238:
1113:
896:
324:
1579:
Few details exist on exactly how the campaign was fought. It was divided into two phases with the first being the
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736:
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1349:
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1317:
811:
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304:
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1951:
1946:
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906:
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1941:
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531:
1894:
The
Kongolese Saint Anthonty: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684â1706
1736:
The
Kongolese Saint Anthonty: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684â1706
1133:
666:
8:
1715:
The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684â1706
1193:
1128:
701:
581:
486:
401:
381:
1838:
The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684-170
1593:
1531:
1265:
1058:
1023:
916:
606:
591:
451:
349:
334:
1825:
The Strange Adventures of Andrew Battell of Leigh, in Angola and the Adjoining Regions
1511:. The engagement resulted in a crushing Portuguese victory ending in the death of the
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1864:
1841:
1808:
1771:
1739:
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1544:
1523:
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1143:
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103:
97:
1638:
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1508:
1504:
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1203:
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1008:
998:
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928:
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344:
226:
128:
1685:
1623:
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1386:
1280:
1153:
1053:
993:
856:
681:
671:
546:
481:
431:
212:
32:
253:
1560:, ordered a force of Portuguese, augmented by native allies such as the feared
1416:
1406:
746:
491:
1295:
1915:
1300:
771:
436:
1565:
1540:
1527:
93:
1512:
621:
1561:
154:
180:
1534:
on the throne. This happened again in 1669 with the placement of
1472:
56:
1572:
1495:
1484:
86:
1827:, page 132. London: The Hakluyt Society, 1901 OCLC 959072849
1499:
The Kingdom of Kongo showing major factions in the civil war
1855:
1853:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1633:
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bowmen, Imbangala auxiliaries and even some naval vessels.
82:
1850:
1780:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1896:, page 197. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1998
1690:. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 216â17.
283:
1913:
1471:was a military engagement between forces of the
1840:Cambridge: Cambridge University, page 69. 1998
1522:, which had ruled under the dead king, and the
1807:, page 61. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1999
1306:Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762â63)
269:
196:
1738:, page 78. Cambridge: Cambridge University
160:4 light cannons and a detachment of cavalry
1770:page 38. New Haven: Yale University, 1990
1475:state of Soyo, formerly a province of the
276:
262:
203:
189:
1883:, Cambridge University Press, 2020, p.197
1768:Black Christians & White Missionaries
1881:A History of West Central Africa to 1850
1503:The Portuguese had long traded with the
1494:
1709:
1707:
1927:Battles involving the Kingdom of Kongo
1914:
1599:
1725:Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1998
1683:
257:
184:
1861:Warfare in Atlantic Africa 1500â1800
1823:Battell, Andrew and Purchas, Samuel
1704:
1664:Warfare in Atlantic Africa 1500â1800
1932:Battles involving Portuguese Angola
210:
13:
1863:page 112. London: Routledge, 1999
172:Unknown but very heavy, including
151:Unknown number of irregular bowmen
14:
1963:
92:
1886:
1873:
1551:
1830:
1817:
1728:
1677:
1656:
1609:missionaries, to persuade the
1:
1649:
1490:
287:Portuguese colonial campaigns
158:400â500 Portuguese musketeers
144:Unknown number of musketeers,
153:Unknown number of auxiliary
7:
1617:
1530:and installed his protégé,
1481:Portuguese colony of Angola
10:
1968:
1937:Battles involving Portugal
1684:Paige, Jeffrey M. (1978).
148:4 Dutch light field pieces
1586:
295:
222:
164:
146:heavy infantry and bowmen
138:
111:
75:
38:
30:
25:
1556:The governor of Luanda,
1345:Banda Oriental (1816â20)
1323:Banda Oriental (1776â77)
1276:Banda Oriental (1735â37)
1044:Cape of Good Hope (1630)
1629:Battle of Mbidizi River
1581:Battle of Mbidizi River
1447:Guinea-Bissau (1963â74)
974:Coromandel Coast (1619)
1922:17th century in Angola
1500:
1360:Mozambique (1847â1910)
979:Persian Gulf (1621â22)
877:Indian Ocean (1586â89)
627:Indian Ocean (1538â60)
427:Persian Gulf (1507â15)
392:Indian Ocean (1505â17)
174:JoĂŁo Soares de Almeida
125:JoĂŁo Soares de Almeida
112:Commanders and leaders
104:Portuguese West Africa
1498:
1239:East Africa (1696â98)
497:Sri Lanka (1520â1658)
165:Casualties and losses
1452:Mozambique (1964â74)
1417:Mozambique (1917-18)
1412:Mozambique (1917â18)
1397:East Timor (1911â12)
1335:French Guiana (1809)
1184:2nd Sri Lanka (1654)
1179:1st Sri Lanka (1654)
577:Moluccas (1530â1607)
1805:Portugal and Africa
1803:Birmingham, David:
1687:Agrarian Revolution
1666:London: Routledge.
1600:Aftermath and peace
1558:Francisco de TĂĄvora
1019:Persian Gulf (1625)
989:Persian Gulf (1622)
959:Persian Gulf (1614)
897:Sri Lanka (1587â88)
882:Persian Gulf (1586)
752:Sri Lanka (1557â58)
742:Gulf of Oman (1554)
727:Persian Gulf (1551)
592:Persian Gulf (1534)
572:Persian Gulf (1529)
1892:Thornton, John K:
1879:John K. Thornton,
1859:Thornton, John K:
1836:Thornton, John K:
1734:Thornton, John K:
1713:Thornton, John K:
1662:Thornton, John K:
1501:
1407:Angola (1914â1917)
1318:Angola (1774â1778)
1124:Malaysia (1640â41)
1064:East Africa (1632)
984:Trincomalee (1622)
954:Brazil (1612â1615)
662:East Africa (1542)
622:Brazil (1534â1536)
567:East Africa (1528)
482:East Africa (1517)
407:East Africa (1507)
387:East Africa (1505)
1952:Portuguese Angola
1947:Conflicts in 1670
1697:978-0-02-923550-8
1644:History of Angola
1524:House of Kimpanzu
1469:Battle of Kitombo
1462:
1461:
1375:Mozambique (1895)
1370:Mozambique (1895)
1194:Malabar (1658â63)
1089:Gold Coast (1637)
1029:Gold Coast (1625)
917:India (1599â1600)
817:Chaul (1570â1571)
777:Gold Coast (1562)
697:Insulindia (1545)
547:Insulindia (1526)
542:Insulindia (1525)
537:Sumatra (1523â24)
512:Insulindia (1521)
372:India (1500â1513)
325:Morocco (1463â64)
250:
249:
179:
178:
98:Portuguese Empire
71:
70:
26:Battle of Kitombo
1959:
1904:
1890:
1884:
1877:
1871:
1857:
1848:
1834:
1828:
1821:
1815:
1801:
1778:
1764:
1747:
1732:
1726:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1681:
1675:
1660:
1639:Kingdom of Kongo
1520:House of Kinlaza
1509:Battle of Mbwila
1505:Kingdom of Kongo
1477:Kingdom of Kongo
1442:Angola (1961â74)
1437:Africa (1961â74)
1402:Angola (1914â15)
1387:Angola (1902â04)
1350:Brazil (1821â25)
1301:Brazil (1762â63)
1174:Brazil (1652â54)
1129:Angola (1641â48)
1079:Arabia (1633â43)
827:Mangalore (1571)
737:Arabia (1552â54)
290:
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271:
264:
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254:
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181:
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119:EstĂȘvĂŁo Da Silva
96:
81:Kongo states of
40:
39:
23:
22:
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1966:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1891:
1887:
1878:
1874:
1858:
1851:
1835:
1831:
1822:
1818:
1802:
1781:
1766:Gray, Richard:
1765:
1750:
1733:
1729:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1682:
1678:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1624:Kongo Civil War
1620:
1602:
1589:
1554:
1493:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1422:Timor (1942â43)
1340:China (1809â10)
1271:India (1729â32)
1139:India (1644â45)
1104:India (1638â39)
1034:Malaysia (1628)
964:Malaysia (1615)
944:Malaysia (1606)
939:Malaysia (1606)
892:Malaysia (1587)
887:Malaysia (1586)
847:Malaysia (1575)
842:Malaysia (1574)
837:Malaysia (1573)
832:India (1570â75)
812:Goa (1570â1571)
747:Pakistan (1557)
732:Malaysia (1551)
712:Malaysia (1547)
692:Malaysia (1543)
687:Ethiopia (1543)
682:Ethiopia (1542)
677:Ethiopia (1542)
672:Ethiopia (1542)
667:Ethiopia (1542)
657:Ethiopia (1542)
652:Ethiopia (1541)
617:Moluccas (1536)
612:Malaysia (1536)
607:Malaysia (1535)
597:Malaysia (1534)
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492:Malaysia (1520)
447:Malaysia (1511)
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282:
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214:Kongo Civil War
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209:
159:
157:
152:
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145:
129:
59:
46:18 October 1670
33:Kongo Civil War
17:
12:
11:
5:
1965:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1942:1670 in Africa
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1906:
1905:
1885:
1872:
1849:
1829:
1816:
1779:
1748:
1727:
1703:
1696:
1676:
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1654:
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1383:
1382:
1378:
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1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1330:
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1315:
1313:Morocco (1769)
1310:
1309:
1308:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
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1136:
1131:
1126:
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1119:Morocco (1640)
1116:
1111:
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1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
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1046:
1041:
1039:Malacca (1629)
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
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986:
981:
976:
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934:Sumatra (1606)
931:
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919:
914:
909:
907:Senegal (1589)
904:
902:Mombasa (1589)
899:
894:
889:
884:
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874:
869:
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852:Morocco (1578)
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
822:Honavar (1571)
819:
814:
809:
807:Sumatra (1569)
804:
802:Malacca (1568)
799:
794:
789:
787:Morocco (1564)
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782:Morocco (1562)
779:
774:
769:
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749:
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739:
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694:
689:
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674:
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647:Red Sea (1541)
644:
642:Red Sea (1541)
639:
637:Red Sea (1541)
634:
632:Red Sea (1541)
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559:
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504:
502:Sumatra (1521)
499:
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472:Morocco (1515)
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467:Morocco (1515)
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462:Morocco (1514)
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457:Morocco (1514)
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452:Morocco (1513)
449:
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429:
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419:
417:Socotra (1507)
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404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
377:Algeria (1501)
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367:
363:
362:
360:Morocco (1490)
357:
355:Morocco (1489)
352:
350:Morocco (1487)
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340:Morocco (1471)
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335:Morocco (1471)
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330:Morocco (1468)
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305:Morocco (1415)
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36:
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28:
27:
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20:
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1716:
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1669:
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1584:
1582:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1549:
1546:
1545:King Rafael I
1542:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1497:
1488:
1486:
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1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1392:Angola (1907)
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
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1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1296:Brazil (1756)
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1266:Angola (1723)
1264:
1262:
1261:Brazil (1711)
1259:
1257:
1256:Brazil (1710)
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1229:Angola (1681)
1227:
1225:
1224:Angola (1671)
1222:
1220:
1219:Angola (1670)
1217:
1215:
1214:Angola (1670)
1212:
1210:
1209:Brazil (1666)
1207:
1205:
1204:Angola (1665)
1202:
1200:
1199:MargĂŁo (1659)
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1189:Mannar (1658)
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1169:Arabia (1650)
1167:
1165:
1164:Brazil (1649)
1162:
1160:
1159:Brazil (1648)
1157:
1155:
1154:Angola (1647)
1152:
1150:
1149:Brazil (1645)
1147:
1145:
1144:Brazil (1645)
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1134:Brazil (1641)
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1114:Brazil (1640)
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1099:Brazil (1638)
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1084:Brazil (1636)
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1074:Arabia (1633)
1072:
1070:
1069:Bengal (1632)
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1059:Brazil (1631)
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1049:Brazil (1630)
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1024:Brazil (1625)
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1014:Angola (1624)
1012:
1010:
1009:Brazil (1624)
1007:
1005:
1004:Angola (1623)
1002:
1000:
999:Angola (1622)
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
969:Jaffna (1619)
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
926:
922:
921:
918:
915:
913:
912:Jaffna (1591)
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
872:Angola (1583)
870:
868:
867:Arabia (1581)
865:
863:
860:
858:
857:Angola (1580)
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
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793:
790:
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783:
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767:Jaffna (1560)
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753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
722:Arabia (1548)
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717:Arabia (1548)
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713:
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703:
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583:
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563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
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527:Arabia (1523)
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
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503:
500:
498:
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490:
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422:Arabia (1507)
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232:Mbidizi River
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29:
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1909:
1893:
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1880:
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1824:
1819:
1804:
1767:
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1730:
1714:
1686:
1679:
1663:
1658:
1603:
1590:
1578:
1570:
1555:
1552:Preparations
1528:SĂŁo Salvador
1502:
1468:
1466:
1432:India (1961)
1427:India (1954)
1381:20th century
1365:China (1849)
1355:China (1846)
1329:19th century
1291:India (1752)
1286:India (1746)
1281:India (1746)
1251:India (1704)
1245:18th century
1234:India (1693)
1218:
1109:India (1639)
1094:India (1638)
1054:Jambi (1630)
994:China (1622)
949:India (1612)
923:17th century
862:India (1581)
792:Japan (1565)
772:Japan (1561)
762:India (1559)
707:India (1547)
702:India (1546)
602:Tunis (1535)
582:India (1531)
552:India (1526)
517:China (1521)
442:India (1510)
437:India (1509)
432:India (1508)
412:India (1507)
402:India (1506)
397:India (1506)
382:India (1504)
366:16th century
299:15th century
242:SĂŁo Salvador
236:
130:
91:
76:Belligerents
67:Soyo Victory
18:
1717:, page 69.
929:Java (1601)
557:Java (1527)
16:1670 battle
1916:Categories
1650:References
1513:Mwenekongo
1491:Background
1479:, and the
487:Goa (1517)
123:Commander
1594:Garcia II
1562:Imbangala
1536:Ălvaro IX
1532:Afonso II
1516:AntĂłnio I
155:Imbangala
55:Kitombo,
1618:See also
1607:Capuchin
139:Strength
51:Location
31:Part of
1473:BaKongo
237:Kitombo
131:†
1900:
1867:
1844:
1811:
1774:
1742:
1721:
1694:
1670:
1587:Battle
227:Mbwila
127:
117:Count
64:Result
57:Angola
1573:Ngoyo
1566:levee
1541:Dutch
1485:Ngoyo
87:Ngoyo
1898:ISBN
1865:ISBN
1842:ISBN
1809:ISBN
1772:ISBN
1746:1998
1740:ISBN
1719:ISBN
1692:ISBN
1668:ISBN
1634:Soyo
1611:Pope
1467:The
85:and
83:Soyo
43:Date
1918::
1852:^
1782:^
1751:^
1706:^
1700:.
277:e
270:t
263:v
204:e
197:t
190:v
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