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1643:. Soult tried to crack down on looting, hanging offenders and even shooting a much-decorated captain, but he was unable to stop it. As one historian noted, "The civilians soon came to the conclusion that only a swift allied victory could save their countryside." Consequently, Wellington had little to fear from French guerrilla action.
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Storms and torrential rain precluded any further action for two months. Eventually, between 23 and 27 February, Wellington cut off
Bayonne by crossing the mouth of the Adour west of the city. Leaving Hope to seal up the 17,000-strong French garrison, Wellington relentlessly pursued Soult and the rest
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the previous month, went over in their entirety from the French to the Allies. A third battalion from Baden, which did not join the defection, was disarmed the following day. This event subtracted 2,000 infantry from the French army. The defection was orchestrated by the Prince of Orange, through his
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Both sides lost around 1,600 troops before Soult called off the assault. Of these, the Anglo-Allies lost 500 captured, the largest total of any one day of fighting under
Wellington. Clausel turned in an unusually uninspired performance on 10 December. Sporadic clashes occurred over the next two days
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The picket line on Hope's left flank was quickly gobbled up by Reille's attack and 200 men captured. For the most part, the
Portuguese held sturdily, but one unit was broken by French cavalry. Fighting their way back to Barroilhet, the Portuguese held onto the village and awaited reinforcements. The
1651:
Soult's strategy was masterful. Twice he fell upon isolated allied forces in greatly superior strength. As usual, his tactical direction left a lot to be desired. Wellington can be criticized for not anticipating Soult's moves and being away from the critical point in both battles. Wellington spoke
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On the night of 12 December, a temporary pontoon bridge over the Nive at
Villefranque was washed away. This isolated Hill's 14,000 men and 10 guns on the east bank of the river, just as the French were reorganizing for an assault. The nearest bridge was at Ustaritz, which meant that the Reserve had
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advance soon came upon the ridge of
Arcangues, topped by a chateau and a church. After one attack was beaten off with ease by the 4,000 men of the Light Division, Clausel settled down to a futile artillery bombardment and probing attacks against the very strongly built structures. Aylmer's brigade
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The rivers and the Bay of Biscay near
Bayonne form a rough Greek letter Pi (π). The left vertical leg is the coast, the right vertical leg is the Nive and the crossbar is the Adour. Bayonne is located where the Nive joins the Adour. Initially, Wellington's army was confined to the area between the
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However, after the arrival of reinforcements under
Wellington, the French troops refused to continue the attack. The French near-mutiny forced Soult to reluctantly retreat into Bayonne, having lost 3,000 men against Anglo-Portuguese losses of 1,750. The Allied army commander rode up to his
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Foot) with him. Soult outnumbered Hill's corps by three-to-one. Defending a line between Petit
Mouguerre (Elizaberry) and the Nive, the Allied corps held on for hours in a bitter fight. The capable Hill performed superbly, feeding in his few reserves with skill and exhorting his troops.
1627:, Spanish troops had indulged in plundering French civilians. Accordingly, he took pains to send most of his Spanish units back to their home country, rightly concerned that they would inflict the same atrocities on French civilians that their own had suffered from
1581:
Seizing his opportunity, Soult rapidly switched six divisions and 22 guns to the east bank of the Nive and attacked Hill. Though delayed by congestion at the bridge over the Adour, Soult's attack against the
British positions on the ridge around
1444:. Soult, a wily strategist, understood this and tried to take advantage of the situation. By moving the French army through the fortified city of Bayonne, Soult could easily switch his army from one bank of the Nive to the other.
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Bay of Biscay and the Nive. To gain room to manoeuvre, the
British general had to establish his army on the east bank of the Nive. Wellington's dilemma was that by separating two wings of his army, he would leave himself open to
1634:
As it happened, the French troops, hardened by years of plundering foreign civilians, began to despoil their own citizens. Actually, despite their French citizenship, the inhabitants south and east of Bayonne were
1631:'s armies. At first, only Pablo Morillo's division was brought forward because it depended on the British payroll and supply train. As in Spain, Wellington harshly punished any British soldiers caught marauding.
1522:
brigades north of Barroilhet. The ravine-filled terrain forced the French into these three corridors of attack. The 5th Division lay three miles to the rear while the 1st Division and Lord Aylmer's independent
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Soult launched a counter-attack with eight divisions against Hope the following day, and despite several fierce actions the British line held until reinforced by more troops coming up from
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truthfully when he later said, "I will tell you the difference between Soult and me: when he gets into a difficulty, his troops don't get him out of it; mine always do."
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to march three times farther than if the washed-out bridge had been intact.
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and 7th Divisions. About 630 casualties were suffered in these operations.
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5th Division arrived, but, due to a staff blunder, was low on ammunition.
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on 9 December. Meanwhile, the remainder of the British force under Hope (
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Despite poor weather, Hill led five Anglo-Portuguese divisions (the
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if Hill has begun to swear, they all must mind what they are about
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though neither side was willing to initiate a full-scale attack.
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Battles before Bayonne, or Battles of the Nive, Dec, 10–13, 1813
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Map showing the Battle of the Nive. (North to the bottom-right.)
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subordinate and congratulated him, "Hill, the day's your own."
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A History of the Peninsular War: August 1813 – April 14 1814.
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for the most part, often unable to speak and/or understand
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1375:(9–13 December 1813) were fought towards the end of the
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1602:. When Wellington heard about it he remarked that "
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1381:Arthur Wellesley, Marquess of Wellington
32:This article includes a list of general
1993:. London : Arms and Armour Press.
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1416:Campaign in south-west France (1814)
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868:First invasion of Portugal 1807–1808
105:A map of the 1813 Battle of the Nive
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1970:. Wien und Leipzig, C. W. Stern.
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1937:: CS1 maint: date and year (
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2023:. New York, Harper & Row
2015:Longford, Elizabeth (1970).
1870:The Peninsular War 1807-1814
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1964:Bodart, Gaston (1908).
1924:Encyclopædia Britannica
1555:Eugene-Casimir Villatte
861:War of the Oranges 1801
825:Sant Llorenç de la Muga
53:more precise citations.
1914:"Peninsular War"
1724:at very close range, .
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1683:(1911) article on the
1662:The Battle of the Nive
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335:Location within Europe
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1950:, London: Greenhill,
1946:Smith, Digby (1998),
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2115:December 1813 events
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1573:Battle of St. Pierre
1546:arrived about 2 pm.
1365: current battle
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548:Campaign of France
249:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
152:43.4563°N 1.4892°W
117:9–13 December 1813
86:Battle of the Nive
2047:Media related to
1933:cite encyclopedia
1777:, pp. 26–53.
1695:Explanatory notes
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377:Peninsular War
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1879:0-14-139041-7
1875:
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1831:, p. 96.
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1829:Robinson 1911
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640:Gué-à-Tresmes
638:
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623:
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424:San Sebastián
421:
419:
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397:
394:
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389:
388:
385:
378:
370:
365:
363:
358:
356:
351:
350:
347:
333:
317:
308:
302:
298:600 captured
295:
294:
289:
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273:
262:
257:
252:
250:
245:
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204:
199:
197:
196:French Empire
192:
187:
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173:
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167:
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161:
132:
131:French Empire
128:
124:
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108:
102:
97:
94:
89:
84:
81:
73:
70:
62:
59:November 2014
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2025:. Retrieved
2018:
2004:. Retrieved
1988:
1966:
1947:
1922:
1899:
1888:
1869:
1848:
1836:
1809:
1797:
1770:
1758:
1716:
1703:
1688:
1680:
1678:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1659:
1656:Nomenclature
1650:
1633:
1622:
1613:
1603:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1580:
1576:
1567:
1559:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1529:
1509:
1502:
1494:7th Division
1459:
1438:
1419:
1400:Rowland Hill
1397:
1372:
1370:
1166:
1128:Roncesvalles
961:Trant's raid
722:
696:
679:
645:Saint-Julien
595:
485:
442:Roncesvalles
429:
422:
405:
305:500 captured
272:Luís do Rego
183:Belligerents
91:Part of the
80:
65:
56:
37:
1853:Glover 2001
1841:Glover 2001
1802:Glover 2001
1790:Glover 2001
1751:Bodart 1908
1674:of the Nive
1553:Soult sent
1486:Lord Aylmer
1088:Tordesillas
1078:Majadahonda
1058:3rd Badajoz
1033:2nd Badajoz
1023:1st Badajoz
1001:2nd Almeida
951:1st Almeida
830:Villelongue
603:Champaubert
586:La Rothière
471:San Marcial
155: /
51:introducing
2059:Categories
2019:Wellington
1862:References
1763:Smith 1998
1670:The Battle
1647:Commentary
1619:Guerrillas
1520:Portuguese
1484:brigades,
1482:Portuguese
1428:along the
1410:Background
1093:San Millan
986:Casal Novo
820:2nd Boulou
650:Laubressel
608:Montmirail
401:San Millan
140:43°27′23″N
34:references
1814:Oman 1930
1610:Aftermath
1600:profanity
1404:John Hope
1073:Salamanca
946:River Côa
934:2nd Porto
919:1st Porto
630:Montereau
618:Vauchamps
172:Coalition
143:1°29′21″W
1983:Chandler
1775:Hay 2015
1629:Napoleon
1466:Ustaritz
1436:rivers.
1280:Toulouse
1194:Overseas
1182:Toulouse
1157:Bidassoa
1133:Sorauren
1118:Pyrenees
1108:Pamplona
1043:El Bodón
981:Condeixa
924:Amarante
786:Portugal
738:Toulouse
713:Bidassoa
675:Limonest
506:Toulouse
476:Bidassoa
447:Sorauren
431:Pyrenees
418:Pamplona
300:16 guns
278:Strength
219:Portugal
122:Location
1921:(ed.),
1525:British
1490:British
1426:Bayonne
1422:Nivelle
1389:Spanish
1263:Bayonne
1258:30miles
1187:Bayonne
1162:Nivelle
1138:Lizasso
1098:Vitoria
1063:Almaraz
1028:Barrosa
996:Sabugal
976:Redinha
956:Bussaco
895:Vimeiro
840:Bascara
835:Capmany
788:in the
743:Bayonne
718:Nivelle
655:Craonne
625:Mormant
591:Lesmont
581:Brienne
496:Bayonne
481:Nivelle
452:Lizasso
407:Vitoria
396:Morales
174:victory
127:Bayonne
47:improve
2027:2 June
2006:2 June
1997:
1954:
1876:
1641:French
1543:French
1363:
1205:Guiana
1177:Orthez
1172:Garris
1145:Buenza
1103:Tolosa
1083:Burgos
1038:Usagre
971:Pombal
909:Chaves
890:Roliça
815:Toulon
733:Orthez
728:Garris
501:Orthez
491:Garris
459:Buenza
413:Tolosa
286:70,000
283:50,000
168:Result
36:, but
1917:, in
1732:Notes
1588:Buffs
1430:Adour
929:Grijó
914:Braga
885:Évora
875:Olhão
854:Malta
698:Paris
670:Reims
665:Mâcon
230:Spain
2029:2021
2008:2021
1995:ISBN
1952:ISBN
1939:link
1874:ISBN
1679:The
1676:in.
1476:and
1434:Nive
1432:and
1402:and
1387:and
1371:The
1321:Nive
1256:50km
1167:Nive
1123:Maya
792:and
723:Nive
660:Laon
566:Metz
486:Nive
437:Maya
114:Date
1905:335
1606:".
1514:'s
1498:4th
1488:'s
1474:5th
1470:1st
1462:2nd
1383:'s
2061::
1935:}}
1931:{{
1821:^
1782:^
1739:^
1691:.
1507:.
1472:,
1406:.
1379:.
129:,
2031:.
2010:.
1941:)
1855:.
1711:.
1672:s
1343:1
1331:2
1326:3
1309:4
1297:5
1285:6
1268:7
1226::
777:e
770:t
763:v
540:e
533:t
526:v
368:e
361:t
354:v
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
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