Battlecruiser - Knowledge

725: 2120: 2367: 469: 2444: 121:. British battlecruisers in particular suffered heavy losses at Jutland, where poor fire safety and ammunition handling practices left them vulnerable to catastrophic magazine explosions following hits to their main turrets from large-calibre shells. This dismal showing led to a persistent general belief that battlecruisers were too thinly armoured to function successfully. By the end of the war, capital ship design had developed, with battleships becoming faster and battlecruisers becoming more heavily armoured, blurring the distinction between a battlecruiser and a 1589: 2402: 1600: 2423: 2381: 33: 1445: 2228:. Armed with 356 mm guns, the B65s would have been the best armed of the new breed of battlecruisers, but they still would have had only sufficient protection to keep out eight-inch shells. Much like the Dutch, the Japanese got as far as completing the design for the B65s, but never laid them down. By the time the designs were ready the Japanese Navy recognized that they had little use for the vessels and that their priority for construction should lie with aircraft carriers. Like the 2241: 1260: 1429:, launched in 1918, was the last World War I battlecruiser to be completed. Owing to lessons from Jutland, the ship was modified during construction; the thickness of her belt armour was increased by an average of 50 percent and extended substantially, she was given heavier deck armour, and the protection of her magazines was improved to guard against the ignition of ammunition. This was hoped to be capable of resisting her own weapons—the classic measure of a "balanced" battleship. 829: 2339: 234: 692:. This class came to be widely seen as a mistake and the next generation of British battlecruisers were markedly more powerful. By 1909–1910 a sense of national crisis about rivalry with Germany outweighed cost-cutting, and a naval panic resulted in the approval of a total of eight capital ships in 1909–1910. Fisher pressed for all eight to be battlecruisers, but was unable to have his way; he had to settle for six battleships and two battlecruisers of the 2465: 593: 1780:). With six 15-inch guns, high speed, excellent range, but very thin armour, they were intended as commerce raiders. Only one was ordered shortly before World War II; no work was ever done on it. No names were assigned, and they were known by their contract names: 'O', 'P', and 'Q'. The new class was not universally welcomed in the Kriegsmarine. Their abnormally-light protection gained it the derogatory nickname 1143: 348:

battleship and armoured cruiser construction in the future. While the stated purpose of the committee was to investigate and report on future requirements of ships, Fisher and his associates had already made key decisions. The terms of reference for the committee were for a battleship capable of 21 knots (39 km/h; 24 mph) with 12-inch guns and no intermediate calibres, capable of docking in existing

82:. The goal of the design was to outrun any ship with similar armament, and chase down any ship with lesser armament; they were intended to hunt down slower, older armoured cruisers and destroy them with heavy gunfire while avoiding combat with the more powerful but slower battleships. However, as more and more battlecruisers were built, they were increasingly used alongside the better-protected battleships. 1717:

carrier task forces. Completely new main engines, a reduced number of boilers and an increase in hull length by 26 feet (7.9 m) allowed them to reach up to 30 knots once again. They were reclassified as "fast battleships," although their armour and guns still fell short compared to surviving World War I–era battleships in the American or the British navies, with dire consequences during the

2194:, were cancelled before they were laid down. They were classified as "large cruisers" instead of battlecruisers. These ships were named after territories or protectorates. (Battleships, were named after states and cruisers after cities.) With a main armament of nine 12-inch guns in three triple turrets and a displacement of 27,000 long tons (27,000 t), the 557:

was the marked change in Britain's strategic circumstances between their conception and the commissioning of the first ships. The prospective enemy for Britain had shifted from a Franco-Russian alliance with many armoured cruisers to a resurgent and increasingly belligerent Germany. Diplomatically, Britain had entered the

66:, but differed in form and balance of attributes. Battlecruisers typically had thinner armour (to a varying degree) and a somewhat lighter main gun battery than contemporary battleships, installed on a longer hull with much higher engine power in order to attain greater speeds. The first battlecruisers were designed in the 367:

two Chilean battleships under construction in British yards, lest they be purchased by the Russians for use against the Japanese, Britain's ally. These economic realities meant that the 1905–1906 programme consisted only of one battleship, but three armoured cruisers. The battleship became the revolutionary battleship

1294:. This near-disaster was due to the way that ammunition handling was arranged and was common to both German and British battleships and battlecruisers, but the lighter protection on the latter made them more vulnerable to the turret or barbette being penetrated. The Germans learned from investigating the damaged 1950:. She was lightly damaged by a single 250-kilogram (550 lb) bomb and near-missed by two others in the first Japanese attack. Her speed and agility enabled her to avoid the other attacks by level bombers and dodge 33 torpedoes. The last group of torpedo bombers attacked from multiple directions and 2275:

cruisers, of 36,500 tonnes (35,900 long tons) standard load, nine 305 mm (12 in) guns and a speed of 35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph). Three ships were laid down in 1951–1952, but they were cancelled in April 1953 after Stalin's death. Only the central armoured hull section of the first

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and 3,800 long tons (3,900 t) of horizontal armour added, and a "pagoda" mast with additional command positions built up. This reduced the ships' speed to 25.9 knots (48.0 km/h; 29.8 mph). The second reconstruction focused on speed as they had been selected as fast escorts for aircraft

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exploded with the loss of all but a handful of their crews. The exact reason why the ships' magazines detonated is not known, but the plethora of exposed cordite charges stored in their turrets, ammunition hoists and working chambers in the quest to increase their rate of fire undoubtedly contributed

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lost speed, causing her to fall behind the rest of the battleline, and Beatty was unable to effectively command his ships for the remainder of the engagement. A British signalling error allowed the German battlecruisers to withdraw, as most of Beatty's squadron mistakenly concentrated on the crippled

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s, an admiral "will be certain to put them in the line of battle where their comparatively light protection will be a disadvantage and their high speed of no value." Those in favor of the battlecruiser countered with two points—first, since all capital ships were vulnerable to new weapons such as the

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class and had the same main battery, they would have been more lightly armoured and only protected against eight-inch gunfire. Although the design was mostly completed, work on the vessels never commenced as the Germans overran the Netherlands in May 1940. The first ship would have been laid down in

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A late renaissance in popularity of ships between battleships and cruisers in size occurred on the eve of World War II. Described by some as battlecruisers, but never classified as capital ships, they were variously described as "super cruisers", "large cruisers" or even "unrestricted cruisers". The

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By 1911 Germany had built battlecruisers of her own, and the superiority of the British ships could no longer be assured. Moreover, the German Navy did not share Fisher's view of the battlecruiser. In contrast to the British focus on increasing speed and firepower, Germany progressively improved the

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s to just after the outbreak of the First World War, the battlecruiser played a junior role in the developing dreadnought arms race, as it was never wholeheartedly adopted as the key weapon in British imperial defence, as Fisher had presumably desired. The biggest factor for this lack of acceptance

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Along with questions over the new ships' nomenclature came uncertainty about their actual role due to their lack of protection. If they were primarily to act as scouts for the battle fleet and hunter-killers of enemy cruisers and commerce raiders, then the seven inches of belt armour with which they

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cruisers and had guns some 50% larger in diameter. They lacked the thick armoured belt and intricate torpedo defence system of true capital ships. However, unlike most battlecruisers, they were considered a balanced design according to cruiser standards as their protection could withstand fire from

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underwent a more thorough reconstruction between 1937 and 1939. Her deck armour was increased, new turbines and boilers were fitted, an aircraft hangar and catapult added and she was completely rearmed aside from the main guns which had their elevation increased to +30 degrees. The bridge structure

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battleship. The project began at the end of 1915, after Fisher's final departure from the Admiralty. While initially envisaged as a battleship, senior sea officers felt that Britain had enough battleships, but that new battlecruisers might be required to combat German ships being built (the British

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began to build large armoured cruisers for use on their overseas stations, laying down eight between 1897 and 1906. In the period 1889–1896, the Royal Navy spent £7.3 million on new large cruisers. From 1897 to 1904, it spent £26.9 million. Many armoured cruisers of the new kind were just

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was the largest ship in the Royal Navy when completed; because of her great displacement, in theory she combined the firepower and armour of a battleship with the speed of a battlecruiser, causing some to refer to her as a fast battleship. However, her protection was markedly less than that of the

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At the same time, Fisher resorted to subterfuge to obtain another three fast, lightly armoured ships that could use several spare 15-inch (381 mm) gun turrets left over from battleship construction. These ships were essentially light battlecruisers, and Fisher occasionally referred to them as

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size and armament, naval authorities considered them capital ships almost from their inception—an assumption that might have been inevitable. Complicating matters further was that many naval authorities, including Lord Fisher, had made overoptimistic assessments from the Battle of Tsushima in 1905

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Under the Selborne plan of 1902, the Royal Navy intended to start three new battleships and four armoured cruisers each year. However, in late 1904 it became clear that the 1905–1906 programme would have to be considerably smaller, because of lower than expected tax revenue and the need to buy out

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now had a range of 2,000 yards, and it seemed unlikely that a battleship would engage within torpedo range. However, at ranges of more than 2,000 yards it became increasingly unlikely that the heavy guns of a battleship would score any hits, as the heavy guns relied on primitive aiming techniques.

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In the late 1930s navies began to build capital ships again, and during this period a number of large commerce raiders and small, fast battleships were built that are sometimes referred to as battlecruisers. Germany and Russia designed new battlecruisers during this period, though only the latter

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In the years immediately after World War I, Britain, Japan and the US all began design work on a new generation of ever more powerful battleships and battlecruisers. The new burst of shipbuilding that each nation's navy desired was politically controversial and potentially economically crippling.

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Fisher's views were very controversial within the Royal Navy, and even given his position as First Sea Lord, he was not in a position to insist on his own approach. Thus he assembled a "Committee on Designs", consisting of a mixture of civilian and naval experts, to determine the approach to both

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of enemy battleships and cruisers alike. In 1896–97 France and Russia, who were regarded as likely allies in the event of war, started to build large, fast armoured cruisers taking advantage of this. In the event of a war between Britain and France or Russia, or both, these cruisers threatened to

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Of what use is a battle fleet to a country called (A) at war with a country called (B) possessing no battleships, but having fast armoured cruisers and clouds of fast torpedo craft? What damage would (A's) battleships do to (B)? Would (B) wish for a few battleships or for more armoured cruisers?

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The increasing size and power of the armoured cruiser led to suggestions in British naval circles that cruisers should displace battleships entirely. The battleship's main advantage was its 12-inch heavy guns, and heavier armour designed to protect from shells of similar size. However, for a few

145:, and only one survived to the end. There was also renewed interest in large "cruiser-killer" type warships, but few were ever begun, as construction of battleships and battlecruisers was curtailed in favor of more-needed convoy escorts, aircraft carriers, and cargo ships. During (and after) the 1475:

battleships which were to precede them were 1 inch (25 mm) less side armour and a .25 knots (0.46 km/h; 0.29 mph) increase in speed. The United States Navy, which had worked on its battlecruiser designs since 1913 and watched the latest developments in this class with great care,

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Is there anything outside of 2,000 yards that the big gun in its hundreds of tons of medieval castle can affect, that its weight in 6-inch guns without the castle could not affect equally well? And inside 2,000, what, in these days of gyros, is there that the torpedo cannot effect with far more

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In Britain, Jackie Fisher returned to the office of First Sea Lord in October 1914. His enthusiasm for big, fast ships was unabated, and he set designers to producing a design for a battlecruiser with 15-inch guns. Because Fisher expected the next German battlecruiser to steam at 28 knots, he

906:. These ships were designed to carry twelve 14-inch guns, with armour up to 12 inches thick, and a speed of 26.6 knots (49.3 km/h; 30.6 mph). The heavy armour and relatively slow speed of these ships made them more similar to German designs than to British ships; construction of the 494:

class themselves were referred to as "cruiser-battleships", "dreadnought cruisers"; the term "battlecruiser" was first used by Fisher in 1908. Finally, on 24 November 1911, Admiralty Weekly Order No. 351 laid down that "All cruisers of the "Invincible" and later types are for the future to be

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to an "all-big-gun" design, and preliminary designs circulated for battleships with all 12-inch or all 10-inch guns and armoured cruisers with all 9.2-inch guns. In late 1904, not long after the Royal Navy had decided to use 12-inch guns for its next generation of battleships because of their

707:, the now-standard caliber of the British "super-dreadnought" battleships. Speed increased to 27 knots (50 km/h; 31 mph) and armour protection, while not as good as in German designs, was better than in previous British battlecruisers, with nine-inch (230 mm) armour belt and 1455:

The navies of Japan and the United States, not being affected immediately by the war, had time to develop new heavy 16-inch (410 mm) guns for their latest designs and to refine their battlecruiser designs in light of combat experience in Europe. The Imperial Japanese Navy began four

129:, which limited capital ship construction from 1922 onwards, treated battleships and battlecruisers identically, and the new generation of battlecruisers planned by the United States, Great Britain and Japan were scrapped or converted into aircraft carriers under the terms of the treaty. 1282:. The shell did not penetrate the barbette, but it dislodged a piece of the barbette armour that allowed the flame from the shell's detonation to enter the barbette. The propellant charges being hoisted upwards were ignited, and the fireball flashed up into the turret and down into the 799:

battleships would be armed with 14-inch (360 mm) guns, the Japanese decided to radically revise their plans and go one better. A new plan was drawn up, carrying eight 14-inch guns, and capable of 27.5 knots (50.9 km/h; 31.6 mph), thus marginally having the edge over the

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The Royal Navy's early superiority in capital ships led to the rejection of a 1905–1906 design that would, essentially, have fused the battlecruiser and battleship concepts into what would eventually become the fast battleship. The 'X4' design combined the full armour and armament of

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is sometimes referred to as a battlecruiser. This description arises from their over 24,000-tonne (24,000-long-ton) displacement, which is roughly equal to that of a First World War battleship and more than twice the displacement of contemporary cruisers; upon entry into service,

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Britain, which had concluded in 1892 that it needed twice as many cruisers as any potential enemy to adequately protect its empire's sea lanes, responded to the perceived threat by laying down its own large armoured cruisers. Between 1899 and 1905, it completed or laid down seven

1499:. Royal Navy documents of the period often described any battleship with a speed of over about 24 knots (44 km/h; 28 mph) as a battlecruiser, regardless of the amount of protective armour, although the G3 was considered by most to be a well-balanced fast battleship. 1973:-class battlecruisers were extensively used as carrier escorts for most of their wartime career due to their high speed. Their World War I–era armament was weaker and their upgraded armour was still thin compared to contemporary battleships. On 13 November 1942, during the 196:

roles of patrol, trade protection and power projection. However, the results were rarely satisfactory, as the weight of armour required for any meaningful protection usually meant that the ship became almost as slow as a battleship. As a result, navies preferred to build

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was in constant service with the fleet and could not be withdrawn for an extended reconstruction. She received minor improvements over the course of the 1930s, including modern fire control systems, increased numbers of anti-aircraft guns, and in March 1941, radar.

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The Battle of Tsushima proved the effectiveness of heavy guns over intermediate ones and the need for a uniform main caliber on a ship for fire control. Even before this, the Royal Navy had begun to consider a shift away from the mixed-calibre armament of the 1890s

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continued to use "battlecruiser" as a classification for the World War I–era capital ships that remained in the fleet; while Japan's battlecruisers remained in service, they had been significantly reconstructed and were re-rated as full-fledged fast battleships.

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their own caliber of gun, albeit only in a very narrow range band. They were designed to hunt down Japanese heavy cruisers, though by the time they entered service most Japanese cruisers had been sunk by American aircraft or submarines. Like the contemporary

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Improvements in armour design and propulsion created the 1930s "fast battleship" with the speed of a battlecruiser and armour of a battleship, making the battlecruiser in the traditional sense effectively an obsolete concept. Thus from the 1930s on, only the

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on 31 May 1916, both British and German battlecruisers were employed as fleet units. The British battlecruisers became engaged with both their German counterparts, the battlecruisers, and then German battleships before the arrival of the battleships of the

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s were essentially extremely large, heavily armed, fast armoured cruisers. However, the viability of the armoured cruiser was already in doubt. A cruiser that could have worked with the Fleet might have been a more viable option for taking over that role.

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s, with nine inches of armour on the turrets and 8 inches (203 mm) on the barbettes. The first ship in the class was built in Britain, and a further three constructed in Japan. The Japanese also re-classified their powerful armoured cruisers of the

1322:, sinking her with great loss of life. The British blamed their failure to win a decisive victory on their poor gunnery and attempted to increase their rate of fire by stockpiling unprotected cordite charges in their ammunition hoists and barbettes. 1082:, was built according to this design to counter the possible completion of any of the Mackensen-class ship. The plans for her three sisters, on which little work had been done, were revised once more later in 1916 and in 1917 to improve protection. 860:

was also more heavily armoured on the whole; while the maximum thickness of armour was the same at nine inches, the height of the main armour belt was increased. Not all the desired improvements for this ship were approved, however. Her designer,

284:, a faster, more lightly armoured battleship. As early as 1901, there is confusion in Fisher's writing about whether he saw the battleship or the cruiser as the model for future developments. This did not stop him from commissioning designs from 1104:

s with 15-inch guns. Work on the three additional Admirals was suspended in March 1917 to enable more escorts and merchant ships to be built to deal with the new threat from U-boats to trade. They were finally cancelled in February 1919.

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would be able to destroy battleships; this in Fisher's view heralded the end of the battleship or at least compromised the validity of heavy armour protection. Nevertheless, armoured cruisers would remain vital for commerce protection.

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Through the 1920s and 1930s only Britain and Japan retained battlecruisers, often modified and rebuilt from their original designs. The line between the battlecruiser and the modern fast battleship became blurred; indeed, the Japanese

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had been equipped would be adequate. If, on the other hand, they were expected to reinforce a battle line of dreadnoughts with their own heavy guns, they were too thin-skinned to be safe from an enemy's heavy guns. The

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meant that the design was radically revised and transformed again into a fast battleship with armour up to 12 inches thick, but still capable of 31.5 knots (58.3 km/h; 36.2 mph). The first ship in the class,

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s armour, by comparison, was 11–12 inches (279–305 mm) at its thickest.) The class had a very marked increase in speed, displacement and firepower compared to the most recent armoured cruisers but no more armour.

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to propel them at 25 knots (46 km/h; 29 mph). Moreover, the new ships could maintain this speed for days, whereas pre-dreadnought battleships could not generally do so for more than an hour. Armed with eight

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and up to 2.5 inches (64 mm) on her decks. However, mainstream British naval thinking between 1902 and 1904 was clearly in favour of heavily armoured battleships, rather than the fast ships that Fisher favoured.

1744:. The Turkish Navy made only minor improvements to the ship in the interwar period, which primarily focused on repairing wartime damage and the installation of new fire control systems and anti-aircraft batteries. 1467:

whilst carrying a main battery of ten 16-inch guns, the most powerful armament ever proposed for a battlecruiser. They were, for all intents and purposes, fast battleships—the only differences between them and the

1286:, setting fire to charges removed from their brass cartridge cases. The gun crew tried to escape into the next turret, which allowed the flash to spread into that turret as well, killing the crews of both turrets. 684:

s built to fundamentally the same specification, partly due to political pressure to limit costs and partly due to the secrecy surrounding German battlecruiser construction, particularly about the heavy armour of

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produced by having been built in secret; this prompted most other navies to delay their building programmes and radically revise their designs. This was particularly true for cruisers, because the details of the

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s, a Royal Navy memorandum refers to "large armoured ships" meaning both battleships and large cruisers. In October 1906, the Admiralty began to classify all post-Dreadnought battleships and armoured cruisers as

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W. H. Gard for an armoured cruiser with the heaviest possible armament for use with the fleet. The design Gard submitted was for a ship between 14,000–15,000 long tons (14,000–15,000 t), capable of 25

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ships from 1909, and was determined that, since the Japanese economy could support relatively few ships, each would be more powerful than its likely competitors. Initially the class was planned with the

2570: 2557: 1047:, which might be important in the shallow Baltic. This is not clear-cut evidence that the ships were designed for the Baltic: it was considered that earlier ships had too much draught and not enough 1071:

class as well as their likely capabilities). A battlecruiser design with eight 15-inch guns, 8 inches of armour and capable of 32 knots was decided on. The experience of battlecruisers at the

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The better-armoured German battlecruisers fared better, in part due to the poor performance of British fuzes (the British shells tended to explode or break up on impact with the German armour).

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about the armoured cruiser's ability to survive in a battle line against enemy capital ships due to their superior speed. These assumptions had been made without taking into account the Russian

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They could be stationed at the ends of the battle line to stop enemy cruisers harassing the battleships, and to harass the enemy's battleships if they were busy fighting battleships. Also, the

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Would not (A) willingly exchange a few battleships for more fast armoured cruisers? In such a case, neither side wanting battleships is presumptive evidence that they are not of much value.

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s were so far ahead of any enemy armoured cruiser in firepower and speed that it proved difficult to justify building more or bigger cruisers. This lead was extended by the surprise both

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under operational conditions. Roberts argues that the focus on the Baltic was probably unimportant at the time the ships were designed, but was inflated later, after the disastrous

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by American carrier aircraft on 24 and 28 July 1945. The ship was only lightly damaged by a single bomb hit on 24 July, but was hit a dozen more times on 28 July and sank at her

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s—this after an 8,000-long-ton (8,100 t) increase in protection following Jutland. The final stage in the post-war battlecruiser race came with the British response to the

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and was scrapped. Because their high speed made them valuable surface units in spite of their weaknesses, most of these ships were significantly updated before World War II.

1009:) and their armour, which at three inches (76 mm) thickness was on the scale of a light cruiser. The design was generally regarded as a failure (nicknamed in the Fleet 869:

and geared turbines to give her a speed of 32 knots (59 km/h; 37 mph), but he received no support from the authorities and the engine makers refused his request.

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in the face of Japanese aggression. Never officially assigned names, these ships were designed with German and Italian assistance. While they broadly resembled the German

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s aft turret. The British ship was struck twice by German shells that failed to inflict any significant damage. She was the only pre-war battlecruiser to survive the war.

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superior performance at long range, Fisher began to argue that big-gun cruisers could replace battleships altogether. The continuing improvement of the torpedo meant that

278:, the senior officer of the Royal Navy. He had for some time thought about the development of a new fast armoured ship. He was very fond of the "second-class battleship" 4562: 2138:

Dutch, American, and Japanese navies all planned these new classes specifically to counter the heavy cruisers, or their counterparts, being built by their naval rivals.

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took his squadron of five battlecruisers into the Bight and turned the tide of the battle, ultimately sinking three German light cruisers and killing their commander,

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fast battleships, their speed ultimately made them more useful as carrier escorts and bombardment ships than as the surface combatants they were developed to be.

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was very successful. Fisher also speculated about a new mammoth, but lightly built battlecruiser, that would carry 20-inch (508 mm) guns, which he termed

1369:—the only German battlecruiser lost at Jutland—had only 128 killed, for instance, despite receiving more than thirty hits. The other German battlecruisers, 960:, which had been approved but not yet laid down, to a new design. Fisher finally received approval for this project on 28 December 1914 and they became the 490:", while Fisher used the term "dreadnought" to refer either to his new battleships or the battleships and armoured cruisers together. At the same time, the 2114: 1848:

for the forward 150 mm (5.9 in) turrets. Main-battery fire control had to be shifted aft due to the loss of electrical power. Another shell from

544:, armour had lost some of its validity; and second, because of its greater speed, the battlecruiser could control the range at which it engaged an enemy. 2589:) respectively. Since neither their operators nor a significant number of naval historians classify them as such, they are not discussed in this article. 1538:, was converted in her stead. The United States Navy also converted two battlecruiser hulls into aircraft carriers in the wake of the Washington Treaty: 1406:

of 1922, where the major naval powers agreed to limits on capital ship numbers. The German navy was not represented at the talks; under the terms of the

653:. The additional cost could not be justified given the existing British lead and the new Liberal government's need for economy; the slower and cheaper 481:

Confusion about how to refer to these new battleship-size armoured cruisers set in almost immediately. Even in late 1905, before work was begun on the

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classes were designed for Fisher's plan to land troops (possibly Russian) on the German Baltic coast. Specifically, they were designed with a reduced

761:; speed increased by one knot to 26.5 knots (49.1 km/h; 30.5 mph), while her armour had a maximum thickness of 12 inches, equivalent to the 1483:. If completed as planned, they would have been exceptionally fast and well armed with eight 16-inch guns, but carried armour little better than the 383:

The construction of the new class was begun in 1906 and completed in 1908, delayed perhaps to allow their designers to learn from any problems with

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class lacks the armour that distinguishes battlecruisers from ordinary cruisers and they are classified as heavy nuclear-powered missile cruisers (

740:, begun in 1908 and completed in 1910, carried eight 11.1-inch guns, but with 11.1-inch (283 mm) armour she was far better protected than the 427:

s were to fill the same role as the armoured cruisers they succeeded, they were expected to do so more effectively. Specifically their roles were:

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s entirely fulfilled Fisher's vision of being able to sink any ship fast enough to catch them, and run from any ship capable of sinking them. An

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classes, carrying four 12-inch guns, as battlecruisers; nonetheless, their armament was weaker and they were slower than any battlecruiser.

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of this type, a total of 35 ships. This building program, in turn, prompted the French and Russians to increase their own construction. The

2054:, knocking out her aft turrets, jamming her rudder, and hitting the ship below the waterline. The flooding proved to be uncontrollable and 1765:. They were still on the slipways when the Germans invaded in 1941 and construction was suspended. Both ships were scrapped after the war. 848:

class, but was substantially redesigned. She retained the eight 13.5-inch guns of her predecessors, but they were positioned like those of

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s could sweep away the screen of enemy cruisers to close with and observe an enemy battlefleet before using their superior speed to retire.

352:; and a cruiser capable of 25.5 knots (47.2 km/h; 29.3 mph), also with 12-inch guns and no intermediate armament, armoured like 3604: 2311:

surface to surface missiles. Four members of the class were completed during the 1980s and 1990s, but due to budget constraints only the

983:. This unusual designation was required because construction of new capital ships had been placed on hold, while there were no limits on 585:

became the new model capital ship. Nevertheless, battlecruiser construction played a part in the renewed naval arms race sparked by the

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The Washington Naval Treaty meant that none of these designs came to fruition. Ships that had been started were either broken up on the

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were easily crippled by US gunfire during actions off Guadalcanal, forcing their scuttling shortly afterwards. Perhaps most tellingly,

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Admiralty Weekly Orders. 351. – Description and Classification of Cruisers of the "Invincible" and Later Types. ADM 182/2, quoted at

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The secondary batteries of 6-inch quick-firing guns, firing more plentiful shells, were more likely to hit the enemy. As naval expert

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Lambert, Nicholas A. (January 1998). "'Our Bloody Ships' or 'Our Bloody System'? Jutland and the Loss of the Battle Cruisers, 1916".

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with the loss of 27 officers and 486 crewmen; 42 officers and 754 enlisted men were rescued by the escorting destroyers. The loss of

5539: 192:. The first armoured cruisers had been built in the 1870s, as an attempt to give armour protection to ships fulfilling the typical 573:-type design. Britain also boasted very cordial relations with two of the significant new naval powers: Japan (bolstered by the 1884:

were employed on operations to hunt down the commerce-raiding German ships. The one stand-up fight occurred when the battleship

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s, had their guns arranged in superfiring turrets for greater efficiency. Their armour and speed was similar to the previous

5165: 4599: 2857: 380:. Fisher later claimed, however, that he had argued during the committee for the cancellation of the remaining battleship. 335: 2312: 1708:

only later as it had been disarmed under the terms of the Washington treaty) in two substantial reconstructions (one for

166: 577:, signed in 1902 and renewed in 1905), and the US. These changed strategic circumstances, and the great success of the 565:. Neither France nor Russia posed a particular naval threat; the Russian navy had largely been sunk or captured in the 2259:'s fondness for big-gun-armed warships caused the Soviet Union to plan a large cruiser class in the late 1940s. In the 2011: 4532: 1290:

was saved from near-certain destruction only by emergency flooding of her after magazines, which had been effected by

5504: 4516: 4497: 4457: 4373: 4335: 4316: 4297: 4234: 4196: 4116: 4078: 4014: 3995: 3957: 3938: 3911: 3892: 3851: 3832: 3808: 3751: 3732: 3713: 1974: 1114: 674: 2119: 1841: 1161:

perhaps made the most impact early in the war. Stationed in the Mediterranean, she and the escorting light cruiser

1094: 946:

class, with 13.8-inch guns and a broadly similar armour scheme, designed for 28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph).

664: 1665:

s tonnage actually decreased due to a substantially lighter power plant. Similar thorough rebuildings planned for

5370: 4450:

In Defense of Naval Supremacy: Financial Limitation, Technological Innovation and British Naval Policy, 1889–1914

1511: 873: 5606: 5598: 5567: 4676: 4215: 2555:

are all sometimes referred to as battlecruisers, although the owning navies referred to them as "battleships" (

2268: 1759: 1680:

Unable to build new ships, the Imperial Japanese Navy also chose to improve its existing battlecruisers of the

1552:, although this was only considered marginally preferable to scrapping the hulls outright (the remaining four: 1533: 1215: 495:

described and classified as "battle cruisers" to distinguish them from the armoured cruisers of earlier date."

374: 106: 17: 5517: 2255:

In spite of the fact that most navies abandoned the battleship and battlecruiser concepts after World War II,

1521: 2510: 1809: 1691: 1477: 1168: 1129: 932: 271: 2232:

s, the Japanese did not call these ships battlecruisers, referring to them instead as super-heavy cruisers.

1463:

battlecruisers. These vessels would have been of unprecedented size and power, as fast and well armoured as

1093:

s were launched, none were ever completed. The Germans also worked briefly on a further three ships, of the

927:

For most of the combatants, capital ship construction was very limited during the war. Germany finished the

5532: 5062: 2535: 1913: 1879: 1615: 1271: 896: 1862:

In the early years of the war various German ships had a measure of success hunting merchant ships in the

1697: 780: 5345: 5191: 4225:

McLaughlin, Stephen (2004). "Project 69: The Kronshtadt Class Battlecruisers". In Preston, Antony (ed.).

2084: 1803: 1658:

battleships installed in its place. While conversions of this kind generally added weight to the vessel,

1357: 1059: 821: 704: 339: 1733:

was crippled by medium-caliber gunfire from heavy and light cruisers in a close-range night engagement.

1418:

s were formally redesignated as battleships after their very comprehensive reconstruction in the 1930s.

1005:, and there was a bizarre imbalance between their main guns of 15 inches (or 18 inches (457 mm) in 5392: 4774: 2549: 1894: 1885: 1685: 961: 762: 745: 615: 208:

armour meant that it was now possible to give a cruiser side armour which would protect it against the

79: 4547: 5585: 5575: 5287: 4956: 4832: 4731: 4721: 4263:

Noot, Lt. Jurrien S. (1980). "Battlecruiser: Design Studies for the Royal Netherlands Navy 1939–40".

2542: 2411: 2348: 2284: 2142: 2100: 1457: 1298:

and instituted measures to ensure that ammunition handling minimised any possible exposure to flash.

975:

in firepower and speed, but returned to the level of protection of the first British battlecruisers.

968: 641:, was armed with only 21-centimetre (8.3 in) guns, and was no match for the new battlecruisers. 405: 293:(46 km/h; 29 mph), armed with four 9.2-inch and twelve 7.5-inch (190 mm) guns in twin 161: 150: 1230:

did precisely the job for which they were intended when they chased down and annihilated the German

808:

both fore and aft with no turret amidships. The armour scheme was also marginally improved over the

520:'s inefficiency and tactical ineptitude. By the time the term "battlecruiser" had been given to the 5365: 5355: 5282: 4925: 4783: 2023: 1966:

conclusively proved the vulnerability of capital ships to aircraft without air cover of their own.

1907: 1703: 1343: 951: 693: 396: 5635: 5525: 5155: 4961: 4671: 2199: 1435: 1403: 574: 126: 62:

of the first half of the 20th century. These were similar in displacement, armament and cost to

5150: 5037: 5001: 4996: 4822: 4726: 2490: 2407: 2029: 1175:) with two British battlecruisers in hot pursuit. The two German ships were handed over to the 776: 654: 368: 102: 2321:, though plans were announced in 2010 to return the other three ships to service. As of 2021, 5593: 5237: 5186: 5082: 4986: 4981: 4701: 2390: 2386: 2207: 1844:

without exploding, severing electrical and communication cables as it went and destroyed the

1769: 1469: 1251: 1225: 1219: 1196: 815: 562: 472: 98: 4779: 2417:

battlecruisers into fast-battleships in the 1930s, ending their operation of battlecruisers.

412:, they had 6–7 inches (152–178 mm) of armour protecting the hull and the gun turrets. ( 5559: 5463: 5067: 5016: 4759: 4641: 3531:

Chesneau, p. 388; Garzke & Dulin, p. 86; Friedman 1984, p. 288; McLaughlin 2006, p. 104

2470: 2453: 2372: 2158: 2104: 2070: 2062: 1539: 1407: 1393:

barely making it home, for they had been the focus of British fire for much of the battle.

1283: 1052: 1048: 468: 226: 90: 1089:

class; nevertheless, German shipbuilding was drastically slowed by the war, and while two

852:

for better fields of fire. She was faster (making 29 knots (54 km/h; 33 mph) on

160:

have been the only ships termed "battlecruisers"; the class is also the only example of a

8: 5630: 5580: 5499: 5317: 5006: 4869: 4711: 2225: 2157:

The only class of these late battlecruisers actually built were the United States Navy's

2108: 1713: 1712:). During the first of these, elevation of their main guns was increased to +40 degrees, 1568:

were scrapped). In Britain, Fisher's "large light cruisers," were converted to carriers.

1546: 1331: 1247: 1085:

The Admiral class would have been the only British ships capable of taking on the German

988: 387:. The ships fulfilled the design requirement quite closely. On a displacement similar to 353: 5433: 5297: 5252: 5145: 5047: 5011: 4991: 4890: 4716: 4611: 4244:

McLaughlin, Stephen (2006). "Project 82: The Stalingrad Class". In Jordan, John (ed.).

4187: 4151: 2449: 2130: 1815: 1799: 1625: 1231: 566: 301:

and 9.2-inch turrets, 4 inches (102 mm) on her 7.5-inch turrets, 10 inches on her

237: 448:

s could operate as the fast wing of the battlefleet and try to outmanoeuvre the enemy.

5468: 5418: 5360: 5350: 5117: 4971: 4849: 4789: 4636: 4512: 4493: 4474: 4468: 4453: 4434: 4415: 4398: 4388: 4369: 4350: 4331: 4312: 4293: 4276: 4249: 4230: 4211: 4192: 4168: 4143: 4112: 4093: 4074: 4055: 4048: 4029: 4010: 3991: 3972: 3953: 3934: 3917: 3907: 3888: 3869: 3847: 3828: 3822: 3818: 3804: 3785: 3766: 3747: 3728: 3709: 3690: 3673: 2432: 2327:

was being refitted, but the other two ships are reportedly beyond economical repair.

2296: 2177: 2165: 2146: 2123: 1982: 1643: 1635: 1619: 1588: 1326: 1072: 950:

required the new British design to be capable of 32 knots. He planned to reorder two

911: 866: 635:

class were kept secret for longer; this meant that the last German armoured cruiser,

279: 252:

years after 1900 it seemed that those advantages were of little practical value. The

209: 198: 118: 1599: 1125:) to attack German destroyer patrols. When they met opposition from light cruisers, 524:

s, the idea of their parity with battleships had been fixed in many people's minds.

5453: 5387: 5340: 5322: 5272: 5102: 4966: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4807: 4663: 4621: 4616: 4135: 2692:

Sumida, p. 351, Table 9. Figures are for First-Class Cruisers and exclude armament.

2019: 1496: 1291: 1204: 1118: 1026: 1022: 1000: 839: 686: 558: 189: 71: 3844:

Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887–1941

5377: 5307: 5232: 5130: 4864: 4844: 4812: 4769: 4736: 4681: 4626: 3861: 2582: 2574: 2561: 2171: 2080: 1610:

In total, nine battlecruisers survived the Washington Naval Treaty, although HMS

1444: 1384: 1250:, in the South Atlantic Ocean. Prior to the battle, the Australian battlecruiser 1235: 1136: 311: 285: 122: 32: 458:

s would use their speed to pursue, and their guns to damage or slow enemy ships.

5547: 5247: 5242: 5227: 5097: 4859: 4696: 4368:. Vol. I: The Drift to War to the Fall of Singapore. London: Grub Street. 2010:

in the early evening of 14 November. On the night of 14/15 November during the

1939: 1863: 1305:

handling, the battle was mostly inconclusive, though both the British flagship

1184: 1180: 910:

s was halted by the First World War and all were scrapped after the end of the

892: 716: 596: 275: 214: 114: 67: 4542: 1203:

before being knocked out of the action for the remainder of the war after the

736:

armour and staying power of their ships to better the British battlecruisers.

636: 358:, the most recent armoured cruiser, and also capable of using existing docks. 5624: 5483: 5478: 5443: 5428: 5382: 5292: 5277: 5135: 5077: 5072: 4976: 4854: 4839: 4827: 4706: 4686: 4280: 4182: 4147: 4043: 3487: 2307:(ТАРКР)) by Russia, with their primary surface armament consisting of twenty 2256: 1891: 1630:

were modernized significantly in the 1920s and 1930s. Between 1934 and 1936,

1525: 1241: 1214:

The original battlecruiser concept proved successful in December 1914 at the

1117:

in August 1914. A force of British light cruisers and destroyers entered the

984: 487: 400: 302: 4402: 3921: 3677: 2240: 1389:, were all heavily damaged and required extensive repairs after the battle, 1364: 1353:

herself was almost lost in a similar manner, save for the heroic actions of

1259: 828: 804:

s in speed and firepower. The heavy guns were also better-positioned, being

201:

with an armoured deck protecting their engines, or simply no armour at all.

5438: 5423: 5262: 5257: 5196: 5140: 5107: 4940: 4935: 4741: 2344: 2318: 2308: 1902:

into the North Atlantic to attack British shipping and were intercepted by

1845: 1773: 1674: 1354: 1176: 1146: 1133: 1126: 1044: 994: 879:, the first German battlecruisers to mount 12-inch guns. These ships, like 752: 663:, was adopted instead. The X4 concept would eventually be fulfilled in the 517: 258: 205: 142: 94: 59: 4537: 3706:

Dreadnought Gunnery at the Battle of Jutland: The Question of Fire Control

3510: 1646:

and new gunnery equipment added and her anti-aircraft armament increased.

1334:. The result was a disaster for the Royal Navy's battlecruiser squadrons: 5473: 5312: 5211: 5087: 5042: 4764: 3464: 2260: 1986: 1985:. The ship was badly damaged in the encounter and had to be towed by her 1718: 1162: 751:

were quite similar but carried ten 11.1-inch guns of an improved design.

570: 298: 290: 75: 4930: 5458: 5267: 5201: 4751: 4651: 4578: 4577: 2474: 2428: 2216:

The Japanese started designing the B64 class, which was similar to the

2182:, was cancelled while under construction and three others, to be named 1927:

s 15-inch shells caused a magazine explosion. Only three men survived.

1370: 1208: 1156: 957: 903: 535:, for instance, stated that with vessels as large and expensive as the 294: 222: 185: 170:

has remained in active service since its 1998 commissioning, while the

134: 86: 63: 4155: 3929:

Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen & Budzbon, Przemysław (1995).

2375:

five surviving battlecruisers were all scuttled at Scapa Flow in 1919.

5332: 5206: 5021: 4915: 4895: 3906:. Conway's History of the Ship. Edison, New Jersey: Chartwell Books. 2115:

List of cruisers of the United States Navy § Large cruisers (CB)

1943: 1200: 1113:

The first combat involving battlecruisers during World War I was the

853: 805: 796: 320: 316: 233: 110: 42:, the largest battlecruiser ever built, in Australia on 17 March 1924 4290:

Cruisers and Battle Cruisers: An Illustrated History of Their Impact

2003:

s captain ordered her crew to abandon ship after further damage and

5448: 5181: 5052: 4691: 4646: 4139: 3866:

Naval Firepower: Battleship Guns and Gunnery in the Dreadnought Era

3567:

Jentschura, Jung & Mickel, p. 40; Garzke & Dulin, pp. 86–87

2004: 1996:

was forced to cast off her tow because of repeated aerial attacks.

1992:. Both were spotted by American aircraft the following morning and 1955: 1172: 1077: 1062:, which was born from a requirement for an improved version of the 708: 146: 36: 5548: 4533:

Maritimequest Battleships & Battlecruisers of the 20th century

464:

The new ships would hunt down enemy cruisers and commerce raiders.

5402: 5302: 5160: 5057: 4920: 4799: 4582: 2050:

opened fire a few minutes later at short range and badly damaged

1503: 1302: 1256:

had unsuccessfully searched for the German ships in the Pacific.

1122: 592: 569:

of 1904–1905, while the French were in no hurry to adopt the new

541: 349: 253: 193: 157: 4167:. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. 4069:

Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter & Mickel, Peter (1977).

2094: 1651:

was also removed and a large bridge similar to that used in the

1142: 5397: 5125: 5092: 1899: 1777: 1639: 872:

1912 saw work begin on three more German battlecruisers of the

772:

was Germany's last battlecruiser completed before World War I.

614:

would also, in many circumstances, be able to take on an enemy

3605:"Russia to Relaunch Soviet-era Nuclear Battle Cruiser in 2018" 2858:

The Dreadnought Project: The Battle Cruiser in the Royal Navy.

2623: 2091:. She was refloated after the war and scrapped in early 1946. 1798:

The Royal Navy deployed some of its battlecruisers during the

1784:(without armour nonsense) within certain circles of the Navy. 547: 395:

s were 40 feet (12.2 m) longer to accommodate additional

188:

in the first years of the 20th century as an evolution of the

4885: 4364:

Shores, Christopher; Cull, Brian & Izawa, Yasuho (1992).

4188:

Dreadnought: Britain, Germany and the Coming of the Great War

1930:

The first battlecruiser to see action in the Pacific War was

1434:

British battleships built immediately after World War I, the

971:

but only 6-inch armour they were a further step forward from

3784:(2nd ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 2620:

Gröner, pp. 31, 60; Gille, p. 139; Koop & Schmolke, p. 4

2088: 1410:, Germany was not allowed any modern capital ships at all. 775:

The next step in battlecruiser design came from Japan. The

1058:

The final British battlecruiser design of the war was the

164:

battlecruiser. As of 2024, Russia operates two units: the

3969:

Battleships: Axis and Neutral Battleships in World War II

3746:(reprint of the 1997 ed.). London: Caxton Editions. 3727:(reprint of the 1999 ed.). London: Caxton Editions. 3725:

The Grand Fleet: Warship Design and Development 1906–1922

2220:

but with 310-millimetre (12.2 in) guns. News of the

791:

s as the benchmark. On learning of the British plans for

4538:

British and German Battlecruisers of the First World War

4509:

Cruisers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia

3644:Яндекс Дзен | Платформа для авторов, издателей и брендов 1572:

had already been partially converted during the war and

1421: 1246:, along with three light cruisers, commanded by Admiral 757:, designed in 1909 and finished in 1913, was a modified 176:

has been inactive (in storage or refitting) since 1999.

27:

Large capital warship, typically faster than battleships

3928: 1274:

in 1915, the aftermost barbette of the German flagship

4073:. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. 3668:

Bidlingmaier, Gerhard (1971). "KM Admiral Graf Spee".

3509:

Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander; Ahlberg, Lars (2012).

3508: 3486:

Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander; Ahlberg, Lars (2010).

3485: 3463:

Hackett, Bob; Kingsepp, Sander; Ahlberg, Lars (2010).

3462: 1169:

evaded British and French ships on the outbreak of war

3744:

Warrior to Dreadnought: Warship Development 1860–1905

3672:. Windsor, UK: Profile Publications. pp. 73–96. 2746:

Mackay, pp. 324–25; Roberts, pp. 17–18; Sumida, p. 52

230:

as large and expensive as the equivalent battleship.

4229:. London: Conway's Maritime Press. pp. 99–117. 4068: 1981:

stumbled across American cruisers and destroyers at

3827:. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Company. 2438:

was decommissioned in 1945, following World War II.

844:, was intended initially as the fourth ship in the 4107:Koop, Gerhard & Schmolke, Klaus-Peter (1998). 4047: 3967:Garzke, William H. & Dulin, Robert O. (1985). 3948:Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). 3399:Garzke & Dulin, pp. 353–54, 363; Gröner, p. 68 2280:, was launched in 1954 and then used as a target. 297:and protected with six inches of armour along her 4344: 4071:Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945 3950:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921 3931:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995 3801:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946 2069:was torpedoed and sunk by the American submarine 1278:was struck by a British 13.5-inch shell from HMS 602:, the last battlecruiser built before World War I 373:, and the cruisers became the three ships of the 141:Battlecruisers were put into action again during 5622: 3901: 2683:Gardiner & Gray, p. 142; Osborne, pp. 62, 74 2607: 2605: 1768:The Germans planned three battlecruisers of the 1151:was heavily damaged in the Battle of Dogger Bank 4363: 4050:Dreadnought: A History of the Modern Battleship 3904:The Eclipse of the Big Gun: The Warship 1906–45 3842:Evans, David C. & Peattie, Mark R. (1997). 1021:), though the later conversion of the ships to 673:The next British battlecruisers were the three 109:and in the several raids and skirmishes in the 4492:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 4330:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 4028:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 4009:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 3971:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 3952:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 3933:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 3887:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 3868:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 3846:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 3640:"Россия получит второй атомный крейсер-гигант" 2164:"large cruisers". Two of them were completed, 1794:List of battlecruisers of the Second World War 5533: 4563: 3632: 2602: 2354:battlecruiser with one more being overhauled. 2141:The first such battlecruisers were the Dutch 1506:or converted to aircraft carriers. In Japan, 979:such, but officially they were classified as 895:also began the construction of the four-ship 856:), and carried a heavier secondary armament. 4106: 3947: 3885:U.S. Cruisers: An Illustrated Design History 3841: 3708:. London: Routledge, Frank Cass Publishers. 3667: 2145:, designed to protect their colonies in the 1495:types: four 48,000-long-ton (49,000 t) 1402:This nascent arms race was prevented by the 1179:, and this was instrumental in bringing the 4412:Imperial Japanese Navy Battleship 1941–1945 3966: 3488:"IJN Kirishima: Tabular Record of Movement" 2674:Lambert 2002, pp. 20–22; Osborne, pp. 61–62 2224:s led them to upgrade the design, creating 2022:, but encountered the American battleships 1946:on 10 December 1941 whilst in company with 1108: 1032:; this never got beyond the concept stage. 548:Battlecruisers in the dreadnought arms race 85:Battlecruisers served in the navies of the 5540: 5526: 4570: 4556: 4243: 4224: 4134:(1). Society for Military History: 29–55. 1954:was struck by five torpedoes. She quickly 606:For their first few years of service, the 5549:Large cruiser or "cruiser killer" designs 4466: 4273:International Naval Research Organization 3824:The Second World War: The Gathering Storm 3817: 3687:Battleships and Battle Cruisers 1905–1970 3444:Shores, Cull & Izawa, pp. 116–21, 123 2775: 2773: 1822:in very bad weather and disengaged after 902:, which were designed for service in the 4428: 3882: 3860: 3803:. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. 3798: 3594:Gardiner, Chumbley & Budzbon, p. 328 3511:"IJN Haruna: Tabular Record of Movement" 2239: 2118: 1598: 1587: 1583: 1451:-class battlecruiser (painting, c. 1919) 1443: 1258: 1141: 827: 723: 591: 467: 232: 105:during World War I, most notably at the 31: 4506: 4487: 4325: 4306: 4292:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC CLIO. 4287: 4162: 4125: 4087: 4023: 3131: 3129: 2867: 2865: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2267:). The fruits of this program were the 2235: 2058:capsized three and a half hours later. 361: 184:The battlecruiser was developed by the 14: 5623: 4447: 4409: 4205: 4181: 4004: 3703: 3684: 3549:Friedman 1984, pp. 288–89, 296, 301–02 3465:"IJN Hiei: Tabular Record of Movement" 2770: 2763: 2761: 2501:List of battlecruisers of World War II 2473:decommissioned its only battlecruiser 2389:decommissioned its only battlecruiser 1121:(the part of the North Sea closest to 1100:, which were modified versions of the 5521: 4551: 4382: 4042: 3985: 3741: 3722: 3269: 3267: 2506:List of ships of the Second World War 2496:List of battlecruisers of World War I 2263:, they were termed "heavy cruisers" ( 1634:was partially modernized and had her 1422:Plans in the aftermath of World War I 1067:overestimated German progress on the 4262: 4248:. London: Conway. pp. 102–123. 3779: 3760: 3689:. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. 3479: 3456: 3273:Jentschura, Jung & Mickel, p. 35 3162:Halpern, pp. 53–58; Staff, pp. 18–20 3126: 2862: 2818: 2299:to be built since World War II. The 1736:There were two exceptions: Turkey's 1673:were cancelled due to the advent of 1266:sinking during the Battle of Jutland 1234:, centered on the armoured cruisers 768:battleships of a few years earlier. 715:s were followed by the very similar 4210:. London: Oxford University Press. 3502: 2758: 2358: 2095:Large cruisers or "cruiser killers" 1752: 442:Close support for the battle fleet. 213:cause serious difficulties for the 24: 4165:Sir John Fisher's Naval Revolution 3264: 3189:Staff, pp. 43–44; Burr, pp. 24, 33 2907:Roberts, p. 25; Mackay, pp. 324–25 2719:Roberts, p. 15; Mackay, pp. 212–13 2012:Second Naval Battle of Guadalcanal 1528:; the hull of one of the proposed 1396: 25: 5647: 4526: 4311:. London: Conway Maritime Press. 4111:. London: Conway Maritime Press. 3765:. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. 2459:were both decommissioned in 1947. 1975:First Naval Battle of Guadalcanal 1520:was damaged beyond repair by the 1349:to their loss. Beatty's flagship 1195:, fought engagements against the 1171:, and steamed to Constantinople ( 581:ensured that she rather than the 4385:German Battlecruisers: 1914–1918 3763:British Battlecruisers 1914–1918 3623: 3597: 3588: 3585:McLaughlin 2006, pp. 116, 121–22 3579: 3570: 3561: 3552: 2647:Sondhaus, p. 199; Roberts, p. 13 2463: 2442: 2421: 2400: 2379: 2365: 2337: 2305:Тяжелый Атомный Ракетный Крейсер 1866:. Allied battlecruisers such as 1833:s 15-inch shells passed through 1772:as part of the expansion of the 1758:laid down two of the 35,000-ton 838:The next British battlecruiser, 454:If an enemy fleet ran, then the 4347:Jane's Fighting Ships 2013–2014 4345:Saunders, Stephen, ed. (2013). 3902:Gardiner, Robert, ed. (2001) . 3543: 3534: 3525: 3447: 3438: 3429: 3420: 3411: 3402: 3393: 3384: 3375: 3366: 3357: 3348: 3339: 3330: 3321: 3312: 3303: 3294: 3285: 3276: 3255: 3246: 3237: 3228: 3219: 3210: 3201: 3192: 3183: 3174: 3165: 3156: 3147: 3138: 3117: 3108: 3099: 3090: 3081: 3072: 3063: 3054: 3045: 3036: 3027: 3024:Evans & Peattie, pp. 161–63 3018: 3009: 3000: 2991: 2982: 2973: 2964: 2955: 2946: 2937: 2928: 2919: 2910: 2901: 2892: 2883: 2880:As quoted in Massie, pp. 494–95 2874: 2850: 2841: 2832: 2809: 2800: 2791: 2782: 2749: 2740: 2731: 2722: 2713: 2704: 2695: 2686: 2677: 1787: 922: 863:Sir Eustace Tennyson d'Eyncourt 527:Not everyone was so convinced. 477:, Britain's first battlecruiser 4677:Anti-submarine warfare carrier 4473:. New York: Harper & Row. 4090:British Battlecruisers 1939–45 4026:A Naval History of World War I 3988:Cent ans de cuirassés français 3782:British Battleships, 1919–1939 3408:Garzke & Dulin, pp. 135–36 3300:Gardiner & Gray, pp. 41–42 2668: 2659: 2650: 2641: 2632: 2614: 2528: 2251:, the second ship of her class 1516:were selected for conversion. 1216:Battle of the Falkland Islands 1207:against British forces in the 917: 795:, and the likelihood that new 107:Battle of the Falkland Islands 13: 1: 4595:Naval ship classes in service 3799:Chesneau, Roger, ed. (1980). 3661: 3390:McLaughlin 2004, pp. 112, 114 2511:List of sunken battlecruisers 2061:Returning to Japan after the 1614:later became a victim of the 1218:. The British battlecruisers 659:, a relatively close copy of 552:Between the launching of the 179: 5063:Harbour defence motor launch 4490:Battleships of World War Two 4414:. Oxford, UK: Osprey Books. 4387:. Oxford, UK: Osprey Books. 4092:. Oxford, UK: Osprey Books. 2596: 2516: 2330: 1914:Battle of the Denmark Strait 1616:London Naval Conference 1930 942:s were a development of the 931:class and began work on the 434:Because of their power, the 7: 5346:Ballistic missile submarine 5192:Mine countermeasures vessel 4429:Sondhaus, Lawrence (2001). 4206:Mackay, Ruddock F. (1973). 4128:Journal of Military History 3318:Gardiner & Gray, p. 119 3309:Gardiner & Gray, p. 235 3033:Gardiner & Gray, p. 233 2484: 1874:, and the fast battleships 1606:, as reconstructed, in 1939 1522:1923 Great Kantō earthquake 1183:into the war as one of the 670:and later by other navies. 340:First Lord of the Admiralty 10: 5652: 5393:Submarine aircraft carrier 4775:Pre-dreadnought battleship 4585:in 19th and 20th centuries 4309:The World's Worst Warships 4191:. New York: Random House. 4163:Lambert, Nicholas (2002). 4007:German Warships: 1815–1945 3685:Breyer, Siegfried (1973). 3327:Gardiner & Gray, p. 40 2829:Gardiner & Gray, p. 24 2112: 2098: 2034:. While failing to detect 1791: 1580:were similarly converted. 1115:Battle of Heligoland Bight 1035:It is often held that the 987:construction. They became 649:with the 25-knot speed of 616:pre-dreadnought battleship 80:pre-dreadnought battleship 74:, at the same time as the 70:, as a development of the 5576:Design 1047 battlecruiser 5555: 5492: 5411: 5331: 5288:General stores issue ship 5220: 5174: 5116: 5030: 4957:Amphibious transport dock 4949: 4878: 4798: 4750: 4732:Merchant aircraft carrier 4722:Interdiction Assault Ship 4662: 4590: 4288:Osborne, Eric F. (2004). 4024:Halpern, Paul G. (1995). 3883:Friedman, Norman (1984). 2198:s were twice the size of 2101:Design 1047 battlecruiser 1155:The German battlecruiser 5366:Deep-submergence vehicle 5356:Cruise missile submarine 5283:Fast combat support ship 4926:Guided-missile destroyer 4784:Standard-type battleship 4431:Naval Warfare, 1815–1914 4307:Preston, Antony (2002). 3742:Brown, David K. (2003). 3723:Brown, David K. (2003). 3558:Whitley 1995, pp. 278–79 3252:Breyer, pp. 62–64, 70–72 2521: 2317:is operational with the 1814:were engaged during the 1248:Maximilian Graf Von Spee 1109:Battlecruisers in action 865:, had wanted small-bore 4962:Amphibious warfare ship 4672:Amphibious assault ship 4507:Whitley, M. J. (1995). 4488:Whitley, M. J. (1998). 4467:Vandervat, Dan (1988). 4448:Sumida, Jon T. (1993). 4088:Konstam, Angus (2003). 4054:. New York: MacMillan. 3761:Burr, Lawrence (2006). 3576:McLaughlin 2006, p. 104 3540:Noot, pp. 243, 249, 268 3345:Breyer, pp. 157–58, 172 3207:Lambert 1998, pp. 54–55 2755:quoted in Sumida, p. 52 2710:Quoted in Sumida, p. 44 2638:Bidlingmaier, pp. 73–74 2133:'s two "large cruisers" 2085:naval base was attacked 1920:was destroyed when the 1404:Washington Naval Treaty 1313:were severely damaged. 575:Anglo-Japanese Alliance 247:-class armoured cruiser 127:Washington Naval Treaty 5038:Armed boarding steamer 5002:Landing Ship Logistics 4997:Landing ship, infantry 4823:Guided missile cruiser 4727:Light aircraft carrier 4326:Roberts, John (1997). 4109:Battleship Scharnhorst 4005:Gröner, Erich (1990). 2586: 2578: 2565: 2491:List of battlecruisers 2408:Imperial Japanese Navy 2252: 2134: 1842:director-control tower 1638:modified, an aircraft 1607: 1596: 1524:and was broken up for 1452: 1267: 1152: 835: 779:had been planning the 777:Imperial Japanese Navy 732: 603: 478: 345: 268: 248: 113:which culminated in a 43: 5594:O-class battlecruiser 5238:Auxiliary repair dock 5187:Destroyer minesweeper 5083:Ocean boarding vessel 4987:Landing Craft Support 4982:Landing craft carrier 4702:Fighter catapult ship 4470:The Atlantic Campaign 4452:. London: Routledge. 4433:. London: Routledge. 4410:Stille, Mark (2008). 4265:Warship International 4208:Fisher of Kilverstone 3704:Brooks, John (2005). 2898:Sondhaus, pp. 199–202 2581:) and "battleships" ( 2568:), "armoured ships" ( 2457:-class battlecruisers 2387:Royal Australian Navy 2243: 2122: 2099:Further information: 2075:on 21 November 1944. 1740:and the Royal Navy's 1684:class (initially the 1602: 1591: 1584:Rebuilding programmes 1447: 1272:Battle of Dogger Bank 1262: 1197:Imperial Russian Navy 1145: 831: 727: 595: 563:Anglo-Russian Entente 471: 432:Heavy reconnaissance. 408:, compared to ten on 326: 263: 236: 35: 5610:-class battlecruiser 5602:-class battlecruiser 5571:-class battlecruiser 5464:Littoral combat ship 5017:Landing Ship Vehicle 4760:Coastal defence ship 4383:Staff, Gary (2006). 4349:. n.p.: IHS Jane's. 3986:Gille, Eric (1999). 3780:Burt, R. A. (2012). 3435:Whitley 1998, p. 127 3426:Chesneau, pp. 9, 173 3180:Staff, pp. 23–24, 43 3015:Breyer, pp. 267, 272 2997:Sondhaus, pp. 202–03 2916:Sondhaus, pp. 201–02 2471:Turkish Naval Forces 2431:last battlecruiser, 2373:Imperial German Navy 2236:Cold War–era designs 2105:Alaska-class cruiser 2063:Battle of Leyte Gulf 1826:was damaged. One of 1532:-class battleships, 1408:Treaty of Versailles 1053:Dardanelles Campaign 981:large light cruisers 891:class. In 1913, the 680:, slightly improved 462:Commerce protection. 362:First battlecruisers 227:Imperial German Navy 217:'s worldwide trade. 5581:Design B-65 cruiser 5318:Replenishment oiler 5221:Command and support 5007:Landing Ship Medium 4870:Unprotected cruiser 4712:Flight deck cruiser 4511:. London: Cassell. 4271:(3). Toledo, Ohio: 3990:. Nantes: Marines. 3513:. Combinedfleet.com 3490:. Combinedfleet.com 3467:. Combinedfleet.com 3453:Osborne, pp. 127–28 3243:Halpern, pp. 319–25 3198:Halpern, pp. 318–21 2154:June of that year. 2109:Design B-65 cruiser 1912:in May 1941 in the 1906:and the battleship 1802:in April 1940. The 1782:Ohne Panzer Quatsch 1714:anti-torpedo bulges 1476:responded with the 1332:British Grand Fleet 272:John "Jacky" Fisher 261:wrote in June 1902, 5434:Breastwork monitor 5298:Joint support ship 5253:Combat stores ship 5048:Coastal motor boat 5012:Landing Ship, Tank 4992:Landing Ship Heavy 4891:Convoy rescue ship 4717:Helicopter carrier 3819:Churchill, Winston 3381:Konstam, pp. 33–34 3354:Breyer, pp. 339–40 3135:Roberts, pp. 60–61 3123:Roberts, pp. 55–61 3096:Roberts, pp. 50–52 3087:Roberts, pp. 46–47 3078:Breyer, pp. 283–84 3060:Breyer, pp. 277–78 3042:Roberts, pp. 37–38 3006:Breyer, pp. 269–72 2988:Roberts, pp. 31–33 2952:Roberts, pp. 28–29 2847:Mackay, pp. 325–26 2815:Breyer, pp. 114–17 2797:Roberts, pp. 24–25 2737:Roberts, pp. 16–17 2587:Bâtiments de ligne 2553:-class battleships 2539:-class battleships 2450:United States Navy 2253: 2135: 2131:United States Navy 2046:with some effect. 1816:action off Lofoten 1800:Norwegian Campaign 1738:Yavuz Sultan Selim 1608: 1597: 1595:as she was in 1919 1453: 1268: 1232:East Asia Squadron 1193:Yavuz Sultan Selim 1153: 867:water-tube boilers 836: 733: 604: 567:Russo-Japanese War 479: 399:and more powerful 342:), 20 October 1904 249: 204:In the 1890s, new 199:protected cruisers 117:fleet battle, the 44: 5618: 5617: 5515: 5514: 5419:Armed merchantman 5361:Cruiser submarine 5351:Coastal submarine 5118:Fast attack craft 4972:Dock landing ship 4850:Protected cruiser 4833:Pocket battleship 4790:Treaty battleship 4780:Super-dreadnought 4664:Aircraft carriers 4612:Operational zones 4480:978-0-06-015967-2 4440:978-0-415-21478-0 4421:978-1-84603-280-6 4394:978-1-84603-009-3 4356:978-0-7106-3048-3 4255:978-1-84486-030-2 4183:Massie, Robert K. 4174:978-1-57003-492-3 4099:978-1-84176-633-1 4061:978-0-02-554420-8 4035:978-1-55750-352-7 3978:978-0-87021-101-0 3875:978-1-59114-555-4 3791:978-1-59114-052-8 3772:978-1-84603-008-6 3696:978-0-385-07247-2 3670:Warship Profile 4 3611:. 16 October 2014 3363:Stille, pp. 19–20 3144:Gröner, pp. 58–59 2961:Brown 1999, p. 57 2943:Breyer, pp. 61–62 2701:Sumida, pp. 42–44 2297:surface combatant 2265:tjazholyj krejser 2083:, Japan when the 1983:point-blank range 1497:G3 battlecruisers 1327:Battle of Jutland 1318:armoured cruiser 1211:in January 1918. 1191:herself, renamed 1073:Battle of Jutland 1023:aircraft carriers 912:Russian Civil War 406:12-inch Mk X guns 270:In 1904, Admiral 210:quick-firing guns 119:Battle of Jutland 50:(also written as 16:(Redirected from 5643: 5542: 5535: 5528: 5519: 5518: 5454:Floating battery 5388:Midget submarine 5341:Attack submarine 5323:Submarine tender 5273:Destroyer tender 5103:Submarine chaser 4967:Attack transport 4911:Escort destroyer 4906:Destroyer leader 4901:Destroyer escort 4808:Aircraft cruiser 4622:Green-water navy 4617:Brown-water navy 4572: 4565: 4558: 4549: 4548: 4543:Navsource Online 4522: 4503: 4484: 4463: 4444: 4425: 4406: 4379: 4360: 4341: 4322: 4303: 4284: 4259: 4240: 4221: 4202: 4178: 4159: 4122: 4103: 4084: 4065: 4053: 4039: 4020: 4001: 3982: 3963: 3944: 3925: 3898: 3879: 3862:Friedman, Norman 3857: 3838: 3814: 3795: 3776: 3757: 3738: 3719: 3700: 3681: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3636: 3630: 3629:Saunders, p. 674 3627: 3621: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3601: 3595: 3592: 3586: 3583: 3577: 3574: 3568: 3565: 3559: 3556: 3550: 3547: 3541: 3538: 3532: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3460: 3454: 3451: 3445: 3442: 3436: 3433: 3427: 3424: 3418: 3415: 3409: 3406: 3400: 3397: 3391: 3388: 3382: 3379: 3373: 3372:Chesneau, p. 406 3370: 3364: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3346: 3343: 3337: 3334: 3328: 3325: 3319: 3316: 3310: 3307: 3301: 3298: 3292: 3289: 3283: 3280: 3274: 3271: 3262: 3261:Chesneau, p. 218 3259: 3253: 3250: 3244: 3241: 3235: 3234:Staff, pp. 41–42 3232: 3226: 3223: 3217: 3214: 3208: 3205: 3199: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3181: 3178: 3172: 3169: 3163: 3160: 3154: 3151: 3145: 3142: 3136: 3133: 3124: 3121: 3115: 3112: 3106: 3103: 3097: 3094: 3088: 3085: 3079: 3076: 3070: 3067: 3061: 3058: 3052: 3049: 3043: 3040: 3034: 3031: 3025: 3022: 3016: 3013: 3007: 3004: 2998: 2995: 2989: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2971: 2970:Sondhaus, p. 203 2968: 2962: 2959: 2953: 2950: 2944: 2941: 2935: 2932: 2926: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2908: 2905: 2899: 2896: 2890: 2887: 2881: 2878: 2872: 2869: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2845: 2839: 2836: 2830: 2827: 2816: 2813: 2807: 2804: 2798: 2795: 2789: 2786: 2780: 2777: 2768: 2765: 2756: 2753: 2747: 2744: 2738: 2735: 2729: 2726: 2720: 2717: 2711: 2708: 2702: 2699: 2693: 2690: 2684: 2681: 2675: 2672: 2666: 2663: 2657: 2654: 2648: 2645: 2639: 2636: 2630: 2629:Chesneau, p. 259 2627: 2621: 2618: 2612: 2609: 2590: 2573: 2560: 2532: 2469: 2467: 2466: 2448: 2446: 2445: 2427: 2425: 2424: 2406: 2404: 2403: 2385: 2383: 2382: 2371: 2369: 2368: 2359:Former operators 2343: 2341: 2340: 2324:Admiral Nakhimov 2295:was the largest 2020:Ironbottom Sound 2002: 1926: 1858: 1839: 1832: 1753:Naval rearmament 1664: 1292:Wilhelm Heidkamp 1205:Battle of Imbros 1119:Heligoland Bight 993:and her sisters 703:s carried eight 561:in 1904 and the 559:Entente cordiale 532: 514: 418: 343: 190:armoured cruiser 173:Admiral Nakhimov 158:missile cruisers 156:of large guided 72:armoured cruiser 58:) was a type of 21: 5651: 5650: 5646: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5641: 5640: 5621: 5620: 5619: 5614: 5551: 5546: 5516: 5511: 5505:Sailing vessels 5488: 5407: 5378:Fleet submarine 5327: 5308:Net laying ship 5233:Ammunition ship 5216: 5170: 5112: 5026: 4945: 4874: 4865:Torpedo cruiser 4845:Merchant raider 4813:Armored cruiser 4794: 4770:Fast battleship 4746: 4737:Seaplane tender 4682:Balloon carrier 4658: 4642:Central battery 4627:Blue-water navy 4586: 4576: 4529: 4519: 4500: 4481: 4460: 4441: 4422: 4395: 4376: 4366:Bloody Shambles 4357: 4338: 4319: 4300: 4256: 4237: 4218: 4199: 4175: 4119: 4100: 4081: 4062: 4036: 4017: 3998: 3979: 3960: 3941: 3914: 3895: 3876: 3854: 3835: 3811: 3792: 3773: 3754: 3735: 3716: 3697: 3664: 3659: 3649: 3647: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3624: 3614: 3612: 3603: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3580: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3562: 3557: 3553: 3548: 3544: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3526: 3516: 3514: 3507: 3503: 3493: 3491: 3484: 3480: 3470: 3468: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3367: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3265: 3260: 3256: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3238: 3233: 3229: 3225:Halpern, p. 328 3224: 3220: 3216:Roberts, p. 116 3215: 3211: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3171:Burr, pp. 22–23 3170: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3153:Burr, pp. 21–22 3152: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3100: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2893: 2889:Friedman, p. 10 2888: 2884: 2879: 2875: 2870: 2863: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2842: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2819: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2771: 2766: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2593: 2569: 2566:Schlachtschiffe 2556: 2548:and the French 2546:-class cruisers 2533: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2487: 2464: 2462: 2443: 2441: 2422: 2420: 2401: 2399: 2380: 2378: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2245:Admiral Lazarev 2238: 2117: 2111: 2097: 2000: 1964:Prince of Wales 1948:Prince of Wales 1940:torpedo bombers 1924: 1909:Prince of Wales 1856: 1837: 1830: 1796: 1790: 1755: 1662: 1586: 1424: 1399: 1397:Interwar period 1301:Apart from the 1137:Leberecht Maass 1111: 1064:Queen Elizabeth 925: 920: 666:Queen Elizabeth 550: 530: 512: 507:Because of the 416: 364: 344: 333: 312:pre-dreadnought 286:naval architect 182: 162:nuclear-powered 123:fast battleship 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5649: 5639: 5638: 5636:Battlecruisers 5633: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5612: 5604: 5596: 5591: 5589:-class cruiser 5583: 5578: 5573: 5565: 5563:-class cruiser 5556: 5553: 5552: 5545: 5544: 5537: 5530: 5522: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5509: 5508: 5507: 5496: 5494: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5374: 5373: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5337: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5243:Auxiliary ship 5240: 5235: 5230: 5228:Amenities ship 5224: 5222: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5178: 5176: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5122: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5098:Steam gun boat 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5034: 5032: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4953: 4951: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4882: 4880: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4860:Strike cruiser 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4836: 4835: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4804: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4792: 4787: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4756: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4697:Escort carrier 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4668: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4656: 4655: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4633:Gun placement 4631: 4630: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4609: 4608: 4607: 4602: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4575: 4574: 4567: 4560: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4528: 4527:External links 4525: 4524: 4523: 4517: 4504: 4498: 4485: 4479: 4464: 4458: 4445: 4439: 4426: 4420: 4407: 4393: 4380: 4374: 4361: 4355: 4342: 4336: 4328:Battlecruisers 4323: 4317: 4304: 4298: 4285: 4260: 4254: 4241: 4235: 4222: 4216: 4203: 4197: 4179: 4173: 4160: 4140:10.2307/120394 4123: 4117: 4104: 4098: 4085: 4079: 4066: 4060: 4044:Hough, Richard 4040: 4034: 4021: 4015: 4002: 3996: 3983: 3977: 3964: 3958: 3945: 3939: 3926: 3912: 3899: 3893: 3880: 3874: 3858: 3852: 3839: 3833: 3815: 3809: 3796: 3790: 3777: 3771: 3758: 3752: 3739: 3733: 3720: 3714: 3701: 3695: 3682: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3657: 3631: 3622: 3596: 3587: 3578: 3569: 3560: 3551: 3542: 3533: 3524: 3501: 3478: 3455: 3446: 3437: 3428: 3419: 3410: 3401: 3392: 3383: 3374: 3365: 3356: 3347: 3338: 3329: 3320: 3311: 3302: 3293: 3291:Breyer, p. 234 3284: 3282:Breyer, p. 353 3275: 3263: 3254: 3245: 3236: 3227: 3218: 3209: 3200: 3191: 3182: 3173: 3164: 3155: 3146: 3137: 3125: 3116: 3114:Roberts, p. 51 3107: 3105:Breyer, p. 172 3098: 3089: 3080: 3071: 3069:Breyer, p. 399 3062: 3053: 3051:Breyer, p. 136 3044: 3035: 3026: 3017: 3008: 2999: 2990: 2981: 2979:Roberts, p. 32 2972: 2963: 2954: 2945: 2936: 2934:Roberts, p. 26 2927: 2925:Staff, pp. 3–4 2918: 2909: 2900: 2891: 2882: 2873: 2871:Massie, p. 494 2861: 2849: 2840: 2838:Roberts, p. 18 2831: 2817: 2808: 2799: 2790: 2781: 2779:Breyer, p. 115 2769: 2767:Roberts, p. 19 2757: 2748: 2739: 2730: 2721: 2712: 2703: 2694: 2685: 2676: 2667: 2658: 2649: 2640: 2631: 2622: 2613: 2611:Breyer, p. 168 2600: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2514: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2486: 2483: 2482: 2481: 2460: 2439: 2418: 2397: 2376: 2360: 2357: 2356: 2355: 2332: 2329: 2237: 2234: 2096: 2093: 2079:was moored at 1789: 1786: 1754: 1751: 1585: 1582: 1423: 1420: 1398: 1395: 1358:Francis Harvey 1185:Central Powers 1181:Ottoman Empire 1110: 1107: 924: 921: 919: 916: 893:Russian Empire 705:13.5-inch guns 549: 546: 533:s Naval Annual 466: 465: 459: 449: 439: 363: 360: 331: 276:First Sea Lord 215:British Empire 181: 178: 95:Ottoman Empire 87:United Kingdom 78:succeeded the 68:United Kingdom 56:battle-cruiser 52:battle cruiser 26: 18:Battlecruisers 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5648: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5611: 5609: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5558: 5557: 5554: 5550: 5543: 5538: 5536: 5531: 5529: 5524: 5523: 5520: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5491: 5485: 5484:Training ship 5482: 5480: 5479:River monitor 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5444:Drone carrier 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5429:Barracks ship 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5412:Miscellaneous 5410: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5383:Human torpedo 5381: 5379: 5376: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5330: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5303:Naval tugboat 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5293:Hospital ship 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5278:Dispatch boat 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5219: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5173: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5115: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5078:Naval trawler 5076: 5074: 5073:Naval drifter 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5029: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4977:Landing craft 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4948: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4877: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4855:Scout cruiser 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4840:Light cruiser 4838: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4829: 4828:Heavy cruiser 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4818:Battlecruiser 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4797: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4707:Fleet carrier 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4687:Battlecarrier 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4661: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4596: 4593: 4592: 4589: 4584: 4580: 4573: 4568: 4566: 4561: 4559: 4554: 4553: 4550: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4520: 4518:1-86019-874-0 4514: 4510: 4505: 4501: 4499:1-55750-184-X 4495: 4491: 4486: 4482: 4476: 4472: 4471: 4465: 4461: 4459:0-04445-104-0 4455: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4436: 4432: 4427: 4423: 4417: 4413: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4390: 4386: 4381: 4377: 4375:0-948817-50-X 4371: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4348: 4343: 4339: 4337:1-55750-068-1 4333: 4329: 4324: 4320: 4318:0-85177-754-6 4314: 4310: 4305: 4301: 4299:1-85109-369-9 4295: 4291: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4236:0-85177-948-4 4232: 4228: 4223: 4219: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4200: 4198:0-394-52833-6 4194: 4190: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4170: 4166: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4118:0-85177-772-4 4114: 4110: 4105: 4101: 4095: 4091: 4086: 4082: 4080:0-87021-893-X 4076: 4072: 4067: 4063: 4057: 4052: 4051: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4018: 4016:0-87021-790-9 4012: 4008: 4003: 3999: 3997:2-909675-50-5 3993: 3989: 3984: 3980: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3961: 3959:0-87021-907-3 3955: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3940:1-55750-132-7 3936: 3932: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3913:0-7858-1414-0 3909: 3905: 3900: 3896: 3894:0-87021-718-6 3890: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3853:0-87021-192-7 3849: 3845: 3840: 3836: 3834:0-395-41055-X 3830: 3826: 3825: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3810:0-85177-146-7 3806: 3802: 3797: 3793: 3787: 3783: 3778: 3774: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3755: 3753:1-84067-529-2 3749: 3745: 3740: 3736: 3734:1-84067-531-4 3730: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3715:0-7146-5702-6 3711: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3665: 3645: 3641: 3635: 3626: 3610: 3606: 3600: 3591: 3582: 3573: 3564: 3555: 3546: 3537: 3528: 3512: 3505: 3489: 3482: 3466: 3459: 3450: 3441: 3432: 3423: 3414: 3405: 3396: 3387: 3378: 3369: 3360: 3351: 3342: 3333: 3324: 3315: 3306: 3297: 3288: 3279: 3270: 3268: 3258: 3249: 3240: 3231: 3222: 3213: 3204: 3195: 3186: 3177: 3168: 3159: 3150: 3141: 3132: 3130: 3120: 3111: 3102: 3093: 3084: 3075: 3066: 3057: 3048: 3039: 3030: 3021: 3012: 3003: 2994: 2985: 2976: 2967: 2958: 2949: 2940: 2931: 2922: 2913: 2904: 2895: 2886: 2877: 2868: 2866: 2859: 2853: 2844: 2835: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2812: 2806:Burr, pp. 7–8 2803: 2794: 2788:Sumida, p. 55 2785: 2776: 2774: 2764: 2762: 2752: 2743: 2734: 2728:Breyer, p. 48 2725: 2716: 2707: 2698: 2689: 2680: 2671: 2665:Breyer, p. 47 2662: 2656:Sumida, p. 19 2653: 2644: 2635: 2626: 2617: 2608: 2606: 2601: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2579:Panzerschiffe 2576: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2552: 2547: 2545: 2540: 2538: 2531: 2527: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2488: 2479: 2478: 2472: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2451: 2440: 2437: 2436: 2430: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2410:upgraded its 2409: 2398: 2395: 2394: 2388: 2377: 2374: 2363: 2362: 2353: 2351: 2347:operates one 2346: 2335: 2334: 2328: 2326: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2315: 2314:Pyotr Velikiy 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2287: 2281: 2279: 2274: 2272: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2257:Joseph Stalin 2250: 2246: 2242: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2204: 2202: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2180: 2175: 2174: 2169: 2168: 2163: 2161: 2155: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2132: 2129:, one of the 2128: 2127: 2121: 2116: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2073: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2032: 2027: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2006: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1969:The Japanese 1967: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1910: 1905: 1901: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1892:heavy cruiser 1889: 1888: 1883: 1882: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1836: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1812: 1807: 1806: 1801: 1795: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1706: 1701: 1700: 1695: 1694: 1689: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1661: 1657: 1655: 1654:King George V 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1628: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1605: 1601: 1594: 1590: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1566:United States 1563: 1559: 1555: 1554:Constellation 1551: 1550: 1544: 1543: 1537: 1536: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1480: 1474: 1472: 1466: 1462: 1460: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1432: 1428: 1419: 1417: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1373: 1368: 1367: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1346: 1345:Indefatigable 1341: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1321: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1265: 1264:Indefatigable 1261: 1257: 1255: 1254: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1229: 1228: 1223: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1160: 1159: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1131: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1106: 1103: 1099: 1097: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1081: 1080: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1061: 1060:Admiral class 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1030: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1003: 998: 997: 992: 991: 986: 985:light cruiser 982: 976: 974: 970: 966: 964: 959: 956: 954: 947: 945: 941: 937: 935: 930: 915: 913: 909: 905: 901: 899: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 876: 870: 868: 864: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 842: 834: 830: 826: 824: 823: 818: 817: 811: 807: 803: 798: 794: 790: 785: 783: 778: 773: 771: 767: 765: 760: 756: 755: 750: 748: 743: 739: 731: 726: 722: 720: 719: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 696: 691: 690: 683: 679: 677: 676:Indefatigable 671: 669: 667: 662: 658: 657: 652: 648: 642: 640: 639: 634: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 601: 600: 594: 590: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 555: 545: 543: 538: 534: 525: 523: 519: 510: 505: 502: 496: 493: 489: 488:capital ships 484: 476: 475: 470: 463: 460: 457: 453: 450: 447: 443: 440: 437: 433: 430: 429: 428: 426: 421: 415: 411: 407: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 381: 379: 377: 372: 371: 359: 357: 356: 351: 341: 337: 336:Lord Selborne 330: 325: 322: 318: 313: 307: 304: 303:conning tower 300: 296: 292: 287: 283: 282: 277: 273: 267: 262: 260: 255: 246: 242: 241: 235: 231: 228: 224: 218: 216: 211: 207: 202: 200: 195: 191: 187: 177: 175: 174: 169: 168: 167:Pyotr Velikiy 163: 159: 155: 153: 149:, the Soviet 148: 144: 139: 136: 130: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 83: 81: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 48:battlecruiser 41: 40: 34: 30: 19: 5607: 5599: 5586: 5568: 5560: 5439:Capital ship 5424:Arsenal ship 5263:Crane vessel 5258:Command ship 5197:Mine planter 5175:Mine warfare 5141:Missile boat 5108:Torpedo boat 5068:Motor launch 5031:Patrol craft 4936:Radar picket 4817: 4742:Supercarrier 4508: 4489: 4469: 4449: 4430: 4411: 4384: 4365: 4346: 4327: 4308: 4289: 4268: 4264: 4246:Warship 2006 4245: 4227:Warship 2004 4226: 4207: 4186: 4164: 4131: 4127: 4108: 4089: 4070: 4049: 4025: 4006: 3987: 3968: 3949: 3930: 3903: 3884: 3865: 3843: 3823: 3800: 3781: 3762: 3743: 3724: 3705: 3686: 3669: 3648:. Retrieved 3646:(in Russian) 3643: 3634: 3625: 3615:13 September 3613:. Retrieved 3609:Moscow Times 3608: 3599: 3590: 3581: 3572: 3563: 3554: 3545: 3536: 3527: 3515:. Retrieved 3504: 3492:. Retrieved 3481: 3469:. Retrieved 3458: 3449: 3440: 3431: 3422: 3417:Burt, p. 243 3413: 3404: 3395: 3386: 3377: 3368: 3359: 3350: 3341: 3332: 3323: 3314: 3305: 3296: 3287: 3278: 3257: 3248: 3239: 3230: 3221: 3212: 3203: 3194: 3185: 3176: 3167: 3158: 3149: 3140: 3119: 3110: 3101: 3092: 3083: 3074: 3065: 3056: 3047: 3038: 3029: 3020: 3011: 3002: 2993: 2984: 2975: 2966: 2957: 2948: 2939: 2930: 2921: 2912: 2903: 2894: 2885: 2876: 2852: 2843: 2834: 2811: 2802: 2793: 2784: 2751: 2742: 2733: 2724: 2715: 2706: 2697: 2688: 2679: 2670: 2661: 2652: 2643: 2634: 2625: 2616: 2550: 2543: 2536: 2530: 2476: 2454: 2434: 2412: 2392: 2349: 2345:Russian Navy 2323: 2319:Russian Navy 2313: 2309:P-700 Granit 2304: 2300: 2292: 2285: 2282: 2277: 2270: 2269:Project 82 ( 2264: 2254: 2248: 2244: 2229: 2221: 2217: 2215: 2208: 2200: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2172: 2166: 2159: 2156: 2150: 2140: 2136: 2125: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2044:South Dakota 2043: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2025:South Dakota 2024: 2018:returned to 2015: 2007: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1978: 1970: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1951: 1947: 1938:by Japanese 1936:she was sunk 1931: 1929: 1921: 1917: 1908: 1903: 1895: 1886: 1880: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1861: 1853: 1852:knocked out 1849: 1846:rangefinders 1834: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1810: 1804: 1797: 1788:World War II 1781: 1774:Kriegsmarine 1767: 1760: 1756: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1735: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1709: 1704: 1698: 1692: 1686: 1681: 1679: 1675:World War II 1670: 1666: 1659: 1653: 1647: 1631: 1626: 1620: 1611: 1609: 1603: 1592: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1562:Constitution 1561: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1541: 1534: 1529: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1501: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1478: 1470: 1464: 1458: 1454: 1448: 1436: 1430: 1426: 1425: 1415: 1412: 1400: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1377:Von der Tann 1376: 1371: 1365: 1362: 1350: 1344: 1339: 1335: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1300: 1295: 1287: 1279: 1275: 1269: 1263: 1252: 1242: 1236: 1226: 1220: 1213: 1192: 1188: 1177:Ottoman Navy 1164: 1157: 1154: 1147: 1134:Rear Admiral 1130:David Beatty 1127:Vice Admiral 1112: 1101: 1096:Ersatz Yorck 1095: 1090: 1086: 1084: 1078: 1068: 1063: 1057: 1040: 1036: 1034: 1029:Incomparable 1028: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1001: 995: 989: 980: 977: 972: 969:15-inch guns 962: 952: 948: 943: 939: 933: 928: 926: 923:Construction 907: 897: 888: 884: 880: 874: 871: 857: 849: 845: 840: 837: 832: 820: 814: 809: 801: 792: 788: 781: 774: 769: 763: 758: 753: 746: 741: 738:Von der Tann 737: 734: 729: 717: 712: 700: 694: 689:Von der Tann 688: 681: 675: 672: 665: 660: 655: 650: 646: 643: 637: 632: 627: 623: 619: 611: 607: 605: 598: 586: 582: 578: 553: 551: 536: 528: 526: 521: 518:Baltic Fleet 508: 506: 500: 497: 491: 482: 480: 473: 461: 455: 451: 445: 441: 435: 431: 424: 422: 413: 409: 392: 388: 384: 382: 375: 369: 365: 354: 346: 327: 308: 280: 269: 264: 259:Fred T. Jane 250: 244: 239: 219: 203: 183: 171: 165: 151: 143:World War II 140: 131: 84: 60:capital ship 55: 51: 47: 45: 38: 29: 5587:Deutschland 5474:Mother ship 5313:Repair ship 5212:Minesweeper 5088:Patrol boat 5043:Armed yacht 4765:Dreadnought 4752:Battleships 4579:Naval ships 4275:: 242–273. 3336:Burt, p. 48 2544:Deutschland 2537:Scharnhorst 2534:The German 2283:The Soviet 2261:Soviet Navy 2247:, formerly 2226:Design B-65 2188:Puerto Rico 2184:Philippines 2176:; a third, 2151:Scharnhorst 2147:East Indies 2143:Design 1047 1987:sister ship 1896:Prinz Eugen 1811:Scharnhorst 1719:Pacific War 1386:Derfflinger 1270:During the 1237:Scharnhorst 967:. With six 958:battleships 944:Derfflinger 929:Derfflinger 918:World War I 875:Derfflinger 806:superfiring 744:s. The two 661:Dreadnought 656:Bellerophon 647:Dreadnought 624:Dreadnought 587:Dreadnought 579:Dreadnought 571:dreadnought 414:Dreadnought 410:Dreadnought 389:Dreadnought 385:Dreadnought 370:Dreadnought 295:gun turrets 206:Krupp steel 76:dreadnought 64:battleships 5631:Ship types 5625:Categories 5608:Stalingrad 5600:Kronshtadt 5569:Courageous 5500:Ship types 5459:Guard ship 5333:Submarines 5268:Depot ship 5202:Minehunter 4217:0198224095 3662:References 2429:Royal Navy 2278:Stalingrad 2271:Stalingrad 2113:See also: 2072:Sealion II 2048:Washington 2036:Washington 2031:Washington 1881:Strasbourg 1792:See also: 1761:Kronshtadt 1578:Courageous 1485:Invincible 1340:Queen Mary 1336:Invincible 1227:Invincible 1221:Inflexible 1209:Aegean Sea 1041:Courageous 1015:Uproarious 1011:Outrageous 990:Courageous 904:Baltic Sea 854:sea trials 789:Invincible 742:Invincible 718:Queen Mary 711:. The two 682:Invincible 651:Invincible 633:Invincible 628:Invincible 620:Invincible 612:Invincible 608:Invincible 599:Queen Mary 583:Invincible 554:Invincible 537:Invincible 522:Invincible 509:Invincible 501:Invincible 492:Invincible 483:Invincible 474:Invincible 456:Invincible 446:Invincible 436:Invincible 425:Invincible 423:While the 393:Invincible 376:Invincible 334:Fisher to 321:destroyers 317:submarines 266:certainty? 186:Royal Navy 180:Background 135:Royal Navy 5207:Minelayer 5022:Troopship 4950:Transport 4916:Escorteur 4896:Destroyer 4637:Broadside 4605:auxiliary 4600:submarine 4281:0043-0374 4148:0899-3718 2597:Citations 2571:‹See Tfd› 2558:‹See Tfd› 2551:Dunkerque 2517:Footnotes 2393:Australia 2331:Operators 2201:Baltimore 2124:USS 2056:Kirishima 2052:Kirishima 2040:Kirishima 2016:Kirishima 1994:Kirishima 1990:Kirishima 1944:Singapore 1942:north of 1876:Dunkerque 1854:Gneisenau 1835:Gneisenau 1824:Gneisenau 1805:Gneisenau 1727:Kirishima 1693:Kirishima 1547:USS 1542:Lexington 1540:USS 1493:Lexington 1479:Lexington 1449:Lexington 1253:Australia 1243:Gneisenau 1201:Black Sea 1163:SMS 1102:Mackensen 1091:Mackensen 1087:Mackensen 1069:Mackensen 1049:freeboard 1027:HMS 940:Mackensen 934:Mackensen 797:U.S. Navy 764:Helgoland 709:barbettes 687:SMS 597:HMS 238:HMS 111:North Sea 99:Australia 37:HMS 5449:Flagship 5182:Danlayer 5053:Corvette 4931:Kaibōkan 4800:Cruisers 4692:CAM ship 4647:Casemate 4583:warships 4403:64555761 4185:(1991). 4046:(1964). 3922:51940554 3864:(2008). 3821:(1986). 3678:20229321 2485:See also 2480:in 1950. 2396:in 1921. 2042:engaged 2005:scuttled 1956:capsized 1922:Bismarck 1890:and the 1887:Bismarck 1864:Atlantic 1808:and the 1644:catapult 1574:Glorious 1549:Saratoga 1391:Seydlitz 1381:Seydlitz 1311:Seydlitz 1296:Seydlitz 1288:Seydlitz 1284:magazine 1276:Seydlitz 1173:Istanbul 1148:Seydlitz 1019:Spurious 996:Glorious 908:Borodino 898:Borodino 889:Seydlitz 883:and the 770:Seydlitz 754:Seydlitz 730:Seydlitz 452:Pursuit. 401:turbines 355:Minotaur 350:drydocks 332:— 245:Minotaur 147:Cold War 5493:Related 5469:Monitor 5403:Wet sub 5248:Collier 5166:Shin'yō 5161:PT boat 5058:Gunboat 4921:Frigate 4652:Turrets 3650:2 April 1960:Repulse 1952:Repulse 1932:Repulse 1900:sortied 1872:Repulse 1770:O class 1721:, when 1667:Repulse 1632:Repulse 1627:Repulse 1593:Repulse 1570:Furious 1504:slipway 1325:At the 1320:Blücher 1303:cordite 1199:in the 1165:Breslau 1123:Hamburg 1045:draught 1007:Furious 1002:Furious 953:Revenge 816:Tsukuba 638:Blücher 542:torpedo 529:Brassey 397:boilers 274:became 254:torpedo 240:Shannon 223:classes 194:cruiser 115:pitched 91:Germany 5561:Alaska 5398:U-boat 5126:E-boat 5093:Q-ship 4879:Escort 4515: 4496: 4477: 4456: 4437: 4418: 4401: 4391: 4372: 4353: 4334: 4315: 4296: 4279: 4252: 4233: 4214: 4195: 4171: 4156:120394 4154: 4146: 4115: 4096: 4077: 4058: 4032: 4013: 3994: 3975: 3956: 3937: 3920: 3910: 3891: 3872: 3850: 3831: 3807: 3788: 3769: 3750: 3731: 3712: 3693: 3676: 3517:6 June 3494:6 June 3471:6 June 2583:French 2575:German 2562:German 2468: 2455:Alaska 2447: 2435:Renown 2426: 2415:-class 2405: 2384: 2370: 2352:-class 2342: 2276:ship, 2249:Frunze 2230:Alaska 2222:Alaska 2218:Alaska 2211:-class 2203:-class 2196:Alaska 2179:Hawaii 2167:Alaska 2162:-class 2160:Alaska 2126:Alaska 2107:, and 2077:Haruna 1868:Renown 1850:Renown 1828:Renown 1820:Renown 1778:Plan Z 1696:, and 1687:Haruna 1660:Renown 1656:-class 1648:Renown 1640:hangar 1636:bridge 1621:Renown 1604:Renown 1558:Ranger 1473:-class 1461:-class 1437:Nelson 1383:, and 1372:Moltke 1366:Lützow 1342:, and 1189:Goeben 1158:Goeben 1037:Renown 963:Renown 955:-class 938:. The 784:-class 766:-class 759:Moltke 747:Moltke 699:. The 391:, the 281:Renown 125:. The 93:, the 4941:Sloop 4886:Aviso 4152:JSTOR 2522:Notes 2477:Yavuz 2413:Kongo 2391:HMAS 2350:Kirov 2301:Kirov 2293:Kirov 2288:class 2286:Kirov 2192:Samoa 2067:Kongō 2001:' 1971:Kongō 1934:when 1925:' 1857:' 1838:' 1831:' 1763:class 1702:—the 1699:Kongō 1682:Kongō 1663:' 1612:Tiger 1526:scrap 1518:Amagi 1513:Akagi 1508:Amagi 1489:Amagi 1481:class 1459:Amagi 1439:class 1416:Kongō 1355:Major 1098:class 973:Tiger 965:class 936:class 900:class 885:Kongō 881:Tiger 877:class 858:Tiger 850:Kongō 841:Tiger 833:Kongō 822:Ibuki 782:Kongō 697:class 678:class 668:class 531:' 513:' 417:' 378:class 291:knots 154:class 152:Kirov 103:Japan 5371:DSRV 5156:MTSM 4581:and 4513:ISBN 4494:ISBN 4475:ISBN 4454:ISBN 4435:ISBN 4416:ISBN 4399:OCLC 4389:ISBN 4370:ISBN 4351:ISBN 4332:ISBN 4313:ISBN 4294:ISBN 4277:ISSN 4269:XVII 4250:ISBN 4231:ISBN 4212:ISBN 4193:ISBN 4169:ISBN 4144:ISSN 4113:ISBN 4094:ISBN 4075:ISBN 4056:ISBN 4030:ISBN 4011:ISBN 3992:ISBN 3973:ISBN 3954:ISBN 3935:ISBN 3918:OCLC 3908:ISBN 3889:ISBN 3870:ISBN 3848:ISBN 3829:ISBN 3805:ISBN 3786:ISBN 3767:ISBN 3748:ISBN 3729:ISBN 3710:ISBN 3691:ISBN 3674:OCLC 3652:2020 3617:2016 3519:2013 3496:2013 3473:2013 2541:and 2475:TCG 2452:two 2433:HMS 2209:Iowa 2190:and 2173:Guam 2170:and 2089:pier 2081:Kure 2028:and 2008:Hiei 1998:Hiei 1979:Hiei 1962:and 1918:Hood 1904:Hood 1878:and 1746:Hood 1742:Hood 1731:Hiei 1725:and 1723:Hiei 1710:Hiei 1705:Hiei 1671:Hood 1669:and 1624:and 1576:and 1564:and 1545:and 1535:Kaga 1530:Tosa 1510:and 1491:and 1471:Tosa 1465:Hood 1431:Hood 1427:Hood 1351:Lion 1315:Lion 1309:and 1307:Lion 1280:Lion 1240:and 1224:and 1079:Hood 1039:and 1017:and 999:and 846:Lion 819:and 810:Lion 802:Lion 793:Lion 728:SMS 713:Lion 701:Lion 695:Lion 626:and 319:and 299:belt 243:, a 101:and 46:The 39:Hood 5151:MTM 5146:MTB 5136:MGB 5131:MAS 4136:doi 1818:by 54:or 5627:: 4397:. 4267:. 4150:. 4142:. 4132:62 4130:. 3916:. 3642:. 3607:. 3266:^ 3128:^ 2864:^ 2820:^ 2772:^ 2760:^ 2604:^ 2585:: 2577:: 2564:: 2186:, 2103:, 2065:, 2038:, 2014:, 1977:, 1916:. 1870:, 1840:s 1690:, 1677:. 1642:, 1560:, 1556:, 1441:. 1379:, 1375:, 1360:. 1338:, 1187:. 1139:. 1055:. 1013:, 914:. 721:. 589:. 97:, 89:, 5541:e 5534:t 5527:v 4786:) 4782:( 4571:e 4564:t 4557:v 4521:. 4502:. 4483:. 4462:. 4443:. 4424:. 4405:. 4378:. 4359:. 4340:. 4321:. 4302:. 4283:. 4258:. 4239:. 4220:. 4201:. 4177:. 4158:. 4138:: 4121:. 4102:. 4083:. 4064:. 4038:. 4019:. 4000:. 3981:. 3962:. 3943:. 3924:. 3897:. 3878:. 3856:. 3837:. 3813:. 3794:. 3775:. 3756:. 3737:. 3718:. 3699:. 3680:. 3654:. 3619:. 3521:. 3498:. 3475:. 2273:) 1776:( 749:s 511:s 486:" 338:( 20:)

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