Battle of Rossbach

1975:

Allied cavalry came within striking distance, 1000 paces from the crest of the ridge, he tossed his pipe in the air: this was the signal to charge. At 3:30 pm, Seydlitz crested the hill and his first 20 squadrons descended on the Allied army; the leading Allied cuirassiers managed to deploy to meet Seydlitz's squadrons, but the momentum of the Prussian attack penetrated the Allied lines and wrought havoc among the disorganized mass. Prussian cavalry rode flank to flank; their training had taught them to form a line three and four deep from a column without breaking pace; once formed into a line, the troopers rode with knees touching, the horses' flanks touching, and horses riding tail to nose. Any attack of Prussian cavalry on open ground meant a line of horses—big Trakehners—bearing down on infantry or cavalry columns, lines, or squares. The horsemen could maneuver at a full gallop, to the left or right, or in an oblique.

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the head and the left wing cavalry at the tail of the two main columns. Noting some Prussian movement, Soubise ordered a wheeling pivot to the east, a complicated maneuver under parade-ground conditions, and difficult in the field, with troops unfamiliar with each other, on uneven terrain. At first, the columns retained regulation distance, wheeling eastward toward Zeuchfeld, but then part of the reserve infantry moved between the two main columns, hampering the movements of the reserve artillery. In addition, the troops on the outer flank of the wheel found themselves unable to keep up with the overly rapid movement of the inner pivot.

180: 132: 2268: 2071:, barbers, wives and mistresses, pastry chefs, tailors and clothiers of all kinds, saddle makers, bridle makers, grooms, and servants of all varieties who served the nobility. In addition, the army had its usual motley crew of farriers, grooms, veterinarians, surgeons, and cooks that sustained an army on the march. After the battle, the Comte de Saint-Germain, who had commanded the advanced guard and also the rear guard that struggled to keep up with the fleeing army, complained that the troops in his charge had been defective, a gang of robbers, murderers, and cowards who ran at the sound of a gunshot. 2185:, the finishing blow. Similarly, Moller's artillery waited on the reverse angle of the hill until the French were in range, then mounted the Janus and laid down a thorough and precise pattern of artillery fire; the concussion of Moller's thorough cannonade could be felt several miles away. Rossbach proved that the column as a means of tactical deployment on battlefield was inferior to the Prussian battle line; the massed columns simply could not hold in the face of either Moller's fire or Seydlitz's cavalry charges. The greater the formation of men, the greater the loss of life and limb. 1795: 2280: 192: 147: 2078:, an army consisting of units sent by the constituent members of the Holy Roman Empire. Their commander had reported that they were defective in training, administration, armaments, discipline and leadership. The same might be said of their commander, Saxe-Hildburghausen, an indolent and slow-moving man. The Imperial regimental officers often lacked even basic garrison training. These units had little experience working together, much less fighting together, a problem that expressed itself most evidently in the disastrous wheeling pivot. Furthermore, the 2158:, without which an officer may commit errors of the greatest consequence." On the morning of the battle Frederick had passed over two senior generals and placed Seydlitz in command of the whole of his cavalry, much to those men's annoyance and to Seydlitz' satisfaction. Seydlitz had spent the interim of the peace (1748–1756) training the cavalry to perform at optimum speed and force. The other outstanding officer, Colonel Moller, had invested the interim in developing a highly mobile artillery force. His artillery engineers were trained similarly to 1638:, the "Great Elector". An army marches only as fast as its slowest components, which are usually the supply trains, and Frederick obtained needed supplies ahead of the army, which enabled him to abandon his supply wagons. His army covered 274 km (170 mi) in only 13 days. Bringing his enemy to battle proved difficult, as the Allies flitted out of his reach. Both Frederick and his enemies moved back and forth for several days, trying to maneuver around each other but ending up in a stalemate. During this time, an Austrian raiding party 1733: 1917:

French from the Goldacker manor rooftop in Rossbach. The initial stages of Allied movement convinced him that the Allies had started retreating southward towards their magazines; he sent out patrols to learn from the peasants what could be gleaned. They reported back that Soubise had taken the Weissenfels road; it led not only to that village, but also toward Freiburg, where Soubise could find supplies, or to Merseburg, where they would cut the Prussians off from the Saale. At about noon Frederick went to dinner, leaving the young

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of either forming a line parallel to the enemy or of retreating. His army could move as a unit twice as fast as the Allies' army. If, at the moment of contact, the Allies had already formed their line of battle facing north, then his attack would strike their right flank; if they were still on the move in columns eastwards or northeastwards, the heads of their columns would be crushed before the rest could deploy in the new direction, deployment being a lengthy affair for most armies.

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to avoid being taken in their flank and rear. The Allied generals hurried the march, sending on the leading (right wing) cavalry towards Reichardtswerben. They also called up part of the left wing cavalry from the tail of the column and even the flank guard cavalry to take part in what they presumed would be the general chase. Any semblance of the wheeling pivot was lost in these fresh maneuvers, and the remaining columns lost all cohesion and order.

1891:) troops consisted of 62 battalions (31,000 infantry), 84 squadrons (10,000) of cavalry, and 109 artillery, totaling some 41,110 men, under Soubise's and Saxe-Hildburghausen's command. The Allies had taken the lead in the maneuvers of the previous days, and Saxe-Hildburghausen decided to take the offensive. He had some difficulty inducing Soubise to risk a battle, so the Allies did not begin to move from their campground until after eleven a.m. on 5 2154:, the ability to discern at one glance the tactical advantages and disadvantages of the terrain. This attribute allowed them to use the artillery and cavalry to full potential. Frederick himself called this "he perfection of that art to learn at one just and determined view the benefits and disadvantages of a country where posts are to be placed and how to act upon the annoyance of the enemy. This is, in a word, the true meaning of a 1078: 1971:

particularly concerned about the display of cannon fire. It was usual to employ heavy guns to protect a retreat, so the Allies assured themselves that Frederick was retreating and contented themselves with bringing some of their field guns into action. The cavalry hurried to get themselves out of range, but this further disorganized the Allied infantry lines, and caused any remaining unit cohesion to break down.

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regiments of Piedmont and Mailly, and on the flanks and in front of the right column were two regiments of Austrian cuirassiers and the Imperial cavalry. Ten French squadrons remained in reserve and twelve others protected the left flank. Soubise, who undoubtedly knew better, ordered no ground reconnaissance and sent no advanced guard. His army marched blindly into Frederick's clutches.

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appeared to turn eastwards from Zeuchfeld. When Frederick saw for himself that hostile cavalry and infantry were already approaching Pettstädt, he realized his enemy's intentions: to attack him in the flank and rear, and break his communications line, if not crush him completely. They now offered him the battle for which he had maneuvered in vain, and he accepted it without hesitation.

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of the total Prussian force; these casualties amount to less than 10% of the engaged Prussian force. Other recent sources agree that the Prussians lost as few as 300 and as many as 500 among the wounded. In an assessment of surviving regimental records, modern sources place Prussian losses at even fewer than Bodart did: one colonel was killed, plus two other officers, and 67 soldiers.

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Allied troops rapidly withdrew from the town across the bridge over the Saale and, as they withdrew, they set fire to the bridge to prevent the Prussians from following them. A conflagration consumed the wooden bridge so rapidly that 630 men, most of the garrison, were trapped on the wrong side. They surrendered with their arms and equipment. Saxe-Hildburghausen, at

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ranks crowded into them, goaded on by their officers. Prince Henry's infantry advanced, still firing. Finally, seemingly out of nowhere, Seydlitz brought his cavalry in a flanking attack, this time all 38 squadrons in a massed attack; their sudden and energetic appearance at the flank and rear caused havoc and despair among the already demoralized

1682:, on a wide plateau dotted by hillocks with elevations up to 120–245 m (394–804 ft). The locale was a wide plain largely without trees or hedges. The ground was sandy in some areas, and marshy in others; a small stream ran between Rossbach and Merseburg, south of which rose two low hills, the Janus and the Pölzen. 2122:, they joined with the Prussian troops who had survived the fighting at Breslau. The augmented army of about 33,000 troops arrived at Leuthen to find 66,000 Austrians in possession. Despite his troops' exhaustion from the rapid march from Rossbach, Frederick won yet another decisive victory at Leuthen. 2210:

mining operations caused fundamental changes in the landscape and the population: a total of 18 settlements and some 12,500 people were resettled over the time of the mining and manufacturing. Residents of Rossbach itself were resettled in 1963 and most of the town was destroyed by mining operations

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After the battle, Frederick reportedly said: "I won the battle of Rossbach with most of my infantry having their muskets shouldered." This was indeed true: less than twenty-five percent of his entire force had been engaged. Frederick had discovered the use of operational maneuvers and with a fraction

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Prussian losses are more controversial: Frederick boasted of negligible casualties. In his thorough study of regimental histories, Bodart counted 169–170 Prussian dead (including seven officers), and 430 wounded (including Prince Henry, Seydlitz and two other generals, and 19 officers), or about 2.4%

1983:

drifted rapidly southward, past the Allied infantry. Part of the Allied reserve, which had become entangled between the main columns, was extricating itself by degrees and endeavoring to catch up with the rest of the reserve column away to the right, but the sweep of horses and Allied infantry pulled

1966:

Soubise and Saxe-Hildburghausen ignored the confusion as their own troops struggled in the wheeling pivot. From their vantage point, it appeared to the Allied commanders that the Prussians were moving eastward; Soubise and Saxe-Hildburghausen presumed that the Prussians were about to retreat in order

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on the left. Saxe-Hildburghausen's proposed battle and the more limited aim of Soubise appeared equally likely to succeed by taking this position, which threatened to cut Frederick off from a retreat to the towns on the Saale. The Allies could attain this position only by marching around the Prussian

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At the start of the war, Frederick had one of the finest armies in Europe: his troops—in any company—could fire at least four musket volleys a minute, and some of them could fire five; his army could march 20–32 km (12–20 mi) a day, and was able to conduct, even under fire, some of the most

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and a nature park created from flooding the old lignite mine with water; the resulting lake has a surface area of 18.4 km (7 sq mi); at its deepest point, the lake is 78 m (256 ft) deep. In the course of filling the old pit, paleontologists found fossils 251–243 million

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in March 1759, France reduced its financial and military contributions to the Coalition, leaving Austria on its own to deal with Prussia in Central Europe. The French continued their campaign against Hanover and Prussia's Rhineland territories, but the Army of Hanover—commanded by one of Frederick's

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As the Allies advanced, not yet in bayonet range, they came within range of Prince Henry's infantry; disciplined Prussian volleys shredded the orderly Allied columns. Then Moller's artillery, reinforced by siege guns from Leipzig, tore some additional gaps. The leading ranks faltered; the following

1974:

Unseen by the Allies, Seydlitz assembled his cavalry into two lines, one of 20 squadrons and the second of 18, and reduced the speed of his approach until they reached the screening ridge of the Pölzen hill. There, they waited. Seydlitz sat at the head of the lines, calmly smoking his pipe. When the

1958:

When the Prussians broke camp, they left a handful of light troops to demonstrate before the French advance post commanded by the Comte de Saint-Germain. These light troops constituted the flank guard on the Schartau hill, which lay at right angles to the Janus and Pölzen. Frederick had no intention

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Frederick realized the gambit by 2:30 pm. By 3:00 pm, the entire Prussian army had struck camp, loaded their tents and gear, and fallen into line. Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz took his 38 squadrons of cavalry and moved toward the Janus and Pölzen, small hills between Rossbach and Reichardtswerben.

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to observe French movements. Two hours later, his watch captain reported the French approaching. Although Gaudi's excited report at first appeared to confirm a French-Reichsarmee retreat, Frederick observed that Allied columns, which from time to time became visible in the undulations of the ground,

1916:

On the other side, Frederick commanded 27 battalions of infantry (17,000 men) and 43 squadrons of cavalry (5,000 horse), plus 72 companies of artillery, for a total of 22,000 men. He also had several of the siege guns from Leipzig, which arrived late in the morning. He spent the morning watching the

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convinced Soubise that they should attack Frederick in the morning, by swinging to Frederick's left flank and cutting his line of retreat. This would, Bourcet thought, finish the campaign. After some persuasion Soubise and Saxe-Hildburghausen were convinced and everyone went to sleep. In the morning

1802:

Crillon closed up the town and prepared for action. The Prussians unlimbered their artillery and fired on the town gates; Mayr's men and the Prussian grenadiers knocked out the obstructions. A few precise hits cleared their way into the town and the Allied resistance disappeared in cannon smoke; the

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Rossbach is considered one of Frederick's greatest strategic masterpieces. He crippled an enemy army twice the size of the Prussian force while suffering negligible casualties. His artillery also played a critical role in the victory, based on its ability to reposition itself rapidly responding to

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Soubise and Saxe-Hildburghausen, who had been wounded, succeeded in keeping one or two regiments together, but the rest scattered over the countryside. The French and Imperial troops lost six generals, an unusually high count in eighteenth century warfare, although not surprising given the emphasis

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Seydlitz recalled his cavalry. This in itself was unusual: normally, a cavalry attacked once, maybe twice, and spent the rest of the battle chasing fleeing troops. Seydlitz led his rallied force toward the flank and rear of the Allied army, about 2 km (1 mi) out of the fighting and into a

1970:

Moller's artillery on Janus hill again opened fire on this confusion of men and horses at 3:15 pm. When they came under the fire of Moller's guns, the Allied cavalry, which now lay north of Reichardtswerben and well ahead of their own infantry, suffered from the barrage, but the commanders were not

1941:

Although aware of some of these movements, Soubise thought the Prussians were in full retreat. He ordered his advanced guard to hasten toward the Janus hill, but he issued no instructions on where, how and when to deploy. The Allied infantry moved in three long columns: at the head were the French

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arrived by 28 October; although his men had marched up to 43 km (27 mi) in a day, they were still eager to face the Allied forces, who had established a post close to Markranstädt, and maintained some line of control along the Saale river. This gave Prussia a complement of 22,000 men. On

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contingents came from many principalities, some of which were Protestant, and many of which were unhappy about any alliance with the French; most were more adverse to the French than they were to the Prussians. Once news of the battle's uneven resolution spread, some Germans felt satisfaction; the

1997:

of trees between Reichardtswerben and Obschutz. There, horses and men could catch their breath. The Allies, relieved to see the last of the horsemen, became preoccupied with the Prussian infantry, about four battalions of it, threatening in linear formation to their left. Instead of forming into a

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from the left. Those Allied units who escaped the artillery and the horsemen ran headlong into a hail of musket fire from Prince Henry's infantry. Attempted French counterattacks dissolved into confusion. Most of the Allied cavalry units in front were smashed by the initial charge and many of them

1962:

The Allies marched in normal order in two main columns, the first line on the left, the second line on the right; farther to the right, though, marched a column consisting of the foot reserve, and between the first and second lines trundled the reserve artillery. The right wing cavalry advanced at

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on the right, facing the Allies. Charles, the Prince Soubise, commanding the French, and the Prince Saxe-Hildburghausen, commanding the Holy Roman Empire's forces, had maneuvered in the preceding days without giving Frederick an opportunity to begin fighting. Their forces were located to the west,

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November, some of the Allied troops went out to forage, and Soubise received a notice from Saxe-Hildburghausen, something to the effect of not a moment to be lost, we should advance, gain the heights and attack from the side. Until that point, Soubise had done nothing to rouse the French troops to

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November 1757, at six o'clock in the evening, the King of Prussia Frederick II, the Great, with only a small entourage, arrived at the castle. All rooms were occupied by wounded officers. His Majesty would not allow any of the officers to be disturbed, and set up his field bed in an alcove and,

2039:

counted 1,000 dead (including six generals) and approximately 3,500 wounded (including four generals), for a total of 8.3% wounded or dead, and 12.2% (approximately 5,000) missing or captured. Other historians might place the numbers of captured higher, at almost one third, or about 13,800. The

1810:

While the artilleries kept up their noisy exchange, holding the Duke's attention, Frederick sent scouts to find a decent crossing of the Saale, since the one at Weissenfels was unusable. There was little he could do at the burnt bridge; to cross the river under Saxe-Hildburghausen's nose, in the

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harassed their line of march, but, in the hussars' eagerness to annoy the Prussians, they forgot to send a messenger to Weissenfels to warn the garrison of the Prussian approach. When Mayr appeared at about 8:00 a.m. on the 31st, followed by the King and the rest of his army, the French were

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even more, and they gave up little information. Neither Saxe-Hildburghausen nor Soubise had an idea what Frederick intended, or indeed, what he was doing. Marshal Keith reached Merseburg and found the bridge there destroyed, with the Reichsarmee and French prepared to hold the other side of the

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The Battle of Rossbach marked a turning point in the Seven Years' War, not only for its stunning Prussian victory, but because France refused to send troops against Prussia again and Britain, noting Prussia's military success, increased its financial support for Frederick. Following the battle,

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had exposed these problems, the Russians had not solved the challenge of supplying their army at a distance from Moscow. Even so, the Imperial Russian Army offered a new threat to Prussia, forcing Frederick to abandon his invasion of Bohemia and to withdraw further into Prussian territory.

1671:. Parts of the valley between Leipzig and Saale were relatively narrow, cut by the river and its tributaries; the hillsides were steep, with limited river crossings; this influenced the troop movements leading to the battle, as the various armies competed for sites to cross the river. 2232:

November 1757, Joseph Marie Friedrich Wilhelm Hollandius, Prinz von Sachsen-Hildburghausen, commandant of the German Reichsarmee in the Seven Years' War, established his headquarters in this castle. From this location, he gave the order on 31 October 1757 to burn the Saale bridge at

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The stunning victory at the Battle of Rossbach marked a turning point in alliances of the Seven Years' War. Britain increased its financial support for Frederick. French interest in the so-called Prussian war declined sharply after the Rossbach debacle and, with the signing of the

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face of fire, would have been foolish. Across the river, the Allies had a physical barrier to protect them; they could also use their position to watch Frederick's movement. Inexplicably, though, Saxe-Hildburghausen gave up this advantage and retired toward Burgwerben and

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Four separate monuments dedicated to the battle were erected in the town of Reichardtswerben. The first monument was erected 16 September 1766, in gratitude to God for sparing the town of Reichardtswerben during the battle. The stone at Burgwerben castle was erected

1581:, the capital of East Prussia, after using up their supplies of cannonballs at Memel and Gross-Jägersdorf, and retreated soon afterward. The logistics of supplying a large army remained a problem for the Russians throughout the war. Although previous experiences in 1978:

The fighting soon devolved into man-on-man combat; Seydlitz himself fought like a trooper, receiving a severe wound. He ordered his last 18 squadrons, still waiting at the Janus, into the fray. The second charge struck the French cavalry at an oblique angle. The

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later described these as unimpressive, although certainly horses dragging cannons would notice them, as the animals slipped in loose stones and sand. To the west, the Saale flowed past a small town of Weissenfels, a few miles southeast of Rossbach.

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The story of the Battle of Rossbach is as much the story of the five days of maneuvering, leading to the battle as it is of those famous 90 minutes of battle, and the maneuvers that were shaped by the terrain. Initial activity focused on the village of

2324: 1782:, an independent unit of 1500 mixed troops, in the lead to flush out Allied pickets and reconnaissance parties; this cleared the way for the main army. The next day, Frederick moved out of Lützen at 3:00 pm, during heavy rain. Despite the weather, the 2344: 1984:

them into the fighting. The Allied reserve artillery proved useless; caught in the middle of the infantry columns, it could not deploy to support any of the endangered Allied troops. The Prussian infantry on the Shartau hill waited in

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offered the Empress the opportunity to regain her lost Central European territories and to limit Prussia's growing power. Similarly, France sought to break the British control of Atlantic trade. France and Austria put aside their old

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changing circumstances on the battlefield. Finally, his cavalry contributed decisively to the outcome of the battle, justifying his investment of resources into its training during the eight-year interim between the conclusion of the

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The battle had lasted less than 90 minutes and the last episode of the infantry fight no more than fifteen minutes. Only seven Prussian battalions had engaged with the enemy, and these had expended five to fifteen rounds per man.

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Rossbach also highlighted the extraordinary talents of two of Frederick's officers, the artillery colonel Karl Friedrich von Moller and his cavalry general, Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz. Both men possessed the much-coveted

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of his entire force—3,500 horsemen, 18 artillery pieces, and three battalions of infantry—had defeated an army of two of the strongest European powers. Frederick's tactics at Rossbach became a landmark in the history of the

1938:'s battery of 18 guns, which positioned themselves temporarily on the reverse of the Janus between the infantry's left and the cavalry's right. Seven squadrons remained in Rossbach to contain Saint-Germain's advanced post. 2067:. Under Soubise's command, the French had conducted a notorious march across Germany, characterized by persistent pillaging. His army also had approximately 12,000 civilian camp followers. There were chefs, hair dressers, 1895:

November. Soubise probably intended to engage as late in the day as possible, with the idea of gaining what advantages he could in a partial action before nightfall. Their plan called for the Allied army to march by

1819:. Their advanced guard patrolled Merseburg, and sought some information from the local inhabitants. Although the local Saxon peasants might have disliked the Prussians, they disliked the French and Austrian-allied 1568:

with 75,000 troops. Memel had one of the strongest fortresses in Prussia, but after five days of artillery bombardment, the Russian army successfully stormed it. The Russians then used Memel as a base to invade

1905:

flank, which could put them in the tenuous position of marching across their enemies' front. Consequently, the Allies posted a sizable guard against the obvious risk of interference on their exposed flank.

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The tower of manor house at Rossbach offered Frederick a vantage point from which to watch the Allied army and to command his troops; from here he also watched Seydlitz's cavalry launch its final attack.

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November, Frederick's engineers finished their new bridges and the entire Prussian line advanced across the Saale. As soon as Frederick had crossed the river, he sent 1,500 cavalry under the command of

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On the Allied side, the officers, both French and Reichsarmee, were frustrated by their superiors' timidity. Clearly, Frederick's position was precarious, the Prussians outnumbered. One officer,

1425:. The French and Imperial army included 41,110 men, opposing a considerably smaller Prussian force of 22,000. Despite overwhelming odds, Frederick managed to defeat the Imperials and the French. 1807:, ordered a barrage laid down across the Saale to prevent the Prussians from repairing the bridge. Frederick's gunners responded in kind and the two shelled each other until about 3:00 pm. 2106:

While Frederick was engaging the combined Allied forces further west, that autumn the Austrians had slowly retaken Silesia: Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine had captured the city of

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Imperial troops threw aside their muskets and ran, and the French ran with them. Seydlitz's troopers pursued and cut down the fleeing Allies until darkness made the chase impossible.

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trampled over their own men trying to flee. The field was littered with riderless horses and horseless men, wounded, dying and dead. This part of the action took about 30 minutes.

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after giving the orders for the day, spent the night there. The owner at that time was Superintendent Funcke; his grandson, Hauptmann von Funcke, organized this in his memory.

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to raid the Allied camp. He planned to attack it the next day, but the surprise raid frightened Soubise into moving during the night to a more secure position. On 4

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Prussians took as trophies 72 cannons (62% of the Allied artillery), seven flags, and 21 standards. The Prussians captured eight French generals and 260 officers.

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are the two closest villages, and their elevations above sea level are 120 meters (394 ft) and 131 meters (430 ft) respectively. Flood Maps of Germany.

2179:, Seydlitz withdrew his squadrons into a copse, where they regrouped under cover of the trees. When the moment was right, he led his cavalry forward again in the 485: 775: 738: 602: 308: 261: 1783: 2059:, he was neither blessed with extraordinary military acumen nor with the best troops: he could do nothing about the former, and most of the latter were with 748: 607: 1900:, around Frederick's left, which no serious natural obstacle covered, and to deploy in battle array facing north, between Reichardtswerben on the right and 1787:

completely surprised. The force there consisted of four battalions and 18 companies of grenadiers, all but three of them French: 5,000 men under command of

859: 597: 557: 2162:, to ride to a battle and fight dismounted; in the case of the artillery, they dragged their guns around the battlefield as needed. This was not yet the 1788: 1008: 864: 547: 353: 654: 333: 254: 2423:

According to Bodart, the fallen French generals included (1) the Comte de Durfort de Lorges; (2) Philippe-Joseph, the Comte de Custine (father of the

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Soubise has historically taken the blame for the loss, but this may be an unfair assessment. While he did owe his rank to his good relationship with

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The Imperial army, although smaller, was not much better, and certainly not the battle-hardened army the Prussians had faced at Kolín. This was the

1732: 869: 703: 390: 328: 79: 2360: 1696: 1615:(Imperial Army) troops, approaching from the west, intended to unite with Prince Charles's main Austrian force, which itself advanced west to 3588: 3115: 2095:. Mostly, though, Rossbach was significant for the strengthening of Prussia's relationship with Frederick's uncle, King George, and George's 1471:

concluded the earlier war in which Prussia and Austria were a part; its influence among the European powers was little better than a truce.

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had signed the treaty to gain time to rebuild her military forces and forge new alliances; she was intent upon regaining ascendancy in the

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when the Imperial Army occupied Weissenfels. Frederick joined him there two days later. Over the next couple of days, the King's brother,

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similar line of attack, though, the Allied battalions formed into columns, fixed their bayonets and marched forward, prepared for a

1815:, counting on the intervening hills to protect him. Soubise had advanced from Reichardtswerben through Kaynau, and they met up at 3969: 2436: 2432: 2166:

that Frederick developed later, but it was similar in structure and function. Later developments refined the training and usage.

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If these armies were to unite, Prussia's situation would be dire indeed. Recognizing this threat, Frederick used the strategy of

1001: 3320: 3150: 2267: 1720: 3959: 1609:, one of Frederick's most trusted generals, who was killed in the battle. As summer ended, a combined force of French and the 844: 834: 819: 3979: 3896: 3872: 3844: 3799: 3781: 3744: 3701: 3684: 3667: 3649: 3632: 3552: 3465: 3399: 3367: 3306: 3267: 3252: 3223: 3207: 3126:

Beiheft 13, Halle/S. 2001; and Karlheinz Fischer, "Die Waldelefanten von Neumark-Nord und Gröbern," Dietrich Mania (Hrsg.).

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Upon learning that the Austrians had slowly retaken parts of Silesia, Frederick and his troops marched east toward Breslau.

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Memoirs of the history of France during the reign of Napoleon. Historical miscellanies, dictated to the count de Montholon

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of Breslau (22 November). He and his 22,000 men reversed tracks, and covered 274 km (170 mi) from Rossbach to

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A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East 6V: A Global Chronology of Conflict

893: 3939: 3816: 2099:. The British could now see the advantage of keeping the French occupied on the Continent while they continued their 2060: 2852: 1468: 975: 3440:

A Military History Of The Western World, Vol. II: From The Defeat Of The Spanish Armada To The Battle Of Waterloo,

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A Military History of The Western World, Vol. II: From the Defeat of the Spanish Armada to the Battle Of Waterloo

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battle could be seen as retribution for the years of suffering under the French atrocities in the Rhineland and

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Treatise On Grand Military Operations: Or A Critical And Military History Of The Wars Of Frederick The Great.

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was a global conflict, it took a specific intensity in the European theater based on the recently concluded

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included approximately 1,500 infantry, hussars, some dragoons, and several pieces of light artillery. The

3707: 3279:. "Essay and Reflection: On the 'Old System' and the Diplomatic Revolution' of the Eighteenth Century". 2510: 2443:

in 1759, but Gaston Bodart places him at Rossbach); (5) the Comte de Revel; and (6) the Brigadier Paul,

2315: 1921: 1561: 1096: 814: 763: 475: 395: 2791: 2541:, "Essay and Reflection: On the 'Old System' and the Diplomatic Revolution' of the Eighteenth Century", 2194:

finest officers, Ferdinand of Brunswick—kept them tied down in western Germany for the rest of the war.

2035:

on cavalry action in this battle. Among the French and German Imperial troops, the Austrian demographer

1070: 3924: 3773: 3540: 3456:

Hand, Karlheinz Fischer. "Die Waldelefanten von Neumark-Nord und Gröbern." In Dietrich Mania (Hrsg.).

2598: 2190: 1744: 1501: 1442: 1063: 930: 718: 196: 3460:. Veröffentlichungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte in Halle (62), Halle/Saale 2010, S. 361–37, 3372: 3195: 3130:. Veröffentlichungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte in Halle (62), Halle/Saale 2010, pp. 361–37. 2844: 2731: 2554: 2424: 1935: 1606: 1560:

By summer 1757, Prussia was threatened on two fronts. In the east, the Russians, under Field Marshal

1132: 733: 713: 3230: 2869: 2410:

Most of Seydlitz's dragoons and hussars rode Trakehners. The modern Trakehner is 16–17 hands at the

465: 3949: 3602: 3276: 3189: 2865: 2753: 2538: 2350:

Panorama of the principal location of the battle today; the old pit mine was flooded, creating the

2170: 2169:

Furthermore, the battle was one instance in which Moller's and Seydlitz's awareness of Frederick's

2111: 1488: 1480: 1303: 920: 678: 440: 3585: 3112: 1883:

The Allies possessed a numerical superiority of two to one, and their advanced post, commanded by

1675: 1394: 3200:

Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766.

2559:

Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766.

1634:

to advance in a quick, arduous march reminiscent of the forced marches of his great-grandfather,

1546: 1472: 1255: 1209: 935: 888: 829: 688: 460: 400: 313: 3570: 3392:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015

3288: 2110:

and moved on Breslau in lower Silesia. While heading back to Silesia, Frederick learned of the

1934:

Except for a few moments, the advance was hidden entirely from view. He was followed by Colonel

965: 3580: 3122:); Hellmund Meinolf (Hrsg.): "Das Geiseltal-Projekt 2000. Erste wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse." 3104: 2444: 2291: 2118:(now Lutynia, Poland), 27 km (17 mi) west of Breslau in twelve days. On the way, at 970: 960: 490: 470: 450: 2995: 3561:

Meinolf, Hellmund (Hrsg.). "Das Geiseltal-Projekt 2000. Erste wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse."

3409: 2691: 2173:

led to battlefield success. For example, not content with the single attack and recall, the

2100: 1841: 1521: 1513: 1291: 804: 758: 552: 348: 303: 246: 2397:

was neither free nor a battalion; such formations were, at the time, comparable to what the

2052: 1714:

Gentle elevation changes created little natural cover for troop movements. (Near Branderoda)

455: 3821: 2084: 1553:, went awry: what had started as a war of movement by Frederick's agile army turned into a 1500:

to form a coalition of their own. Faced with this sudden turn of events, the British king,

1398: 1161: 950: 898: 644: 370: 73: 8: 2885: 2048: 1460: 1454: 1414: 1406: 1390: 1360: 1315: 1173: 1056: 1035: 849: 624: 517: 375: 338: 278: 184: 1437:; he employed similar tactics to again defeat an army considerably larger than his own. 903: 824: 629: 3689: 3598: 2749: 2092: 1582: 1505: 1410: 1386: 1369: 1351: 1327: 1279: 1185: 1040: 1030: 874: 839: 661: 634: 612: 298: 137: 32: 1550: 1238: 323: 3892: 3868: 3854: 3840: 3812: 3804: 3795: 3777: 3757: 3740: 3714: 3697: 3680: 3672: 3663: 3645: 3628: 3584:. "Ein Trio feiert das Flutungsende." 30. April 2011, Zugriff am 1. September 2011 ( 3566: 3548: 3522: 3505: 3483: 3461: 3443: 3427: 3395: 3380: 3363: 3355: 3346: 3302: 3284: 3263: 3248: 3219: 3203: 3147: 3084: 2987: 1985: 1602: 1484: 1434: 1422: 1221: 945: 925: 683: 577: 567: 480: 435: 430: 425: 380: 165: 152: 3909: 1867:

November 1757 the Prussian camp lay between Rossbach on the left and the village of

3766: 3638: 3471: 3212: 2687: 2579: 2526: 2440: 1668: 1664: 1639: 1554: 1402: 1197: 1149: 1120: 809: 592: 572: 410: 365: 343: 2401:

was in a navy. They operated outside the normal channels of military organization.

2181: 2149: 3749: 3735: 3592: 3533: 3497: 3436: 3240: 3154: 3119: 3025: 3007: 2666: 2163: 1773: 1534: 940: 562: 318: 3694:

The Age of Battles: The Quest for Decisive Warfare from Breitenfeld to Waterloo,

3012:

The Age of Battles: The Quest for Decisive Warfare from Breitenfeld to Waterloo,

1999: 1816: 1429:

Frederick immediately left Rossbach and marched for 13 days to the outskirts of

3655: 3493: 2614: 1683: 1631: 1594: 1509: 1267: 787: 723: 668: 649: 502: 3458:

Neumark-Nord – Ein interglaziales Ökosystem des mittelpaläolithischen Menschen

3128:

Neumark-Nord – Ein interglaziales Ökosystem des mittelpaläolithischen Menschen

1887:, overlooked all parts of Frederick's camp. The French and Hapsburg Imperial ( 3918: 3475: 3338: 2726: 2530: 2036: 1778: 1660: 1492: 1018: 881: 639: 94: 81: 2211:

that same year. Today, most of the battlefield is covered in some farmland,

1578: 1512:, including Hanover, but also those of his and Frederick's relatives in the 40: 3660:

A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya

2619:

A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya

2351: 2175: 1570: 3858: 3761: 3526: 3509: 3384: 3350: 1901: 1794: 3431: 2683: 2439:—Lafayette's father occasionally is identified as among the dead at the 2212: 1652: 1611: 1418: 69: 2107: 1565: 1508:; this alliance drew in not only the British king's territories held in 3877: 3315: 3142: 3038:, Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften , Band 22 (1885), pp. 127–28. 2330:

In the 19th and 20th centuries, the battlefield site was excavated for

1950: 1812: 1804: 1877: 3620:. Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Band 22 (1885), S. 127–28. 3609:. Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Band 21 (1885), S. 108–09. 3502:

The Life of F. W. Von Steuben ... with an Introduction by G. Bancroft

2760:, Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Band 21 (1885), S. 108–09. 2746:

The Life of F. W. Von Steuben ... with an Introduction by G. Bancroft

2398: 2335: 2254:

K2169, the county highway passing through Reichardtswerben, is named

2207: 2088: 2064: 2011: 1994: 1897: 1760: 1738:

The Saale flowed past Weissenfels, a few miles southeast of Rossbach.

1679: 1798:

The Allied armies were spread out on the plain in front of Rossbach.

1769: 1475:, known as Frederick the Great, acquired the prosperous province of 3889:

The Allure of Battle: A History of How Wars Have Been Won and Lost.

3770:

The German Way of War: from the Thirty Years War to the Third Reich

3519:

A History of Germany: From the Earliest Period to the Present Time,

2138: 2119: 2056: 3069:

A History of Germany: From the Earliest Period to the Present Time

1702:

Small copses of trees broke the landscape. (Near Reichardtswerben)

3828:

Pickle Partners Publishing, 2013, particularly volume 2, chapter

2411: 2334:, and the terrain destroyed. By the end of the 20th century, the 2331: 2203: 2159: 1918: 1755:, arrived with the main body of the army and his brother-in-law, 1748: 1616: 1590: 1538: 1476: 1430: 3754:

History of Friedrich II. of Prussia, Called Frederick the Great.

3234: 3185: 2992:

Battles that Changed History: an Encyclopedia of World Conflict.

2873: 2535:

The New Cambridge Modern History vol. 7, The Old Regime: 1713–63

1573:

and defeated a smaller Prussian force in the fiercely contested

1479:, but had wanted much of the Saxon territories as well. Empress 986: 3677:

Battles that Changed History: an Encyclopedia of World Conflict

3377:

The Handy Book of Company Drill and Practical Instructor, Etc.

1577:

on 30 August 1757. However, the Russians were unable to take

276: 2849:

The Handy Book of Company Drill and Practical Instructor, Etc

1656: 1405:, after a different nearby town. In this 90-minute battle, 3867:. Osprey Campaign Series vol. 113; Osprey Publishing, 2002 3360:

Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947.

3030:

W. Clowes & Sons, 1852, pp. 10–14; Bernhard von Poten,

3413: 3089:

Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947.

2695: 2594: 2592: 2068: 1768:

30 October, the King led the army out of Leipzig, toward

1520:. This series of political maneuvers became known as the 3625:

Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War, 1756–1763.

2712:

Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War, 1756–1763.

2682:

The elevation of Rossbach is 124 meters (407 ft).

2515:

The Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire.

3711:

The Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire

3325: 2642: 2492: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 3394:(4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. 2589: 2366:

Panorama of the principal location of the battle today

1667:

in the Leipzig highlands, not far from the modern-day

1504:, aligned himself with his nephew, Frederick, and the 3482:

vol. 7, The Old Regime: 1713–63 (1957): pp. 449–64,

2608: 2461: 2318:

conducted maneuvers on part of the old battlefield.

1858: 1837:November, Frederick moved to his camp at Rossbach. 1726:

Thomas Carlyle referred to the hills as negligible.

3426:Article 16. T. Egerton, Military Library, 1824 3343:Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon, (1618–1905). 3916: 2732:Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon, (1618–1905) 2561:Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2007, p. 302. 2224:July 1844, and bears the following inscription: 3756:Scribner, Welford, 1873, volume 29, chapter 4. 3178: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2654: 1642:and almost captured the Prussian royal family. 1401:. It is sometimes called the Battle of, or at, 3158:. "Schloss Burgwerben ". Accessed 30 May 2017. 3111:30. April 2011, Zugriff am 1. September 2011 ( 2947: 2945: 1533:complex maneuvers known. After overrunning 3851:Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War. 2573: 2485: 2483: 1549:. Initially successful, everything after the 1002: 262: 3736:Death of a Nation: A New History of Germany. 3216:Frederick the Great: The Magnificent Enigma. 2904: 2879: 2812: 2802: 2800: 2775: 2768: 2766: 2706: 2704: 2651: 2584:Frederick the Great: The Magnificent Enigma. 2942: 2633: 3389: 2564: 2498: 2480: 2202:From 1865 to 1990, the area was mined for 2010:units assembled there. Three regiments of 1743:On 24 October, the Prussian Field Marshal 1678:, lay 14 km (9 mi) southwest of 1445:and the outbreak of the Seven Years' War. 1009: 995: 269: 255: 3809:The Military Life of Frederick the Great, 3563:Hallesches Jahrbuch für Geowissenschaften 3124:Hallesches Jahrbuch für Geowissenschaften 2797: 2763: 2701: 241:8,000–10,000 killed, wounded and captured 128: 3642:Frederick the Great: A Military History. 3202:Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2007 3091:Penguin Books Limited, 2000, pp. 254–55. 2969:Blanning, p. 237; Showalter, pp. 183–85. 2890:Frederick the Great: A Military History. 2137: 2021: 1949: 1907: 1872:with their right flank near the town of 1793: 1757:Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 1645: 1487:. By 1754, escalating tensions between 1433:. There he met the Austrian army at the 1417:forces augmented by a contingent of the 143: 3301:. Random House Publishing Group, 2016 3014:Indiana University Press, 2004, p. 185. 2901:Showalter, p. 190; Redman, pp. 130–36. 2437:Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette 2433:Michel du Motier, Marquis de La Fayette 3917: 3822:Jomini, General Baron Antoine Henri de 3534:General Seydlitz, a Military Biography 3257: 3245:The Global Seven Years' War 1754–1763. 3026:General Seydlitz, a Military Biography 2981: 2474: 2371: 1413:, defeated an Allied army composed of 3169:Seydlitz Strasse in Reichardtswerben. 3055:, T. Egerton, Military Library, 1824. 2414:, or 162–168 cm (64–66 in). 2354:, now a swimming and recreation area. 2101:offensives against French territories 990: 250: 16:1757 battle of the Third Silesian War 3839:University of Illinois Press, 2001 3837:The Art of War in the Western World. 3299:Frederick the Great: King of Prussia 2960:Blanning, p. 237; Showalter, p. 183. 2933:The Global Seven Years War 1754–1763 2376: 2250:July 1844, Franz Leopold v. Funcke. 2197: 1885:Claude Louis, Comte de Saint-Germain 1627:shared command of the Allied force. 1625:Prince Joseph of Saxe-Hildburghausen 1605:defeated the Prussians commanded by 1527: 3853:Longmans, Green, and Company, 1881 2586:Ticknor & Fields, 1986, p. 460. 2228:Before the Battle of Rossbach, on 5 1448: 13: 3884:. 1823, particularly chapters 4–6. 3726: 3235:The American Trakehner Association 2874:The American Trakehner Association 2673:, Da Capo Press, 1987 pp. 202–03. 360:Westphalia, Hesse and Lower Saxony 14: 3991: 3975:Military history of Saxony-Anhalt 3903: 3696:Indiana University Press, 2004, 3192:. 1998. Accessed 19 August 2017. 2744:Friedrich Kapp, George Bancroft, 2529:, "The Diplomatic Revolution" in 2237:After the Battle of Rossbach on 5 1016: 3480:The New Cambridge Modern History 3416:. 2014. Accessed 16 August 2017. 3109:Ein Trio feiert das Flutungsende 2864:American Trakehner Association, 2698:. 2014. Accessed 16 August 2017. 2621:, New York; Praeger, 2006, p. 70 2359: 2343: 2323: 2307: 2290: 2278: 2266: 1928: 1859:Initial battlefield dispositions 1731: 1719: 1707: 1695: 1326: 1314: 1302: 1290: 1278: 1266: 1254: 1237: 1220: 1208: 1196: 1184: 1172: 1160: 1148: 1131: 1119: 1107: 1095: 1076: 1069: 1062: 201: 190: 178: 158: 145: 130: 39: 3930:Battles of the Seven Years' War 3474:"The Diplomatic Revolution" in 3161: 3133: 3094: 3078: 3058: 3041: 3017: 3001: 2972: 2963: 2954: 2925: 2913: 2895: 2858: 2851:, Houlston & Wright, 1862, 2838: 2738: 2717: 2676: 2624: 2431:); (3) the Comte de Doyat; (4) 2429:Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine 2417: 2404: 2383: 1541:and defeated the Austrians on 6 3970:Battles of Frederick the Great 3891:Oxford University Press, 2017 3618:Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie 3607:Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie 3186:American Trakehner Association 3036:Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie 2892:Frontline Books, 2012, p. 188. 2758:Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie 2735:. Vienna, Stern, 1908, p. 220. 2605:, London; Osprey, 2001, p. 22. 2548: 2520: 2504: 2061:Louis Charles César Le Tellier 1831:Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz 1765:Prince Moritz of Anhalt-Dessau 1465:War of the Austrian Succession 1: 3960:1757 in the Holy Roman Empire 3739:Book Guild Publishing, 2016 3537:. W. Clowes & Sons, 1852. 3362:Penguin Books Limited, 2000, 3326:Burgwerben Weindorf (website) 2125: 3980:Battles of the Silesian Wars 3849:Longman, Frederick William. 3565:, Beiheft 13, Halle, 2001, 3379:Houlston & Wright, 1862 3281:International History Review 3218:Ticknor & Fields, 1986 3179:General and cited references 3047:Frederick, King of Prussia. 2868:and Dr. Robert Baird, M.D., 2543:International History Review 2454: 2273:Monument at Reichardtswerben 2017: 1912:Troops maneuver for position 1583:wars with the Ottoman Empire 1518:Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel 7: 1922:Friedrich Wilhelm von Gaudi 1674:The scene of the battle at 1562:Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin 10: 3996: 3774:University Press of Kansas 3614:Moller, Karl Friedrich von 3420:Frederick, King of Prussia 3373:Collette, Charles Hastings 3258:Tucker, Spencer C (2009). 3237:, Accessed 19 August 2017. 3231:"Sport Horse Conformation" 3071:, Chapman and Hall, 1844, 3032:Moller, Karl Friedrich von 2870:"Sport Horse Conformation" 2517:Penguin, 2016, pp. 478–79. 2191:Third Treaty of Versailles 1575:Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf 1537:, Frederick campaigned in 1452: 1443:War of Austrian Succession 349:Prussian Bohemia Incursion 3945:Battles involving Prussia 3935:Battles involving Austria 3910:The French Army 1600–1900 3880:(Emperor of the French). 3865:Rossbach and Leuthen 1757 2845:Charles Hastings Collette 2425:French Revolutionary Wars 1936:Karl Friedrich von Moller 1853: 1824:river. By the night of 3 1607:Hans Karl von Winterfeldt 1469:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1385:November 1757 during the 1026: 291: 230: 213: 171: 122: 52: 38: 30: 25: 3940:Battles involving France 3531:Lawley, Robert Neville. 3424:Particular Instructions, 3410:Elevation of Braunsbedra 3283:(1990) 12:2 pp. 301–23. 2714:McFarland. 2015, p. 123. 2692:Elevation of Braunsbedra 2545:(1990), 12:2 pp. 301–23. 2338:covered the battlefield. 2246:Schloss Burgwerben the 9 1481:Maria Theresa of Austria 1389:(1756–1763, part of the 3644:Frontline Books, 2012 3521:Chapman and Hall, 1844 3408:Flood Maps of Germany. 3390:Clodfelter, M. (2017). 3332:. Accessed 30 May 2017. 3171:Accessed 17 April 2017. 3053:Particular Instructions 3023:Robert Neville Lawley, 1945: 1473:Frederick II of Prussia 1421:(Imperial Army) of the 3965:18th century in Saxony 3792:Histoire de la Prusse, 3581:Mitteldeutsche Zeitung 3105:Mitteldeutsche Zeitung 2252: 2171:operational objectives 2143: 2027: 1955: 1913: 1799: 1789:Louis, Duke de Crillon 1467:(1740–1748). The 1748 1393:) near the village of 172:Commanders and leaders 3612:Poten, Bernhard von. 3545:The Seven Years' War, 3515:Kohlrausch, Friedrich 3442:Da Capo Press, 1987, 3233:(1st Edition, 1997), 3190:Breed characteristics 3143:Village of Burgwerben 2872:(1st Edition, 1997), 2866:Breed characteristics 2303:Battlefield over time 2226: 2141: 2025: 1953: 1911: 1842:Pierre-Joseph Bourcet 1797: 1691:Rossbach and Environs 1646:Terrain and maneuvers 1522:Diplomatic Revolution 1514:Electorate of Hanover 1453:Further information: 894:Valencia de Alcántara 231:Casualties and losses 95:51.26944°N 11.89444°E 3955:Electorate of Saxony 3790:Clark, Christopher. 3639:Showalter, Dennis E. 3229:Baird, Robert (MD), 3148:Geschichte (History) 3065:Friedrich Kohlrausch 2603:The Seven Years' War 2537:(1957): pp. 449–64; 2285:Monument at Rossbach 1399:Electorate of Saxony 1344: current battle 729:Breslau (1760 siege) 689:Breslau (1759 siege) 3733:Barrow, Stephen A. 3623:Redman, Herbert J. 3599:Poten, Bernhard von 2935:, Routledge, 2014, 2886:Dennis E. Showalter 2835:Redman, pp. 130–36. 2772:Redman, pp. 123–24. 2748:, 1859, p. 55, and 2372:Notes and citations 2297:Burgwerben Memorial 2256:Von-Seydlitz-Straße 2087:during the wars of 2049:Madame de Pompadour 1863:On the morning of 5 1655:, where the middle 1636:Frederick William I 1407:Frederick the Great 1361:Second Silesian War 1057:Frederick the Great 899:Vila Velha de Ródão 538:Dresden (surrender) 294:Bohemia and Moravia 91: / 3805:Duffy, Christopher 3679:. ABC-CLIO, 2010, 3591:2010-02-28 at the 3356:Clark, Christopher 3330:Schloss Burgwerben 3153:2017-08-15 at the 3118:2010-02-28 at the 3008:Russell F. Weigley 2978:Showalter, p. 192. 2910:Showalter, p. 190. 2750:Bernhard von Poten 2710:Herbert J. Redman, 2144: 2103:in North America. 2063:, fighting in the 2028: 1956: 1914: 1876:and their left at 1800: 1506:Kingdom of Prussia 1397:(Roßbach), in the 1387:Third Silesian War 1379:Battle of Rossbach 1370:Third Silesian War 1352:First Silesian War 583:Torgau (3rd siege) 533:Torgau (2nd siege) 100:51.26944; 11.89444 46:Battle of Rossbach 33:Third Silesian War 26:Battle of Rossbach 3925:Conflicts in 1757 3897:978-0-1999-1099-1 3873:978-1-8417-6509-9 3845:978-0-2520-6966-6 3811:Antheneum, 1986. 3800:978-2-262-04746-7 3782:978-0-700616-24-4 3767:Citino, Robert M. 3745:978-1-910508-81-7 3713:. Penguin, 2016, 3702:978-0-2532-1707-3 3685:978-1-5988-4429-0 3668:978-0-2759-8502-8 3662:, Praeger, 2006. 3650:978-1-78303-479-6 3633:978-0-7864-7669-5 3627:McFarland, 2015 3603:Mayer, Johann von 3553:978-1-4728-0992-6 3466:978-3-939414-37-7 3414:German flood maps 3401:978-0-7864-7470-7 3368:978-0-6740-3196-8 3307:978-0-8129-8873-4 3269:978-1-85109-667-1 3253:978-1-1381-7111-4 3247:Routledge, 2014 3224:978-0-89919-352-6 3213:Asprey, Robert B. 3208:978-0-3074-2539-3 3085:Christopher Clark 2994:ABC-CLIO, 2010. 2988:Spencer C. Tucker 2951:Blanning, p. 236. 2876:, 19 August 2017. 2754:Mayer, Johann von 2696:German flood maps 2639:Anderson, p. 302. 2630:Anderson, p. 176. 2570:Blanning, p. 232. 2489:Blanning, p. 234. 2445:Duke Beauvilliers 2377:Explanatory notes 2198:Battlefield today 1784:Széchenyi Hussars 1659:emerges from the 1528:Situation in 1757 1485:Holy Roman Empire 1435:Battle of Leuthen 1423:Holy Roman Empire 1049: 1048: 984: 983: 882:Iberian Peninsula 588:Wittenberg (1760) 528:Wittenberg (1759) 476:Lutterberg (1762) 245: 244: 197:Prince de Soubise 166:Holy Roman Empire 118: 117: 3987: 3789: 3750:Carlisle, Thomas 3719:978-0-67405-8095 3708:Wilson, Peter H. 3690:Weigley, Russell 3578: 3560: 3488:978-0-5114-69008 3455: 3448:978-0-3068-03055 3437:Fuller, J. F. C. 3405: 3337: 3314: 3273: 3172: 3165: 3159: 3141: 3137: 3131: 3102: 3098: 3092: 3082: 3076: 3062: 3056: 3045: 3039: 3021: 3015: 3005: 2999: 2985: 2979: 2976: 2970: 2967: 2961: 2958: 2952: 2949: 2940: 2929: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2911: 2908: 2902: 2899: 2893: 2883: 2877: 2862: 2856: 2842: 2836: 2833: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2795: 2788: 2773: 2770: 2761: 2742: 2736: 2725: 2721: 2715: 2708: 2699: 2688:Reichardtswerben 2680: 2674: 2664: 2649: 2646: 2640: 2637: 2631: 2628: 2622: 2612: 2606: 2596: 2587: 2580:Robert B. Asprey 2577: 2571: 2568: 2562: 2552: 2546: 2524: 2518: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2487: 2478: 2472: 2448: 2441:Battle of Minden 2421: 2415: 2408: 2402: 2387: 2363: 2347: 2327: 2311: 2294: 2282: 2270: 2249: 2240: 2231: 2223: 2206:. The extensive 2164:flying artillery 1954:The Trap is set. 1894: 1866: 1848: 1836: 1827: 1735: 1723: 1711: 1699: 1665:Thuringian Basin 1555:war of attrition 1547:Battle of Prague 1545:May 1757 at the 1544: 1461:Seven Years' War 1455:Seven Years' War 1449:Seven Years' War 1403:Reichardtswerben 1391:Seven Years' War 1384: 1367: 1358: 1349: 1343: 1336: 1330: 1323: 1318: 1311: 1306: 1299: 1294: 1287: 1282: 1275: 1270: 1263: 1258: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1217: 1212: 1205: 1200: 1193: 1188: 1181: 1176: 1169: 1164: 1157: 1152: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1128: 1123: 1116: 1111: 1104: 1099: 1092: 1087: 1080: 1079: 1073: 1066: 1021: 1011: 1004: 997: 988: 987: 910:Naval Operations 781:Gross-Jägersdorf 497:Electoral Saxony 286: 285:European theatre 281: 280:Seven Years' War 271: 264: 257: 248: 247: 206: 205: 204: 195: 194: 193: 183: 182: 181: 164: 162: 161: 155: 151: 149: 148: 140: 136: 134: 133: 114:Prussian victory 106: 105: 103: 102: 101: 96: 92: 89: 88: 87: 84: 54: 53: 48:, unknown artist 43: 23: 22: 3995: 3994: 3990: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3985: 3984: 3950:Burgenlandkreis 3915: 3914: 3906: 3901: 3887:Nolan, Cathal. 3863:Millar, Simon. 3835:Jones, Archer. 3794:Perrin, 2009 3787: 3729: 3727:Further reading 3724: 3673:Tucker, Spencer 3593:Wayback Machine 3586:digital version 3576: 3558: 3547:Osprey, 2001, 3541:Marston, Daniel 3498:George Bancroft 3494:Kapp, Friedrich 3453: 3402: 3335: 3312: 3270: 3181: 3176: 3175: 3166: 3162: 3155:Wayback Machine 3139: 3138: 3134: 3120:Wayback Machine 3113:digital version 3100: 3099: 3095: 3083: 3079: 3063: 3059: 3046: 3042: 3022: 3018: 3006: 3002: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2943: 2930: 2926: 2922:Bodart, p. 220 2919: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2884: 2880: 2863: 2859: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2813: 2809:Bodart, p. 220. 2806: 2805: 2798: 2789: 2776: 2771: 2764: 2743: 2739: 2723: 2722: 2718: 2709: 2702: 2681: 2677: 2667:J. F. C. Fuller 2665: 2652: 2648:Marston, p. 41. 2647: 2643: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2625: 2613: 2609: 2597: 2590: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2565: 2553: 2549: 2525: 2521: 2511:Peter H. Wilson 2509: 2505: 2499:Clodfelter 2017 2497: 2493: 2488: 2481: 2473: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2451: 2435:(the father of 2422: 2418: 2409: 2405: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2367: 2364: 2355: 2348: 2339: 2328: 2319: 2312: 2298: 2295: 2286: 2283: 2274: 2271: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2221: 2200: 2128: 2093:Nine Years' War 2020: 1948: 1931: 1892: 1864: 1861: 1856: 1846: 1834: 1825: 1774:Johann von Mayr 1772:, with Colonel 1759:, arrived from 1739: 1736: 1727: 1724: 1715: 1712: 1703: 1700: 1648: 1640:attacked Berlin 1551:Battle of Kolín 1542: 1530: 1457: 1451: 1382: 1381:took place on 5 1375: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1365: 1363: 1356: 1354: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1333: 1331: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1117: 1114: 1112: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1074: 1067: 1059: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1045: 1022: 1017: 1015: 985: 980: 976:Cape Finisterre 764:4th Schweidnitz 744:3rd Schweidnitz 699:2nd Schweidnitz 674:1st Schweidnitz 319:Siege of Prague 287: 284: 279: 277: 275: 237: 225: 220: 202: 200: 199: 191: 189: 179: 177: 159: 157: 156: 146: 144: 131: 129: 99: 97: 93: 90: 85: 82: 80: 78: 77: 76: 60:5 November 1757 44: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3993: 3983: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3913: 3912: 3905: 3904:External links 3902: 3900: 3899: 3885: 3875: 3861: 3847: 3833: 3819: 3802: 3785: 3764: 3747: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3722: 3705: 3687: 3670: 3653: 3636: 3621: 3610: 3596: 3574: 3556: 3538: 3529: 3512: 3491: 3469: 3451: 3434: 3417: 3406: 3400: 3387: 3370: 3353: 3339:Bodart, Gaston 3333: 3310: 3292: 3274: 3268: 3255: 3238: 3227: 3210: 3196:Anderson, Fred 3193: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3173: 3160: 3132: 3093: 3077: 3057: 3040: 3016: 3000: 2980: 2971: 2962: 2953: 2941: 2931:Daniel Baugh, 2924: 2912: 2903: 2894: 2878: 2857: 2837: 2811: 2796: 2774: 2762: 2737: 2716: 2700: 2675: 2650: 2641: 2632: 2623: 2607: 2599:Daniel Marston 2588: 2572: 2563: 2547: 2519: 2503: 2491: 2479: 2477:, p. 772. 2459: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2449: 2416: 2403: 2381: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2368: 2365: 2358: 2356: 2349: 2342: 2340: 2329: 2322: 2320: 2313: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2299: 2296: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2265: 2263: 2199: 2196: 2127: 2124: 2097:other subjects 2019: 2016: 1947: 1944: 1930: 1927: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1741: 1740: 1737: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1694: 1692: 1684:Thomas Carlyle 1647: 1644: 1632:interior lines 1621:Prince Soubise 1599:Prince Charles 1595:Battle of Moys 1589:In Saxony and 1529: 1526: 1510:personal union 1491:and France in 1450: 1447: 1364: 1355: 1346: 1340: 1339: 1332: 1325: 1320: 1313: 1308: 1301: 1296: 1289: 1284: 1277: 1272: 1265: 1260: 1253: 1248: 1243: 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O. Lindsay 3473: 3470: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3452: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3322: 3317: 3311: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3295:Blanning, Tim 3293: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3277:Black, Jeremy 3275: 3271: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3241:Baugh, Daniel 3239: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3170: 3167:Google Maps. 3164: 3157: 3156: 3152: 3149: 3144: 3136: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3114: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3097: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3054: 3050: 3044: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3027: 3020: 3013: 3009: 3004: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2975: 2966: 2957: 2948: 2946: 2938: 2934: 2928: 2916: 2907: 2898: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2861: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2803: 2801: 2793: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2769: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2741: 2734: 2733: 2728: 2727:Gaston Bodart 2720: 2713: 2707: 2705: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2679: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2645: 2636: 2627: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2593: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2567: 2560: 2556: 2555:Fred Anderson 2551: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2531:J. O. Lindsay 2528: 2523: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2501:, p. 85. 2500: 2495: 2486: 2484: 2476: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2460: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2420: 2413: 2407: 2400: 2396: 2395:Freibatallion 2392: 2391:Freibatallion 2386: 2382: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2352:Geiseltal See 2346: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2326: 2321: 2317: 2316:Imperial Army 2314:In 1903, the 2310: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2293: 2288: 2281: 2276: 2269: 2264: 2261: 2260: 2259: 2257: 2251: 2244: 2235: 2225: 2217: 2214: 2209: 2205: 2195: 2192: 2186: 2184: 2183: 2182:coup de grâce 2178: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2151: 2140: 2136: 2134: 2133:military arts 2123: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2041: 2038: 2037:Gaston Bodart 2032: 2024: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2003: 2001: 1996: 1990: 1987: 1982: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1952: 1943: 1939: 1937: 1929:Opening moves 1926: 1923: 1920: 1910: 1906: 1903: 1899: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1851: 1843: 1838: 1832: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1808: 1806: 1796: 1792: 1790: 1785: 1781: 1780: 1779:Freibatallion 1775: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1734: 1729: 1722: 1717: 1710: 1705: 1698: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1661:Buntsandstein 1658: 1654: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1613: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1540: 1536: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1493:North America 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1459:Although the 1456: 1446: 1444: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1380: 1371: 1362: 1353: 1335: 1329: 1317: 1305: 1293: 1281: 1269: 1257: 1240: 1223: 1211: 1199: 1187: 1175: 1163: 1151: 1134: 1122: 1110: 1098: 1072: 1065: 1058: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1020: 1019:Silesian Wars 1012: 1007: 1005: 1000: 998: 993: 992: 989: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 936:Bay of Biscay 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 913: 912: 911: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 886: 885: 884: 883: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 855:Green Redoubt 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 830:Frisches Haff 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 792: 791: 790: 789: 782: 779: 777: 774: 773: 772: 771: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 666: 665: 664: 663: 656: 653: 651: 650:Berlin (1760) 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 622: 621: 620: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 543:Torgau (1759) 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 500: 499: 498: 492: 491:Cassel (1762) 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 461:Villinghausen 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 386:Sandershausen 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 363: 362: 361: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 296: 295: 290: 282: 272: 267: 265: 260: 258: 253: 252: 249: 240: 235: 234: 229: 223: 218: 217: 212: 209: 208:Prince Joseph 198: 188: 186: 176: 175: 170: 167: 154: 142: 139: 127: 126: 121: 113: 110: 109: 104: 75: 71: 67: 64: 63: 59: 56: 55: 51: 47: 42: 37: 34: 29: 24: 19: 3888: 3881: 3864: 3850: 3836: 3825: 3808: 3791: 3769: 3753: 3734: 3710: 3693: 3676: 3659: 3656:Stone, David 3641: 3624: 3617: 3606: 3579: 3562: 3544: 3532: 3518: 3501: 3479: 3457: 3439: 3423: 3391: 3376: 3359: 3345:Stern, 1908 3342: 3329: 3319: 3298: 3280: 3262:. ABC-CLIO. 3259: 3244: 3215: 3199: 3163: 3146: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3108: 3103: 3096: 3088: 3080: 3068: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3043: 3035: 3024: 3019: 3011: 3003: 2991: 2983: 2974: 2965: 2956: 2932: 2927: 2915: 2906: 2897: 2889: 2881: 2860: 2848: 2840: 2757: 2745: 2740: 2730: 2719: 2711: 2678: 2670: 2644: 2635: 2626: 2618: 2610: 2602: 2583: 2575: 2566: 2558: 2550: 2542: 2539:Jeremy Black 2534: 2522: 2514: 2506: 2494: 2419: 2406: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2255: 2253: 2245: 2236: 2233:Weissenfels. 2227: 2218: 2201: 2187: 2180: 2176:coup de main 2174: 2168: 2155: 2148: 2145: 2129: 2105: 2079: 2075: 2073: 2046: 2042: 2033: 2029: 2007: 2004: 1991: 1980: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1940: 1932: 1915: 1888: 1882: 1862: 1839: 1820: 1817:Großkorbetha 1809: 1801: 1777: 1753:Prince Henry 1742: 1673: 1649: 1629: 1610: 1588: 1571:East Prussia 1559: 1531: 1458: 1439: 1427: 1378: 1376: 961:Quiberon Bay 909: 908: 880: 879: 786: 785: 770:East Prussia 769: 768: 739:Cosel (1760) 704:Cosel (1758) 660: 659: 618: 617: 507: 496: 495: 471:Wilhelmsthal 359: 358: 293: 185:Frederick II 123:Belligerents 45: 31:Part of the 18: 3788:(in French) 3577:(In German) 3559:(In German) 3454:(In German) 3336:(In German) 3313:(In German) 3140:(in German) 3101:(in German) 2920:(in German) 2807:(in German) 2724:(in German) 2684:Braunsbedra 2615:David Stone 2475:Tucker 2009 2216:years old. 2108:Schweidnitz 2080:Reichsarmee 2076:Reichsarmee 2069:perruquiers 2008:Reichsarmee 1889:Reichsarmee 1821:Reichsarmee 1745:James Keith 1653:Weissenfels 1612:Reichsarmee 1564:, besieged 1419:Reichsarmee 759:Reichenbach 754:Burkersdorf 619:Brandenburg 603:Hilbersdorf 553:Hoyerswerda 513:Sonnenstein 446:Langensalza 421:2nd Münster 406:1st Münster 309:Alt-Bunzlau 304:Reichenberg 238:379 wounded 236:169 killed 98: / 3919:Categories 3878:Napoleon I 3472:Horn, D.B. 3321:Geschichte 3316:Burgwerben 3049:Article 16 2996:pp. 233–35 2853:pp. 227–33 2792:pp. 203–06 2156:coup d'œil 2150:coup d'œil 2126:Assessment 2085:Palatinate 2012:Franconian 1874:Branderoda 1813:Tagewerben 1805:Burgwerben 1669:A9 highway 1579:Königsberg 1409:, king of 951:Saint Cast 815:Fehrbellin 645:Kunersdorf 451:1st Cassel 396:Lutterberg 371:Hastenbeck 86:11°53′40″E 83:51°16′10″N 3859:253698521 3776:, 2005, 3762:174919338 3571:1432-3702 3527:610585185 3510:560546360 3385:558127476 3351:799884224 3289:0707-5332 2527:D.B. Horn 2455:Citations 2399:privateer 2336:Geiseltal 2262:Memorials 2213:vineyards 2208:open-cast 2152:militaire 2091:like the 2089:Louis XIV 2065:Rhineland 2018:Aftermath 1902:Pettstädt 1898:Zeuchfeld 1761:Magdeburg 1680:Merseburg 1603:Austrians 1502:George II 966:Belle Île 946:Cherbourg 931:Cartagena 926:Rochefort 850:Neuensund 805:Stralsund 788:Pomerania 749:Adelsbach 719:Landeshut 608:Erbisdorf 518:Hochkirch 486:Amöneburg 376:Rheinberg 339:Domstadtl 3589:Archived 3504:, 1859 3432:17329080 3151:Archived 3116:Archived 2790:Fuller, 2427:general 2160:dragoons 2120:Liegnitz 2057:Louis XV 2055:of King 2053:mistress 1850:action. 1776:and his 1676:Rossbach 1516:and the 1395:Rossbach 1086:125miles 875:Neukalen 840:Pasewalk 734:Liegnitz 714:Neustadt 694:Liegnitz 635:Zorndorf 613:Freiberg 558:Sackwitz 508:Rossbach 456:Grünberg 299:Lobositz 226:114 guns 214:Strength 70:Rossbach 65:Location 3478:, ed., 2533:, ed., 2412:withers 2389:Mayr's 2332:lignite 2204:lignite 2116:Leuthen 1986:echelon 1919:captain 1878:Mücheln 1749:Leipzig 1747:was in 1663:of the 1617:Breslau 1591:Silesia 1539:Bohemia 1498:rivalry 1489:Britain 1477:Silesia 1431:Breslau 1411:Prussia 1139:Dresden 956:Britain 941:St Malo 921:Minorca 889:Almeida 865:Gollnow 684:Leuthen 679:Breslau 662:Silesia 630:Küstrin 578:Strehla 573:Dresden 568:Meissen 548:Korbitz 481:Nauheim 436:Warburg 431:Emsdorf 426:Corbach 381:Krefeld 366:Geldern 354:Teplitz 344:Olomouc 221:79 guns 138:Prussia 3895: 3871: 3857: 3843: 3815: 3798: 3780: 3760: 3743: 3717: 3700: 3683: 3666: 3648: 3631: 3569: 3551: 3525: 3508: 3486: 3464: 3446: 3430: 3398: 3383: 3366: 3349: 3305: 3287: 3266: 3251: 3222: 3206: 3073:p. 577 2937:p. 275 2248: 2239: 2230: 2222: 2051:, the 2000:charge 1893: 1865: 1854:Battle 1847: 1835: 1826: 1770:Lützen 1543: 1535:Saxony 1415:French 1383: 1368: 1366: 1359: 1357: 1350: 1348: 1342: 1245:Prague 1036:Second 904:Marvão 860:Gülzow 825:Güstow 810:Tornow 800:Anklam 795:Demmin 709:Neisse 655:Gostyn 625:Berlin 598:Döbeln 593:Torgau 411:Minden 401:Bergen 334:Holitz 314:Prague 224:41,110 219:22,000 163: 153:France 150: 135: 111:Result 74:Saxony 1995:copse 1981:mêlée 1869:Bedra 1657:Saale 1566:Memel 1084:200km 1041:Third 1031:First 971:Cádiz 776:Memel 724:Glatz 563:Maxen 503:Pirna 466:Ölper 416:Fulda 329:Gabel 324:Kolín 3893:ISBN 3869:ISBN 3855:OCLC 3841:ISBN 3830:XVII 3813:ISBN 3796:ISBN 3778:ISBN 3758:OCLC 3741:ISBN 3715:ISBN 3698:ISBN 3681:ISBN 3664:ISBN 3646:ISBN 3629:ISBN 3567:ISSN 3549:ISBN 3523:OCLC 3506:OCLC 3484:ISBN 3462:ISBN 3444:ISBN 3428:OCLC 3396:ISBN 3381:OCLC 3364:ISBN 3347:OCLC 3303:ISBN 3285:ISSN 3264:ISBN 3249:ISBN 3220:ISBN 3204:ISBN 2686:and 2112:fall 1946:Trap 1845:of 5 1623:and 1377:The 870:Spie 669:Moys 391:Meer 57:Date 3772:, 1619:. 1601:'s 640:Kay 3921:: 3824:. 3807:. 3752:. 3692:. 3675:. 3658:. 3616:, 3605:, 3601:. 3595:). 3543:. 3517:. 3500:. 3496:, 3422:. 3412:, 3375:. 3358:. 3341:. 3328:. 3324:. 3318:. 3297:. 3243:. 3198:. 3188:, 3145:. 3087:, 3067:, 3051:, 3034:, 3010:, 2990:, 2944:^ 2888:, 2847:, 2814:^ 2799:^ 2777:^ 2765:^ 2756:, 2752:, 2729:, 2703:^ 2694:, 2669:, 2653:^ 2617:, 2601:, 2591:^ 2582:, 2557:, 2513:, 2482:^ 2463:^ 2258:. 2135:. 2002:. 1791:. 1763:. 1597:, 1557:. 1524:. 1216:10 1204:11 1192:12 1180:13 1168:14 1156:15 1144:16 1127:17 1115:18 1103:19 1091:20 72:, 3832:. 3784:. 3721:. 3704:. 3652:. 3635:. 3573:. 3555:. 3490:. 3468:. 3450:. 3404:. 3309:. 3291:. 3272:. 3226:. 3075:. 3028:. 2998:. 2939:. 2855:. 2794:. 2447:. 2220:9 1322:1 1310:2 1298:3 1286:4 1274:5 1262:6 1250:7 1233:8 1228:9 1010:e 1003:t 996:v 283:: 270:e 263:t 256:v

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Knowledge

Battle of Rossbach

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