197:
178:
135:
1416:
155:
109:
1202:
208:
123:
37:
166:
97:
1501:
1223:
1251:
1209:
1237:
1424:
however, a group of French cavalry managed to work their way round the southern side of
Montecuccoli's position, threatening to cut him off from the rest of the Imperial-Bavarian army. Melander himself dashed back to rescue the rearguard, and in the resulting melee the general was shot in the chest and killed.
1484:
in southern
Bavaria and reorganized the defense together with Piccolomini. The latter improved his men's morale by bringing 3,100 reinforcements and using his own money to pay the arrears in their wages. Wrangel and Turenne, unable to advance further, started to retire their troops. Piccolomini went
1432:. Later that afternoon the French vanguard appeared and made a couple of probing attacks across the river, but they lacked the strength to mount a serious assault (most of the Franco-Swedish army was still strung out along the road from Ulm) and night fell before these forces could become available.
1423:
The battle began at 7 AM on 17 May, when
Montecuccoli's troops in Zusmarshausen came under attack from the Swedish vanguard. Montecuccoli held off the Swedish attacks for an hour before ordering his men to pull back eastward to the village of Herpfenried, where they mounted another stand. This time,
1435:
Under cover of darkness
Gronsfeld abandoned the makeshift earthworks on the Schmutter and completed the retreat to Augsburg. The losses of the Imperial-Bavarian army were 1,582 dead or wounded, 315 prisoners, 6 field guns, parts of the baggage and the fallen commander von Holzappel but the bulk of
1381:
and then swung east to confront
Melander and Gronsfeld in Bavaria. By this point disease and desertion had whittled the Imperial-Bavarians down to 16,000 men, and they therefore found themselves outnumbered by a ratio of around 3:2. Moreover, Melander was under orders from
1386:
not to risk his army, as a decisive defeat could have drastic consequences for the peace negotiations in
Westphalia. He therefore decided to retreat again rather than confront Wrangel and Turenne, and ordered his troops to pull out of Ulm and march eastward toward
1448:
river against the enemy. Yet after receiving a (highly exaggerated) report that the Swedes were fording the river on 26 May, he deemed his forces too weak to push them back. An
Imperial-Bavarian war council decided to retreat to
1365:
to leave his territory, and
Melander was eventually compelled to retreat to avoid being caught between the French and Swedish armies. Wrangel and Turenne were therefore able to join forces and push southeast into
1427:
Montecuccoli managed to extricate his surviving men from
Herpfenried around midday, and at 2 PM he rejoined Gronsfeld and the rest of the army, which had assumed a defensive position on the east bank of the
1314:
There were four armies involved in the
Zusmarshausen campaign. On one side was the main Imperial field army of 10,000 men commanded by Peter Melander Graf von Holzappel, and a Bavarian force of 14,000 under
1289:
to negotiate a peace treaty in 1646, but while the peace talks were in progress the opposing powers continued to jockey for position in order to improve their respective positions in the negotiations. The
1316:
212:
1461:
was indeed furious that Gronsfeld had abandoned so much of Bavaria without a fight, and arrested him on 3 June. His interim successor became Feldzeugmeister Hunolstein while the imperials assigned
1493:
in command instead of Hunolstein. Back to 24,000 strength and about equally numbered to Swedes and French, Piccolomini slowly manoeuvred them out of Bavaria, even achieving a minor victory at
460:
621:
694:
733:
646:
636:
631:
989:
895:
296:
758:
351:
793:
977:
711:
885:
763:
1480:
Despite the army being shrunk by desertions to at one point only 10,000 men, Hunolstein prevented Wrangel from crossing the fortified and heavily swollen river
905:
1190:, and was also the largest battle (in terms of numbers of men involved; casualties were relatively light) to take place in the final three years of the war.
965:
699:
477:
815:
626:
1494:
1465:
as supreme commander. Their opponents' retreat allowed Wrangel and Turenne to advance across southern Bavaria and to plunder the area between Lech and
1331:
1164:
1026:
855:
825:
465:
159:
1828:
723:
542:
1543:
Montecuccoli later became one of the Habsburg Monarchy's most accomplished generals, and he and Turenne met again as opposing commanders in the
289:
1779:
1818:
1321:
217:
1648:
1179:. The allied force emerged victorious, and the Imperial army was only rescued from annihilation by the stubborn rearguard fighting of
994:
282:
1201:
1362:
1131:
1748:
1848:
1264:
970:
1654:...and at the battle of Zusmarshausen in 1648 his stubborn rearguard fighting rescued the imperialists from annihilation
1540:
of Prag until news of the peace treaty arrived on 5 November, followed by an imperial relief force sent by Piccolomini.
1767:
394:
1843:
1823:
1156:
1094:
1006:
182:
1513:
1458:
1415:
651:
556:
1642:
1302:, and also to make the most of the war while it lasted by invading and plundering the rich Habsburg province of
982:
778:
1069:
798:
414:
1357:. Melander attempted to prevent his two enemies from combining, but the obstructionism of his ostensible ally
955:
658:
1454:
1392:
1358:
1306:, which was one of the few parts of the Empire to have been left largely untouched by the fighting so far.
925:
890:
571:
533:
845:
716:
663:
641:
1504:
Raimondo Montecuccoli, generally considered as rescuer of the imperial army. He later became one of the
1838:
1079:
1054:
482:
419:
1532:
river continued even after the final conclusion of the negotiations in MĂĽnster and OsnabrĂĽck with the
611:
1109:
596:
523:
508:
1512:
However, the Swedes took advantage of the weakened defences in Bohemia; a second Swedish army under
1485:
on the offensive in July, harassing the enemy without being drawn into a pitched battle. In August,
870:
704:
1114:
915:
601:
551:
424:
356:
1833:
1525:
1074:
1038:
1016:
689:
518:
503:
361:
1099:
1031:
950:
788:
470:
379:
860:
1396:
1383:
1180:
1148:
1104:
960:
768:
753:
748:
738:
586:
498:
399:
201:
930:
850:
1652:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 764–765, midway down.
1419:
The River Schmutter, along which the Imperials made their stand in the afternoon of 17 May.
1274:
1187:
1084:
945:
910:
880:
830:
728:
434:
389:
384:
346:
306:
28:
1277:
were exhausted by three decades of brutal fighting. Delegates had already convened in the
1186:
Zusmarshausen was the last major battle of the war to be fought on German soil during the
455:
8:
1533:
1490:
1462:
1327:
1168:
1160:
1089:
1064:
773:
743:
679:
616:
439:
429:
370:
170:
935:
409:
1641:
920:
840:
820:
591:
606:
1763:
1744:
1537:
1505:
1299:
1295:
1152:
810:
576:
561:
528:
404:
336:
196:
177:
154:
140:
114:
1544:
1486:
1001:
940:
900:
875:
865:
805:
566:
513:
341:
186:
1059:
835:
783:
684:
331:
322:
1291:
1021:
581:
101:
1521:
1378:
1812:
1794:
1781:
1637:
1517:
1489:
arrived from Bohemia with additional 6,000 cavalry whereas the Bavarians put
1404:
274:
60:
1445:
1354:
36:
1497:
on 6 October and clearing Bavaria from enemy troops between Inn and Lech.
1286:
1481:
1500:
1450:
1361:
hindered his movements, prohibiting the Westphalian army under General
1278:
1282:
1429:
1367:
1294:
in particular were keen to win a final decisive victory against the
1474:
1470:
1388:
1374:, where he was subsequently joined by Gronsfeld's Bavarian troops.
64:
1303:
1176:
1172:
207:
128:
68:
1370:, forcing Melander to retreat into Bavaria, and specifically to
1529:
1346:
1338:
1337:
Wrangel began the 1648 campaign by leaving the Swedish base at
448:
Transylvanian invasions of Hungary (1619–1621, 1623–1624, 1626)
165:
96:
1741:
Das Ende des Dreißigjährigen Krieges. Strategie und Kriegsbild
1400:
1350:
1342:
1457:
objected the decision, anticipating the elector's reaction.
1524:
district of Prague by surprise on 25 July. Their following
1466:
1371:
1326:. Opposing them was the 20,000-strong Swedish army under
1722:
Europe's Tragedy: A New History of the Thirty Years War
1701:
1695:
Europe's Tragedy: A New History of the Thirty Years War
1680:
Europe's Tragedy: A New History of the Thirty Years War
1659:
1624:
Europe's Tragedy: A New History of the Thirty Years War
1575:
Europe's Tragedy: A New History of the Thirty Years War
1536:
on 24 October. The Swedes failed to capture the larger
1444:
Gronsfeld intended to hold a defensive position at the
1377:
In May the Franco-Swedish army advanced southward into
1159:
and an allied Franco-Swedish army under the command of
1586:
1584:
1330:, and a French army of 6,000 men commanded by Marshal
1298:
in order to secure territorial concessions within the
1547:, first in the 1673 campaign and then again in 1675.
1596:
1581:
1399:to perform a rearguard action at a bridge over the
1391:. To cover the retreat he detached a force of 2000
1353:to meet him, the plan being to join forces on the
1713:
1810:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1760:1001 Battles That Changed the Course of History
1273:By the late 1640s all the belligerents in the
304:
1686:
1671:
1608:
1557:
1345:, while simultaneously Turenne advanced from
290:
297:
283:
35:
1334:, France's ablest general of the period.
1317:Jost Maximilian von Bronckhorst-Gronsfeld
213:Jost Maximilian von Bronckhorst-Gronsfeld
1643:"Montecucculi, Raimondo, Count of"
1636:
1499:
1414:
105:
1829:Battles involving the Holy Roman Empire
1359:Archbishop-Elector Ferdinand of Cologne
1811:
1719:
1692:
1677:
1621:
1572:
1757:
1738:
1707:
1665:
1602:
1590:
1453:, only Gronsfeld's second-in-command
1222:
278:
16:1648 battle of the Thirty Years' War
13:
1724:. Penguin Books. pp. 744–747.
1697:. Penguin Books. pp. 743–744.
1682:. Penguin Books. pp. 741–743.
1626:. Penguin Books. pp. 740–741.
1577:. Penguin Books. pp. 738–740.
1250:
1208:
1147:was fought on 17 May 1648 between
14:
1860:
1526:siege of the Old and the New Town
672:Swedish-French Period (1635–1648)
1819:Battles of the Thirty Years' War
1459:Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria
1249:
1235:
1221:
1207:
1200:
543:Swedish intervention (1630–1635)
206:
195:
176:
164:
153:
133:
121:
107:
95:
1508:'s most distinguished generals.
491:Danish intervention (1625–1629)
371:Palatinate campaign (1620–1623)
1630:
1236:
1:
1550:
1193:
1743:. Köln/Weimar/Wien: Böhlau.
1439:
1349:and marched north along the
183:Peter Melander von Holzappel
7:
1849:Military history of Bavaria
323:Bohemian Revolt (1618–1620)
10:
1865:
1732:
1341:and marching south up the
1309:
1528:at the other side of the
1410:
1403:river, in the village of
1127:
316:
258:
225:
146:
88:
43:
34:
26:
21:
1844:Battles involving Sweden
1824:Battles involving France
1649:Encyclopædia Britannica
1145:Battle of Zusmarshausen
22:Battle of Zusmarshausen
1720:Wilson, Peter (2010).
1693:Wilson, Peter (2010).
1678:Wilson, Peter (2010).
1622:Wilson, Peter (2010).
1573:Wilson, Peter (2010).
1509:
1469:where the Swedes took
1420:
1268:Bavaria, key locations
147:Commanders and leaders
80:French-Swedish victory
1758:Grant, R. G. (2017).
1739:Höfer, Ernst (1998).
1503:
1418:
1397:Raimondo Montecuccoli
1384:Emperor Ferdinand III
1181:Raimondo Montecuccoli
259:Casualties and losses
202:Raimondo Montecuccoli
1265:class=notpageimage|
514:Lutter am Barenberge
1795:48.4002°N 10.5967°E
1791: /
1762:. Chartwell Books.
1710:, pp. 221–226.
1668:, pp. 200–203.
1534:Peace of Westphalia
1491:Adrian von Enkevort
1463:Ottavio Piccolomini
1436:the force escaped.
1328:Carl Gustaf Wrangel
1161:Carl Gustaf Wrangel
171:Carl Gustaf Wrangel
1510:
1421:
160:Vicomte de Turenne
1839:Conflicts in 1648
1750:978-3-412-04297-4
1506:Habsburg monarchy
1300:Holy Roman Empire
1296:Habsburg monarchy
1275:Thirty Years' War
1188:Thirty Years' War
1183:and his cavalry.
1169:Augsburg district
1140:
1139:
1122:
1121:
664:Strasbourg Bridge
308:Thirty Years' War
273:
272:
141:Holy Roman Empire
84:
83:
29:Thirty Years' War
1856:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1800:48.4002; 10.5967
1796:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1773:
1754:
1726:
1725:
1717:
1711:
1705:
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1634:
1628:
1627:
1619:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1579:
1578:
1570:
1545:Franco-Dutch War
1487:Johann von Werth
1325:
1253:
1252:
1239:
1238:
1225:
1224:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1100:2nd Saint Martin
1095:Cape St. Vincent
1070:1st Saint Martin
1035:
998:
986:
974:
802:
720:
708:
655:
534:'s-Hertogenbosch
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1244:
1240:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1196:
1153:Imperial forces
1141:
1136:
1135:
1123:
1110:Colberger Heide
1029:
992:
980:
968:
891:2nd Breitenfeld
796:
769:2nd Rheinfelden
714:
702:
649:
642:1st Rheinfelden
572:1st Breitenfeld
552:Swedish landing
483:Vlach uprisings
468:
312:
307:
305:
303:
268:
215:
205:
204:
194:
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187:
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94:
72:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1862:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1834:1648 in France
1831:
1826:
1821:
1775:
1774:
1769:978-0785835530
1768:
1755:
1749:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1712:
1700:
1685:
1670:
1658:
1640:, ed. (1911).
1638:Chisholm, Hugh
1629:
1607:
1605:, p. 195.
1595:
1593:, p. 344.
1580:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1441:
1438:
1412:
1409:
1395:cavalry under
1311:
1308:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1167:in the modern
1138:
1137:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
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1092:
1087:
1082:
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1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
987:
975:
963:
958:
956:2nd Nördlingen
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
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873:
868:
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853:
848:
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833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
709:
697:
692:
690:Schenkenschans
687:
682:
674:
673:
669:
668:
667:
666:
661:
659:1st Nördlingen
656:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
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569:
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531:
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463:
458:
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427:
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415:Bergen op Zoom
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
374:
373:
367:
366:
365:
364:
359:
357:White Mountain
354:
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301:
294:
287:
279:
271:
270:
265:
261:
260:
256:
255:
254:
253:
250:
249:8,150 infantry
245:15,370–18,000
242:
241:
240:
239:14,500 cavalry
237:
236:7,500 infantry
228:
227:
223:
222:
173:
149:
148:
144:
143:
118:
91:
90:
86:
85:
82:
81:
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73:
59:
57:
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49:
41:
40:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1861:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
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1830:
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1825:
1822:
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1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1425:
1417:
1408:
1406:
1405:Zusmarshausen
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1318:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1229:Zusmarshausen
1203:
1191:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:von Holzappel
1154:
1150:
1146:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
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1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1047:Naval battles
1046:
1045:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1017:Wevelinghoven
1015:
1013:
1012:Zusmarshausen
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
996:
991:
990:HohentĂĽbingen
988:
984:
979:
976:
972:
967:
964:
962:
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747:
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734:2nd Magdeburg
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
718:
713:
710:
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698:
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695:Ray-sur-SaĂ´ne
693:
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678:
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675:
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541:
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510:
507:
505:
504:Dessau Bridge
502:
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472:
467:
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406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
380:Bad Kreuznach
378:
377:
376:
375:
372:
369:
368:
363:
362:Neu Titschein
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
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329:
328:
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288:
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266:
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252:7,220 cavalry
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238:
235:
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145:
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130:
119:
116:
103:
98:
93:
92:
87:
79:
76:
75:
70:
67:(present-day
66:
62:
61:Zusmarshausen
58:
55:
54:
50:
47:
46:
42:
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
1776:
1759:
1740:
1721:
1715:
1703:
1694:
1688:
1679:
1673:
1661:
1653:
1647:
1632:
1623:
1598:
1574:
1542:
1511:
1479:
1443:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1376:
1336:
1313:
1272:
1185:
1144:
1142:
1130:
1075:Lizard Point
1011:
926:Philippsburg
896:2nd Freiberg
871:WolfenbĂĽttel
816:1st Freiberg
811:2nd Breisach
789:Wittenweiher
779:FuenterrabĂa
637:1st Breisach
622:Pfaffenhofen
244:
231:
188:
89:Belligerents
27:Part of the
1798: /
1522:Malá Strana
1514:Königsmarck
1379:WĂĽrttemberg
1320: [
1279:Westphalian
1030: [
993: [
981: [
969: [
951:Mergentheim
886:Schweidnitz
797: [
715: [
703: [
650: [
469: [
435:Frankenthal
400:Mingolsheim
267:1,897–2,200
216: [
51:17 May 1648
1813:Categories
1786:10°35′48″E
1783:48°24′01″N
1708:Höfer 1998
1666:Höfer 1998
1603:Höfer 1998
1591:Grant 2017
1551:References
1455:Hunolstein
1451:Ingolstadt
1355:River Main
1281:cities of
1257:Tuttlingen
1215:Nördlingen
1194:Background
1105:Lister Dyb
966:Korneuburg
911:Tuttlingen
881:Honnecourt
831:Thionville
774:Saint Omer
729:Tornavento
602:Alte Veste
587:Maastricht
461:Érsekújvár
420:Heidelberg
347:Wisternitz
1516:took the
1440:Aftermath
1430:Schmutter
1368:Franconia
1287:OsnabrĂĽck
1090:The Downs
1065:The Slaak
1055:Gibraltar
978:Totenhöhe
961:3rd Hulst
861:La Marfée
749:2nd Breda
744:Wittstock
712:HaselĂĽnne
680:Les Avins
617:Oldendorf
592:Nuremberg
562:Magdeburg
557:Frankfurt
524:Stralsund
509:Oldenzaal
440:Stadtlohn
390:Bacharach
385:Oppenheim
1538:Old Town
1520:and the
1475:Landshut
1471:Freising
1393:Croatian
1389:Augsburg
1149:Bavarian
1132:Treaties
946:2nd Brno
931:JĂĽterbog
921:Freiburg
906:1st Brno
851:PreĂźnitz
846:MontjuĂŻc
841:Cambrils
821:Chemnitz
647:Liegnitz
632:Konstanz
597:Wiesloch
430:Mannheim
226:Strength
65:Augsburg
56:Location
1733:Sources
1332:Turenne
1310:Prelude
1304:Bohemia
1283:MĂĽnster
1177:Germany
1173:Bavaria
1165:Turenne
1115:Fehmarn
1085:Channel
1080:Dunkirk
916:Kolding
866:Dorsten
759:Leipzig
627:Steinau
577:Bamberg
529:Wolgast
519:Groenlo
478:HodonĂn
456:Humenné
425:Fleurus
405:Wimpfen
352:Bautzen
337:Lomnice
232:22,000
189:†
129:Bavaria
69:Germany
63:, near
1766:
1747:
1530:Vltava
1518:castle
1495:Dachau
1411:Battle
1363:Lamboy
1347:Alsace
1339:Bremen
1292:Swedes
1243:Munich
1155:under
1039:Prague
1027:Dachau
1007:Naples
1002:Triebl
941:Jankau
936:Bysjön
901:Rocroi
876:Kempen
856:Plauen
836:Salses
826:Melnik
806:Vlotho
700:Dömitz
685:Leuven
612:LĂĽtzen
567:Werben
466:Tyrnau
410:Höchst
395:JĂĽlich
342:Sablat
332:Pilsen
269:6 Guns
185:
138:
126:
115:France
112:
102:Sweden
77:Result
1401:Zusam
1351:Rhine
1343:Weser
1324:]
1060:Genoa
1034:]
997:]
985:]
973:]
801:]
794:Thann
784:Kallo
764:Hanau
754:Venlo
739:Somme
719:]
707:]
654:]
607:FĂĽrth
499:Breda
473:]
220:]
1764:ISBN
1745:ISBN
1473:and
1467:Isar
1446:Lech
1285:and
1163:and
1143:The
1022:Lens
724:Raon
582:Rain
48:Date
1482:Inn
1372:Ulm
1171:of
264:500
1815::
1646:.
1610:^
1583:^
1559:^
1477:.
1407:.
1322:de
1175:,
1032:de
995:de
983:de
971:de
799:de
717:de
705:de
652:de
471:de
218:de
1772:.
1753:.
1151:-
298:e
291:t
284:v
71:)
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