714:
2109:
2356:
458:
2433:
110:. British battlecruisers in particular suffered heavy losses at Jutland, where poor fire safety and ammunition handling practices left them vulnerable to catastrophic magazine explosions following hits to their main turrets from large-calibre shells. This dismal showing led to a persistent general belief that battlecruisers were too thinly armoured to function successfully. By the end of the war, capital ship design had developed, with battleships becoming faster and battlecruisers becoming more heavily armoured, blurring the distinction between a battlecruiser and a
1578:
2391:
1589:
2412:
2370:
22:
1434:
2217:. Armed with 356 mm guns, the B65s would have been the best armed of the new breed of battlecruisers, but they still would have had only sufficient protection to keep out eight-inch shells. Much like the Dutch, the Japanese got as far as completing the design for the B65s, but never laid them down. By the time the designs were ready the Japanese Navy recognized that they had little use for the vessels and that their priority for construction should lie with aircraft carriers. Like the
2230:
1249:
1418:, launched in 1918, was the last World War I battlecruiser to be completed. Owing to lessons from Jutland, the ship was modified during construction; the thickness of her belt armour was increased by an average of 50 percent and extended substantially, she was given heavier deck armour, and the protection of her magazines was improved to guard against the ignition of ammunition. This was hoped to be capable of resisting her own weapons—the classic measure of a "balanced" battleship.
818:
2328:
223:
681:. This class came to be widely seen as a mistake and the next generation of British battlecruisers were markedly more powerful. By 1909–1910 a sense of national crisis about rivalry with Germany outweighed cost-cutting, and a naval panic resulted in the approval of a total of eight capital ships in 1909–1910. Fisher pressed for all eight to be battlecruisers, but was unable to have his way; he had to settle for six battleships and two battlecruisers of the
2454:
582:
1769:). With six 15-inch guns, high speed, excellent range, but very thin armour, they were intended as commerce raiders. Only one was ordered shortly before World War II; no work was ever done on it. No names were assigned, and they were known by their contract names: 'O', 'P', and 'Q'. The new class was not universally welcomed in the Kriegsmarine. Their abnormally-light protection gained it the derogatory nickname
1132:
337:
battleship and armoured cruiser construction in the future. While the stated purpose of the committee was to investigate and report on future requirements of ships, Fisher and his associates had already made key decisions. The terms of reference for the committee were for a battleship capable of 21 knots (39 km/h; 24 mph) with 12-inch guns and no intermediate calibres, capable of docking in existing
71:. The goal of the design was to outrun any ship with similar armament, and chase down any ship with lesser armament; they were intended to hunt down slower, older armoured cruisers and destroy them with heavy gunfire while avoiding combat with the more powerful but slower battleships. However, as more and more battlecruisers were built, they were increasingly used alongside the better-protected battleships.
1706:
carrier task forces. Completely new main engines, a reduced number of boilers and an increase in hull length by 26 feet (7.9 m) allowed them to reach up to 30 knots once again. They were reclassified as "fast battleships," although their armour and guns still fell short compared to surviving World War I–era battleships in the
American or the British navies, with dire consequences during the
2183:, were cancelled before they were laid down. They were classified as "large cruisers" instead of battlecruisers. These ships were named after territories or protectorates. (Battleships, were named after states and cruisers after cities.) With a main armament of nine 12-inch guns in three triple turrets and a displacement of 27,000 long tons (27,000 t), the
546:
was the marked change in
Britain's strategic circumstances between their conception and the commissioning of the first ships. The prospective enemy for Britain had shifted from a Franco-Russian alliance with many armoured cruisers to a resurgent and increasingly belligerent Germany. Diplomatically, Britain had entered the
55:, but differed in form and balance of attributes. Battlecruisers typically had thinner armour (to a varying degree) and a somewhat lighter main gun battery than contemporary battleships, installed on a longer hull with much higher engine power in order to attain greater speeds. The first battlecruisers were designed in the
356:
two
Chilean battleships under construction in British yards, lest they be purchased by the Russians for use against the Japanese, Britain's ally. These economic realities meant that the 1905–1906 programme consisted only of one battleship, but three armoured cruisers. The battleship became the revolutionary battleship
1283:. This near-disaster was due to the way that ammunition handling was arranged and was common to both German and British battleships and battlecruisers, but the lighter protection on the latter made them more vulnerable to the turret or barbette being penetrated. The Germans learned from investigating the damaged
1939:. She was lightly damaged by a single 250-kilogram (550 lb) bomb and near-missed by two others in the first Japanese attack. Her speed and agility enabled her to avoid the other attacks by level bombers and dodge 33 torpedoes. The last group of torpedo bombers attacked from multiple directions and
2264:
cruisers, of 36,500 tonnes (35,900 long tons) standard load, nine 305 mm (12 in) guns and a speed of 35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph). Three ships were laid down in 1951–1952, but they were cancelled in April 1953 after Stalin's death. Only the central armoured hull section of the first
1705:
and 3,800 long tons (3,900 t) of horizontal armour added, and a "pagoda" mast with additional command positions built up. This reduced the ships' speed to 25.9 knots (48.0 km/h; 29.8 mph). The second reconstruction focused on speed as they had been selected as fast escorts for aircraft
1337:
exploded with the loss of all but a handful of their crews. The exact reason why the ships' magazines detonated is not known, but the plethora of exposed cordite charges stored in their turrets, ammunition hoists and working chambers in the quest to increase their rate of fire undoubtedly contributed
1306:
lost speed, causing her to fall behind the rest of the battleline, and Beatty was unable to effectively command his ships for the remainder of the engagement. A British signalling error allowed the German battlecruisers to withdraw, as most of Beatty's squadron mistakenly concentrated on the crippled
528:
s, an admiral "will be certain to put them in the line of battle where their comparatively light protection will be a disadvantage and their high speed of no value." Those in favor of the battlecruiser countered with two points—first, since all capital ships were vulnerable to new weapons such as the
2142:
class and had the same main battery, they would have been more lightly armoured and only protected against eight-inch gunfire. Although the design was mostly completed, work on the vessels never commenced as the
Germans overran the Netherlands in May 1940. The first ship would have been laid down in
2126:
A late renaissance in popularity of ships between battleships and cruisers in size occurred on the eve of World War II. Described by some as battlecruisers, but never classified as capital ships, they were variously described as "super cruisers", "large cruisers" or even "unrestricted cruisers". The
724:
By 1911 Germany had built battlecruisers of her own, and the superiority of the
British ships could no longer be assured. Moreover, the German Navy did not share Fisher's view of the battlecruiser. In contrast to the British focus on increasing speed and firepower, Germany progressively improved the
545:
s to just after the outbreak of the First World War, the battlecruiser played a junior role in the developing dreadnought arms race, as it was never wholeheartedly adopted as the key weapon in
British imperial defence, as Fisher had presumably desired. The biggest factor for this lack of acceptance
487:
Along with questions over the new ships' nomenclature came uncertainty about their actual role due to their lack of protection. If they were primarily to act as scouts for the battle fleet and hunter-killers of enemy cruisers and commerce raiders, then the seven inches of belt armour with which they
2194:
cruisers and had guns some 50% larger in diameter. They lacked the thick armoured belt and intricate torpedo defence system of true capital ships. However, unlike most battlecruisers, they were considered a balanced design according to cruiser standards as their protection could withstand fire from
1639:
underwent a more thorough reconstruction between 1937 and 1939. Her deck armour was increased, new turbines and boilers were fitted, an aircraft hangar and catapult added and she was completely rearmed aside from the main guns which had their elevation increased to +30 degrees. The bridge structure
1055:
battleship. The project began at the end of 1915, after Fisher's final departure from the
Admiralty. While initially envisaged as a battleship, senior sea officers felt that Britain had enough battleships, but that new battlecruisers might be required to combat German ships being built (the British
218:
began to build large armoured cruisers for use on their overseas stations, laying down eight between 1897 and 1906. In the period 1889–1896, the Royal Navy spent £7.3 million on new large cruisers. From 1897 to 1904, it spent £26.9 million. Many armoured cruisers of the new kind were just
1422:
was the largest ship in the Royal Navy when completed; because of her great displacement, in theory she combined the firepower and armour of a battleship with the speed of a battlecruiser, causing some to refer to her as a fast battleship. However, her protection was markedly less than that of the
967:
At the same time, Fisher resorted to subterfuge to obtain another three fast, lightly armoured ships that could use several spare 15-inch (381 mm) gun turrets left over from battleship construction. These ships were essentially light battlecruisers, and Fisher occasionally referred to them as
504:
size and armament, naval authorities considered them capital ships almost from their inception—an assumption that might have been inevitable. Complicating matters further was that many naval authorities, including Lord Fisher, had made overoptimistic assessments from the Battle of
Tsushima in 1905
355:
Under the
Selborne plan of 1902, the Royal Navy intended to start three new battleships and four armoured cruisers each year. However, in late 1904 it became clear that the 1905–1906 programme would have to be considerably smaller, because of lower than expected tax revenue and the need to buy out
245:
now had a range of 2,000 yards, and it seemed unlikely that a battleship would engage within torpedo range. However, at ranges of more than 2,000 yards it became increasingly unlikely that the heavy guns of a battleship would score any hits, as the heavy guns relied on primitive aiming techniques.
1746:
In the late 1930s navies began to build capital ships again, and during this period a number of large commerce raiders and small, fast battleships were built that are sometimes referred to as battlecruisers. Germany and Russia designed new battlecruisers during this period, though only the latter
1390:
In the years immediately after World War I, Britain, Japan and the US all began design work on a new generation of ever more powerful battleships and battlecruisers. The new burst of shipbuilding that each nation's navy desired was politically controversial and potentially economically crippling.
336:
Fisher's views were very controversial within the Royal Navy, and even given his position as First Sea Lord, he was not in a position to insist on his own approach. Thus he assembled a "Committee on
Designs", consisting of a mixture of civilian and naval experts, to determine the approach to both
201:
of enemy battleships and cruisers alike. In 1896–97 France and Russia, who were regarded as likely allies in the event of war, started to build large, fast armoured cruisers taking advantage of this. In the event of a war between Britain and France or Russia, or both, these cruisers threatened to
317:
Of what use is a battle fleet to a country called (A) at war with a country called (B) possessing no battleships, but having fast armoured cruisers and clouds of fast torpedo craft? What damage would (A's) battleships do to (B)? Would (B) wish for a few battleships or for more armoured cruisers?
240:
The increasing size and power of the armoured cruiser led to suggestions in British naval circles that cruisers should displace battleships entirely. The battleship's main advantage was its 12-inch heavy guns, and heavier armour designed to protect from shells of similar size. However, for a few
134:, and only one survived to the end. There was also renewed interest in large "cruiser-killer" type warships, but few were ever begun, as construction of battleships and battlecruisers was curtailed in favor of more-needed convoy escorts, aircraft carriers, and cargo ships. During (and after) the
1464:
battleships which were to precede them were 1 inch (25 mm) less side armour and a .25 knots (0.46 km/h; 0.29 mph) increase in speed. The United States Navy, which had worked on its battlecruiser designs since 1913 and watched the latest developments in this class with great care,
254:
Is there anything outside of 2,000 yards that the big gun in its hundreds of tons of medieval castle can affect, that its weight in 6-inch guns without the castle could not affect equally well? And inside 2,000, what, in these days of gyros, is there that the torpedo cannot effect with far more
938:
In Britain, Jackie Fisher returned to the office of First Sea Lord in October 1914. His enthusiasm for big, fast ships was unabated, and he set designers to producing a design for a battlecruiser with 15-inch guns. Because Fisher expected the next German battlecruiser to steam at 28 knots, he
895:. These ships were designed to carry twelve 14-inch guns, with armour up to 12 inches thick, and a speed of 26.6 knots (49.3 km/h; 30.6 mph). The heavy armour and relatively slow speed of these ships made them more similar to German designs than to British ships; construction of the
483:
class themselves were referred to as "cruiser-battleships", "dreadnought cruisers"; the term "battlecruiser" was first used by Fisher in 1908. Finally, on 24 November 1911, Admiralty Weekly Order No. 351 laid down that "All cruisers of the "Invincible" and later types are for the future to be
303:
to an "all-big-gun" design, and preliminary designs circulated for battleships with all 12-inch or all 10-inch guns and armoured cruisers with all 9.2-inch guns. In late 1904, not long after the Royal Navy had decided to use 12-inch guns for its next generation of battleships because of their
696:, the now-standard caliber of the British "super-dreadnought" battleships. Speed increased to 27 knots (50 km/h; 31 mph) and armour protection, while not as good as in German designs, was better than in previous British battlecruisers, with nine-inch (230 mm) armour belt and
1444:
The navies of Japan and the United States, not being affected immediately by the war, had time to develop new heavy 16-inch (410 mm) guns for their latest designs and to refine their battlecruiser designs in light of combat experience in Europe. The Imperial Japanese Navy began four
118:, which limited capital ship construction from 1922 onwards, treated battleships and battlecruisers identically, and the new generation of battlecruisers planned by the United States, Great Britain and Japan were scrapped or converted into aircraft carriers under the terms of the treaty.
1271:. The shell did not penetrate the barbette, but it dislodged a piece of the barbette armour that allowed the flame from the shell's detonation to enter the barbette. The propellant charges being hoisted upwards were ignited, and the fireball flashed up into the turret and down into the
788:
battleships would be armed with 14-inch (360 mm) guns, the Japanese decided to radically revise their plans and go one better. A new plan was drawn up, carrying eight 14-inch guns, and capable of 27.5 knots (50.9 km/h; 31.6 mph), thus marginally having the edge over the
633:
The Royal Navy's early superiority in capital ships led to the rejection of a 1905–1906 design that would, essentially, have fused the battlecruiser and battleship concepts into what would eventually become the fast battleship. The 'X4' design combined the full armour and armament of
2279:
is sometimes referred to as a battlecruiser. This description arises from their over 24,000-tonne (24,000-long-ton) displacement, which is roughly equal to that of a First World War battleship and more than twice the displacement of contemporary cruisers; upon entry into service,
209:
Britain, which had concluded in 1892 that it needed twice as many cruisers as any potential enemy to adequately protect its empire's sea lanes, responded to the perceived threat by laying down its own large armoured cruisers. Between 1899 and 1905, it completed or laid down seven
1488:. Royal Navy documents of the period often described any battleship with a speed of over about 24 knots (44 km/h; 28 mph) as a battlecruiser, regardless of the amount of protective armour, although the G3 was considered by most to be a well-balanced fast battleship.
1962:-class battlecruisers were extensively used as carrier escorts for most of their wartime career due to their high speed. Their World War I–era armament was weaker and their upgraded armour was still thin compared to contemporary battleships. On 13 November 1942, during the
185:
roles of patrol, trade protection and power projection. However, the results were rarely satisfactory, as the weight of armour required for any meaningful protection usually meant that the ship became almost as slow as a battleship. As a result, navies preferred to build
1737:
was in constant service with the fleet and could not be withdrawn for an extended reconstruction. She received minor improvements over the course of the 1930s, including modern fire control systems, increased numbers of anti-aircraft guns, and in March 1941, radar.
298:
The Battle of Tsushima proved the effectiveness of heavy guns over intermediate ones and the need for a uniform main caliber on a ship for fire control. Even before this, the Royal Navy had begun to consider a shift away from the mixed-calibre armament of the 1890s
126:
continued to use "battlecruiser" as a classification for the World War I–era capital ships that remained in the fleet; while Japan's battlecruisers remained in service, they had been significantly reconstructed and were re-rated as full-fledged fast battleships.
2195:
their own caliber of gun, albeit only in a very narrow range band. They were designed to hunt down Japanese heavy cruisers, though by the time they entered service most Japanese cruisers had been sunk by American aircraft or submarines. Like the contemporary
121:
Improvements in armour design and propulsion created the 1930s "fast battleship" with the speed of a battlecruiser and armour of a battleship, making the battlecruiser in the traditional sense effectively an obsolete concept. Thus from the 1930s on, only the
1318:
on 31 May 1916, both British and German battlecruisers were employed as fleet units. The British battlecruisers became engaged with both their German counterparts, the battlecruisers, and then German battleships before the arrival of the battleships of the
492:
s were essentially extremely large, heavily armed, fast armoured cruisers. However, the viability of the armoured cruiser was already in doubt. A cruiser that could have worked with the Fleet might have been a more viable option for taking over that role.
801:
s, with nine inches of armour on the turrets and 8 inches (203 mm) on the barbettes. The first ship in the class was built in Britain, and a further three constructed in Japan. The Japanese also re-classified their powerful armoured cruisers of the
1311:, sinking her with great loss of life. The British blamed their failure to win a decisive victory on their poor gunnery and attempted to increase their rate of fire by stockpiling unprotected cordite charges in their ammunition hoists and barbettes.
1071:, was built according to this design to counter the possible completion of any of the Mackensen-class ship. The plans for her three sisters, on which little work had been done, were revised once more later in 1916 and in 1917 to improve protection.
849:
was also more heavily armoured on the whole; while the maximum thickness of armour was the same at nine inches, the height of the main armour belt was increased. Not all the desired improvements for this ship were approved, however. Her designer,
273:, a faster, more lightly armoured battleship. As early as 1901, there is confusion in Fisher's writing about whether he saw the battleship or the cruiser as the model for future developments. This did not stop him from commissioning designs from
1093:
s with 15-inch guns. Work on the three additional Admirals was suspended in March 1917 to enable more escorts and merchant ships to be built to deal with the new threat from U-boats to trade. They were finally cancelled in February 1919.
312:
would be able to destroy battleships; this in Fisher's view heralded the end of the battleship or at least compromised the validity of heavy armour protection. Nevertheless, armoured cruisers would remain vital for commerce protection.
1402:
Through the 1920s and 1930s only Britain and Japan retained battlecruisers, often modified and rebuilt from their original designs. The line between the battlecruiser and the modern fast battleship became blurred; indeed, the Japanese
488:
had been equipped would be adequate. If, on the other hand, they were expected to reinforce a battle line of dreadnoughts with their own heavy guns, they were too thin-skinned to be safe from an enemy's heavy guns. The
1064:
meant that the design was radically revised and transformed again into a fast battleship with armour up to 12 inches thick, but still capable of 31.5 knots (58.3 km/h; 36.2 mph). The first ship in the class,
408:
s armour, by comparison, was 11–12 inches (279–305 mm) at its thickest.) The class had a very marked increase in speed, displacement and firepower compared to the most recent armoured cruisers but no more armour.
392:
to propel them at 25 knots (46 km/h; 29 mph). Moreover, the new ships could maintain this speed for days, whereas pre-dreadnought battleships could not generally do so for more than an hour. Armed with eight
294:
and up to 2.5 inches (64 mm) on her decks. However, mainstream British naval thinking between 1902 and 1904 was clearly in favour of heavily armoured battleships, rather than the fast ships that Fisher favoured.
1733:. The Turkish Navy made only minor improvements to the ship in the interwar period, which primarily focused on repairing wartime damage and the installation of new fire control systems and anti-aircraft batteries.
1456:
whilst carrying a main battery of ten 16-inch guns, the most powerful armament ever proposed for a battlecruiser. They were, for all intents and purposes, fast battleships—the only differences between them and the
1275:, setting fire to charges removed from their brass cartridge cases. The gun crew tried to escape into the next turret, which allowed the flash to spread into that turret as well, killing the crews of both turrets.
673:
s built to fundamentally the same specification, partly due to political pressure to limit costs and partly due to the secrecy surrounding German battlecruiser construction, particularly about the heavy armour of
619:
produced by having been built in secret; this prompted most other navies to delay their building programmes and radically revise their designs. This was particularly true for cruisers, because the details of the
474:
s, a Royal Navy memorandum refers to "large armoured ships" meaning both battleships and large cruisers. In October 1906, the Admiralty began to classify all post-Dreadnought battleships and armoured cruisers as
277:
W. H. Gard for an armoured cruiser with the heaviest possible armament for use with the fleet. The design Gard submitted was for a ship between 14,000–15,000 long tons (14,000–15,000 t), capable of 25
775:
ships from 1909, and was determined that, since the Japanese economy could support relatively few ships, each would be more powerful than its likely competitors. Initially the class was planned with the
2559:
2546:
1036:, which might be important in the shallow Baltic. This is not clear-cut evidence that the ships were designed for the Baltic: it was considered that earlier ships had too much draught and not enough
1060:
class as well as their likely capabilities). A battlecruiser design with eight 15-inch guns, 8 inches of armour and capable of 32 knots was decided on. The experience of battlecruisers at the
1352:
The better-armoured German battlecruisers fared better, in part due to the poor performance of British fuzes (the British shells tended to explode or break up on impact with the German armour).
505:
about the armoured cruiser's ability to survive in a battle line against enemy capital ships due to their superior speed. These assumptions had been made without taking into account the Russian
4558:
433:
They could be stationed at the ends of the battle line to stop enemy cruisers harassing the battleships, and to harass the enemy's battleships if they were busy fighting battleships. Also, the
318:
Would not (A) willingly exchange a few battleships for more fast armoured cruisers? In such a case, neither side wanting battleships is presumptive evidence that they are not of much value.
611:
s were so far ahead of any enemy armoured cruiser in firepower and speed that it proved difficult to justify building more or bigger cruisers. This lead was extended by the surprise both
1040:
under operational conditions. Roberts argues that the focus on the Baltic was probably unimportant at the time the ships were designed, but was inflated later, after the disastrous
2076:
by American carrier aircraft on 24 and 28 July 1945. The ship was only lightly damaged by a single bomb hit on 24 July, but was hit a dozen more times on 28 July and sank at her
1476:
s—this after an 8,000-long-ton (8,100 t) increase in protection following Jutland. The final stage in the post-war battlecruiser race came with the British response to the
1607:
and was scrapped. Because their high speed made them valuable surface units in spite of their weaknesses, most of these ships were significantly updated before World War II.
998:) and their armour, which at three inches (76 mm) thickness was on the scale of a light cruiser. The design was generally regarded as a failure (nicknamed in the Fleet
858:
and geared turbines to give her a speed of 32 knots (59 km/h; 37 mph), but he received no support from the authorities and the engine makers refused his request.
2138:
in the face of Japanese aggression. Never officially assigned names, these ships were designed with German and Italian assistance. While they broadly resembled the German
1848:
s aft turret. The British ship was struck twice by German shells that failed to inflict any significant damage. She was the only pre-war battlecruiser to survive the war.
304:
superior performance at long range, Fisher began to argue that big-gun cruisers could replace battleships altogether. The continuing improvement of the torpedo meant that
267:, the senior officer of the Royal Navy. He had for some time thought about the development of a new fast armoured ship. He was very fond of the "second-class battleship"
4551:
2127:
Dutch, American, and Japanese navies all planned these new classes specifically to counter the heavy cruisers, or their counterparts, being built by their naval rivals.
1121:
took his squadron of five battlecruisers into the Bight and turned the tide of the battle, ultimately sinking three German light cruisers and killing their commander,
2202:
fast battleships, their speed ultimately made them more useful as carrier escorts and bombardment ships than as the surface combatants they were developed to be.
4544:
1014:
was very successful. Fisher also speculated about a new mammoth, but lightly built battlecruiser, that would carry 20-inch (508 mm) guns, which he termed
1358:—the only German battlecruiser lost at Jutland—had only 128 killed, for instance, despite receiving more than thirty hits. The other German battlecruisers,
949:, which had been approved but not yet laid down, to a new design. Fisher finally received approval for this project on 28 December 1914 and they became the
479:", while Fisher used the term "dreadnought" to refer either to his new battleships or the battleships and armoured cruisers together. At the same time, the
2103:
1837:
for the forward 150 mm (5.9 in) turrets. Main-battery fire control had to be shifted aft due to the loss of electrical power. Another shell from
533:, armour had lost some of its validity; and second, because of its greater speed, the battlecruiser could control the range at which it engaged an enemy.
2578:) respectively. Since neither their operators nor a significant number of naval historians classify them as such, they are not discussed in this article.
1527:, was converted in her stead. The United States Navy also converted two battlecruiser hulls into aircraft carriers in the wake of the Washington Treaty:
1395:
of 1922, where the major naval powers agreed to limits on capital ship numbers. The German navy was not represented at the talks; under the terms of the
642:. The additional cost could not be justified given the existing British lead and the new Liberal government's need for economy; the slower and cheaper
470:
Confusion about how to refer to these new battleship-size armoured cruisers set in almost immediately. Even in late 1905, before work was begun on the
1032:
classes were designed for Fisher's plan to land troops (possibly Russian) on the German Baltic coast. Specifically, they were designed with a reduced
750:; speed increased by one knot to 26.5 knots (49.1 km/h; 30.5 mph), while her armour had a maximum thickness of 12 inches, equivalent to the
1472:. If completed as planned, they would have been exceptionally fast and well armed with eight 16-inch guns, but carried armour little better than the
372:
The construction of the new class was begun in 1906 and completed in 1908, delayed perhaps to allow their designers to learn from any problems with
2292:
class lacks the armour that distinguishes battlecruisers from ordinary cruisers and they are classified as heavy nuclear-powered missile cruisers (
729:, begun in 1908 and completed in 1910, carried eight 11.1-inch guns, but with 11.1-inch (283 mm) armour she was far better protected than the
416:
s were to fill the same role as the armoured cruisers they succeeded, they were expected to do so more effectively. Specifically their roles were:
851:
599:
s entirely fulfilled Fisher's vision of being able to sink any ship fast enough to catch them, and run from any ship capable of sinking them. An
1782:
3628:
814:
classes, carrying four 12-inch guns, as battlecruisers; nonetheless, their armament was weaker and they were slower than any battlecruiser.
214:
of this type, a total of 35 ships. This building program, in turn, prompted the French and Russians to increase their own construction. The
2043:, knocking out her aft turrets, jamming her rudder, and hitting the ship below the waterline. The flooding proved to be uncontrollable and
1754:. They were still on the slipways when the Germans invaded in 1941 and construction was suspended. Both ships were scrapped after the war.
837:
class, but was substantially redesigned. She retained the eight 13.5-inch guns of her predecessors, but they were positioned like those of
427:
s could sweep away the screen of enemy cruisers to close with and observe an enemy battlefleet before using their superior speed to retire.
341:; and a cruiser capable of 25.5 knots (47.2 km/h; 29.3 mph), also with 12-inch guns and no intermediate armament, armoured like
3593:
2300:
surface to surface missiles. Four members of the class were completed during the 1980s and 1990s, but due to budget constraints only the
972:. This unusual designation was required because construction of new capital ships had been placed on hold, while there were no limits on
574:
became the new model capital ship. Nevertheless, battlecruiser construction played a part in the renewed naval arms race sparked by the
1491:
The Washington Naval Treaty meant that none of these designs came to fruition. Ships that had been started were either broken up on the
1718:
were easily crippled by US gunfire during actions off Guadalcanal, forcing their scuttling shortly afterwards. Perhaps most tellingly,
2845:
Admiralty Weekly Orders. 351. – Description and Classification of Cruisers of the "Invincible" and Later Types. ADM 182/2, quoted at
246:
The secondary batteries of 6-inch quick-firing guns, firing more plentiful shells, were more likely to hit the enemy. As naval expert
4593:
4261:
4115:
Lambert, Nicholas A. (January 1998). "'Our Bloody Ships' or 'Our Bloody System'? Jutland and the Loss of the Battle Cruisers, 1916".
1947:
with the loss of 27 officers and 486 crewmen; 42 officers and 754 enlisted men were rescued by the escorting destroyers. The loss of
5528:
181:. The first armoured cruisers had been built in the 1870s, as an attempt to give armour protection to ships fulfilling the typical
562:-type design. Britain also boasted very cordial relations with two of the significant new naval powers: Japan (bolstered by the
1873:
were employed on operations to hunt down the commerce-raiding German ships. The one stand-up fight occurred when the battleship
2489:
2311:
1924:
607:. Naval circles concurred that the armoured cruiser in its current form had come to the logical end of its development and the
161:
713:
4583:
4467:
4427:
4408:
4381:
4343:
4242:
4161:
4086:
4048:
4022:
3965:
3862:
3778:
3759:
3683:
2494:
2484:
1641:
876:
s, had their guns arranged in superfiring turrets for greater efficiency. Their armour and speed was similar to the previous
5154:
4588:
2846:
369:. Fisher later claimed, however, that he had argued during the committee for the cancellation of the remaining battleship.
324:
2301:
1697:
only later as it had been disarmed under the terms of the Washington treaty) in two substantial reconstructions (one for
155:
566:, signed in 1902 and renewed in 1905), and the US. These changed strategic circumstances, and the great success of the
554:. Neither France nor Russia posed a particular naval threat; the Russian navy had largely been sunk or captured in the
2248:'s fondness for big-gun-armed warships caused the Soviet Union to plan a large cruiser class in the late 1940s. In the
2000:
4521:
1279:
was saved from near-certain destruction only by emergency flooding of her after magazines, which had been effected by
5493:
4505:
4486:
4446:
4362:
4324:
4305:
4286:
4223:
4185:
4105:
4067:
4003:
3984:
3946:
3927:
3900:
3881:
3840:
3821:
3797:
3740:
3721:
3702:
1963:
1103:
663:
2108:
1830:
1150:
perhaps made the most impact early in the war. Stationed in the Mediterranean, she and the escorting light cruiser
1083:
935:
class, with 13.8-inch guns and a broadly similar armour scheme, designed for 28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph).
653:
1654:
s tonnage actually decreased due to a substantially lighter power plant. Similar thorough rebuildings planned for
5359:
4439:
In Defense of Naval Supremacy: Financial Limitation, Technological Innovation and British Naval Policy, 1889–1914
1500:
862:
5595:
5587:
5556:
4665:
4204:
2544:
are all sometimes referred to as battlecruisers, although the owning navies referred to them as "battleships" (
2257:
1748:
1669:
Unable to build new ships, the Imperial Japanese Navy also chose to improve its existing battlecruisers of the
1541:, although this was only considered marginally preferable to scrapping the hulls outright (the remaining four:
1522:
1204:
484:
described and classified as "battle cruisers" to distinguish them from the armoured cruisers of earlier date."
363:
95:
5506:
2244:
In spite of the fact that most navies abandoned the battleship and battlecruiser concepts after World War II,
1510:
2499:
1798:
1680:
1466:
1157:
1118:
921:
260:
2221:
s, the Japanese did not call these ships battlecruisers, referring to them instead as super-heavy cruisers.
1452:
battlecruisers. These vessels would have been of unprecedented size and power, as fast and well armoured as
1082:
s were launched, none were ever completed. The Germans also worked briefly on a further three ships, of the
916:
For most of the combatants, capital ship construction was very limited during the war. Germany finished the
5521:
5051:
2524:
1902:
1868:
1604:
1260:
885:
1851:
In the early years of the war various German ships had a measure of success hunting merchant ships in the
1686:
769:
5334:
5180:
4214:
McLaughlin, Stephen (2004). "Project 69: The Kronshtadt Class Battlecruisers". In Preston, Antony (ed.).
2073:
1792:
1647:
battleships installed in its place. While conversions of this kind generally added weight to the vessel,
1346:
1048:
810:
693:
328:
1722:
was crippled by medium-caliber gunfire from heavy and light cruisers in a close-range night engagement.
1407:
s were formally redesignated as battleships after their very comprehensive reconstruction in the 1930s.
994:, and there was a bizarre imbalance between their main guns of 15 inches (or 18 inches (457 mm) in
5381:
4763:
2538:
1883:
1874:
1674:
950:
751:
734:
604:
197:
armour meant that it was now possible to give a cruiser side armour which would protect it against the
68:
4536:
5574:
5564:
5276:
4945:
4821:
4720:
4710:
4252:
Noot, Lt. Jurrien S. (1980). "Battlecruiser: Design Studies for the Royal Netherlands Navy 1939–40".
2531:
2400:
2337:
2273:
2131:
2089:
1446:
1287:
and instituted measures to ensure that ammunition handling minimised any possible exposure to flash.
964:
in firepower and speed, but returned to the level of protection of the first British battlecruisers.
957:
630:, was armed with only 21-centimetre (8.3 in) guns, and was no match for the new battlecruisers.
394:
282:(46 km/h; 29 mph), armed with four 9.2-inch and twelve 7.5-inch (190 mm) guns in twin
150:
139:
1219:
did precisely the job for which they were intended when they chased down and annihilated the German
797:
both fore and aft with no turret amidships. The armour scheme was also marginally improved over the
509:'s inefficiency and tactical ineptitude. By the time the term "battlecruiser" had been given to the
5354:
5344:
5271:
4914:
4772:
2012:
1955:
conclusively proved the vulnerability of capital ships to aircraft without air cover of their own.
1896:
1692:
1332:
940:
682:
385:
5624:
5514:
5144:
4950:
4660:
2188:
1424:
1392:
563:
115:
51:
of the first half of the 20th century. These were similar in displacement, armament and cost to
5139:
5026:
4990:
4985:
4811:
4715:
2479:
2396:
2018:
1164:) with two British battlecruisers in hot pursuit. The two German ships were handed over to the
765:
643:
357:
91:
2310:, though plans were announced in 2010 to return the other three ships to service. As of 2021,
5582:
5226:
5175:
5071:
4975:
4970:
4690:
2379:
2375:
2196:
1833:
without exploding, severing electrical and communication cables as it went and destroyed the
1758:
1458:
1240:
1214:
1208:
1185:
804:
551:
461:
87:
4768:
2406:
battlecruisers into fast-battleships in the 1930s, ending their operation of battlecruisers.
401:, they had 6–7 inches (152–178 mm) of armour protecting the hull and the gun turrets. (
5548:
5452:
5056:
5005:
4748:
4630:
3520:
Chesneau, p. 388; Garzke & Dulin, p. 86; Friedman 1984, p. 288; McLaughlin 2006, p. 104
2459:
2442:
2361:
2147:
2093:
2059:
2051:
1528:
1396:
1382:
barely making it home, for they had been the focus of British fire for much of the battle.
1272:
1041:
1037:
457:
215:
79:
1078:
class; nevertheless, German shipbuilding was drastically slowed by the war, and while two
841:
for better fields of fire. She was faster (making 29 knots (54 km/h; 33 mph) on
149:
have been the only ships termed "battlecruisers"; the class is also the only example of a
8:
5619:
5569:
5488:
5306:
4995:
4858:
4700:
2214:
2146:
The only class of these late battlecruisers actually built were the United States Navy's
2097:
1702:
1701:). During the first of these, elevation of their main guns was increased to +40 degrees,
1557:
were scrapped). In Britain, Fisher's "large light cruisers," were converted to carriers.
1535:
1320:
1236:
1074:
The Admiral class would have been the only British ships capable of taking on the German
977:
376:. The ships fulfilled the design requirement quite closely. On a displacement similar to
342:
5422:
5286:
5241:
5134:
5036:
5000:
4980:
4879:
4705:
4600:
4233:
McLaughlin, Stephen (2006). "Project 82: The Stalingrad Class". In Jordan, John (ed.).
4176:
4140:
2438:
2119:
1804:
1788:
1614:
1220:
555:
290:
and 9.2-inch turrets, 4 inches (102 mm) on her 7.5-inch turrets, 10 inches on her
226:
437:
s could operate as the fast wing of the battlefleet and try to outmanoeuvre the enemy.
5457:
5407:
5349:
5339:
5106:
4960:
4838:
4778:
4625:
4501:
4482:
4463:
4457:
4442:
4423:
4404:
4387:
4377:
4358:
4339:
4320:
4301:
4282:
4265:
4238:
4219:
4200:
4181:
4157:
4132:
4101:
4082:
4063:
4044:
4037:
4018:
3999:
3980:
3961:
3942:
3923:
3906:
3896:
3877:
3858:
3836:
3817:
3811:
3807:
3793:
3774:
3755:
3736:
3717:
3698:
3679:
3662:
2421:
2316:
was being refitted, but the other two ships are reportedly beyond economical repair.
2285:
2166:
2154:
2135:
2112:
1971:
1632:
1624:
1608:
1577:
1315:
1061:
939:
required the new British design to be capable of 32 knots. He planned to reorder two
900:
855:
624:
class were kept secret for longer; this meant that the last German armoured cruiser,
268:
241:
years after 1900 it seemed that those advantages were of little practical value. The
198:
187:
107:
1588:
1114:) to attack German destroyer patrols. When they met opposition from light cruisers,
513:
s, the idea of their parity with battleships had been fixed in many people's minds.
5442:
5376:
5329:
5311:
5261:
5091:
4955:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4796:
4652:
4610:
4605:
4124:
2681:
Sumida, p. 351, Table 9. Figures are for First-Class Cruisers and exclude armament.
2008:
1485:
1280:
1193:
1107:
1015:
1011:
989:
828:
675:
547:
178:
60:
3833:
Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887–1941
5366:
5296:
5221:
5119:
4853:
4833:
4801:
4758:
4725:
4670:
4615:
3850:
2571:
2563:
2550:
2160:
2069:
1599:
In total, nine battlecruisers survived the Washington Naval Treaty, although HMS
1433:
1373:
1239:, in the South Atlantic Ocean. Prior to the battle, the Australian battlecruiser
1224:
1125:
300:
274:
111:
21:
447:
s would use their speed to pursue, and their guns to damage or slow enemy ships.
5536:
5236:
5231:
5216:
5086:
4848:
4685:
4357:. Vol. I: The Drift to War to the Fall of Singapore. London: Grub Street.
1999:
in the early evening of 14 November. On the night of 14/15 November during the
1928:
1852:
1294:
handling, the battle was mostly inconclusive, though both the British flagship
1173:
1169:
899:
s was halted by the First World War and all were scrapped after the end of the
881:
705:
585:
264:
203:
103:
56:
4531:
1192:
before being knocked out of the action for the remainder of the war after the
725:
armour and staying power of their ships to better the British battlecruisers.
625:
347:, the most recent armoured cruiser, and also capable of using existing docks.
5613:
5472:
5467:
5432:
5417:
5371:
5281:
5266:
5124:
5066:
5061:
4965:
4843:
4828:
4816:
4695:
4675:
4269:
4171:
4136:
4032:
3476:
2296:(ТАРКР)) by Russia, with their primary surface armament consisting of twenty
2245:
1880:
1619:
were modernized significantly in the 1920s and 1930s. Between 1934 and 1936,
1514:
1230:
1203:
The original battlecruiser concept proved successful in December 1914 at the
1106:
in August 1914. A force of British light cruisers and destroyers entered the
973:
476:
389:
291:
4391:
3910:
3666:
2229:
1378:, were all heavily damaged and required extensive repairs after the battle,
1353:
1342:
herself was almost lost in a similar manner, save for the heroic actions of
1248:
817:
793:
s in speed and firepower. The heavy guns were also better-positioned, being
190:
with an armoured deck protecting their engines, or simply no armour at all.
5427:
5412:
5251:
5246:
5185:
5129:
5096:
4929:
4924:
4730:
2333:
2307:
2297:
1891:
into the North Atlantic to attack British shipping and were intercepted by
1834:
1762:
1663:
1343:
1165:
1135:
1122:
1115:
1033:
983:
868:, the first German battlecruisers to mount 12-inch guns. These ships, like
741:
652:, was adopted instead. The X4 concept would eventually be fulfilled in the
506:
247:
194:
131:
83:
48:
4526:
3695:
Dreadnought Gunnery at the Battle of Jutland: The Question of Fire Control
3499:
1635:
and new gunnery equipment added and her anti-aircraft armament increased.
1323:. The result was a disaster for the Royal Navy's battlecruiser squadrons:
5462:
5301:
5200:
5076:
5031:
4753:
3453:
2249:
1975:
1974:. The ship was badly damaged in the encounter and had to be towed by her
1707:
1151:
740:
were quite similar but carried ten 11.1-inch guns of an improved design.
559:
287:
279:
64:
4919:
5447:
5256:
5190:
4740:
4640:
4567:
4566:
2463:
2417:
2205:
The Japanese started designing the B64 class, which was similar to the
2171:, was cancelled while under construction and three others, to be named
1916:
s 15-inch shells caused a magazine explosion. Only three men survived.
1359:
1197:
1145:
946:
892:
524:, for instance, stated that with vessels as large and expensive as the
283:
211:
174:
159:
has remained in active service since its 1998 commissioning, while the
123:
75:
52:
4144:
3918:
Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen & Budzbon, Przemysław (1995).
2364:
five surviving battlecruisers were all scuttled at Scapa Flow in 1919.
5321:
5195:
5010:
4904:
4884:
3895:. Conway's History of the Ship. Edison, New Jersey: Chartwell Books.
2104:
List of cruisers of the United States Navy § Large cruisers (CB)
1932:
1189:
1102:
The first combat involving battlecruisers during World War I was the
842:
794:
785:
309:
305:
222:
99:
31:, the largest battlecruiser ever built, in Australia on 17 March 1924
4279:
Cruisers and Battle Cruisers: An Illustrated History of Their Impact
1992:
s captain ordered her crew to abandon ship after further damage and
5437:
5170:
5041:
4680:
4635:
4128:
3855:
Naval Firepower: Battleship Guns and Gunnery in the Dreadnought Era
3556:
Jentschura, Jung & Mickel, p. 40; Garzke & Dulin, pp. 86–87
1993:
1985:
was forced to cast off her tow because of repeated aerial attacks.
1981:. Both were spotted by American aircraft the following morning and
1944:
1161:
1066:
1051:, which was born from a requirement for an improved version of the
697:
135:
25:
5537:
4522:
Maritimequest Battleships & Battlecruisers of the 20th century
453:
The new ships would hunt down enemy cruisers and commerce raiders.
5391:
5291:
5149:
5046:
4909:
4788:
4571:
2039:
opened fire a few minutes later at short range and badly damaged
1492:
1291:
1245:
had unsuccessfully searched for the German ships in the Pacific.
1111:
581:
558:
of 1904–1905, while the French were in no hurry to adopt the new
530:
338:
242:
182:
146:
4156:. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press.
4058:
Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter & Mickel, Peter (1977).
2083:
1640:
was also removed and a large bridge similar to that used in the
1131:
5386:
5114:
5081:
1888:
1766:
1628:
861:
1912 saw work begin on three more German battlecruisers of the
761:
was Germany's last battlecruiser completed before World War I.
603:
would also, in many circumstances, be able to take on an enemy
3594:"Russia to Relaunch Soviet-era Nuclear Battle Cruiser in 2018"
2847:
The Dreadnought Project: The Battle Cruiser in the Royal Navy.
2612:
2080:. She was refloated after the war and scrapped in early 1946.
1787:
The Royal Navy deployed some of its battlecruisers during the
1773:(without armour nonsense) within certain circles of the Navy.
536:
384:
s were 40 feet (12.2 m) longer to accommodate additional
177:
in the first years of the 20th century as an evolution of the
4874:
4353:
Shores, Christopher; Cull, Brian & Izawa, Yasuho (1992).
4177:
Dreadnought: Britain, Germany and the Coming of the Great War
1919:
The first battlecruiser to see action in the Pacific War was
1423:
British battleships built immediately after World War I, the
960:
but only 6-inch armour they were a further step forward from
3773:(2nd ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
2609:
Gröner, pp. 31, 60; Gille, p. 139; Koop & Schmolke, p. 4
2077:
1399:, Germany was not allowed any modern capital ships at all.
764:
The next step in battlecruiser design came from Japan. The
1047:
The final British battlecruiser design of the war was the
153:
battlecruiser. As of 2024, Russia operates two units: the
3958:
Battleships: Axis and Neutral Battleships in World War II
3735:(reprint of the 1997 ed.). London: Caxton Editions.
3716:(reprint of the 1999 ed.). London: Caxton Editions.
3714:
The Grand Fleet: Warship Design and Development 1906–1922
2209:
but with 310-millimetre (12.2 in) guns. News of the
780:
s as the benchmark. On learning of the British plans for
4527:
British and German Battlecruisers of the First World War
4498:
Cruisers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia
3633:Яндекс Дзен | Платформа для авторов, издателей и брендов
1561:
had already been partially converted during the war and
1410:
1235:, along with three light cruisers, commanded by Admiral
746:, designed in 1909 and finished in 1913, was a modified
165:
has been inactive (in storage or refitting) since 1999.
16:
Large capital warship, typically faster than battleships
3917:
1263:
in 1915, the aftermost barbette of the German flagship
4062:. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute.
3657:
Bidlingmaier, Gerhard (1971). "KM Admiral Graf Spee".
3498:
Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander; Ahlberg, Lars (2012).
3497:
3475:
Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander; Ahlberg, Lars (2010).
3474:
3452:
Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander; Ahlberg, Lars (2010).
3451:
1158:
evaded British and French ships on the outbreak of war
3733:
Warrior to Dreadnought: Warship Development 1860–1905
3661:. Windsor, UK: Profile Publications. pp. 73–96.
2735:
Mackay, pp. 324–25; Roberts, pp. 17–18; Sumida, p. 52
219:
as large and expensive as the equivalent battleship.
4218:. London: Conway's Maritime Press. pp. 99–117.
4057:
1970:
stumbled across American cruisers and destroyers at
3816:. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Company.
2427:
was decommissioned in 1945, following World War II.
833:, was intended initially as the fourth ship in the
4096:Koop, Gerhard & Schmolke, Klaus-Peter (1998).
4036:
3956:Garzke, William H. & Dulin, Robert O. (1985).
3937:Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal, eds. (1985).
3388:Garzke & Dulin, pp. 353–54, 363; Gröner, p. 68
2269:, was launched in 1954 and then used as a target.
286:and protected with six inches of armour along her
4333:
4060:Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945
3939:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921
3920:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995
3790:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946
2058:was torpedoed and sunk by the American submarine
1267:was struck by a British 13.5-inch shell from HMS
591:, the last battlecruiser built before World War I
362:, and the cruisers became the three ships of the
130:Battlecruisers were put into action again during
5611:
3890:
2672:Gardiner & Gray, p. 142; Osborne, pp. 62, 74
2596:
2594:
1757:The Germans planned three battlecruisers of the
1140:was heavily damaged in the Battle of Dogger Bank
4352:
4039:Dreadnought: A History of the Modern Battleship
3893:The Eclipse of the Big Gun: The Warship 1906–45
3831:Evans, David C. & Peattie, Mark R. (1997).
1010:), though the later conversion of the ships to
662:The next British battlecruisers were the three
98:and in the several raids and skirmishes in the
4481:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
4319:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
4017:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
3998:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
3960:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
3941:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
3922:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
3876:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
3857:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
3835:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
3629:"Россия получит второй атомный крейсер-гигант"
2153:"large cruisers". Two of them were completed,
1783:List of battlecruisers of the Second World War
5522:
4552:
3621:
2591:
2343:battlecruiser with one more being overhauled.
2130:The first such battlecruisers were the Dutch
1495:or converted to aircraft carriers. In Japan,
968:such, but officially they were classified as
884:also began the construction of the four-ship
845:), and carried a heavier secondary armament.
4095:
3936:
3874:U.S. Cruisers: An Illustrated Design History
3830:
3697:. London: Routledge, Frank Cass Publishers.
3656:
2134:, designed to protect their colonies in the
1484:types: four 48,000-long-ton (49,000 t)
1391:This nascent arms race was prevented by the
1168:, and this was instrumental in bringing the
4401:Imperial Japanese Navy Battleship 1941–1945
3955:
3477:"IJN Kirishima: Tabular Record of Movement"
2663:Lambert 2002, pp. 20–22; Osborne, pp. 61–62
2213:s led them to upgrade the design, creating
2011:, but encountered the American battleships
1935:on 10 December 1941 whilst in company with
1097:
1021:; this never got beyond the concept stage.
537:Battlecruisers in the dreadnought arms race
74:Battlecruisers served in the navies of the
5529:
5515:
4559:
4545:
4232:
4213:
4123:(1). Society for Military History: 29–55.
1943:was struck by five torpedoes. She quickly
595:For their first few years of service, the
5538:Large cruiser or "cruiser killer" designs
4455:
4262:International Naval Research Organization
3813:The Second World War: The Gathering Storm
3806:
3676:Battleships and Battle Cruisers 1905–1970
3433:Shores, Cull & Izawa, pp. 116–21, 123
2764:
2762:
1811:in very bad weather and disengaged after
891:, which were designed for service in the
4417:
3871:
3849:
3792:. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press.
3787:
3583:Gardiner, Chumbley & Budzbon, p. 328
3500:"IJN Haruna: Tabular Record of Movement"
2228:
2107:
1587:
1576:
1572:
1440:-class battlecruiser (painting, c. 1919)
1432:
1247:
1130:
816:
712:
580:
456:
221:
94:during World War I, most notably at the
20:
4495:
4476:
4314:
4295:
4281:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC CLIO.
4276:
4151:
4114:
4076:
4012:
3120:
3118:
2856:
2854:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2256:). The fruits of this program were the
2224:
2047:capsized three and a half hours later.
350:
173:The battlecruiser was developed by the
5612:
4436:
4398:
4194:
4170:
3993:
3692:
3673:
3538:Friedman 1984, pp. 288–89, 296, 301–02
3454:"IJN Hiei: Tabular Record of Movement"
2759:
2752:
2750:
2490:List of battlecruisers of World War II
2462:decommissioned its only battlecruiser
2378:decommissioned its only battlecruiser
1110:(the part of the North Sea closest to
1089:, which were modified versions of the
5510:
4540:
4371:
4031:
3974:
3730:
3711:
3258:
3256:
2495:List of ships of the Second World War
2485:List of battlecruisers of World War I
2252:, they were termed "heavy cruisers" (
1623:was partially modernized and had her
1411:Plans in the aftermath of World War I
1056:overestimated German progress on the
4251:
4237:. London: Conway. pp. 102–123.
3768:
3749:
3678:. Garden City, New York: Doubleday.
3468:
3445:
3262:Jentschura, Jung & Mickel, p. 35
3151:Halpern, pp. 53–58; Staff, pp. 18–20
3115:
2851:
2807:
2288:to be built since World War II. The
1725:There were two exceptions: Turkey's
1662:were cancelled due to the advent of
1255:sinking during the Battle of Jutland
1223:, centered on the armoured cruisers
757:battleships of a few years earlier.
704:s were followed by the very similar
4199:. London: Oxford University Press.
3491:
2747:
2347:
2084:Large cruisers or "cruiser killers"
1741:
431:Close support for the battle fleet.
202:cause serious difficulties for the
13:
4154:Sir John Fisher's Naval Revolution
3253:
3178:Staff, pp. 43–44; Burr, pp. 24, 33
2896:Roberts, p. 25; Mackay, pp. 324–25
2708:Roberts, p. 15; Mackay, pp. 212–13
2001:Second Naval Battle of Guadalcanal
1517:; the hull of one of the proposed
1385:
14:
5636:
4515:
4300:. London: Conway Maritime Press.
4100:. London: Conway Maritime Press.
3754:. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing.
2448:were both decommissioned in 1947.
1964:First Naval Battle of Guadalcanal
1509:was damaged beyond repair by the
1338:to their loss. Beatty's flagship
1184:, fought engagements against the
1160:, and steamed to Constantinople (
570:ensured that she rather than the
4374:German Battlecruisers: 1914–1918
3752:British Battlecruisers 1914–1918
3612:
3586:
3577:
3574:McLaughlin 2006, pp. 116, 121–22
3568:
3559:
3550:
3541:
2636:Sondhaus, p. 199; Roberts, p. 13
2452:
2431:
2410:
2389:
2368:
2354:
2326:
2294:Тяжелый Атомный Ракетный Крейсер
1855:. Allied battlecruisers such as
1822:s 15-inch shells passed through
1761:as part of the expansion of the
1747:laid down two of the 35,000-ton
827:The next British battlecruiser,
443:If an enemy fleet ran, then the
4336:Jane's Fighting Ships 2013–2014
4334:Saunders, Stephen, ed. (2013).
3891:Gardiner, Robert, ed. (2001) .
3532:
3523:
3514:
3436:
3427:
3418:
3409:
3400:
3391:
3382:
3373:
3364:
3355:
3346:
3337:
3328:
3319:
3310:
3301:
3292:
3283:
3274:
3265:
3244:
3235:
3226:
3217:
3208:
3199:
3190:
3181:
3172:
3163:
3154:
3145:
3136:
3127:
3106:
3097:
3088:
3079:
3070:
3061:
3052:
3043:
3034:
3025:
3016:
3013:Evans & Peattie, pp. 161–63
3007:
2998:
2989:
2980:
2971:
2962:
2953:
2944:
2935:
2926:
2917:
2908:
2899:
2890:
2881:
2872:
2869:As quoted in Massie, pp. 494–95
2863:
2839:
2830:
2821:
2798:
2789:
2780:
2771:
2738:
2729:
2720:
2711:
2702:
2693:
2684:
2675:
2666:
1776:
911:
852:Sir Eustace Tennyson d'Eyncourt
516:Not everyone was so convinced.
466:, Britain's first battlecruiser
4666:Anti-submarine warfare carrier
4462:. New York: Harper & Row.
4079:British Battlecruisers 1939–45
4015:A Naval History of World War I
3977:Cent ans de cuirassés français
3771:British Battleships, 1919–1939
3397:Garzke & Dulin, pp. 135–36
3289:Gardiner & Gray, pp. 41–42
2657:
2648:
2639:
2630:
2621:
2603:
2517:
2240:, the second ship of her class
1505:were selected for conversion.
1205:Battle of the Falkland Islands
1196:against British forces in the
906:
784:, and the likelihood that new
96:Battle of the Falkland Islands
1:
4584:Naval ship classes in service
3788:Chesneau, Roger, ed. (1980).
3650:
3379:McLaughlin 2004, pp. 112, 114
2500:List of sunken battlecruisers
2050:Returning to Japan after the
1603:later became a victim of the
1207:. The British battlecruisers
648:, a relatively close copy of
541:Between the launching of the
168:
5052:Harbour defence motor launch
4479:Battleships of World War Two
4403:. Oxford, UK: Osprey Books.
4376:. Oxford, UK: Osprey Books.
4081:. Oxford, UK: Osprey Books.
2585:
2505:
2319:
1903:Battle of the Denmark Strait
1605:London Naval Conference 1930
931:s were a development of the
920:class and began work on the
423:Because of their power, the
7:
5335:Ballistic missile submarine
5181:Mine countermeasures vessel
4418:Sondhaus, Lawrence (2001).
4195:Mackay, Ruddock F. (1973).
4117:Journal of Military History
3307:Gardiner & Gray, p. 119
3298:Gardiner & Gray, p. 235
3022:Gardiner & Gray, p. 233
2473:
1863:, and the fast battleships
1595:, as reconstructed, in 1939
1511:1923 Great Kantō earthquake
1172:into the war as one of the
659:and later by other navies.
329:First Lord of the Admiralty
10:
5641:
5382:Submarine aircraft carrier
4764:Pre-dreadnought battleship
4574:in 19th and 20th centuries
4298:The World's Worst Warships
4180:. New York: Random House.
4152:Lambert, Nicholas (2002).
3996:German Warships: 1815–1945
3674:Breyer, Siegfried (1973).
3316:Gardiner & Gray, p. 40
2818:Gardiner & Gray, p. 24
2101:
2087:
2023:. While failing to detect
1780:
1569:were similarly converted.
1104:Battle of Heligoland Bight
1024:It is often held that the
976:construction. They became
638:with the 25-knot speed of
605:pre-dreadnought battleship
69:pre-dreadnought battleship
63:, at the same time as the
59:, as a development of the
5565:Design 1047 battlecruiser
5544:
5481:
5400:
5320:
5277:General stores issue ship
5209:
5163:
5105:
5019:
4946:Amphibious transport dock
4938:
4867:
4787:
4739:
4721:Merchant aircraft carrier
4711:Interdiction Assault Ship
4651:
4579:
4277:Osborne, Eric F. (2004).
4013:Halpern, Paul G. (1995).
3872:Friedman, Norman (1984).
2187:s were twice the size of
2090:Design 1047 battlecruiser
1144:The German battlecruiser
5355:Deep-submergence vehicle
5345:Cruise missile submarine
5272:Fast combat support ship
4915:Guided-missile destroyer
4773:Standard-type battleship
4420:Naval Warfare, 1815–1914
4296:Preston, Antony (2002).
3731:Brown, David K. (2003).
3712:Brown, David K. (2003).
3547:Whitley 1995, pp. 278–79
3241:Breyer, pp. 62–64, 70–72
2510:
2306:is operational with the
1803:were engaged during the
1237:Maximilian Graf Von Spee
1098:Battlecruisers in action
854:, had wanted small-bore
4951:Amphibious warfare ship
4661:Amphibious assault ship
4496:Whitley, M. J. (1995).
4477:Whitley, M. J. (1998).
4456:Vandervat, Dan (1988).
4437:Sumida, Jon T. (1993).
4077:Konstam, Angus (2003).
4043:. New York: MacMillan.
3750:Burr, Lawrence (2006).
3565:McLaughlin 2006, p. 104
3529:Noot, pp. 243, 249, 268
3334:Breyer, pp. 157–58, 172
3196:Lambert 1998, pp. 54–55
2744:quoted in Sumida, p. 52
2699:Quoted in Sumida, p. 44
2627:Bidlingmaier, pp. 73–74
2122:'s two "large cruisers"
2074:naval base was attacked
1909:was destroyed when the
1393:Washington Naval Treaty
1302:were severely damaged.
564:Anglo-Japanese Alliance
236:-class armoured cruiser
116:Washington Naval Treaty
5027:Armed boarding steamer
4991:Landing Ship Logistics
4986:Landing ship, infantry
4812:Guided missile cruiser
4716:Light aircraft carrier
4315:Roberts, John (1997).
4098:Battleship Scharnhorst
3994:Gröner, Erich (1990).
2575:
2567:
2554:
2480:List of battlecruisers
2397:Imperial Japanese Navy
2241:
2123:
1831:director-control tower
1627:modified, an aircraft
1596:
1585:
1513:and was broken up for
1441:
1256:
1141:
824:
768:had been planning the
766:Imperial Japanese Navy
721:
592:
467:
334:
257:
237:
102:which culminated in a
32:
5583:O-class battlecruiser
5227:Auxiliary repair dock
5176:Destroyer minesweeper
5072:Ocean boarding vessel
4976:Landing Craft Support
4971:Landing craft carrier
4691:Fighter catapult ship
4459:The Atlantic Campaign
4441:. London: Routledge.
4422:. London: Routledge.
4399:Stille, Mark (2008).
4254:Warship International
4197:Fisher of Kilverstone
3693:Brooks, John (2005).
2887:Sondhaus, pp. 199–202
2570:) and "battleships" (
2557:), "armoured ships" (
2446:-class battlecruisers
2376:Royal Australian Navy
2232:
2111:
2088:Further information:
2064:on 21 November 1944.
1729:and the Royal Navy's
1673:class (initially the
1591:
1580:
1573:Rebuilding programmes
1436:
1261:Battle of Dogger Bank
1251:
1186:Imperial Russian Navy
1134:
820:
716:
584:
552:Anglo-Russian Entente
460:
421:Heavy reconnaissance.
397:, compared to ten on
315:
252:
225:
24:
5599:-class battlecruiser
5591:-class battlecruiser
5560:-class battlecruiser
5453:Littoral combat ship
5006:Landing Ship Vehicle
4749:Coastal defence ship
4372:Staff, Gary (2006).
4338:. n.p.: IHS Jane's.
3975:Gille, Eric (1999).
3769:Burt, R. A. (2012).
3424:Whitley 1998, p. 127
3415:Chesneau, pp. 9, 173
3169:Staff, pp. 23–24, 43
3004:Breyer, pp. 267, 272
2986:Sondhaus, pp. 202–03
2905:Sondhaus, pp. 201–02
2460:Turkish Naval Forces
2420:last battlecruiser,
2362:Imperial German Navy
2225:Cold War–era designs
2094:Alaska-class cruiser
2052:Battle of Leyte Gulf
1815:was damaged. One of
1521:-class battleships,
1397:Treaty of Versailles
1042:Dardanelles Campaign
970:large light cruisers
880:class. In 1913, the
669:, slightly improved
451:Commerce protection.
351:First battlecruisers
216:Imperial German Navy
206:'s worldwide trade.
5570:Design B-65 cruiser
5307:Replenishment oiler
5210:Command and support
4996:Landing Ship Medium
4859:Unprotected cruiser
4701:Flight deck cruiser
4500:. London: Cassell.
4260:(3). Toledo, Ohio:
3979:. Nantes: Marines.
3502:. Combinedfleet.com
3479:. Combinedfleet.com
3456:. Combinedfleet.com
3442:Osborne, pp. 127–28
3232:Halpern, pp. 319–25
3187:Halpern, pp. 318–21
2143:June of that year.
2098:Design B-65 cruiser
1901:in May 1941 in the
1895:and the battleship
1791:in April 1940. The
1771:Ohne Panzer Quatsch
1703:anti-torpedo bulges
1465:responded with the
1321:British Grand Fleet
261:John "Jacky" Fisher
250:wrote in June 1902,
5423:Breastwork monitor
5287:Joint support ship
5242:Combat stores ship
5037:Coastal motor boat
5001:Landing Ship, Tank
4981:Landing Ship Heavy
4880:Convoy rescue ship
4706:Helicopter carrier
3808:Churchill, Winston
3370:Konstam, pp. 33–34
3343:Breyer, pp. 339–40
3124:Roberts, pp. 60–61
3112:Roberts, pp. 55–61
3085:Roberts, pp. 50–52
3076:Roberts, pp. 46–47
3067:Breyer, pp. 283–84
3049:Breyer, pp. 277–78
3031:Roberts, pp. 37–38
2995:Breyer, pp. 269–72
2977:Roberts, pp. 31–33
2941:Roberts, pp. 28–29
2836:Mackay, pp. 325–26
2804:Breyer, pp. 114–17
2786:Roberts, pp. 24–25
2726:Roberts, pp. 16–17
2576:Bâtiments de ligne
2542:-class battleships
2528:-class battleships
2439:United States Navy
2242:
2124:
2120:United States Navy
2035:with some effect.
1805:action off Lofoten
1789:Norwegian Campaign
1727:Yavuz Sultan Selim
1597:
1586:
1584:as she was in 1919
1442:
1257:
1221:East Asia Squadron
1182:Yavuz Sultan Selim
1142:
856:water-tube boilers
825:
722:
593:
556:Russo-Japanese War
468:
388:and more powerful
331:), 20 October 1904
238:
193:In the 1890s, new
188:protected cruisers
106:fleet battle, the
33:
5607:
5606:
5504:
5503:
5408:Armed merchantman
5350:Cruiser submarine
5340:Coastal submarine
5107:Fast attack craft
4961:Dock landing ship
4839:Protected cruiser
4822:Pocket battleship
4779:Treaty battleship
4769:Super-dreadnought
4653:Aircraft carriers
4601:Operational zones
4469:978-0-06-015967-2
4429:978-0-415-21478-0
4410:978-1-84603-280-6
4383:978-1-84603-009-3
4345:978-0-7106-3048-3
4244:978-1-84486-030-2
4172:Massie, Robert K.
4163:978-1-57003-492-3
4088:978-1-84176-633-1
4050:978-0-02-554420-8
4024:978-1-55750-352-7
3967:978-0-87021-101-0
3864:978-1-59114-555-4
3780:978-1-59114-052-8
3761:978-1-84603-008-6
3685:978-0-385-07247-2
3659:Warship Profile 4
3600:. 16 October 2014
3352:Stille, pp. 19–20
3133:Gröner, pp. 58–59
2950:Brown 1999, p. 57
2932:Breyer, pp. 61–62
2690:Sumida, pp. 42–44
2286:surface combatant
2254:tjazholyj krejser
2072:, Japan when the
1972:point-blank range
1486:G3 battlecruisers
1316:Battle of Jutland
1307:armoured cruiser
1200:in January 1918.
1180:herself, renamed
1062:Battle of Jutland
1012:aircraft carriers
901:Russian Civil War
395:12-inch Mk X guns
259:In 1904, Admiral
199:quick-firing guns
108:Battle of Jutland
39:(also written as
5632:
5531:
5524:
5517:
5508:
5507:
5443:Floating battery
5377:Midget submarine
5330:Attack submarine
5312:Submarine tender
5262:Destroyer tender
5092:Submarine chaser
4956:Attack transport
4900:Escort destroyer
4895:Destroyer leader
4890:Destroyer escort
4797:Aircraft cruiser
4611:Green-water navy
4606:Brown-water navy
4561:
4554:
4547:
4538:
4537:
4532:Navsource Online
4511:
4492:
4473:
4452:
4433:
4414:
4395:
4368:
4349:
4330:
4311:
4292:
4273:
4248:
4229:
4210:
4191:
4167:
4148:
4111:
4092:
4073:
4054:
4042:
4028:
4009:
3990:
3971:
3952:
3933:
3914:
3887:
3868:
3851:Friedman, Norman
3846:
3827:
3803:
3784:
3765:
3746:
3727:
3708:
3689:
3670:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3625:
3619:
3618:Saunders, p. 674
3616:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3575:
3572:
3566:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3548:
3545:
3539:
3536:
3530:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3449:
3443:
3440:
3434:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3380:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3362:
3361:Chesneau, p. 406
3359:
3353:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3299:
3296:
3290:
3287:
3281:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3263:
3260:
3251:
3250:Chesneau, p. 218
3248:
3242:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3224:
3223:Staff, pp. 41–42
3221:
3215:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3179:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3113:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3086:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3005:
3002:
2996:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2960:
2959:Sondhaus, p. 203
2957:
2951:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2828:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2805:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2757:
2754:
2745:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2700:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2664:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2628:
2625:
2619:
2618:Chesneau, p. 259
2616:
2610:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2579:
2562:
2549:
2521:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2348:Former operators
2332:
2330:
2329:
2313:Admiral Nakhimov
2284:was the largest
2009:Ironbottom Sound
1991:
1915:
1847:
1828:
1821:
1742:Naval rearmament
1653:
1281:Wilhelm Heidkamp
1194:Battle of Imbros
1108:Heligoland Bight
982:and her sisters
692:s carried eight
550:in 1904 and the
548:Entente cordiale
521:
503:
407:
332:
179:armoured cruiser
162:Admiral Nakhimov
147:missile cruisers
145:of large guided
61:armoured cruiser
47:) was a type of
5640:
5639:
5635:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5630:
5629:
5610:
5609:
5608:
5603:
5540:
5535:
5505:
5500:
5494:Sailing vessels
5477:
5396:
5367:Fleet submarine
5316:
5297:Net laying ship
5222:Ammunition ship
5205:
5159:
5101:
5015:
4934:
4863:
4854:Torpedo cruiser
4834:Merchant raider
4802:Armored cruiser
4783:
4759:Fast battleship
4735:
4726:Seaplane tender
4671:Balloon carrier
4647:
4631:Central battery
4616:Blue-water navy
4575:
4565:
4518:
4508:
4489:
4470:
4449:
4430:
4411:
4384:
4365:
4355:Bloody Shambles
4346:
4327:
4308:
4289:
4245:
4226:
4207:
4188:
4164:
4108:
4089:
4070:
4051:
4025:
4006:
3987:
3968:
3949:
3930:
3903:
3884:
3865:
3843:
3824:
3800:
3781:
3762:
3743:
3724:
3705:
3686:
3653:
3648:
3638:
3636:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3603:
3601:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3569:
3564:
3560:
3555:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3505:
3503:
3496:
3492:
3482:
3480:
3473:
3469:
3459:
3457:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3437:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3419:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3214:Halpern, p. 328
3213:
3209:
3205:Roberts, p. 116
3204:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3160:Burr, pp. 22–23
3159:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3142:Burr, pp. 21–22
3141:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2878:Friedman, p. 10
2877:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2852:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2760:
2755:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2582:
2558:
2555:Schlachtschiffe
2545:
2537:and the French
2535:-class cruisers
2522:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2476:
2453:
2451:
2432:
2430:
2411:
2409:
2390:
2388:
2369:
2367:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2234:Admiral Lazarev
2227:
2106:
2100:
2086:
1989:
1953:Prince of Wales
1937:Prince of Wales
1929:torpedo bombers
1913:
1898:Prince of Wales
1845:
1826:
1819:
1785:
1779:
1744:
1651:
1575:
1413:
1388:
1386:Interwar period
1290:Apart from the
1126:Leberecht Maass
1100:
1053:Queen Elizabeth
914:
909:
655:Queen Elizabeth
539:
519:
501:
496:Because of the
405:
353:
333:
322:
301:pre-dreadnought
275:naval architect
171:
151:nuclear-powered
112:fast battleship
17:
12:
11:
5:
5638:
5628:
5627:
5625:Battlecruisers
5622:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5601:
5593:
5585:
5580:
5578:-class cruiser
5572:
5567:
5562:
5554:
5552:-class cruiser
5545:
5542:
5541:
5534:
5533:
5526:
5519:
5511:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5485:
5483:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5404:
5402:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5326:
5324:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5232:Auxiliary ship
5229:
5224:
5219:
5217:Amenities ship
5213:
5211:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5167:
5165:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5111:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5087:Steam gun boat
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4942:
4940:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4849:Strike cruiser
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4793:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4776:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4745:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4686:Escort carrier
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4657:
4655:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4622:Gun placement
4620:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4564:
4563:
4556:
4549:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4517:
4516:External links
4514:
4513:
4512:
4506:
4493:
4487:
4474:
4468:
4453:
4447:
4434:
4428:
4415:
4409:
4396:
4382:
4369:
4363:
4350:
4344:
4331:
4325:
4317:Battlecruisers
4312:
4306:
4293:
4287:
4274:
4249:
4243:
4230:
4224:
4211:
4205:
4192:
4186:
4168:
4162:
4149:
4129:10.2307/120394
4112:
4106:
4093:
4087:
4074:
4068:
4055:
4049:
4033:Hough, Richard
4029:
4023:
4010:
4004:
3991:
3985:
3972:
3966:
3953:
3947:
3934:
3928:
3915:
3901:
3888:
3882:
3869:
3863:
3847:
3841:
3828:
3822:
3804:
3798:
3785:
3779:
3766:
3760:
3747:
3741:
3728:
3722:
3709:
3703:
3690:
3684:
3671:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3620:
3611:
3585:
3576:
3567:
3558:
3549:
3540:
3531:
3522:
3513:
3490:
3467:
3444:
3435:
3426:
3417:
3408:
3399:
3390:
3381:
3372:
3363:
3354:
3345:
3336:
3327:
3318:
3309:
3300:
3291:
3282:
3280:Breyer, p. 234
3273:
3271:Breyer, p. 353
3264:
3252:
3243:
3234:
3225:
3216:
3207:
3198:
3189:
3180:
3171:
3162:
3153:
3144:
3135:
3126:
3114:
3105:
3103:Roberts, p. 51
3096:
3094:Breyer, p. 172
3087:
3078:
3069:
3060:
3058:Breyer, p. 399
3051:
3042:
3040:Breyer, p. 136
3033:
3024:
3015:
3006:
2997:
2988:
2979:
2970:
2968:Roberts, p. 32
2961:
2952:
2943:
2934:
2925:
2923:Roberts, p. 26
2916:
2914:Staff, pp. 3–4
2907:
2898:
2889:
2880:
2871:
2862:
2860:Massie, p. 494
2850:
2838:
2829:
2827:Roberts, p. 18
2820:
2806:
2797:
2788:
2779:
2770:
2768:Breyer, p. 115
2758:
2756:Roberts, p. 19
2746:
2737:
2728:
2719:
2710:
2701:
2692:
2683:
2674:
2665:
2656:
2647:
2638:
2629:
2620:
2611:
2602:
2600:Breyer, p. 168
2589:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2449:
2428:
2407:
2386:
2365:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2321:
2318:
2226:
2223:
2085:
2082:
2068:was moored at
1778:
1775:
1743:
1740:
1574:
1571:
1412:
1409:
1387:
1384:
1347:Francis Harvey
1174:Central Powers
1170:Ottoman Empire
1099:
1096:
913:
910:
908:
905:
882:Russian Empire
694:13.5-inch guns
538:
535:
522:s Naval Annual
455:
454:
448:
438:
428:
352:
349:
320:
265:First Sea Lord
204:British Empire
170:
167:
84:Ottoman Empire
76:United Kingdom
67:succeeded the
57:United Kingdom
45:battle-cruiser
41:battle cruiser
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5637:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5600:
5598:
5594:
5592:
5590:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5577:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5559:
5555:
5553:
5551:
5547:
5546:
5543:
5539:
5532:
5527:
5525:
5520:
5518:
5513:
5512:
5509:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5480:
5474:
5473:Training ship
5471:
5469:
5468:River monitor
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5433:Drone carrier
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5418:Barracks ship
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5401:Miscellaneous
5399:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5372:Human torpedo
5370:
5368:
5365:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5319:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5292:Naval tugboat
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5282:Hospital ship
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5267:Dispatch boat
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5212:
5208:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5162:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5108:
5104:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5067:Naval trawler
5065:
5063:
5062:Naval drifter
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4966:Landing craft
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4937:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4844:Scout cruiser
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4829:Light cruiser
4827:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4817:Heavy cruiser
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4807:Battlecruiser
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4786:
4780:
4777:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4696:Fleet carrier
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4676:Battlecarrier
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4578:
4573:
4569:
4562:
4557:
4555:
4550:
4548:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4509:
4507:1-86019-874-0
4503:
4499:
4494:
4490:
4488:1-55750-184-X
4484:
4480:
4475:
4471:
4465:
4461:
4460:
4454:
4450:
4448:0-04445-104-0
4444:
4440:
4435:
4431:
4425:
4421:
4416:
4412:
4406:
4402:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4379:
4375:
4370:
4366:
4364:0-948817-50-X
4360:
4356:
4351:
4347:
4341:
4337:
4332:
4328:
4326:1-55750-068-1
4322:
4318:
4313:
4309:
4307:0-85177-754-6
4303:
4299:
4294:
4290:
4288:1-85109-369-9
4284:
4280:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4250:
4246:
4240:
4236:
4231:
4227:
4225:0-85177-948-4
4221:
4217:
4212:
4208:
4202:
4198:
4193:
4189:
4187:0-394-52833-6
4183:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4113:
4109:
4107:0-85177-772-4
4103:
4099:
4094:
4090:
4084:
4080:
4075:
4071:
4069:0-87021-893-X
4065:
4061:
4056:
4052:
4046:
4041:
4040:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4016:
4011:
4007:
4005:0-87021-790-9
4001:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3986:2-909675-50-5
3982:
3978:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3959:
3954:
3950:
3948:0-87021-907-3
3944:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3929:1-55750-132-7
3925:
3921:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3902:0-7858-1414-0
3898:
3894:
3889:
3885:
3883:0-87021-718-6
3879:
3875:
3870:
3866:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3842:0-87021-192-7
3838:
3834:
3829:
3825:
3823:0-395-41055-X
3819:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3799:0-85177-146-7
3795:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3776:
3772:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3753:
3748:
3744:
3742:1-84067-529-2
3738:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3723:1-84067-531-4
3719:
3715:
3710:
3706:
3704:0-7146-5702-6
3700:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3681:
3677:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3655:
3654:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3615:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3580:
3571:
3562:
3553:
3544:
3535:
3526:
3517:
3501:
3494:
3478:
3471:
3455:
3448:
3439:
3430:
3421:
3412:
3403:
3394:
3385:
3376:
3367:
3358:
3349:
3340:
3331:
3322:
3313:
3304:
3295:
3286:
3277:
3268:
3259:
3257:
3247:
3238:
3229:
3220:
3211:
3202:
3193:
3184:
3175:
3166:
3157:
3148:
3139:
3130:
3121:
3119:
3109:
3100:
3091:
3082:
3073:
3064:
3055:
3046:
3037:
3028:
3019:
3010:
3001:
2992:
2983:
2974:
2965:
2956:
2947:
2938:
2929:
2920:
2911:
2902:
2893:
2884:
2875:
2866:
2857:
2855:
2848:
2842:
2833:
2824:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2801:
2795:Burr, pp. 7–8
2792:
2783:
2777:Sumida, p. 55
2774:
2765:
2763:
2753:
2751:
2741:
2732:
2723:
2717:Breyer, p. 48
2714:
2705:
2696:
2687:
2678:
2669:
2660:
2654:Breyer, p. 47
2651:
2645:Sumida, p. 19
2642:
2633:
2624:
2615:
2606:
2597:
2595:
2590:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2568:Panzerschiffe
2565:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2541:
2536:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2520:
2516:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2468:
2467:
2461:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2440:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2419:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2399:upgraded its
2398:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2377:
2366:
2363:
2352:
2351:
2342:
2340:
2336:operates one
2335:
2324:
2323:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2303:Pyotr Velikiy
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2263:
2261:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2246:Joseph Stalin
2239:
2235:
2231:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2193:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2121:
2118:, one of the
2117:
2116:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1958:The Japanese
1956:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1881:heavy cruiser
1878:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1784:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1646:
1644:
1643:King George V
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1579:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1555:United States
1552:
1548:
1544:
1543:Constellation
1540:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1421:
1417:
1408:
1406:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1334:Indefatigable
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1253:Indefatigable
1250:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1049:Admiral class
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
992:
987:
986:
981:
980:
975:
974:light cruiser
971:
965:
963:
959:
955:
953:
948:
945:
943:
936:
934:
930:
926:
924:
919:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
888:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
865:
859:
857:
853:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
831:
823:
819:
815:
813:
812:
807:
806:
800:
796:
792:
787:
783:
779:
774:
772:
767:
762:
760:
756:
754:
749:
745:
744:
739:
737:
732:
728:
720:
715:
711:
709:
708:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
685:
680:
679:
672:
668:
666:
665:Indefatigable
660:
658:
656:
651:
647:
646:
641:
637:
631:
629:
628:
623:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
590:
589:
583:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
544:
534:
532:
527:
523:
514:
512:
508:
499:
494:
491:
485:
482:
478:
477:capital ships
473:
465:
464:
459:
452:
449:
446:
442:
439:
436:
432:
429:
426:
422:
419:
418:
417:
415:
410:
404:
400:
396:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
370:
368:
366:
361:
360:
348:
346:
345:
340:
330:
326:
325:Lord Selborne
319:
314:
311:
307:
302:
296:
293:
292:conning tower
289:
285:
281:
276:
272:
271:
266:
262:
256:
251:
249:
244:
235:
231:
230:
224:
220:
217:
213:
207:
205:
200:
196:
191:
189:
184:
180:
176:
166:
164:
163:
158:
157:
156:Pyotr Velikiy
152:
148:
144:
142:
138:, the Soviet
137:
133:
128:
125:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
37:battlecruiser
30:
29:
23:
19:
5596:
5588:
5575:
5557:
5549:
5428:Capital ship
5413:Arsenal ship
5252:Crane vessel
5247:Command ship
5186:Mine planter
5164:Mine warfare
5130:Missile boat
5097:Torpedo boat
5057:Motor launch
5020:Patrol craft
4925:Radar picket
4806:
4731:Supercarrier
4497:
4478:
4458:
4438:
4419:
4400:
4373:
4354:
4335:
4316:
4297:
4278:
4257:
4253:
4235:Warship 2006
4234:
4216:Warship 2004
4215:
4196:
4175:
4153:
4120:
4116:
4097:
4078:
4059:
4038:
4014:
3995:
3976:
3957:
3938:
3919:
3892:
3873:
3854:
3832:
3812:
3789:
3770:
3751:
3732:
3713:
3694:
3675:
3658:
3637:. Retrieved
3635:(in Russian)
3632:
3623:
3614:
3604:13 September
3602:. Retrieved
3598:Moscow Times
3597:
3588:
3579:
3570:
3561:
3552:
3543:
3534:
3525:
3516:
3504:. Retrieved
3493:
3481:. Retrieved
3470:
3458:. Retrieved
3447:
3438:
3429:
3420:
3411:
3406:Burt, p. 243
3402:
3393:
3384:
3375:
3366:
3357:
3348:
3339:
3330:
3321:
3312:
3303:
3294:
3285:
3276:
3267:
3246:
3237:
3228:
3219:
3210:
3201:
3192:
3183:
3174:
3165:
3156:
3147:
3138:
3129:
3108:
3099:
3090:
3081:
3072:
3063:
3054:
3045:
3036:
3027:
3018:
3009:
3000:
2991:
2982:
2973:
2964:
2955:
2946:
2937:
2928:
2919:
2910:
2901:
2892:
2883:
2874:
2865:
2841:
2832:
2823:
2800:
2791:
2782:
2773:
2740:
2731:
2722:
2713:
2704:
2695:
2686:
2677:
2668:
2659:
2650:
2641:
2632:
2623:
2614:
2605:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2519:
2465:
2443:
2423:
2401:
2381:
2338:
2334:Russian Navy
2312:
2308:Russian Navy
2302:
2298:P-700 Granit
2293:
2289:
2281:
2274:
2271:
2266:
2259:
2258:Project 82 (
2253:
2243:
2237:
2233:
2218:
2210:
2206:
2204:
2197:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2148:
2145:
2139:
2129:
2125:
2114:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2033:South Dakota
2032:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2014:South Dakota
2013:
2007:returned to
2004:
1996:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1967:
1959:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1927:by Japanese
1925:she was sunk
1920:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1897:
1892:
1884:
1875:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1842:
1841:knocked out
1838:
1835:rangefinders
1823:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1799:
1793:
1786:
1777:World War II
1770:
1763:Kriegsmarine
1756:
1749:
1745:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1664:World War II
1659:
1655:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1600:
1598:
1592:
1581:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1551:Constitution
1550:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1518:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1490:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1425:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1404:
1401:
1389:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1366:Von der Tann
1365:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1339:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1284:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1241:
1231:
1225:
1215:
1209:
1202:
1181:
1177:
1166:Ottoman Navy
1153:
1146:
1143:
1136:
1123:Rear Admiral
1119:David Beatty
1116:Vice Admiral
1101:
1090:
1085:Ersatz Yorck
1084:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1067:
1057:
1052:
1046:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1018:Incomparable
1017:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
984:
978:
969:
966:
961:
958:15-inch guns
951:
941:
937:
932:
928:
922:
917:
915:
912:Construction
896:
886:
877:
873:
869:
863:
860:
846:
838:
834:
829:
826:
821:
809:
803:
798:
790:
781:
777:
770:
763:
758:
752:
747:
742:
735:
730:
727:Von der Tann
726:
723:
718:
706:
701:
689:
683:
678:Von der Tann
677:
670:
664:
661:
654:
649:
644:
639:
635:
632:
626:
621:
616:
612:
608:
600:
596:
594:
587:
575:
571:
567:
542:
540:
525:
517:
515:
510:
507:Baltic Fleet
497:
495:
489:
486:
480:
471:
469:
462:
450:
444:
440:
434:
430:
424:
420:
413:
411:
402:
398:
381:
377:
373:
371:
364:
358:
354:
343:
335:
316:
297:
269:
258:
253:
248:Fred T. Jane
239:
233:
228:
208:
192:
172:
160:
154:
140:
132:World War II
129:
120:
73:
49:capital ship
44:
40:
36:
34:
27:
18:
5576:Deutschland
5463:Mother ship
5302:Repair ship
5201:Minesweeper
5077:Patrol boat
5032:Armed yacht
4754:Dreadnought
4741:Battleships
4568:Naval ships
4264:: 242–273.
3325:Burt, p. 48
2533:Deutschland
2526:Scharnhorst
2523:The German
2272:The Soviet
2250:Soviet Navy
2236:, formerly
2215:Design B-65
2177:Puerto Rico
2173:Philippines
2165:; a third,
2140:Scharnhorst
2136:East Indies
2132:Design 1047
1976:sister ship
1885:Prinz Eugen
1800:Scharnhorst
1708:Pacific War
1375:Derfflinger
1259:During the
1226:Scharnhorst
956:. With six
947:battleships
933:Derfflinger
918:Derfflinger
907:World War I
864:Derfflinger
795:superfiring
733:s. The two
650:Dreadnought
645:Bellerophon
636:Dreadnought
613:Dreadnought
576:Dreadnought
568:Dreadnought
560:dreadnought
403:Dreadnought
399:Dreadnought
378:Dreadnought
374:Dreadnought
359:Dreadnought
284:gun turrets
195:Krupp steel
65:dreadnought
53:battleships
5620:Ship types
5614:Categories
5597:Stalingrad
5589:Kronshtadt
5558:Courageous
5489:Ship types
5448:Guard ship
5322:Submarines
5257:Depot ship
5191:Minehunter
4206:0198224095
3651:References
2418:Royal Navy
2267:Stalingrad
2260:Stalingrad
2102:See also:
2061:Sealion II
2037:Washington
2025:Washington
2020:Washington
1870:Strasbourg
1781:See also:
1750:Kronshtadt
1567:Courageous
1474:Invincible
1329:Queen Mary
1325:Invincible
1216:Invincible
1210:Inflexible
1198:Aegean Sea
1030:Courageous
1004:Uproarious
1000:Outrageous
979:Courageous
893:Baltic Sea
843:sea trials
778:Invincible
731:Invincible
707:Queen Mary
700:. The two
671:Invincible
640:Invincible
622:Invincible
617:Invincible
609:Invincible
601:Invincible
597:Invincible
588:Queen Mary
572:Invincible
543:Invincible
526:Invincible
511:Invincible
498:Invincible
490:Invincible
481:Invincible
472:Invincible
463:Invincible
445:Invincible
435:Invincible
425:Invincible
414:Invincible
412:While the
382:Invincible
365:Invincible
323:Fisher to
310:destroyers
306:submarines
255:certainty?
175:Royal Navy
169:Background
124:Royal Navy
5196:Minelayer
5011:Troopship
4939:Transport
4905:Escorteur
4885:Destroyer
4626:Broadside
4594:auxiliary
4589:submarine
4270:0043-0374
4137:0899-3718
2586:Citations
2560:‹See Tfd›
2547:‹See Tfd›
2540:Dunkerque
2506:Footnotes
2382:Australia
2320:Operators
2190:Baltimore
2113:USS
2045:Kirishima
2041:Kirishima
2029:Kirishima
2005:Kirishima
1983:Kirishima
1979:Kirishima
1933:Singapore
1931:north of
1865:Dunkerque
1843:Gneisenau
1824:Gneisenau
1813:Gneisenau
1794:Gneisenau
1716:Kirishima
1682:Kirishima
1536:USS
1531:Lexington
1529:USS
1482:Lexington
1468:Lexington
1438:Lexington
1242:Australia
1232:Gneisenau
1190:Black Sea
1152:SMS
1091:Mackensen
1080:Mackensen
1076:Mackensen
1058:Mackensen
1038:freeboard
1016:HMS
929:Mackensen
923:Mackensen
786:U.S. Navy
753:Helgoland
698:barbettes
676:SMS
586:HMS
227:HMS
100:North Sea
88:Australia
26:HMS
5438:Flagship
5171:Danlayer
5042:Corvette
4920:Kaibōkan
4789:Cruisers
4681:CAM ship
4636:Casemate
4572:warships
4392:64555761
4174:(1991).
4035:(1964).
3911:51940554
3853:(2008).
3810:(1986).
3667:20229321
2474:See also
2469:in 1950.
2385:in 1921.
2031:engaged
1994:scuttled
1945:capsized
1911:Bismarck
1879:and the
1876:Bismarck
1853:Atlantic
1797:and the
1633:catapult
1563:Glorious
1538:Saratoga
1380:Seydlitz
1370:Seydlitz
1300:Seydlitz
1285:Seydlitz
1277:Seydlitz
1273:magazine
1265:Seydlitz
1162:Istanbul
1137:Seydlitz
1008:Spurious
985:Glorious
897:Borodino
887:Borodino
878:Seydlitz
872:and the
759:Seydlitz
743:Seydlitz
719:Seydlitz
441:Pursuit.
390:turbines
344:Minotaur
339:drydocks
321:—
234:Minotaur
136:Cold War
5482:Related
5458:Monitor
5392:Wet sub
5237:Collier
5155:Shin'yō
5150:PT boat
5047:Gunboat
4910:Frigate
4641:Turrets
3639:2 April
1949:Repulse
1941:Repulse
1921:Repulse
1889:sortied
1861:Repulse
1759:O class
1710:, when
1656:Repulse
1621:Repulse
1616:Repulse
1582:Repulse
1559:Furious
1493:slipway
1314:At the
1309:Blücher
1292:cordite
1188:in the
1154:Breslau
1112:Hamburg
1034:draught
996:Furious
991:Furious
942:Revenge
805:Tsukuba
627:Blücher
531:torpedo
518:Brassey
386:boilers
263:became
243:torpedo
229:Shannon
212:classes
183:cruiser
104:pitched
80:Germany
5550:Alaska
5387:U-boat
5115:E-boat
5082:Q-ship
4868:Escort
4504:
4485:
4466:
4445:
4426:
4407:
4390:
4380:
4361:
4342:
4323:
4304:
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