1895:
1353:
1596:
1344:, Khalid's second in command. After the surrender of the city, the commanders disputed the terms of the peace agreement. The commanders finally agreed that the peace terms given by Abu Ubaidah would be met. The peace terms included an assurance that no pursuit will be undertaken by Muslims against the departing Roman convoy for three days. Having acquiesced to the peace terms, it was three days after the surrender of the city that Khalid set out after the Damascan refugees towards Antioch and defeated them in battle six days later, near present day Al Jayyad.
52:
1720:
about 5,000 men. The
Byzantine attack began with a concentrated shower of arrows against the Muslims. The Byzantine infantry, covered by the archers on the wall, rushed through the gate and fanned out into battle formation. Thomas himself led the assault. During this action, Thomas was struck in his right eye by an arrow. Unsuccessful in breaking the Muslim lines, the Byzantines retreated back to the fortress. The wounded Thomas is said to have sworn to take a thousand eyes in return. He ordered another great
1712:
1758:
1749:
He ordered a withdrawal and the Romans moved back at a steady pace, during which they were subjected to a concentrated shower of arrows by the
Muslims. This was the last attempt by Thomas to break the siege. The attempt had failed. He had lost thousands of men in these sallies, and could no longer afford to fight outside the walls of the city.
1695:
miles (32 km) north of
Damascus at Uqab Pass (Eagle Pass) on the Damascus-Emesa road. That force proved insufficient and was soon surrounded by the Byzantine troops. However before the Byzantines could defeat the Muslim detachment, Khalid arrived with another column of 4,000 men and routed them. It has since come to be known as
1778:
ropes to the wall and dropped them to 100 selected soldiers waiting at the base. Leaving a few men to assist the climbers, Khalid descended into the city, killing the guards at the inside of the East Gate. Khalid and Qa'qa flung the gate open and the remainder of Khalid's men entered the city. An intense battle ensued.
1624:
Having isolated
Damascus, Khalid ordered his army to surround the city on 21 August (the 20th of Jamadi-ul-Akhir, 13 Hijri). The corps commanders were instructed to repel any Byzantine offensive from the respective gates and seek assistance in case of heavy attack. Dharar bin al-Azwar commanded 2.000
1789:
The news was sent to all the corps commanders. After dawn Abu
Ubaidah entered Damascus from Jabiyah gate and the other commanders from their respective gates, while Khalid's corps was still battling in the city from the East Gate. Abu Ubaidah marched peacefully with his corps, accompanied by Thomas,
1769:
priest named Jonah informed Khalid about a festival celebration in the city that night. The festivities offered Khalid an opportunity to capture the city in a surprise attack on the relatively lightly defended walls. In return, Jonah requested immunity for himself and his fiance. According to Muslim
1744:
At the East Gate, the situation also became serious, for a larger
Byzantine force had been assigned to this sector. Rafay was unable to withstand their attacks. The timely arrival of Khalid with his reserve of 400 veteran cavalry and his subsequent attack on the Roman flank, marked the turning point
1607:
would surround a city, denying it supplies until the city's defenders surrendered. Meanwhile any chance of breaking into the city would be availed, if possible, using stealth and espionage. Muslim armies would usually isolate the city from the rest of the region and deploy scouts along vital routes.
1810:
The terms of the peace agreement were that no one would be enslaved, no harm would be done to the temples, nothing would be taken as booty and that safe passage was given to Thomas, Harbees, and every citizen of
Damascus who was not willing to live under Muslim rule. The peace agreement also stated
1777:
With no time to make a coordinated plan of attack for the whole army, Khalid decided to storm the East Gate himself. He, Qa'qa ibn Amr, and Mazur ibn Adi climbed the wall hand-by-hand from the side of the gate. This part of the wall was the strongest, no guard was stationed at the top. They secured
1748:
The heaviest fighting occurred at the Thomas gate, where Thomas again commanded the sally in person. After intense fighting, Thomas, seeing that there was no weakening in the Muslim front, decided that continuing the attack would be fruitless and would lead to even heavier casualties among his men.
1740:
After some hard fighting at the Jabiya Gate, commander Abu
Ubaidah and his men, repulsed the sally and the Byzantines hastened back to the city. The battle was intense at the Small Gate, which was guarded by commander Yazid and his men. Yazid had fewer troops but Dharar came to Yazid's aid with his
1732:
This time Thomas planned to launch simultaneous sorties from four gates. The main sector was to be again the Thomas gate, to take full advantage of the exhausted Muslim corps stationed there. The attacks from the other gates—Jabiya Gate, the Small Gate and the
Eastern Gate—were intended to tie down
1702:
The Muslim siege forces had been weakened by the withdrawal of 9,000 men to repel the
Byzantine relief force. If the Byzantine garrison had sallied out against the Muslim army, historians suspect the defenders would have broken through the Muslim lines and lifted the siege. Understanding the danger
1850:
as booty. In addition, Thomas' wife, the daughter of Heraclius, was captured. According to chronicles, the Greek man Jonah, who guided Khalid on the short cut to Antioch, got his fiance, but she committed suicide. Khalid offered Jonah the daughter of Emperor Heraclius, whom he refused. Khalid sent
1841:
The Syriac, Jonah, who had helped Khalid enter the city by the East Gate, showed him a short-cut to Antioch. Leading a cavalry regiment, Khalid caught up with a convoy of Byzantine refugees from Damascus at the sea, near Antioch. The three-day truce had passed; Khalid's cavalry attacked the convoy
1694:
at the beginning of the siege and on 9 September, he dispatched a relief force, thought to have numbered around 12,000 men. Scouts posted on the road from Emesa to Damascus reported the approach of a Byzantine army. Upon hearing this news, Khalid sent Rafay bin Umayr with 5,000 troops. They met 20
1736:
At the Eastern Gate, Thomas assembled more forces than at the other gates, so that Khalid would be unable to move to Shurahbil's assistance and take command in that decisive sector. Thomas' attack at several gates also gave more flexibility to the operation: if success were achieved in any sector
1781:
When Thomas saw that the rest of the army did not move from the other gates, he assumed first that only Khalid's army had entered the city and second that the other corps commanders were unaware of the breach in the defenses. Thomas tried to save Damascus for one last time. He sent envoys to the
1719:
After realizing that no reinforcements would come, Thomas decided to launch a counter offensive. Early in the third week of September, Thomas drew men from all sectors of the city to form a force strong enough to break through the Gate of Thomas. He was there faced by Shurahbil with his corps of
1620:
to take up a position near Bait Lihya, approximately 10 miles (16 km) from the city. Its instructions were to reconnoiter for any Byzantine relief columns. If unable to defeat or repel a Byzantine rescue effort, the detachment commander was instructed to send for reinforcements from Khalid.
1340:, the Muslim commander in chief, that it was possible to breach city walls by attacking a position only lightly defended at night. While Khalid entered the city by assault from the Eastern gate, Thomas, commander of the Byzantine garrison, negotiated a peaceful surrender at the Jabiyah gate with
1806:
Khalid argued that he had conquered the city by force. Abu Ubaidah maintained the city had capitulated, through the peace agreement between him and Thomas. The corps commanders discussed the situation, and reportedly told Khalid that the peace agreement must be honoured, which Khalid agreed to
1457:
had united most of Arabia under a single religious and political authority. When Muhammad died in June 632, Abu Bakr was elected to the newly formed office of Caliph, becoming Muhammad's political and religious successor. Several Arabic tribes revolted against Abu Bakr. In the
1615:
occupied the attention of the Byzantine garrison. This detachment also protected the Muslim supply lines to Medina. Thus this cavalry detachment functioned as the rearguard of the Muslim forces on the Syrian front. Another detachment was sent on the road to
1824:] to the people of Damascus. When the Muslims enter, they (the people) shall have safety for themselves, their property, their temples and the walls of their city, of which nothing shall be destroyed. They have this guarantee on behalf of Allah,
1770:
chronicles, she was still not handed over to him because of the arrival of the Muslim army that was to besiege Damascus, and according to the narrations he came to Khalid with this information only to get his wife sooner. Jonah also converted to
1478:, Abu Bakr's confidence grew and in April 634 his armies invaded the Byzantine Levant from four different routes. These armies proved to be too small for the task, necessitating reinforcements from Iraq, led by Abu Bakr's capable general
1509:
The fortifications matched its importance. The main part of the city was enclosed by a massive 11 m (36 ft) high wall. The fortified city was approximately 1,500 m (4,900 ft) long and 800 m (2,600 ft) wide.
2029:: "Vanity prompted the Arabs to believe, that Thomas was the son-in-law of the emperor. We know the children of Heraclius by his two wives: and his august daughter would not have married in exile at Damascus (see
1866:
his successor. Umar removed Khalid from command of the Muslim army and appointed Abu Ubaidah as the new commander in chief. In later years, following the Battle of Yarmuk, the Rashidun Caliphate annexed the whole
1715:
Wall of Damascus at the Thomas gate. Although now only 7 metres (23 feet) high, it was 11 m (36 ft) high at the time of the siege. Damascus has risen 4 m (13 ft) since then.
1670:
Khalid placed the main body of his forces under the command of Rafay bin Umayr at the eastern gate. He established his headquarters a short distance away from the eastern gate in a
1794:
of Damascus, toward the center of city. From the East Gate, Khalid and his men fought their way towards the center of Damascus, killing all who resisted. The commanders met at the
1956:
Damascus subsequently became the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate and all of the surplus revenue of the Umayyad Caliphate's provinces were forwarded to the treasury of Damascus.
1482:
Crossing the desert, Khalid ibn Walid entered Syria from an unexpected route in a bold move. He attacked and overthrew the Byzantine defenses of Levant and quickly captured the
222:
903:
1737:
other than the Gate of Thomas, such success could be exploited by sending troops to that sector to achieve the breakthrough. Thomas ordered Khalid to be taken alive.
2047: It is not clear which festival it was, some early Muslim sources says it was a celebration of the birth of son to the high priest of Damascus (Al-Waqidi, p.46)
1411:
and Heraclius rebuilt his army, preparing for a new offensive, which he launched in 622. He achieved substantial victories over the Persians and their allies in the
1963:
Trade and economics prospered in the city and under the Umayyads, Damascus remained one of the most dazzling cities of the world, until in 750, when it fell to the
2034:
1960:
was also established as the official language, giving the Arab minority of the city an advantage over the Greek-speaking Christians in administrative affairs.
1474:. In 633, Abu Bakr initiated a war of conquest against the neighboring Sassanian and Byzantine empires. After a successful conquest of the Persian province of
988:
983:
1971:
in Iraq, conquered Damascus after facing little resistance. With the heralding of the Abbasid Caliphate, Damascus became eclipsed and subordinated by
1210:
3065:
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953:
215:
156:
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The following Muslim generals held the siege of the six gates of the Damascus. Each commander at the gate had 4,000–5,000 forces under his command:
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3060:
896:
1400:. In 612, Heraclius expelled the Persians from Anatolia. In 613, he launched a counter offensive against Syria, but was decisively defeated.
51:
208:
2001: Damascus City has risen 4 metres since then, so that the wall is now only 7 metres above ground level (See Akram (2004), pg.294.)
993:
948:
1361:
889:
1811:
that the peace would end after three days and that the Muslims could attack after these three days without violating the agreement.
1782:
Jabiya Gate to talk with Abu Ubaidah, the second in command to Khalid, and offered to surrender the fort peacefully and to pay the
1442:, who at once sued for peace, agreeing to withdraw from all occupied territories of the Byzantine empire. Heraclius restored the
3090:
1611:
Before the siege of Damascus, Khalid isolated it from the rest of the northern Syria. To the west, a detachment of cavalry at
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by abandoning all the Byzantine fortifications there. The Arabs never invaded Anatolia. However, by 642 the Byzantines lost
1466:
for the Wars of Apostasy), Abu Bakr quelled the revolt. By 633, Arabia was firmly united under the central authority of the
3055:
913:
521:
506:
1786:. Abu Ubaidah, who was well known for his peace-loving nature, accepted the terms, thinking that Khalid would also agree.
1842:
during a heavy rain. In the subsequent battle, Khalid reportedly killed Thomas in a duel. After the Battle, known as the
1741:
2,000 cavalry of the Mobile Guard. The cavalry attacked the flank of the Byzantine sortie force and repulsed the sally.
838:
562:
1678:, the monastery of Khalid. Khalid's army had encircled the city, halting the flow of supplies into Damascus while the
2954:
2890:
2871:
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2738:
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in 638. By 639, the Byzantines had lost Armenia and Mesopotamia. Emperor Heraclius concentrated on the defenses of
1502:
Strategically located, Damascus attracted merchants from all over the world. The city was known as the paradise of
1188:
348:
1795:
742:
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604:
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to patrol in the empty area between the gates at night and to reinforce any corps attacked by the Byzantines.
1110:
856:
813:
722:
712:
271:
407:
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752:
254:
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931:
619:
1902:
While the Arabs administered the city of Damascus, the population of Damascus remained mostly Christian—
1313:. Suppressing several internal revolts, Abu Bakr sought to expand the empire beyond the confines of the
3075:
1682:
of Damascus provided the Muslim army with all the supplies Khalid needed for his men and their mounts.
1243:
1123:
1028:
737:
574:
278:
1872:
1643:
1341:
1238:
1040:
692:
558:
397:
392:
363:
152:
1832:(Umar) and the Muslims, from whom they shall receive nothing but good so long as they pay the Jizya.
2723:
1843:
1818:
In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful. This is given by Khalid bin Al Waleed [
1696:
1580:
1279:
1163:
1133:
441:
426:
380:
318:
308:
39:
2758:
1587:, he was known for his courage and skill at command, and also for his intelligence and learning.
1424:
1230:
747:
697:
650:
634:
629:
594:
343:
232:
164:
2012:
1721:
1604:
1286:
1128:
833:
778:
707:
536:
469:
283:
3022:
2037:. p. 118–119.) Had he been less religious, I might only suspect the legitimacy of the damsel."
2815:
1637:
1203:
1173:
1078:
938:
870:
851:
660:
609:
599:
551:
541:
484:
358:
328:
1894:
1583:, the Byzantine Commander of Damascus was Thomas, son-in-law of Emperor Heraclius. A devout
1934:
1661:
1655:
1218:
1193:
808:
798:
727:
639:
511:
387:
368:
338:
160:
1352:
8:
1490:. In July, the Muslim army under Khalid's command defeated another Byzantine army in the
1337:
1332:. The Muslim armies marched north and laid siege to Damascus. The city was taken after a
1248:
978:
943:
918:
788:
682:
373:
249:
140:
43:
1733:
the other Muslim corps so that they could not aid Shurhabil's corps at the Thomas gate.
1576:
ran along the north wall of Damascas, it was too shallow to be of defensive importance.
1649:
1595:
1491:
1467:
1404:
1329:
1267:
1143:
1088:
1073:
687:
546:
489:
293:
119:
103:
22:
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3007:
2988:
2969:
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2924:
2905:
2886:
2867:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2821:
2800:
2781:
2762:
2716:
1968:
1880:
1416:
1314:
1183:
1008:
968:
958:
446:
431:
1949:
in 661, Mu'awiya installed himself as the caliph of the Islamic empire founding the
1938:
1903:
1852:
1479:
1369:
1321:
1275:
1148:
1098:
1093:
1083:
1063:
1058:
1048:
1018:
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963:
881:
861:
828:
803:
732:
717:
702:
655:
645:
624:
584:
579:
516:
501:
402:
298:
264:
124:
1957:
1937:, one of the commanders of the Muslim army that captured the city. Yazid died of
1463:
1397:
1310:
1198:
1138:
1118:
1103:
1053:
1033:
1023:
783:
665:
531:
526:
436:
353:
288:
259:
1761:
Remains of the Eastern gate. Khalid's troops entered Damascus through this gate.
2985:
The Islamic world in ascendancy: from the Arab conquests to the siege of Vienna
1546:
1178:
1168:
1068:
765:
615:
474:
457:
333:
323:
3049:
2938:
2026:
1942:
1930:
1923:
1564:
1537:
773:
589:
148:
144:
1967:. On 25 August 750, the Abbasids, having already beaten the Umayyads in the
3080:
1911:
1888:
1626:
1494:. After clearing their southern flank, the Muslims laid siege to Damascus.
1907:
1884:
1766:
1420:
1385:
1333:
1294:
412:
1584:
1519:
1459:
1443:
1435:
1000:
1266:
lasted from 21 August to 19 September 634 before the city fell to the
200:
2864:
The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Part II, 363–630 AD)
2711:
2701:
1671:
1555:
1528:
1483:
1447:
1428:
1377:
1365:
1290:
1825:
1711:
1454:
1439:
1412:
1393:
1381:
1306:
1298:
1271:
846:
453:
99:
77:
1991: According to Burns (2007), the siege ended in September 635.
1419:. In 627, he launched a daring winter offensive against Persia in
3004:
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Volume 5
2883:
Byzantium in the Seventh Century: the Transformation of a Culture
2755:
The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed – His Life and Campaigns
1972:
1964:
1950:
1847:
1691:
1380:
focused his attention on the internal affairs of his empire, the
1814:
The following pact was drawn up and signed by Khalid bin Walid:
1945:, succeeded him. After the murder of the last Rashidun Caliph,
1919:
1868:
1859:
1846:(Battle of Brocade Meadow), the Muslims took a great amount of
1829:
1791:
1757:
1679:
1573:
1475:
1471:
1373:
1325:
1915:
1876:
1783:
1771:
1617:
1612:
1503:
1487:
1408:
1389:
2158:
2156:
2966:
John of Damascus on Islam: The "Heresy of the Ishmaelites."
1863:
1302:
136:
1851:
her back to her father. Jonah died two years later in the
1599:
Muslim troop deployment (Red) during the siege of Damascus
2153:
1946:
1879:
and Anatolia, creating a buffer-zone in Anatolia west of
1820:
1703:
of the situation, Khalid hurriedly returned to Damascus.
1356:
Map detailing the Rashidun Caliphate's invasion of Levant
1293:
concluded a successful campaign against the Persians in
3027:
War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict
2069:
1427:. This victory threatened the Persian capital city of
1603:
Without the necessary siege equipment, armies of the
56:
Kisan Gate, one of the six ancient gates of Damascus.
1898:
The dome of Damascus' treasury in the Umayyad Mosque
911:
2662:
1305:under the banner of Islam. After his death in 632,
2836:
2650:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2478:
2476:
2235:
2233:
2231:
3047:
3025:. In Shaw, Jeffrey M.; Demy, Timothy J. (eds.).
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
1328:and decisively defeated a Byzantine army at the
2862:Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2002).
2385:
2473:
2228:
2943:Yarmuk 636 A.D.: The Muslim Conquest of Syria
2409:
2407:
2284:
1403:Over the next decade, the Persians conquered
897:
216:
2918:
2861:
2799:. Continuum International Publishing Group.
2572:
2548:
2452:
2425:
2355:
2338:
2162:
2147:
2135:
3029:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 227–228.
2919:Gibbon, Edward; Milman, Henry Hart (2009).
2700:
2584:
2413:
2404:
1727:
904:
890:
223:
209:
2902:The Byzantine and early Islamic Near East
2794:
2702:Al-Waqidi, Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Umar
2111:
1706:
1434:Discredited by this series of disasters,
3066:Battles involving the Rashidun Caliphate
3020:
2921:The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
2839:The enemy within: a history of espionage
2075:
1893:
1756:
1710:
1594:
1351:
2937:
2899:
2560:
2544:
2542:
2517:
2515:
2463:
2461:
2448:
2446:
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2349:
2347:
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2320:
2318:
2309:
2263:
2222:
2210:
2198:
2186:
230:
3048:
3001:
2982:
2880:
2834:
2775:
2680:
2533:
2494:
2482:
2174:
2123:
2035:Historia Byzantina Familiae Byzantinae
1929:The city was chosen as the capital of
1801:
1790:Harbees, several dignitaries, and the
3061:Sieges involving the Byzantine Empire
3023:"Damascus, Arab Conquest of (634 CE)"
2963:
2813:
2752:
2668:
2656:
2644:
2632:
2620:
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2063:
885:
204:
2539:
2512:
2458:
2443:
2344:
2315:
1438:was killed in a coup led by his son
1423:, and won a decisive victory at the
16:Part of the Muslim Conquest of Syria
2797:History of Israel and the Holy Land
1685:
1450:with an elaborate ceremony in 629.
1320:In April 634, Abu Bakr invaded the
13:
2694:
2269:
1752:
1745:in the sally at the Eastern Gate.
14:
3107:
3071:Sieges of the Arab–Byzantine wars
2746:
2739:History of the Prophets and Kings
2706:Fatuh al Sham (Conquest of Syria)
1362:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628
1231:Campaigns in Armenia and Anatolia
1941:in 640 and his younger brother,
1933:. Its first Muslim governor was
1274:was the first major city of the
50:
2689:
2674:
2638:
2626:
2614:
2602:
2590:
2578:
2566:
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2527:
2500:
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2431:
2419:
2373:
2361:
2332:
2303:
2257:
2245:
2216:
2204:
2192:
2180:
2168:
2013:The walls and gates of Damascus
1796:Mariamite Cathedral of Damascus
1590:
2987:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
2780:. University of Nevada Press.
2141:
2129:
2117:
2105:
2093:
2081:
2057:
1666:Eastern Gate: Rafay bin Umayr.
1:
3091:Muslim conquest of the Levant
3021:Pierkins, Russell S. (2017).
2051:
1910:—with a growing community of
1497:
1347:
3086:630s in the Byzantine Empire
2776:Archer, Christon I. (2008).
2753:Akram, Agha Ibrahim (2004).
2734:Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari
2039:
2017:
2003:
1993:
1983:
1836:
68:21 August – 19 September 634
7:
3056:Battles of Khalid ibn Walid
2795:Avi-Yonah, Michael (2003).
1975:, the new Islamic capital.
1798:in the center of the city.
1309:succeeded him as the first
1111:Conquest of Byzantine Syria
1041:Conquest of Sasanian Persia
620:Nikephoros Phokas the Elder
10:
3112:
1765:On 18 September, a Syriac
1697:Battle of the pass of Uqab
1368:became the emperor of the
20:
2964:Sahas, Daniel J. (1972).
2900:Kennedy, Hugh N. (2006).
1690:Emperor Heraclius was at
928:
666:George Maniakes in Sicily
242:
186:
173:
153:Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah
130:
113:
60:
49:
37:
32:
2778:World History of Warfare
2724:Theophanes the Confessor
2573:Gibbon & Milman 2009
2549:Gibbon & Milman 2009
2453:Gibbon & Milman 2009
2426:Gibbon & Milman 2009
2356:Gibbon & Milman 2009
2339:Gibbon & Milman 2009
2163:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
2148:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
2136:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1978:
1858:Caliph Abu Bakr died in
1844:Battle of Marj-ud-Deebaj
1513:The wall had six gates:
1280:Muslim conquest of Syria
932:Campaigns under Muhammad
40:Muslim conquest of Syria
3002:Gibbon, Edward (2008).
2983:Sicker, Martin (2000).
2759:Oxford University Press
1728:Second Byzantine attack
1264:siege of Damascus (634)
2904:. Ashgate Publishing.
2835:Crowdy, Terry (2006).
1899:
1834:
1807:although reluctantly.
1762:
1716:
1707:First Byzantine attack
1674:, known since then as
1605:early Muslim expansion
1600:
1544:The Gate of Paradise (
1357:
131:Commanders and leaders
2881:Haldon, John (1997).
1897:
1816:
1760:
1714:
1598:
1355:
949:Demolition of al-Uzza
187:Casualties and losses
2814:Burns, Ross (2007).
1935:Yazid ibn Abu Sufyan
1526:The Gate of Thomas (
1392:in 611, and entered
1297:. At the same time,
1289:ended in 628, after
1276:Eastern Roman Empire
759:Byzantine reconquest
165:'Ubadah ibn al-Samit
161:Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan
21:For other uses, see
2817:Damascus: A History
2659:, pp. 130–132.
2635:, pp. 106–107.
2428:, pp. 148–149.
2165:, pp. 217–227.
2138:, pp. 189–190.
2025: According to
1873:conquest of Antioch
1802:Capture of the city
1579:At the time of the
1384:Persians conquered
1372:after overthrowing
1360:In 610, during the
1338:Khalid ibn al-Walid
1219:Conquest of Bahnasa
1211:Campaigns in Africa
920:Khalid ibn al-Walid
234:Arab–Byzantine wars
141:Khalid ibn al-Walid
44:Arab-Byzantine Wars
3096:Sieges of Damascus
1900:
1891:to the Caliphate.
1871:, followed by the
1826:Messenger of Allah
1763:
1717:
1625:horsemen from the
1601:
1492:Battle of Ajnadayn
1358:
1330:Battle of Ajnadayn
1287:Roman–Persian Wars
1268:Rashidun Caliphate
989:2nd Dumatul Jandal
661:Straits of Messina
480:2nd Constantinople
465:1st Constantinople
120:Rashidun Caliphate
104:Rashidun Caliphate
23:Battle of Damascus
3076:Medieval Damascus
3036:978-1-61069-517-6
3013:978-1-60520-127-6
2994:978-0-275-96892-2
2975:978-90-04-03495-2
2947:Osprey Publishing
2930:978-1-113-92820-7
2911:978-0-7546-5909-9
2854:978-1-84176-933-2
2845:Osprey Publishing
2827:978-1-134-48850-6
2806:978-0-8264-1526-4
2787:978-0-8032-1941-0
2717:Sirah Rasul Allah
2587:, pp. 55–56.
2189:, pp. 12–14.
1969:Battle of the Zab
1648:Gate of Faradis:
1553:The Keisan Gate (
1535:The Jabiya Gate (
1425:Battle of Nineveh
1315:Arabian Peninsula
1257:
1256:
879:
878:
199:
198:
109:
108:
33:Siege of Damascus
3103:
3040:
3017:
2998:
2979:
2960:
2934:
2923:. BiblioBazaar.
2915:
2896:
2877:
2858:
2842:
2831:
2810:
2791:
2772:
2708:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2585:Al-Waqidi c. 750
2582:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2471:
2465:
2456:
2450:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2414:Al-Waqidi c. 750
2411:
2402:
2396:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2282:
2276:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2042:
2020:
2006:
1996:
1986:
1904:Eastern Orthodox
1853:Battle of Yarmuk
1724:for that night.
1686:Byzantine relief
1636:Gate of Thomas:
1562:The Small Gate (
1486:capital city of
1480:Khalid ibn Walid
1370:Byzantine Empire
1336:bishop informed
1322:Byzantine Empire
1285:The last of the
1029:Dawmat al-Jandal
923:
921:
906:
899:
892:
883:
882:
646:Marianos Argyros
522:Asia Minor (806)
507:Asia Minor (782)
496:Border conflicts
393:Babylon Fortress
237:
235:
225:
218:
211:
202:
201:
125:Byzantine Empire
102:captured by the
89:Rashidun victory
62:
61:
54:
30:
29:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3046:
3045:
3037:
3014:
3006:. Cosimo, Inc.
2995:
2976:
2957:
2931:
2912:
2893:
2874:
2855:
2828:
2807:
2788:
2769:
2749:
2697:
2695:Ancient sources
2692:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2667:
2663:
2655:
2651:
2647:, pp. 110.
2643:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2571:
2567:
2559:
2555:
2547:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2520:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2493:
2489:
2481:
2474:
2466:
2459:
2451:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2424:
2420:
2412:
2405:
2397:
2386:
2378:
2374:
2366:
2362:
2354:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2325:
2316:
2308:
2304:
2296:
2285:
2277:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2250:
2246:
2238:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2161:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2110:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2038:
2016:
2002:
1992:
1981:
1839:
1804:
1755:
1753:Khalid's attack
1730:
1709:
1688:
1593:
1581:Syrian campaign
1517:The East Gate (
1500:
1398:Caesarea Mazaca
1350:
1311:Rashidun Caliph
1278:to fall in the
1260:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1234:
1214:
1114:
1044:
1004:
935:
924:
919:
917:
912:
910:
880:
875:
723:Gulf of Corinth
245:Early conflicts
238:
233:
231:
229:
163:
159:
157:Rafay ibn Umayr
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
95:
81:
55:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3109:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3042:
3041:
3035:
3018:
3012:
2999:
2993:
2980:
2974:
2961:
2955:
2939:Nicolle, David
2935:
2929:
2916:
2910:
2897:
2891:
2878:
2872:
2859:
2853:
2832:
2826:
2811:
2805:
2792:
2786:
2773:
2767:
2748:
2747:Modern sources
2745:
2744:
2743:
2731:
2721:
2709:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2683:, p. 423.
2673:
2661:
2649:
2637:
2625:
2623:, p. 105.
2613:
2611:, p. 297.
2601:
2589:
2577:
2575:, p. 155.
2565:
2553:
2551:, p. 150.
2538:
2536:, p. 129.
2526:
2524:, p. 301.
2511:
2499:
2487:
2472:
2470:, p. 300.
2457:
2455:, p. 149.
2442:
2440:, p. 299.
2430:
2418:
2403:
2384:
2382:, p. 298.
2372:
2360:
2358:, p. 148.
2343:
2341:, p. 147.
2331:
2329:, p. 296.
2314:
2302:
2283:
2281:, p. 293.
2268:
2256:
2254:, p. 291.
2244:
2242:, p. 294.
2227:
2215:
2203:
2191:
2179:
2167:
2152:
2150:, p. 196.
2140:
2128:
2116:
2114:, p. 129.
2112:Avi-Yonah 2003
2104:
2102:, p. 372.
2092:
2090:, p. 188.
2080:
2078:, p. 227.
2068:
2066:, p. 290.
2055:
2053:
2050:
1980:
1977:
1838:
1835:
1803:
1800:
1754:
1751:
1729:
1726:
1708:
1705:
1687:
1684:
1676:Deir al Khalid
1668:
1667:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1592:
1589:
1570:
1569:
1560:
1551:
1547:Bab al-Faradis
1542:
1533:
1524:
1499:
1496:
1349:
1346:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1164:Maraj-al-Debaj
1161:
1156:
1154:Marj Al-Saffar
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
997:
996:
991:
986:
984:Dumatul Jandal
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
929:
926:
925:
909:
908:
901:
894:
886:
877:
876:
874:
873:
867:
866:
865:
864:
859:
854:
843:
842:
841:
836:
824:
823:
822:
821:
816:
811:
806:
794:
793:
792:
791:
786:
781:
769:
768:
766:John Kourkouas
756:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
674:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
616:Leo Apostyppes
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
563:Southern Italy
555:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
493:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
458:Constantinople
450:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
416:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
377:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
319:Maraj-al-Debaj
316:
311:
309:Sanita-al-Uqab
306:
304:Marj al-Saffar
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
268:
267:
262:
257:
252:
243:
240:
239:
228:
227:
220:
213:
205:
197:
196:
193:
189:
188:
184:
183:
180:
176:
175:
171:
170:
167:
133:
132:
128:
127:
122:
116:
115:
111:
110:
107:
106:
97:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
76:
74:
70:
69:
66:
58:
57:
47:
46:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3108:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2956:1-85532-414-8
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2892:0-521-31917-X
2888:
2885:. Cambridge.
2884:
2879:
2875:
2873:0-415-14687-9
2869:
2866:. Routledge.
2865:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2840:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2820:. Routledge.
2819:
2818:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2768:0-19-597714-9
2764:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2728:Chronographia
2725:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2682:
2677:
2671:, p. 99.
2670:
2665:
2658:
2653:
2646:
2641:
2634:
2629:
2622:
2617:
2610:
2605:
2599:, p. 20.
2598:
2593:
2586:
2581:
2574:
2569:
2563:, p. 59.
2562:
2557:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2535:
2530:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2509:, p. 18.
2508:
2503:
2497:, p. 45.
2496:
2491:
2485:, p. 12.
2484:
2479:
2477:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2439:
2434:
2427:
2422:
2416:, p. 46.
2415:
2410:
2408:
2401:, p. 58.
2400:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2381:
2376:
2370:, p. 19.
2369:
2364:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2340:
2335:
2328:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2312:, p. 57.
2311:
2306:
2300:, p. 99.
2299:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2266:, p. 33.
2265:
2260:
2253:
2248:
2241:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2225:, p. 56.
2224:
2219:
2213:, p. 33.
2212:
2207:
2201:, p. 25.
2200:
2195:
2188:
2183:
2177:, p. 46.
2176:
2171:
2164:
2159:
2157:
2149:
2144:
2137:
2132:
2126:, p. 41.
2125:
2120:
2113:
2108:
2101:
2096:
2089:
2084:
2077:
2076:Pierkins 2017
2072:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2027:Edward Gibbon
2024:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1931:Islamic Syria
1927:
1925:
1924:Syrian Desert
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1785:
1779:
1775:
1773:
1768:
1759:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1725:
1723:
1713:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1693:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1654:Keisan Gate:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1642:Jabiya Gate:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1597:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1572:Although the
1567:
1566:
1565:Bab al-Saghir
1561:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1538:Bab al-Jabiya
1534:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1354:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1002:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
974:Banu Jadhimah
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
954:Banu Jadhimah
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
934:
933:
927:
922:
915:
907:
902:
900:
895:
893:
888:
887:
884:
872:
869:
868:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
849:
848:
845:Campaigns of
844:
840:
837:
835:
832:
831:
830:
827:Campaigns of
826:
825:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
801:
800:
799:Nikephoros II
797:Campaigns of
796:
795:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
776:
775:
774:Sayf al-Dawla
772:Campaigns of
771:
770:
767:
764:Campaigns of
763:
762:
761:
760:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
680:
679:
678:
677:Naval warfare
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:Campaigns of
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
617:
614:Campaigns of
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
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566:
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428:
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266:
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248:
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241:
236:
226:
221:
219:
214:
212:
207:
206:
203:
194:
191:
190:
185:
182:15,000–16,000
181:
178:
177:
172:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
145:Amr ibn al-As
142:
138:
135:
134:
129:
126:
123:
121:
118:
117:
112:
105:
101:
98:
93:
92:
88:
85:
84:
79:
75:
72:
71:
67:
64:
63:
59:
53:
48:
45:
41:
36:
31:
24:
19:
3043:
3026:
3003:
2984:
2965:
2942:
2920:
2901:
2882:
2863:
2838:
2816:
2796:
2777:
2761:: Pakistan.
2754:
2737:
2727:
2715:
2705:
2690:Bibliography
2676:
2664:
2652:
2640:
2628:
2616:
2604:
2592:
2580:
2568:
2561:Nicolle 1994
2556:
2529:
2502:
2490:
2433:
2421:
2399:Nicolle 1994
2375:
2363:
2334:
2310:Nicolle 1994
2305:
2264:Kennedy 2006
2259:
2247:
2223:Nicolle 1994
2218:
2211:Nicolle 1994
2206:
2199:Kennedy 2006
2194:
2187:Nicolle 1994
2182:
2170:
2143:
2131:
2119:
2107:
2095:
2083:
2071:
2059:
2044:
2040:
2022:
2018:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1962:
1955:
1928:
1912:Arab Muslims
1901:
1889:Tripolitania
1857:
1840:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1764:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1718:
1701:
1689:
1675:
1669:
1660:Small Gate:
1631:
1627:mobile guard
1623:
1610:
1602:
1591:Dispositions
1578:
1574:River Barada
1571:
1563:
1554:
1545:
1536:
1527:
1518:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1452:
1433:
1402:
1359:
1319:
1284:
1263:
1261:
1229:
1228:
1209:
1208:
1158:
1134:Al-Uqab Pass
1129:al-Qaryatayn
1109:
1108:
1039:
1038:
999:
998:
930:
834:Alexandretta
758:
757:
738:Thessalonica
676:
675:
651:2nd Taormina
635:1st Taormina
605:3rd Syracuse
595:2nd Syracuse
570:1st Syracuse
557:
556:
537:Mauropotamos
495:
494:
470:Sebastopolis
452:
451:
420:North Africa
418:
417:
379:
378:
313:
284:al-Qaryatayn
270:
269:
244:
114:Belligerents
38:Part of the
18:
2681:Gibbon 2008
2534:Archer 2008
2495:Crowdy 2006
2483:Sicker 2000
2175:Haldon 1997
2124:Haldon 1997
1908:Monophysite
1767:monophysite
1644:Abu Ubaidah
1453:In Arabia,
1421:Mesopotamia
1386:Mesopotamia
1342:Abu Ubaidah
1334:monophysite
1301:united the
1295:Mesopotamia
1239:Iron Bridge
1174:Marj ar-Rum
1079:Ayn al-Tamr
939:Hudaybiyyah
630:2nd Milazzo
625:1st Milazzo
610:Caltavuturo
552:Bathys Ryax
364:Iron Bridge
329:Marj ar-Rum
94:Territorial
3050:Categories
2730:, 810–815.
2704:(c. 750),
2669:Burns 2007
2657:Burns 2007
2645:Burns 2007
2633:Burns 2007
2621:Burns 2007
2609:Akram 2004
2597:Sahas 1972
2522:Akram 2004
2507:Sahas 1972
2468:Akram 2004
2438:Akram 2004
2380:Akram 2004
2368:Sahas 1972
2327:Akram 2004
2298:Burns 2007
2279:Akram 2004
2252:Akram 2004
2240:Akram 2004
2100:Akram 2004
2088:Akram 2004
2064:Akram 2004
2052:References
2011: See
1947:Caliph Ali
1943:Mu'awiya I
1922:, and the
1520:Bab Sharqi
1498:Siege site
1460:Ridda wars
1444:True Cross
1436:Khosrow II
1396:to occupy
1388:, overran
1348:Background
1249:Germanicia
1124:Marj Rahit
1001:Ridda Wars
857:2nd Aleppo
728:Cephalonia
640:Garigliano
542:Faruriyyah
512:Kopidnadon
398:Alexandria
388:Heliopolis
374:Germanicia
359:1st Aleppo
279:Marj Rahit
272:The Levant
149:Mu'awiya I
2968:. BRILL.
2712:Ibn Ishaq
1953:dynasty.
1862:, making
1837:Aftermath
1672:monastery
1638:Shurahbil
1585:Christian
1556:Bab Kisan
1529:Bab Touma
1484:Ghassanid
1448:Jerusalem
1429:Ctesiphon
1405:Palestine
1378:Heraclius
1366:Heraclius
1291:Heraclius
1224:Cyrenaica
1194:2nd Emesa
1189:Jerusalem
914:Campaigns
804:5th Crete
789:Andrassos
748:4th Crete
743:3rd Crete
698:2nd Crete
693:1st Crete
671:2nd Malta
600:1st Malta
408:Darishkur
369:2nd Emesa
349:Jerusalem
2941:(1994).
2031:du Cange
1965:Abbasids
1881:Caesarea
1455:Muhammad
1440:Kavad II
1413:Caucasus
1394:Anatolia
1382:Sassanid
1376:. While
1307:Abu Bakr
1299:Muhammad
1272:Damascus
1159:Damascus
1144:Ajnadayn
1089:Muzayyah
1074:Al-Anbar
847:Basil II
708:Damietta
688:Keramaia
547:Lalakaon
490:Akroinon
454:Anatolia
442:Carthage
427:Sufetula
344:Laodicea
314:Damascus
294:Ajnadayn
174:Strength
100:Damascus
78:Damascus
73:Location
42:and the
1973:Baghdad
1951:Umayyad
1848:brocade
1792:bishops
1692:Antioch
1417:Armenia
1324:in the
1244:Armenia
1184:Yarmouk
1009:Buzakha
852:Orontes
819:Antioch
814:Cilicia
733:Euripos
683:Phoenix
656:Rometta
585:Lentini
575:Messina
532:Amorium
502:Kamacha
447:Tabarka
432:Vescera
413:Bahnasa
339:Yarmouk
96:changes
80:, Syria
3033:
3010:
2991:
2972:
2953:
2927:
2908:
2889:
2870:
2851:
2824:
2803:
2784:
2765:
2742:, 915.
2720:, 750.
2043:
2021:
2007:
1997:
1987:
1958:Arabic
1939:plague
1920:Medina
1916:Makkah
1869:Levant
1860:Medina
1830:Caliph
1828:, the
1722:sortie
1680:Ghouta
1472:Medina
1468:Caliph
1464:Arabic
1374:Phocas
1326:Levant
1204:Aleppo
1149:Yaqusa
1099:Zumail
1094:Saniyy
1084:Husayd
1064:Ullais
1059:Walaja
1049:Chains
1019:Yamama
1014:Ghamra
994:Najran
964:Hunayn
944:Mu'tah
862:Apamea
829:John I
809:Aleppo
779:Marash
718:Kardia
713:Ragusa
703:Thasos
618:&
580:Butera
559:Sicily
517:Krasos
485:Nicaea
456:&
403:Nikiou
299:Yaqusa
265:Dathin
250:Mu'tah
179:20,000
169:Thomas
86:Result
1979:Notes
1914:from
1885:Egypt
1877:Egypt
1784:Jizya
1772:Islam
1662:Yazid
1656:Yazid
1618:Emesa
1613:Fahal
1504:Syria
1488:Bosra
1409:Egypt
1390:Syria
1303:Arabs
1199:Hazir
1179:Emesa
1139:Bosra
1119:Firaz
1104:Firaz
1054:River
1034:Naqra
1024:Zafar
979:Tabuk
969:Mecca
959:Ta'if
839:Syria
784:Raban
527:Anzen
475:Tyana
437:Mamma
381:Egypt
354:Hazir
334:Emesa
289:Bosra
260:Firaz
255:Balqa
195:Heavy
3031:ISBN
3008:ISBN
2989:ISBN
2970:ISBN
2951:ISBN
2925:ISBN
2906:ISBN
2887:ISBN
2868:ISBN
2849:ISBN
2822:ISBN
2801:ISBN
2782:ISBN
2763:ISBN
1906:and
1887:and
1864:Umar
1476:Iraq
1415:and
1407:and
1262:The
1169:Fahl
1069:Hira
871:Azaz
753:Tyre
590:Enna
561:and
324:Fahl
137:Umar
65:Date
3081:634
1821:sic
1650:Amr
1470:in
1446:to
916:of
192:Low
3052::
2949:.
2945:.
2847:.
2843:.
2757:.
2736:,
2726:,
2714:,
2541:^
2514:^
2475:^
2460:^
2445:^
2406:^
2387:^
2346:^
2317:^
2286:^
2271:^
2230:^
2155:^
2045:e:
2033:,
2023:d:
2009:c:
1999:b:
1989:a:
1926:.
1918:,
1855:.
1774:.
1699:.
1506:.
1431:.
1364:,
1317:.
1282:.
1270:.
3039:.
3016:.
2997:.
2978:.
2959:.
2933:.
2914:.
2895:.
2876:.
2857:.
2830:.
2809:.
2790:.
2771:.
2015:.
1568:)
1559:)
1550:)
1541:)
1532:)
1523:)
1462:(
905:e
898:t
891:v
224:e
217:t
210:v
25:.
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