955:
equipment, Otto I's men were no doubt more affected by the stifling heat than their lightly armored opponents. Simply put, the King and his men were in no position to pursue and destroy the
Magyars that day, leaving the initial battle a draw. The Magyars were also known to pull off feigned retreats, when they would lure their opponents into more advantageous positions, like open fields, then they would turn and defeat them. A notable example occurred in 910 against East Frankish forces. This time the King instead opted to spend the night after the battle in Augsburg. On 11 August he specifically issued the order that all river crossings were to be held. This was done so that as many of the Hungarians as possible and specifically their leaders, could be captured and killed. This strategy proved successful, as Duke Henry of Bavaria captured a number of their leaders and killed them. Some Hungarians tried to flee across an unknown river but were swept away by the current. Some sought refuge in nearby villages. The destruction of the Hungarian army continued on 12 August, when heavy rainfall and flooding allowing the German troops, operating from nearby fortifications, to kill almost all the fleeing Hungarian soldiers. The majority of these fortifications had been built and fortified during the reign of Otto I's father, Henry I of Saxony, as part of his
951:, which heavily influenced Ottonian strategy. According to these historians, while the infantry approached the center of the Magyar formation, Conrad's cavalry, posted on the left wing and protected on its flank from nearby cliffs, would stay out of range of the Hungarian archers but would also attempt to draw them more to their right. Meanwhile the royal legion, under Otto I's personal leadership, engaged the enemy from the right. Although the King's forces suffered losses from the archers, this gave the royal legion the opportunity to directly assault the Magyars in close combat, which was not the Magyar's area of strength. Conrad's forces would then wheel in from Otto I's left wing, putting the Hungarians in danger of being enveloped. Seeing the day going against them, the Hungarians retreated in ordered formations across the Lech to the east. Otto I's army pursued, killing every captured Hungarian. The Germans took the Hungarian camp, liberating prisoners and reclaiming booty.
851:
men. While there is some debate as to the number of mounted archers included in the Magyar forces, historians believe there was anywhere between 8,000â10,000 mounted archers. While this fighting style was effective, especially during raids against small villages and small military forces, historians have pointed out some weaknesses. One such weakness is the difficulty that came with raising horses that were suited for battle. Not only do horses require a large area to graze, but training them to be comfortable in battle takes a significant amount of time. This weakness was the biggest factor that limited the number of mounted archers available for the
Hungarians. Another weakness is the fact that the bows used by the Magyars proved ineffective during inclement weather like rain. Without the ability to play to their strength, the Magyars would be forced to rely on melee combat, which was another weakness for them.
491:, dispersing the Hungarians. Otto I then brought his army into battle against the main Hungarian army that barred his way to Augsburg. The German heavy cavalry defeated the lightly armed and armored Hungarians in close combat, but the latter retreated in good order. Otto I did not pursue, returning to Augsburg for the night and sending out messengers to order all local German forces to hold the river crossings in Eastern Bavaria and prevent the Hungarians from returning to their homeland. On 11 and 12 August, the Hungarian defeat was transformed into disaster, as heavy rainfall and flooding slowed the retreating Hungarians and allowed German troops to hunt them down and kill them all. The Hungarian leaders were captured, taken to Augsburg and hanged.
874:
at least by day 7. The order of march of the German army was as follows: the three
Bavarian contingents, the Frankish contingent under Duke Konrad, the royal unit (the center), the two contingents of Swabians and the Bohemian contingent guarding the supply train in the rear. The Bavarians were placed at the head of column, according to DelbrĂŒck, because they were marching through Bavarian territory and they therefore knew the territory best. All of these were mounted. They could make take the maximum distance of 25 kilometers per day. The German army marched through woodland that protected them from the Hungarian arrowstorm but also made it more difficult to see the Hungarian movements.
878:
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917:
191:
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44:
539:
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695:. He did this in order to march on the Hungarian line of communications and catch them in their rear while they were raiding northeast of Augsburg. It was also a central point of concentration for all the contingents that were assembling. Strategically, therefore, this was the best location for Otto I to concentrate his forces before making the final descent upon the Hungarians.
711:. That is to say, a wide sweeping U-turn that initially started westward, then progressed to the south, and then finally to the east back to their homeland; and thus escaping retribution in German territory. The King was aware of the escape of these Hungarians on the above-mentioned occasions, and was determined to trap them. He therefore ordered his brother,
637:. Much of the city had already burned down, however its folk withstood Otto's siege machines for long before giving up in their hunger, as no external help arrived. The internal situation hardly improved after the defeat of the rebellion, as the nephews of Prince Hermann of Saxony frequently raided the duchy, allying with
1022:
calls it a "catastrophic defeat". Following the tactical disaster, the
Hungarians reached the end of almost a century as Europe's dominant military. Moreover, after 955, the Hungarians completely ceased all campaigns westwards. In addition, Otto I did not launch any further military campaigns against
946:
Otto I rallied his men with a speech in which he claimed the
Germans had better weapons than the Hungarians. Otto I then led the German army into battle with the main Hungarian force, defeating them. How the main Ottonian military defeated the Hungarians, however, is somewhat unclear. This is because
873:
On 9 August, the German scouts reported that the
Hungarian army was in the vicinity. Otto I deployed his army for battle the next day. It's likely that Otto and Ulrich had communicated in the previous days, and that's why the king knew that the city needed a relief force quickly. He departed from Ulm
954:
However, Otto I did not chase the
Magyars much longer that day and for several reasons. This proved to be a wise decision. Although the Hungarians suffered heavy losses, so did the king's forces. Three legions, in the rear of the relief column, had been decimated. Furthermore, because of their heavy
793:
while mounted on a warhorse, and all the arrows and stones bypassed him. According to him, the
Hungarians could enter the gates anytime, however they lost their commander during the attack, and withdraw to their camp taking the body. At first the defenders thought that the Hungarians were victorious
850:
The
Hungarians, also known as the Magyars, had a very different structure and fighting style than the Ottonian military. The Magyars preferred fighting at a distance with mounted archers over fighting in close combat with melee weapons, furthermore, the Magyars wore much lighter armor than Otto I's
942:
legion from the flank. The
Bohemians were routed and the two Swabian legions were badly damaged. The Hungarians stopped to plunder the German baggage train and Duke Conrad the Red used the opportunity to attack the vulnerable Hungarians and shatter them. Conrad returned to Otto I with captured
1017:
The German annihilation of the Hungarian army definitively ended the attacks of Magyar nomads against Latin Europe. One of Otto's allies, the bishop of Cremona, claimed that the victory at Lechfeld left the Hungarians so cowed that they would not "dare to mutter." The Hungarian historian
668:, "he (Otto) started the march against the enemy like he wouldn't get tired in the previous war, only taking some of the Saxons by him, as the Slavic war threatened them". Saxony was distant from Augsburg and its environs, and considerable time would have elapsed waiting for his arrival.
797:
During the night, the defenders took positions in all towers and the Hungarians completely surrounded the city with siege engines and infantry, who were driven forward by the whips of the Hungarian leaders. Next day, when the fights barely started they were informed by the traitor
698:
There were other troops that had an influence on the course of the battle. On previous occasions, in 932 and 954 for example, there had been Hungarian incursions that had invaded the German lands to the south of the Danube, and then retreated back to their native country via
784:
After admitting that this tactic doesn't work, a major action took place on 8 August at the eastern gate, which the Magyars tried to storm in large numbers, suspecting that it has weak defense because of its difficult accessibility. Ulrich led his professional
947:
Widukind's account of the battle is remarkably short and lacking in detail, which is surprising considering the significance of the battle. This has left some historians to speculate how the battle played out based on the strategies outlined in Vegetius's
901:(Lorraine), and Otto I's son-in-law, was particularly heartening because he had recently thrown in his lot with the Magyars, but now returned to fight under Otto I; in the ensuing battle he lost his life. A legion of Swabians was commanded by
802:
that Otto I deployed his troops near. The siege was suspended, and the Hungarian leaders held a war council. As the Hungarians departed, Count Dietpald of Dillingen used the opportunity to lead soldiers to Otto I's camp during the night.
959:
strategy against enemy invaders. If these had not been in place, it is very likely that the Hungarians could have completed an orderly retreat once the floodwaters receded and the Battle of Lechfeld would have remained a draw.
715:, to keep the Lotharingian forces in Lotharingia. With a powerful force of knights pressing them from the west, and an equally strong force of knights chasing them from the east, the Hungarians would be unable to escape.
641:. In early July Otto received Hungarian legates, who claimed to come in peace, but who the Germans suspected were actually assessing the outcome of the rebellion. After a few days, he let them go with some small gifts.
589:
under the protection of the Bavarian army, and westward invasions of the Magyars discontinued for a short time. The next year saw an internal war breaking out in Francia under the leadership of the king's son
897:
with a large following of Franconian knights. Conrad's unexpected arrival encouraged the warriors so much that they wished to attack the enemy immediately." The arrival of Conrad, the exiled Duke of
629:, while his wealth was taken by Henry's vassals, upsetting many more Bavarian counts, who took up arms against the king. In spite of the growing of the resistance, Otto gained a shining victory at
843:. The King's contingent consisted of hand-picked troops. A late Roman legion had 1,000 men, so Otto I's army may have numbered 7,000â9,000 troops. Augsburg was defended by professional
262:
498:
and halted nomad incursions into Western Europe for good. Otto I was proclaimed emperor and father of the fatherland by his army after the victory and he went on to be crowned
1101:
As KristĂł and Makk write, "One may ask why the Hungarians abruptly ended their century old-tradition of raiding western Europe after that battle if it was insignificant."
799:
769:. He ordered his contingent of soldiers to not fight the Hungarians in the open and reinforce the main south gate of the fortress instead. He motivated them with the
1072:
writes, the "Magyar defeat ended more than 90 years of their pillaging western Europe and convinced survivors to settle down, creating the basis for the state of
991:
Upon destruction of the Hungarian forces, the German army proclaimed Otto I father of the fatherland and emperor. In 962, on the strength of this, Otto I went to
938:
The main Hungarian army blocked Otto I's way to Augsburg. A contingent of Hungarian horse-archers crossed the river west of Augsburg and immediately attacked the
255:
2375:
2365:
1003:. Historian Pierre Riché writes that Otto I was regarded by many thereafter as a "new Charlemagne", which also led to him being called "Otto the Great."
248:
971:, were executed after the battle. Duke Conrad was also killed, after he loosened his mail armour in the summer heat and one arrow struck his throat.
2370:
672:
was chosen as the place to unite the anti-Hungarian forces. The battle took place six weeks after the first report of an invasion, and historian
773:("Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death"). While this defense was going on, the King was raising an army to march south.
765:, a border city of Swabia, under siege. Augsburg had been heavily damaged during a rebellion against Otto I in 954. The city was defended by
296:
291:
464:, intending to draw the main German army, under Otto I, into battle in the open field and destroy it. The Hungarians laid siege to
2390:
2067:[The defeat of the adventurous Hungarians. The real role of the Battle of the Lech Fields] (in Hungarian). Archived from
2064:
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soldiers out into the field to engage the enemy in close combat. Ulrich writes of himself that he was unarmed, wearing only a
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2205:
2186:
2159:
2045:
2010:
1974:
1917:
1874:
1839:
2355:
586:
2005:. Vol. 3 Medieval Warfare. Translated by Renfroe, Walter J. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 115â129.
2360:
2272:
2281:
2126:
2100:
2215:
2330:
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598:, mainly because of the occupation of Italy. In 954, the brothers called in the Hungarians, who arriving in the
1028:
1961:
2350:
542:
527:
366:
272:
35:
2255:
A Source Book for Medieval History: Selected Documents Illustrating the History of Europe in the Middle Age
906:
902:
396:
391:
175:
171:
2250:
1997:
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with attacks all day and night. That means before the real siege they wished to take the city by rushes.
1902:
The Battle of Lechfeld and its Aftermath, August 955: The End of the Age of Migrations in the Latin West
877:
514:, which describes the series of actions from the German point of view. Another source is the chronicler
1826:
155:
2146:
416:
was a series of military engagements over the course of three days from 10â12 August 955 in which the
2380:
1956:
1069:
550:
585:, Henry brought back lots of booty and prisoners from the Avars (Hungarians). In 952, Otto put even
894:
890:
889:, Otto I "pitched his camp in the territory of the city of Augsburg and joined there the forces of
738:
645:
595:
554:
484:
386:
381:
376:
336:
321:
316:
159:
48:
The Battle of Lechfeld, from a 1457 illustration in Sigmund Meisterlin's codex of Nuremberg history
20:
835:. The eighth division, commanded by Otto I, and slightly larger than the others, included Saxons,
2385:
2335:
794:
and resuming the siege, only to realize that they were going back to the other side of the Lech.
591:
143:
832:
301:
704:
346:
1007:
2220:
A magyar törtĂ©nelem kezdeteirĆl: az elĆidĆ-szemlĂ©let hangsĂșlyvĂĄltĂĄsai a XVâXVIII. szĂĄzadban
2092:
688:
442:
679:
8:
2224:
On the beginnings of Hungarian history: the shifts in emphasis in the 15thâ18th centuries
533:
356:
311:
967:, missing their ears and noses. The Hungarian leaders LĂ©l, BulcsĂș and SĂșr, who were not
341:
1888:
1032:
996:
964:
886:
766:
665:
653:
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515:
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in 962 largely on the basis of his strengthened position after the Battle of Lechfeld.
499:
495:
417:
361:
201:
120:
111:
2200:. Translated by Michael Idomir Allen. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
859:
479:
As Otto I approached Augsburg on 10 August, a Hungarian surprise attack destroyed the
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2258:
2237:
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2201:
2182:
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2132:
2122:
2096:
2051:
2041:
2016:
2006:
1980:
1970:
1923:
1913:
1892:
1880:
1870:
1845:
1835:
1055:
603:
331:
326:
2068:
943:
Hungarian banners. Conrad's victory prevented the German army from being encircled.
905:, who had married Otto I's niece Hedwig. Also among those fighting under Otto I was
430:
185:
2033:
1905:
1862:
1051:
956:
828:
816:
562:
480:
449:
421:
306:
286:
163:
135:
125:
1992:
1824:
Archer, Christon; Ferris, John Robert; Herwig, Holger H; Travers, Timothy (2002).
774:
673:
1934:
867:
820:
712:
351:
130:
116:
2110:
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1944:
1019:
963:
The captured Magyars were either executed, or sent back to their ruling prince,
916:
240:
1063:
1059:
924:
761:
and ravaged the lands in between. They then withdrew from the Iller and placed
757:
Gerhard writes that the Hungarian forces advanced across the Lech to the river
734:
638:
611:
558:
371:
2136:
2020:
1984:
1866:
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miserably. The warriors returned from the successful adventure safely through
2314:
2296:
2283:
2262:
2241:
2169:
1927:
1884:
1047:
1000:
687:
The King ordered his troops to concentrate on the Danube, in the vicinity of
483:
rearguard legion. The Hungarian force stopped to plunder the German camp and
473:
426:
190:
181:
2055:
1849:
1789:
2340:
1949:
1939:
723:
661:
578:
574:
570:
469:
461:
453:
2037:
1909:
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and SĂșr were taken to Regensburg and hanged with many other Hungarians.
968:
898:
836:
700:
630:
617:
The year 955 started badly for King Otto. Despite his best efforts, the
2032:. Translated by TamĂĄs, PĂĄlosfalvi. London & New York: I.B. Tauris.
1054:, over the nomadic light cavalry that characterized warfare during the
692:
634:
618:
582:
824:
649:
599:
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778:
770:
762:
719:
622:
607:
465:
457:
70:
2065:"A kalandozó magyarsåg veresége. A Lech-mezei csata valós szerepe"
979:
930:
602:, upset the territory. According to a chronicler, they devastated
1073:
753:
The Hungarian commander LĂ©l. Lithograph by Josef Kriehuber, 1828.
731:
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asserts that they could not have possibly made the march in time.
657:
488:
438:
74:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1044:
939:
913:, stronger than any of the others in both numbers and quality.
553:, a competent military leader passed away and was succeeded by
538:
43:
2087:] (in Hungarian). Vol. SorsdöntĆ törtĂ©nelmi napok 8.
2030:
The Realm of St Stephen: History of Medieval Hungary, 895â1526
749:
1024:
1011:
790:
758:
708:
626:
434:
195:
1555:
1261:
722:, the Lechfeld is the flood plain that lies along the river
472:. Otto I advanced to relieve the city with an army of 8,000
1755:
1753:
1249:
992:
437:
and SĂșr. With the German victory, further invasions by the
1465:
1463:
1372:
1370:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1309:
1307:
1043:
This battle has been viewed as a symbolic victory for the
573:. In the following years, the Germans started to threaten
1857:
Beeler, John (1971). "8. Military Feudalism in Germany".
1823:
1795:
1615:
1603:
669:
510:
The most important source is a monograph commissioned by
1801:
1750:
1704:
1702:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1480:
1478:
1450:
1448:
811:
According to Widukind, Otto I had at his disposal eight
2154:. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press.
1967:
100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present
1777:
1639:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1572:
1570:
1543:
1502:
1460:
1411:
1409:
1382:
1367:
1350:
1338:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1304:
1239:
664:, which goes to the mountainous regions". According to
1861:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 215â244.
1687:
1421:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1204:
1192:
1180:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1027:
was dethroned following their defeat and succeeded as
2249:
Thatcher, Oliver James; McNeal, Edgar Holmes (1905).
1699:
1675:
1651:
1627:
1514:
1475:
1445:
1394:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
881:
The Hungarian campaign in the German kingdom from 955
2179:
The Middle Kingdoms: A New History of Central Europe
1726:
1663:
1582:
1567:
1531:
1490:
1433:
1406:
1319:
1292:
1280:
893:, who was himself lying mortally ill nearby, and by
741:
happened in the same area forty-five years earlier.
1714:
1216:
1168:
1156:
1135:
827:under Duke Conrad and one well-trained legion from
625:joined the enemy. Harold was blinded and exiled to
569:, however they weren't able to penetrate deep into
2145:
1996:
1960:
1825:
1765:
1738:
1114:
452:in late June or early July 955 with 8,000â10,000
270:
2312:
2257:. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. pp. 75â77.
561:. For this reason, the Hungarians have attacked
1998:"II: The Battle on the Lechfeld, 10 August 955"
2248:
1561:
1274:
1255:
16:Part of the Hungarian invasions of Europe, 955
256:
19:For the first Battle of Lechfeld in 910, see
2376:Battles of the Hungarian invasions of Europe
2366:Battles involving Hungary in the Middle Ages
2198:The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe
831:, under a prince of an unknown name, son of
1050:, who would define European warfare in the
2109:
1759:
297:Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin
263:
249:
2226:] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Balassi.
1834:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
2214:
2028:Engel, PĂĄl (2001). Ayton, Andrew (ed.).
1991:
1645:
1388:
1376:
1361:
1344:
1313:
1092:Beeler gives no figures for the Magyars.
978:
929:
915:
876:
858:
748:
678:
537:
424:, annihilated the Hungarian army led by
2371:Battles involving the Holy Roman Empire
683:The Hungarian campaign in Europe of 954
518:, who provides some important details.
2313:
2143:
2075:
2062:
1899:
1856:
1783:
1771:
1720:
1708:
1681:
1669:
1657:
1633:
1621:
1609:
1597:
1576:
1549:
1537:
1525:
1508:
1496:
1484:
1469:
1454:
1439:
1427:
1415:
1400:
1332:
1298:
1286:
1243:
1210:
1198:
1186:
1174:
1162:
1150:
1129:
777:mentions that the Hungarians harassed
652:of a Hungarian invasion. According to
2195:
2027:
1969:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1955:
1807:
1732:
1693:
839:, and the King's personal guard, the
815:(divisions) that included three from
644:Soon, couriers from Otto I's brother
577:, with border fights erupting at the
505:
244:
2176:
1744:
921:The Hungarian Battle of Lechfeld 955
726:. The battle appears as the second
13:
1859:Warfare in Feudal Europe, 730â1200
806:
292:ByzantineâBulgarian war of 894â896
91:Hungarian raids into Bavaria cease
14:
2402:
494:The German victory preserved the
2147:"From the beginnings until 1301"
985:Crux Victorialis Sancti Udalrici
487:led a counter-attack with heavy
189:
42:
2079:(1985). SzakĂĄly, Ferenc (ed.).
1095:
1086:
656:, "they devastated the land of
2391:Battles involving East Francia
1029:Grand Prince of the Hungarians
648:, arrived to inform Otto I in
476:, divided into eight legions.
1:
2265:– via Internet Archive.
2172:– via Internet Archive.
2023:– via Internet Archive.
1987:– via Internet Archive.
1852:– via Internet Archive.
1108:
543:Hungarian raids across Europe
528:Hungarian invasions of Europe
521:
274:Hungarian invasions of Europe
36:Hungarian invasions of Europe
2321:10th century in East Francia
2152:A Concise History of Hungary
2119:Rulers of the House of ĂrpĂĄd
1932:Partial previews are at the
974:
907:Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia
903:Burchard III, Duke of Swabia
885:According to the chronicler
176:Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia
172:Burchard III, Duke of Swabia
7:
2356:Military history of Bavaria
2251:"Otto I and the Hungarians"
2063:IstvĂĄn, BĂłna (March 2000).
1900:Bowlus, Charles R. (2016).
1038:
949:Epitome of Military Science
448:The Hungarians invaded the
10:
2407:
1827:"Migrations and Invasions"
1816:
1562:Thatcher & McNeal 1905
1275:Thatcher & McNeal 1905
1256:Thatcher & McNeal 1905
744:
531:
525:
218:8,000â10,000 horse archers
18:
2361:Battles involving Bohemia
2181:. New York: Basic Books.
2003:History of the Art of War
1867:10.7591/9781501726828-011
909:. Otto I himself led the
854:
551:Berthold, Duke of Bavaria
414:Second battle of Lechfeld
282:
226:
213:7,000â9,000 heavy cavalry
207:
149:
102:
52:
41:
33:
29:Second Battle of Lechfeld
28:
2113:; Makk, Ferenc (1996) .
1832:World History of Warfare
1079:
995:and had himself crowned
891:Henry I, Duke of Bavaria
800:Berchtold of Risinesburg
739:first Battle of Lechfeld
646:Henry I, Duke of Bavaria
596:Conrad, Duke of Lorraine
485:Conrad, Duke of Lorraine
392:BulgarianâHungarian wars
160:Conrad, Duke of Lorraine
21:Battle of Lechfeld (910)
2331:10th century in Hungary
2326:10th century in Germany
2144:MolnĂĄr, MiklĂłs (2001).
983:Cross of Saint Ulrich (
660:from the Danube to the
639:Polabian principalities
592:Liudolf, Duke of Swabia
144:Principality of Hungary
2196:Riché, Pierre (1993).
2121:] (in Hungarian).
2115:Az ĂrpĂĄd-hĂĄz uralkodĂłi
2085:The Battle of Augsburg
1760:KristĂł & Makk 1996
1006:The Hungarian leaders
988:
935:
927:
923:, an 1860 painting by
882:
870:
864:The Battle of Lechfeld
754:
684:
633:, proceeding to siege
546:
150:Commanders and leaders
2177:Rady, Martyn (2023).
2038:10.5040/9780755699926
1910:10.4324/9781315241142
1904:. London: Routledge.
982:
933:
919:
880:
862:
752:
707:and finally, through
705:West Frankish Kingdom
682:
541:
227:Casualties and losses
69:Lechfeld plain, near
2351:Invasions of Germany
545:in the 10th century.
2293: /
1810:, pp. 110â112.
1798:, pp. 136â137.
1023:them; their leader
866:, a 1744 fresco by
534:Battle of Pressburg
433:and the chieftains
2081:Az augsburgi csata
1796:Archer et al. 2002
1624:, p. 127â128.
1612:, p. 119â121.
997:Holy Roman Emperor
989:
936:
928:
887:Widukind of Corvey
883:
871:
755:
728:Battle of Augsburg
685:
547:
516:Widukind of Corvey
512:Ulrich of Augsburg
506:Historical sources
500:Holy Roman Emperor
496:Kingdom of Germany
418:Kingdom of Germany
412:also known as the
410:Battle of Lechfeld
202:Taksony of Hungary
121:Duchy of Thuringia
112:Kingdom of Germany
2297:48.367°N 10.900°E
2233:978-963-506-685-8
2207:978-0-81221-342-3
2188:978-1-54161-978-4
2161:978-1-107-05071-6
2047:978-1-86064-061-2
2012:978-0-8032-6585-1
1976:978-0-19-514366-9
1919:978-1-351-89417-3
1876:978-1-5017-2682-8
1841:978-0-8032-4423-8
1786:, pp. 17â18.
1696:, pp. 14â15.
1552:, pp. 12â13.
1511:, pp. 55â65.
1472:, pp. 11â12.
1213:, pp. 81â82.
1201:, pp. 79â80.
1189:, pp. 78â79.
1056:Early Middle Ages
934:Map of the battle
718:Located south of
594:, and son-in-law
405:
404:
239:
238:
98:
97:
2398:
2381:Medieval Bavaria
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2266:
2245:
2216:Szabados, György
2211:
2192:
2173:
2149:
2140:
2106:
2072:
2071:on 21 July 2011.
2059:
2024:
2000:
1988:
1964:
1931:
1896:
1853:
1829:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1580:
1574:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1473:
1467:
1458:
1452:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1430:, pp. 9â10.
1425:
1419:
1413:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1365:
1359:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1317:
1311:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1133:
1127:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1052:High Middle Ages
957:defense-in-depth
713:Archbishop Bruno
481:Duchy of Bohemia
450:Duchy of Bavaria
422:Otto I the Great
277:
275:
265:
258:
251:
242:
241:
193:
168:
126:Duchy of Bavaria
60:10â12 August 955
54:
53:
46:
26:
25:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2311:
2310:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2234:
2208:
2189:
2162:
2129:
2103:
2093:Akadémiai Kiadó
2048:
2013:
1977:
1920:
1877:
1842:
1819:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1758:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1632:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1596:
1583:
1575:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1524:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1476:
1468:
1461:
1453:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1368:
1360:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1320:
1312:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1136:
1128:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1041:
977:
868:Balthasar Riepp
857:
809:
807:Opposing forces
747:
581:. According to
536:
530:
524:
508:
406:
401:
278:
273:
271:
269:
235:Majority killed
221:
219:
214:
200:
198:
194:
174:
170:
164:
158:
140:
131:Duchy of Swabia
117:Duchy of Saxony
94:
77:
47:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2404:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2386:Otto the Great
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2336:950s conflicts
2333:
2328:
2323:
2302:48.367; 10.900
2276:
2275:
2273:978-1298668035
2246:
2232:
2212:
2206:
2193:
2187:
2174:
2160:
2141:
2127:
2107:
2101:
2073:
2060:
2046:
2025:
2011:
1993:DelbrĂŒck, Hans
1989:
1975:
1957:Davis, Paul K.
1953:
1918:
1897:
1875:
1854:
1840:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1800:
1788:
1776:
1764:
1749:
1737:
1735:, p. 246.
1725:
1713:
1711:, p. 181.
1698:
1686:
1684:, p. 140.
1674:
1662:
1660:, p. 172.
1650:
1648:, p. 123.
1638:
1636:, p. 131.
1626:
1614:
1602:
1581:
1566:
1554:
1542:
1530:
1528:, p. 170.
1513:
1501:
1489:
1487:, p. 229.
1474:
1459:
1457:, p. 120.
1444:
1432:
1420:
1405:
1403:, p. 166.
1393:
1391:, p. 134.
1381:
1379:, p. 122.
1366:
1364:, p. 118.
1349:
1347:, p. 116.
1337:
1318:
1316:, p. 115.
1303:
1291:
1279:
1260:
1248:
1215:
1203:
1191:
1179:
1167:
1155:
1134:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1094:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1064:Eastern Europe
1040:
1037:
976:
973:
925:Michael Echter
856:
853:
808:
805:
746:
743:
735:historiography
612:Northern Italy
526:Main article:
523:
520:
507:
504:
420:, led by King
403:
402:
400:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
377:Lechfeld (955)
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
322:Lechfeld (910)
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
283:
280:
279:
268:
267:
260:
253:
245:
237:
236:
233:
229:
228:
224:
223:
216:
210:
209:
205:
204:
178:
152:
151:
147:
146:
141:
139:
138:
133:
128:
123:
114:
108:
105:
104:
100:
99:
96:
95:
93:
92:
89:
88:German victory
85:
83:
79:
78:
68:
66:
62:
61:
58:
50:
49:
39:
38:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2403:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2309:
2306:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2128:963-7930-97-3
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2111:KristĂł, Gyula
2108:
2104:
2102:963-05-3838-5
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2077:KristĂł, Gyula
2074:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1809:
1804:
1797:
1792:
1785:
1780:
1773:
1768:
1762:, p. 23.
1761:
1756:
1754:
1747:, p. 54.
1746:
1741:
1734:
1729:
1722:
1717:
1710:
1705:
1703:
1695:
1690:
1683:
1678:
1672:, p. 47.
1671:
1666:
1659:
1654:
1647:
1646:DelbrĂŒck 1990
1642:
1635:
1630:
1623:
1618:
1611:
1606:
1600:, p. 13.
1599:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1579:, p. 12.
1578:
1573:
1571:
1564:, p. 77.
1563:
1558:
1551:
1546:
1540:, p. 89.
1539:
1534:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1510:
1505:
1499:, p. 50.
1498:
1493:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1442:, p. 86.
1441:
1436:
1429:
1424:
1418:, p. 84.
1417:
1412:
1410:
1402:
1397:
1390:
1389:Szabados 2006
1385:
1378:
1377:DelbrĂŒck 1990
1373:
1371:
1363:
1362:DelbrĂŒck 1990
1358:
1356:
1354:
1346:
1345:DelbrĂŒck 1990
1341:
1335:, p. 87.
1334:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1315:
1314:DelbrĂŒck 1990
1310:
1308:
1301:, p. 82.
1300:
1295:
1289:, p. 83.
1288:
1283:
1277:, p. 76.
1276:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1258:, p. 75.
1257:
1252:
1246:, p. 11.
1245:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1212:
1207:
1200:
1195:
1188:
1183:
1177:, p. 77.
1176:
1171:
1165:, p. 76.
1164:
1159:
1153:, p. 10.
1152:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1098:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1070:Paul K. Davis
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1002:
1001:Pope John XII
998:
994:
987:) circa 1600.
986:
981:
972:
970:
966:
961:
958:
952:
950:
944:
941:
932:
926:
922:
918:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
879:
875:
869:
865:
861:
852:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
804:
801:
795:
792:
788:
782:
780:
776:
775:Simon of KĂ©za
772:
768:
767:Bishop Ulrich
764:
760:
751:
742:
740:
736:
733:
729:
725:
721:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
696:
694:
690:
681:
677:
675:
674:Hans DelbrĂŒck
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
557:, brother of
556:
552:
544:
540:
535:
529:
519:
517:
513:
503:
501:
497:
492:
490:
486:
482:
477:
475:
474:heavy cavalry
471:
468:on the river
467:
463:
462:siege engines
459:
455:
454:horse archers
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
429:
428:
423:
419:
415:
411:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
284:
281:
276:
266:
261:
259:
254:
252:
247:
246:
243:
234:
231:
230:
225:
222:Siege engines
217:
212:
211:
206:
203:
197:
192:
187:
184:
183:
179:
177:
173:
169:
167:
161:
157:
154:
153:
148:
145:
142:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
118:
115:
113:
110:
109:
107:
106:
101:
90:
87:
86:
84:
81:
80:
76:
72:
67:
64:
63:
59:
56:
55:
51:
45:
40:
37:
32:
27:
22:
2278:
2254:
2223:
2219:
2197:
2178:
2151:
2118:
2114:
2084:
2080:
2069:the original
2029:
2002:
1966:
1950:Google Books
1945:2006 edition
1943:
1940:Google Books
1935:2016 edition
1933:
1901:
1858:
1831:
1803:
1791:
1779:
1767:
1740:
1728:
1723:, p. 5.
1716:
1689:
1677:
1665:
1653:
1641:
1629:
1617:
1605:
1557:
1545:
1533:
1504:
1492:
1435:
1423:
1396:
1384:
1340:
1294:
1282:
1251:
1206:
1194:
1182:
1170:
1158:
1132:, p. 9.
1097:
1088:
1068:
1042:
1020:Gyula KristĂł
1016:
1005:
990:
984:
962:
953:
948:
945:
937:
920:
910:
884:
872:
863:
849:
847:(soldiers).
844:
840:
812:
810:
796:
786:
783:
756:
727:
717:
697:
686:
662:Black Forest
643:
616:
575:Transdanubia
571:East Francia
548:
509:
493:
478:
447:
445:were ended.
443:Latin Europe
425:
413:
409:
407:
397:Arcadiopolis
302:Southern Buh
180:
165:
103:Belligerents
34:Part of the
2300: /
2267:Reprinted:
1784:MolnĂĄr 2001
1772:IstvĂĄn 2000
1721:Bowlus 2016
1709:Bowlus 2016
1682:Bowlus 2016
1670:Bowlus 2016
1658:Bowlus 2016
1634:Bowlus 2016
1622:Bowlus 2016
1610:Bowlus 2016
1598:Bowlus 2016
1577:Bowlus 2016
1550:Bowlus 2016
1538:KristĂł 1985
1526:Bowlus 2016
1509:Bowlus 2016
1497:Bowlus 2016
1485:Beeler 1971
1470:Bowlus 2016
1455:Bowlus 2016
1440:KristĂł 1985
1428:Bowlus 2016
1416:KristĂł 1985
1401:Bowlus 2016
1333:KristĂł 1985
1299:KristĂł 1985
1287:KristĂł 1985
1244:Bowlus 2016
1211:KristĂł 1985
1199:KristĂł 1985
1187:KristĂł 1985
1175:KristĂł 1985
1163:KristĂł 1985
1151:Bowlus 2016
1130:Bowlus 2016
911:legio regia
899:Lotharingia
895:Duke Conrad
841:legio regia
837:Thuringians
833:Boleslaus I
823:, one from
819:, two from
701:Lotharingia
559:King Otto I
156:King Otto I
2315:Categories
2137:1175710413
2021:1055170672
1985:1164836234
1962:"Lechfeld"
1808:Davis 2001
1733:Riché 1993
1694:Engel 2001
1109:References
771:23rd Psalm
693:Ingolstadt
635:Regensburg
619:archbishop
583:Hrotsvitha
579:Enns river
532:See also:
522:Background
2263:571837034
2242:123759633
2170:881237106
1995:(1990) .
1959:(2001) .
1928:965444179
1893:243161649
1885:570334282
1745:Rady 2023
975:Aftermath
825:Franconia
732:Hungarian
703:, to the
650:Magdeburg
600:Rhineland
567:Aventinus
357:W.l.n.d.r
312:Pressburg
2346:Augsburg
2218:(2006).
2089:Budapest
2056:56676014
1942:and the
1850:49650247
1045:knightly
1039:Analysis
940:Bohemian
813:legiones
779:Augsburg
763:Augsburg
720:Augsburg
666:Widukind
631:MĂŒhldorf
623:Salzburg
608:Burgundy
549:In 947,
466:Augsburg
458:infantry
362:Fraxinet
337:Achelous
317:Eisenach
220:Infantry
215:Garrison
208:Strength
71:Augsburg
65:Location
2288:10°54âČE
2285:48°22âČN
1817:Sources
1074:Hungary
1060:Central
1048:cavalry
1033:Taksony
965:Taksony
845:milites
829:Bohemia
817:Bavaria
787:milites
745:Prelude
689:Neuburg
658:Noricum
565:, says
563:Bavaria
555:Henry I
489:cavalry
439:Magyars
327:Rednitz
166:†
136:Bohemia
75:Bavaria
2271:
2261:
2240:
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2185:
2168:
2158:
2135:
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2099:
2054:
2044:
2019:
2009:
1983:
1973:
1926:
1916:
1891:
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1848:
1838:
1008:BulcsĂș
969:ĂrpĂĄds
855:Battle
821:Swabia
737:. The
654:Ulrich
604:France
460:, and
431:BulcsĂș
387:Syrmia
367:Iberia
342:PĂŒchen
307:Brenta
287:Pliska
188:
186:BulcsĂș
162:
82:Result
2222:[
2117:[
2083:[
1889:S2CID
1080:Notes
1025:Fajsz
1012:Lehel
791:stola
759:Iller
709:Italy
627:Tyrol
587:Italy
441:into
427:Harka
382:Drina
352:Riade
347:Drava
232:Heavy
182:horka
2269:ISBN
2259:OCLC
2238:OCLC
2228:ISBN
2202:ISBN
2183:ISBN
2166:OCLC
2156:ISBN
2133:OCLC
2123:ISBN
2097:ISBN
2052:OCLC
2042:ISBN
2017:OCLC
2007:ISBN
1981:OCLC
1971:ISBN
1924:OCLC
1914:ISBN
1881:OCLC
1871:ISBN
1846:OCLC
1836:ISBN
1062:and
993:Rome
724:Lech
691:and
610:and
470:Lech
408:The
372:Wels
119:and
57:Date
2341:955
2034:doi
1948:at
1938:at
1906:doi
1863:doi
1076:."
1058:in
1031:by
999:by
730:in
670:Ulm
621:of
435:LĂ©l
332:Inn
199:SĂșr
196:LĂ©l
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264:e
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