1346:
before starting to fall back. Fortunately for the
Muslims, Khalid and his cavalry arrived at about that time attacking the Byzantines from behind. As so, the Byzantines were caught in an untenable position, squeezed between the two Muslim forces. In the fighting, Khalid killed Theodore in single combat. Ultimately, Sheodore was also killed and the Roman lines thrown into confusion. Eventually, the Byzantines fled the field. The news of the upset at Damascus quickly spread to the field at Marj ar-Rum causing the Byzantine forces to lose their nerve and retreat, ending the battle.
1325:, while Abu Ubaidah and Khalid moved north to capture northern Syria. Such a deployment of the Muslim forces left Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan as the lone defender of Damascus. Sensing an opportunity to recover Damascus, Heraclius immediately sent an army under the command of Theodore the Patrician to recapture the city. Included in Theodore's army was a sizable cavalry. By the time that the Rashidun army learned of Theodore's movements, Abu Ubaydah and Khalid had defeated the Byzantines in Fahl and immediately move to intercept Theodore.
119:
1298:, the Byzantine emperor, sent two separate forces in the effort, one army led by Theodore the Patricius and a second army led by Shannash al-Rome. The Rashidun army led by Abu Ubaydah ibn al Jarrah and Khalid ibn al-Walid was ordered to assist Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan who was acting as the garrison commander of Damascus.
1337:
In the morning at Marj ar-Rum, the battle began with a personal duel between the field commanders, wherein
Shannash was slain by Abu Ubaydah. Thereafter the two armies engaged in prolonged, but balanced combat. During the battle it became apparent to the Muslims that a portion of the Byzantine force
1328:
Shortly thereafter, Theodore was reinforced by
Shannash al-Rome's army which also included a sizeable cavalry force. Ultimately the two opposing forces met west of Damascus at the plain of Marj ar-Rum where the two armies drew up and faced each other in battle formation, Theodore opposite Khalid and
1345:
When the
Byzantine force under the command of Theodore and Sheodore reached Damascus, Yazid bin Abi Sufyan immediately deployed his forces and engaged the Byzantines outside the city. Despite being outnumbered, Yazid and the Damascus garrison were able hold their position for a considerable time
1329:
Shannash opposite Abu
Ubaydah. After drawing up, each of the armies remained in battle formation waiting for the other to make the first move. When night fell, Theodore and his vice commander Sheodore quietly pulled back their troops under the cover of darkness to advance upon Damascus.
1301:
The battle consisted of two separate engagements, however, Muslim historians regard these conflicts as a single battle due to the fact that the fighting occurred concurrently and that Khalid participated in both engagements.
1354:
After the battle, the army of the
Rashidun caliphate immediately seized the weapons, clothes, and mounts of the Byzantines. Yazid divided the booty among his soldiers and Khalid. A week later, Abu Ubaida captured
1678:
224:
905:
1800:
990:
1305:
The battle is considered as a decisive victory for the
Rashidun army as all the Byzantine commanders were killed and the threat of losing Damascus ended.
985:
1212:
1834:
975:
955:
217:
1829:
1814:
63:
898:
1824:
210:
995:
950:
891:
1854:
1225:
1844:
1594:
481:
466:
1819:
915:
523:
508:
1859:
840:
564:
1643:
1777:
1653:
1622:
1554:
1190:
350:
744:
672:
606:
571:
1523:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1155:
820:
421:
305:
1612:
1584:
1313:
After the capture of
Damascus, the Rashidun army split its forces as it continued the conquest of the Levant.
1112:
858:
815:
724:
714:
273:
1380:
409:
754:
256:
933:
621:
1245:
1125:
1030:
739:
576:
280:
1240:
1042:
694:
560:
399:
394:
365:
138:
1165:
1135:
443:
428:
382:
320:
310:
1562:
1393:
1368:
1232:
1160:
749:
699:
652:
636:
631:
596:
345:
315:
234:
28:
1130:
835:
780:
709:
538:
471:
285:
1422:
1205:
1080:
940:
872:
853:
662:
611:
601:
553:
543:
486:
360:
1764:
Ibn
Taymiyyah, Taqī ad-Dīn ʾAḥmad ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm ibn ʿAbd al-Salām al-Numayrī al-Ḥarrānī
1546:
1318:
1220:
1195:
810:
800:
729:
641:
513:
389:
370:
340:
134:
8:
1250:
980:
945:
920:
790:
684:
375:
251:
142:
34:
1849:
1751:
1519:
1322:
1145:
1090:
1075:
689:
548:
491:
295:
1773:
1755:
1649:
1618:
1590:
1550:
1434:
1359:(Heliopolis) where the Temple of Jupiter stood later sending Khalid to attack Emesa.
1338:
had slipped off and that
Damascus was now under attack. At that time, Khalid and his
1185:
1010:
970:
960:
448:
433:
1563:
1741:
1731:
1339:
1287:
1150:
1100:
1095:
1085:
1065:
1060:
1050:
1020:
1015:
965:
883:
863:
830:
805:
734:
719:
704:
657:
647:
626:
586:
581:
518:
503:
404:
300:
266:
166:
157:
148:
1767:
1700:
1200:
1140:
1120:
1105:
1055:
1035:
1025:
785:
667:
533:
528:
438:
355:
290:
261:
1314:
1291:
1180:
1170:
1070:
767:
617:
476:
459:
335:
325:
122:
1808:
1763:
775:
591:
112:
78:
65:
1736:
1719:
1839:
1696:
414:
1002:
1746:
1394:
Expansion of Islam and Military Campaigns - Battle Of Marj-ur-rum 2022
202:
1639:
1295:
1564:"Expansion of Islam and Military Campaigns - Battle Of Marj-ur-rum"
848:
455:
16:
635 CE conflict between the Rashidun Caliphate and Byzantine Empire
118:
1356:
1705:(general history). Smith, Elder & Company. pp. 197–198
1525:
The Sword of Allah Khalid Bin Al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns
1617:. Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية. p. 172.
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1769:
Islamic Books by Ibn Taymiyyah Maqdisi and Abdullah Azzam
1286:), was a conflict between the Rashidun caliphate and the
1801:
Battle of Marj ar-Rum(معركة مرج الروم) Arabic language
1648:(Yohanan Friedmann ed.). SUNY Press. p. 174.
1446:
1431:, p. 174; Theodore, according to K.Y. Blankinship.
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1474:
1472:
1294:
when the Byzantines attempted to recapture Damascus.
1399:
913:
1702:
Annals of the Early Caliphate From Original Sources
1484:
1469:
1496:
1806:
1720:"The Capture of Jerusalem by the Muslims in 634"
1586:Hadrat Umar Farooq Allahʻs Blessings be Upon Him
1443:, p. 394; Theodorus according to A.I Akram.
1614:AL FAROUK OMAR IBN AL-KHATTAB THE SECOND CALIPH
1543:Conquerors of Palestine Through Forty Centuries
1342:disengaged themselves and rushed to Damascus.
1280:
1268:
899:
218:
1677:Abu Tabikh, Muhsin; Abu Tabikh, Ali (1998).
906:
892:
225:
211:
1745:
1735:
1730:(8). Israel: University of Haifa: 37–58.
1835:Battles involving the Rashidun Caliphate
1290:. The battle occurred shortly after the
1540:
1502:
232:
1815:Battles involving the Byzantine Empire
1807:
1638:
1428:
1416:
1670:
1610:
1582:
1518:
1490:
1478:
1463:
1440:
887:
206:
1825:Battles of Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah
13:
1830:Battles of the Arab–Byzantine wars
14:
1871:
1795:
1683:(digitized ed.). dar al'adwa
1233:Campaigns in Armenia and Anatolia
1645:The history of at-Tabari Vol. 12
117:
1772:. Рипол Классик. p. 367.
1:
1855:Muslim conquest of the Levant
1589:. Kitab Bhavan. p. 453.
1528:. Mr. Books. pp. 359–417
1511:
1308:
1845:630s in the Byzantine Empire
1374:
1349:
147:Theodore the Patricius
59:Marj Dimashq (second battle)
7:
1820:Battles of Khalid ibn Walid
1362:
1113:Conquest of Byzantine Syria
1043:Conquest of Sasanian Persia
622:Nikephoros Phokas the Elder
10:
1876:
1860:Medieval history of Jordan
1640:Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir
1541:Allenby, Viscount (2003),
1332:
57:Marj ar-Rum (first battle)
1281:
1269:
930:
668:George Maniakes in Sicily
244:
189:
176:
139:Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah
128:
106:
40:
26:
21:
1611:Ridha, Muhammad (2007).
934:Campaigns under Muhammad
79:33.5138083°N 36.276528°E
1737:10.34739/his.2019.08.03
1583:Hasan, Masudul (1997).
1369:Siege of Damascus (634)
1321:moved south to capture
1718:Ilkka SYVÄNNE (2019).
1276:Battle of Marj Dimashq
156:Shannash al-Rome
129:Commanders and leaders
1274:), also known as the
1264:Battle of Marj ar-Rum
951:Demolition of al-Uzza
190:Casualties and losses
84:33.5138083; 36.276528
22:Battle of Marj ar-Rum
1547:Kessinger Publishing
1319:Shurhabil ibn Hasana
761:Byzantine reconquest
135:Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan
1520:Akram, Agha Ibrahim
1221:Conquest of Bahnasa
1213:Campaigns in Africa
922:Khalid ibn al-Walid
236:Arab–Byzantine wars
143:Khalid ibn al-Walid
75: /
35:Khalid ibn al-Walid
29:Arab–Byzantine Wars
1671:General references
1466:, p. 359-417.
1282:Meadow of Damascus
991:2nd Dumatul Jandal
663:Straits of Messina
482:2nd Constantinople
467:1st Constantinople
1596:978-81-7151-229-4
1259:
1258:
881:
880:
201:
200:
102:
101:
33:the campaigns of
1867:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1759:
1749:
1739:
1724:Historia i Świat
1714:
1712:
1710:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1570:. Alim.org. 2022
1559:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1467:
1461:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1397:
1391:
1288:Byzantine Empire
1284:
1283:
1272:
1271:
1031:Dawmat al-Jandal
925:
923:
908:
901:
894:
885:
884:
648:Marianos Argyros
524:Asia Minor (806)
509:Asia Minor (782)
498:Border conflicts
395:Babylon Fortress
239:
237:
227:
220:
213:
204:
203:
171:
162:
153:
121:
98:Rashidun victory
90:
89:
87:
86:
85:
80:
76:
73:
72:
71:
68:
42:
41:
19:
18:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1805:
1804:
1798:
1793:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1762:
1717:
1708:
1706:
1695:
1686:
1684:
1680:الرحلة المحسنية
1676:
1673:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1573:
1571:
1557:
1531:
1529:
1514:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1477:
1470:
1462:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1400:
1392:
1381:
1377:
1365:
1352:
1335:
1311:
1260:
1255:
1236:
1216:
1116:
1046:
1006:
937:
926:
921:
919:
914:
912:
882:
877:
725:Gulf of Corinth
247:Early conflicts
240:
235:
233:
231:
167:
164:
158:
155:
149:
141:
137:
83:
81:
77:
74:
69:
66:
64:
62:
61:
60:
58:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1873:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1797:
1796:External links
1794:
1792:
1791:
1778:
1760:
1715:
1693:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1654:
1636:
1623:
1608:
1595:
1580:
1560:
1555:
1538:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1495:
1493:, p. 453.
1483:
1481:, p. 172.
1468:
1445:
1433:
1421:
1419:, p. 174.
1398:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1361:
1351:
1348:
1334:
1331:
1315:Amr ibn al-Aas
1310:
1307:
1292:Battle of Fahl
1270:Meadow of Rome
1257:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1166:Maraj-al-Debaj
1163:
1158:
1156:Marj Al-Saffar
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
999:
998:
993:
988:
986:Dumatul Jandal
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
931:
928:
927:
911:
910:
903:
896:
888:
879:
878:
876:
875:
869:
868:
867:
866:
861:
856:
845:
844:
843:
838:
826:
825:
824:
823:
818:
813:
808:
796:
795:
794:
793:
788:
783:
771:
770:
768:John Kourkouas
758:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
676:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
618:Leo Apostyppes
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
565:Southern Italy
557:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
495:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
460:Constantinople
452:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
418:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
379:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
321:Maraj-al-Debaj
318:
313:
311:Sanita-al-Uqab
308:
306:Marj al-Saffar
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
270:
269:
264:
259:
254:
245:
242:
241:
230:
229:
222:
215:
207:
199:
198:
195:
192:
191:
187:
186:
183:
179:
178:
174:
173:
165:Sheodore
145:
131:
130:
126:
125:
123:Byzantine army
115:
109:
108:
104:
103:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
56:
54:
50:
49:
46:
38:
37:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1872:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1803:
1802:
1781:
1779:9785872420279
1775:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1697:Muir, William
1694:
1682:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1657:
1655:9780791407332
1651:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1626:
1624:9782745155610
1620:
1616:
1615:
1609:
1598:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1581:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1556:0-7661-3984-0
1552:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1504:
1499:
1492:
1487:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1442:
1437:
1430:
1425:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1379:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1360:
1358:
1347:
1343:
1341:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1265:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1004:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
976:Banu Jadhimah
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
956:Banu Jadhimah
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
938:
936:
935:
929:
924:
917:
909:
904:
902:
897:
895:
890:
889:
886:
874:
871:
870:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
851:
850:
847:Campaigns of
846:
842:
839:
837:
834:
833:
832:
829:Campaigns of
828:
827:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
803:
802:
801:Nikephoros II
799:Campaigns of
798:
797:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
778:
777:
776:Sayf al-Dawla
774:Campaigns of
773:
772:
769:
766:Campaigns of
765:
764:
763:
762:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
682:
681:
680:
679:Naval warfare
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:Campaigns of
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
619:
616:Campaigns of
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
569:
568:
567:
566:
562:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
501:
500:
499:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
464:
463:
462:
461:
457:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
426:
425:
424:
423:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
387:
386:
385:
384:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
278:
277:
276:
275:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
249:
248:
243:
238:
228:
223:
221:
216:
214:
209:
208:
205:
196:
194:
193:
188:
184:
181:
180:
175:
172:
170:
163:
161:
154:
152:
146:
144:
140:
136:
133:
132:
127:
124:
120:
116:
114:
113:Rashidun army
111:
110:
105:
97:
94:
93:
88:
67:33°30′49.71″N
55:
52:
51:
47:
44:
43:
39:
36:
30:
25:
20:
1799:
1783:. Retrieved
1768:
1727:
1723:
1707:. Retrieved
1701:
1685:. Retrieved
1679:
1659:. Retrieved
1644:
1628:. Retrieved
1613:
1600:. Retrieved
1585:
1572:. Retrieved
1567:
1542:
1530:. Retrieved
1524:
1503:Allenby 2003
1498:
1486:
1436:
1424:
1353:
1344:
1340:mobile guard
1336:
1327:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1279:
1275:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1231:
1230:
1211:
1210:
1175:
1136:Al-Uqab Pass
1131:al-Qaryatayn
1111:
1110:
1041:
1040:
1001:
1000:
932:
836:Alexandretta
760:
759:
740:Thessalonica
678:
677:
653:2nd Taormina
637:1st Taormina
607:3rd Syracuse
597:2nd Syracuse
572:1st Syracuse
559:
558:
539:Mauropotamos
497:
496:
472:Sebastopolis
454:
453:
422:North Africa
420:
419:
381:
380:
330:
286:al-Qaryatayn
272:
271:
246:
168:
159:
150:
107:Belligerents
70:36°16′35.5″E
27:Part of the
1687:15 November
1429:Tabari 1992
1417:Tabari 1992
1241:Iron Bridge
1176:Marj ar-Rum
1081:Ayn al-Tamr
941:Hudaybiyyah
632:2nd Milazzo
627:1st Milazzo
612:Caltavuturo
554:Bathys Ryax
366:Iron Bridge
331:Marj ar-Rum
82: /
1809:Categories
1785:13 October
1747:11331/2593
1709:14 January
1661:18 October
1630:18 October
1602:18 October
1532:16 October
1512:References
1491:Hasan 1997
1479:Ridha 2007
1464:Akram 2006
1441:Akram 2006
1309:Background
1251:Germanicia
1126:Marj Rahit
1003:Ridda Wars
859:2nd Aleppo
730:Cephalonia
642:Garigliano
544:Faruriyyah
514:Kopidnadon
400:Alexandria
390:Heliopolis
376:Germanicia
361:1st Aleppo
281:Marj Rahit
274:The Levant
1850:Heraclius
1756:216617895
1375:Citations
1350:Aftermath
1323:Palestine
1296:Heraclius
1226:Cyrenaica
1196:2nd Emesa
1191:Jerusalem
916:Campaigns
806:5th Crete
791:Andrassos
750:4th Crete
745:3rd Crete
700:2nd Crete
695:1st Crete
673:2nd Malta
602:1st Malta
410:Darishkur
371:2nd Emesa
351:Jerusalem
48:March 635
1699:(1883).
1642:(1992).
1522:(2006).
1363:See also
1161:Damascus
1146:Ajnadayn
1091:Muzayyah
1076:Al-Anbar
849:Basil II
710:Damietta
690:Keramaia
549:Lalakaon
492:Akroinon
456:Anatolia
444:Carthage
429:Sufetula
346:Laodicea
316:Damascus
296:Ajnadayn
177:Strength
53:Location
1574:20 June
1357:Baalbek
1333:Battles
1246:Armenia
1186:Yarmouk
1011:Buzakha
854:Orontes
821:Antioch
816:Cilicia
735:Euripos
685:Phoenix
658:Rometta
587:Lentini
577:Messina
534:Amorium
504:Kamacha
449:Tabarka
434:Vescera
415:Bahnasa
341:Yarmouk
185:Unknown
182:Unknown
169:†
160:†
151:†
1776:
1754:
1652:
1621:
1593:
1553:
1206:Aleppo
1151:Yaqusa
1101:Zumail
1096:Saniyy
1086:Husayd
1066:Ullais
1061:Walaja
1051:Chains
1021:Yamama
1016:Ghamra
996:Najran
966:Hunayn
946:Mu'tah
864:Apamea
831:John I
811:Aleppo
781:Marash
720:Kardia
715:Ragusa
705:Thasos
620:&
582:Butera
561:Sicily
519:Krasos
487:Nicaea
458:&
405:Nikiou
301:Yaqusa
267:Dathin
252:Mu'tah
95:Result
1752:S2CID
1201:Hazir
1181:Emesa
1141:Bosra
1121:Firaz
1106:Firaz
1056:River
1036:Naqra
1026:Zafar
981:Tabuk
971:Mecca
961:Ta'if
841:Syria
786:Raban
529:Anzen
477:Tyana
439:Mamma
383:Egypt
356:Hazir
336:Emesa
291:Bosra
262:Firaz
257:Balqa
197:Heavy
1787:2021
1774:ISBN
1711:2022
1689:2021
1663:2021
1650:ISBN
1632:2021
1619:ISBN
1604:2021
1591:ISBN
1576:2022
1568:Alim
1551:ISBN
1534:2021
1317:and
1262:The
1171:Fahl
1071:Hira
873:Azaz
755:Tyre
592:Enna
563:and
326:Fahl
45:Date
1840:635
1742:hdl
1732:doi
918:of
31:and
1811::
1766:.
1750:.
1740:.
1726:.
1722:.
1566:.
1549:,
1545:,
1471:^
1448:^
1401:^
1382:^
1789:.
1758:.
1744::
1734::
1728:8
1713:.
1691:.
1665:.
1634:.
1606:.
1578:.
1536:.
1505:.
1396:.
1278:(
1266:(
907:e
900:t
893:v
226:e
219:t
212:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
