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2026:, stealing prey collected by other colony members. The colony's daily routine is to emerge from the nesting holes or roosting branches soon after dawn, preen and sun themselves for an hour, then disperse to feed. Feeding territories are divided by clan, with each clan defending its territory from all others of the same species, including clans of the same colony. The clans return to the colony before dusk, and engage in more social behaviour before retiring for the night. Colonies are situated several hundred metres apart and have little to do with each other, although young individuals may disperse between colonies. As such, these species can be thought to have four tiers of social kinship: the individual pair, the family unit, the clan, and the colony as a whole.
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2228:. In the case of the bee-eaters the nests are burrows dug into the ground, either into the sides of earth cliffs or directly into level soil. Both types of nesting site are vulnerable, those on level ground are vulnerable to trampling and small predators, whereas those in cliffs, which are often the banks of rivers, are vulnerable to flash floods, which can wipe out dozens or hundreds of nests. Many species will nest either on cliffs or on level ground but prefer cliffs, although
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the performance of the white-throated bee-eater. Their "butterfly display" involves both members of a pair performing a gliding display flight with shallow wing-beats; they then perch facing each other, raising and folding their wings while calling. Most members of the family engage in courtship feeding, where the male presents prey items to the female, and such feeding can account for much, if not all, of the energy females require for egg creation.
1974:. Another population of the same species breeds in South Africa and Namibia; these birds move northwards after breeding. In Australia the rainbow bee-eater is migratory in the southern areas of its range, migrating to Indonesia and New Guinea, but occurs year-round in northern Australia. Several species of bee-eater, are intra-African migrants; the white-throated bee-eater, for example, breeds on the southern edge of the
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vegetation type. A single species, the blue-headed bee-eater, is found inside closed rainforest where it forages close to the ground in poor light in the gaps between large trees. Six other species are also closely associated with rainforest, but occur in edge habitat such as along rivers, in tree-fall gaps, off trees overhanging ravines or on emergent tree crowns above the main canopy.
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is set up close to a bee-eater colony, a larger number of honey bees are eaten because they are more abundant. However, studies show the bee-eaters do not intentionally fly into the apiary, rather they feed on the insects caught on pastures and meadows within a radius of 12 km (7.5 mi) from
2078:
Prey can be spotted from a distance; European bee-eaters are able to spot a bee 60 m (200 ft) away, and blue-cheeked bee-eaters have been observed flying out 100 m (330 ft) to catch large wasps. Prey is approached directly or from behind. Prey that lands on the ground or on plants
1877:
is red in the males and brown-red in the females, and in species with tail-streamers these may be slightly longer in males. Both the
European and red-bearded bee-eaters have sex-based differences in their plumage colour, and the female rainbow bee-eater has shorter tail streamers than the male, which
2767:
Hackett, Shannon J.; Kimball, Rebecca T.; Reddy, Sushma; Bowie, Rauri C. K.; Braun, Edward L.; Braun, Michael J.; Chojnowski, Jena L.; Cox, W. Andrew; Han, Kin-Lan; Harshman, John; Huddleston, Christopher; Marks, Ben D; Miglia, Kathleen J.; Moore, William S.; Sheldon, Frederick H; Steadman, David W;
2415:
A study of the southern carmine bee-eater in
Zimbabwe showed that it was affected by deliberate interference and persecution and loss of woodlands, and that nesting sites are lost through poor water management leading to river bank damage, dam construction and panning for gold. Colonies are becoming
2237:
deposits that do not crumble when excavated may be favoured by the larger bee-eaters. There may be several false starts where nests are dug partway before being abandoned; in solitary species this can give the impression of colonial living even when that is not the case. The process of nest building
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a fairly uniform group. They share many features with related
Coraciiformes such as the kingfishers and rollers, being large-headed (although less so than their relatives), short-necked, brightly plumaged and short-legged. Their wings may be rounded or pointed, with the wing shape closely correlated
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during a nesting season, and in sedentary species, pairs may stay together for multiple years. Migratory bee-eaters may find new mates each breeding season. The courtship displays of the bee-eaters are rather unspectacular, with some calling and raising of throat and wing feathers. The exception is
2070:
The bee-eaters are almost exclusively aerial hunters of insect prey. Prey is caught either on the wing or more commonly from an exposed perch from which the bee-eater watches for prey. Smaller, rounder-winged bee-eaters typically hunt from branches and twigs closer to the ground, whereas the larger
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Open country species, which comprise the majority of bee-eaters, have mostly expanded in range as more land is converted to agriculture, but some tropical forest species have suffered declines through loss of habitat, although no species or subspecies gives serious cause for concern. There is some
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starts soon after the first egg is laid, with both parents sharing this duty in the day, but only the female at night. The eggs hatch in about 20 days, and the newly hatched young are blind, pink and naked. For most species, the eggs do not all hatch at the same time, so if food is in short supply
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Bee-eaters may nest as single pairs, loose colonies or dense colonies. Smaller species tend to nest solitarily, while medium-sized bee-eaters have small colonies, and larger and migratory species nest in large colonies that can number in the thousands. In some instances, colonies may contain more
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tendencies. Shorter, rounder wings are found on species that are sedentary and make typically short foraging flights in denser forests and reed-beds. Those with more elongated wings are more migratory. All the bee-eaters are highly aerial; they take off strongly from perches, fly directly without
376:
studies have confirmed that the bee-eaters are more closely related to the rollers and ground rollers than they are to the todies, motmots and kingfishers. The relationship between the families is shown the cladogram below. The number of species in each family is taken from the list maintained by
2013:
The social structures of the red-throated bee-eater and the white-fronted bee-eaters have been described as more complex than for any other bird species. The birds exist in colonies located on nesting cliffs, and have a stable structure all year round. These colonies typically contain five to 50
1962:
Bee-eaters are fairly indiscriminate in their choice of habitat. Their requirements are simply an elevated perch from which to watch for prey and a suitable ground substrate in which to dig their breeding burrow. Because their prey is entirely caught on the wing they are not dependent on any
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can take as long as twenty days to complete, during which time the bill can be blunted and shortened. Nests are generally used only for a single season and are rarely used twice by the bee-eaters, but abandoned nests may be used by other birds, snakes and bats as shelter and breeding sites.
2018:, and their offspring. The helpers are male offspring from a previous year. Within the colony, the males alternate between guarding their mate and attempting to make forced copulations with other females. The females in turn attempt to lay eggs in their neighbour's nests, an example of
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is usually not pursued. Small prey may be eaten on the wing, but larger items are returned to the perch where they are beaten until dead and then broken up. Insects with poisonous stings are first smacked on the branch, then, with the bird's eyes closed, rubbed to discharge the
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with which to snatch insects from the air and crush smaller prey. The short legs have weak feet, and when it is moving on the ground a bee-eater's gait is barely more than a shuffle. The feet have sharp claws used for perching on vertical surfaces and also for nest excavation.
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the colony, this maximum distance being reached only when there is a shortage of food. Observations show that the birds actually enter the apiary only in cold and rainy periods, when the bees do not leave the hive and other insect prey are harder for the bee-eaters to detect.
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Predation is more likely when the bees are queening or during the peak of migration, from late March till mid-April, and in mid-September. Hives close to or under trees or overhead cables are at increased risk as the birds pounce on flying insects from these perches.
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to kill the birds. Aristotle knew that bee-eaters nested at the end of tunnels up to 2 m (6.6 ft) long and the size of their clutch. He said that nesting adults were fed by their own young, based on the observed actual help at the nest by related birds.
246:, nesting in burrows tunnelled into vertical sandy banks, often at the side of a river or in flat ground. As they mostly live in colonies, large numbers of nest holes may be seen together. The eggs are white, with typically five to the clutch. Most species are
2140:
is a particularly commonly eaten species. These bees attempt to congregate in a mass defence against the bee-eaters. In Israel, a
European bee-eater was documented attempting to eat a small bat that it had caught, which probably could not fit down its throat.
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always nests on level ground. The burrows are dug by both birds in the pair, sometimes assisted by helpers. The soil or sand is loosened with jabs of the sharp bill, then the feet are used to kick out the loose soil. It has been suggested that riverine
1890:
found that males were more colourful than females in UV light. Their overall colour was also affected by body condition, suggesting that there was a signalling component to plumage colour. Juveniles are generally similar to adults, except for the two
2408:, or young taken for food. More generally problematic is the unintended destruction of nests. This can occur through cattle trampling, as with the blue-headed bee-eater in Kenya, or loss of forests, with massive conversion of native forest to
2189:, showed that the bee-eaters were not the main obstacle to bee foraging; in some cases, the foraging rate was higher in the presence of the birds than in their absence. The average bird meal consisted of 90.8% honey bees and 9.2% beetles.
1986:, which has a three-stage migration; after breeding in a band between Angola and Mozambique it moves south to Botswana, Namibia and South Africa before moving north to its main wintering grounds in northern Angola, Congo and Tanzania.
2037:
and water bathing. Sunning behaviour helps warm birds in the morning, reducing the need to use energy to raise their temperature. It also has a social aspect, as multiple birds adopt the same posture. Finally, it may help stimulate
2855:
Prum, Richard O.; Berv, Jacob S.; Dornburg, Alex; Field, Daniel J.; Townsend, Jeffrey P.; Lemmon, Emily
Moriarty; Lemmon, Alan R. (2015). "A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing".
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and kingfishers). A 2009 book supported Fry's contention, but then a later study in 2015 suggested that the bee-eaters are sister to the rollers. The 2008 and 2015 papers both linked the kingfishers to the New World motmots.
2091:, as demonstrated by a juvenile bird in captivity, which performed the task when first presented with wild bees. This bird was stung on the first five tries, but by ten bees, it was as adept at handling bees as adult birds.
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believed that bee-eaters had medical properties, prescribing the application of bee-eater fat to deter biting flies, and treating the eyes with the smoke from charred bee-eater legs to cure an unspecified female complaint.
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believe that the bee-eaters are the main obstacle causing worker bees not to forage, and instead stay inside the hives for much of the day between May and the end of August. However, a study carried out in a
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than one species of bee-eater. In species that nest gregariously, breeding pairs may be assisted by up to five helpers. These birds may alternate between breeding themselves and helping in successive years.
1898:
Bee-eaters have calls that are characteristic for each species. Most sound simple to the human ear, but show significant variability when studied in detail, carrying significant information for the birds.
2396:(IUCN) assesses species vulnerability in terms of total population and the rate of any population decline. None of the bee-eaters meet the IUCN vulnerability criteria, and all are therefore evaluated as "
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can comprise a large part of the diet, as much as 89% of the overall intake. The preference for bees and wasps may have arisen because of the numerical abundance of these suitably sized insects. The
1923:
distribution, occurring from Europe to
Australia. The centre of diversity of the family is Africa, although a number of species also occur in Asia. Single species occur in each of Europe, (the
348:. Opinions have varied as to the bee-eater's nearest relatives. In 2001, Fry considered the kingfishers to be the most likely, whereas a large study published in 2008 found that bee-eaters are
204:, containing three genera and thirty species. Most species are found in Africa and Asia, with a few in southern Europe, Australia, and New Guinea. They are characterised by richly coloured
3638:
2530:. Bee-eaters have been depicted on the postage stamps of at least 38 countries, the European and Carmine bee-eaters being the most common subjects, with 18 and 11 countries respectively.
2428:, an estimated 4,000–6,000 annually being killed in Cyprus alone, but with a global population of between 170,000 and 550,000 pairs even losses on that scale make little overall impact.
2343:. The hole-nesting lifestyle of bee-eaters means that they tend to carry a higher burden of external parasites than non-hole-nesting bird species. Bee-eaters may also be infected by
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The Asian green bee-eater, African green bee-eater, and
Arabian green bee-eater were previously considered to be a single species, and are still treated as such by some authorities.
609:
and the typical bee-eaters, having rounded wings and a "beard", but a smooth culmen and no nostril feathers. All the remaining species are normally retained in the single genus
3612:
1966:
Species that breed in subtropical or temperate areas of Europe, Asia and
Australia are all migratory. The European bee-eaters that breed in southern Europe and Asia migrate to
1846:
bee-eaters have a black bar through the eye and many have differently coloured throats and faces. The extent of the green in these species varies from almost complete in the
2515:
Depictions in classical art are rare for such striking birds. The only known
Ancient Egyptian example is a relief, probably of a little green bee-eater, on a wall of Queen
2372:
live in the nests of at least
European bee-eaters, and feed on faeces and food remains. Their presence and cleaning activities appear to benefit the developing bee-eaters.
3171:
Fry, Hilary C.; de Juana, Eduardo; Boesman, Peter; Kirwan, Guy M. (2013). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A.; de Juana, Eduardo (eds.).
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is removed by repeatedly hitting and rubbing the insect on a hard surface. During this process, pressure is applied to the insect's body, thereby discharging most of the
2002:
is unsuitable for stopping or if they are crossing the sea. Bee-eaters are highly social, and pairs sitting or roosting together are often so close that they touch (an
4296:
Krištofík, Ján; Darolová, Alžbeta; Hoi, Christine; Hoi, Herbert (2016). "Housekeeping by lodgers: the importance of bird nest fauna on offspring condition".
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2042:
in the feathers, making them easier to find and remove. Due to their hole-nesting lifestyle, bee-eaters accumulate a number of external parasites such as
3267:
del Hoyo, Josep; Collar, Nigel; Kirwan, Guy M. (2013). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A.; de Juana, Eduardo (eds.).
3219:
del Hoyo, Josep; Collar, Nigel; Kirwan, Guy M. (2013). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A.; de Juana, Eduardo (eds.).
2050:, keep the feathers and skin in good health. Bathing with water involves making shallow dives into a water body and then returning to a perch to preen.
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332:, but ancestors of those families diverged from the bee-eaters at least forty million years ago, so any relationship is not close. The scarcity of
4186:
El-Ahmed, A.; Gamal, el-D. N.; Shobrak, M.; Dik, B. (2012). "First records of the chewing lice (Phthiraptera) associated with European bee eater (
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Emlen, S. T.; Wrege, P. H. (1996). "Forced copulations and intra-specific parasitism: two costs of social living in the white-fronted bee-eater".
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2132:. In a survey of 20 studies, the proportion of the diet made up by bees and wasps varied from 20% to 96%, with the average being 70%. Of these
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in the nest, and their pellets are trodden underfoot, making the nest cavity very malodorous. The chicks are in the nest for about 30 days.
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No nesting material is used in the breeding cavity. One white egg is laid each day until the typical clutch of about five eggs is complete.
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of bee-eaters are curved, long and end in a sharp point. The bill can bite strongly, particularly at the tip, and it is used as a pair of
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2567:. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 190, 252.
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Fry, C. Hilary; Boesman, P. (2020). del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Christie, David A.; de Juana, Eduardo (eds.).
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species hunt from tree tops or telephone wires. One unusual technique often used by carmine bee-eaters is to ride on the backs of
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Kuhl, H.; Frankl-Vilches, C.; Bakker, A.; Mayr, G.; Nikolaus, G.; Boerno, S.T.; Klages, S.; Timmermann, B.; Gahr, M. (2021).
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Bee-eaters consume a wide range of insects; beyond a few distasteful butterflies they consume almost any insect from tiny
2292:. The young honeyguides kill the bee-eater's chicks and destroy any eggs. The begging call of the honeyguide sounds like
2160:
Bee-eater colony destroyed by bee-keepers. The entrances into the bee eater's nests were deliberately blocked with stones
309:, who created the bird subfamily Meropia for these birds in 1815. The name, now modernised as Meropidae, is derived from
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2124:, true flies and moths. For many species, the dominant prey item are stinging members of the order Hymenoptera, namely
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1839:
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Hegner, Robert E.; Emlen, Stephen; Demong, Natalie J. (1982). "Spatial organization of the white-fronted bee-eater".
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3854:"Loess and Bee-Eaters II: The 'loess' of North Africa and the nesting behaviour of the Northern Carmine Bee-Eater (
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of the family is generally very bright and in most species is mainly or at least partially green, although the two
4946:
3109:"Molecular phylogenetics of the bee-eaters (Aves: Meropidae) based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data"
643:, have not been generally accepted for several decades since a 1969 paper united them in the current arrangement.
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317:
for "bee-eater", and the English term "bee-eater" was first recorded in 1668, referring to the European species.
4156:
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and flies. Together with sunning, bouts of dust bathing (or water bathing where available), as well as rigorous
2768:
Witt, Christopher C.; Yuri, Tamaki (2008). "A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history".
2496:, the shape of the bird in flight was thought to resemble a bow, with the long bill as an arrow. This led to a
2380:
4143:
Valera, F.; Casas-Crivillé, A.; Hoi, H. (2003). "Interspecific parasite exchange in a mixed colony of birds".
3703:
Avery, M. T.; Krebs, J. R.; Houston, A. I. (1988). "Economics of courtship-feeding in the European bee-eater (
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344:(from 11,700 years ago to present) specimens from Israel and Russia, but all have proved to be of the extant
306:
273:". Their conspicuous appearance means that they have been mentioned by ancient writers and incorporated into
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Bee-eater nests may be raided by rats and snakes, and the adults are hunted by birds of prey such as the
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Valley. The well-studied European bee-eater is trapped and shot on migration in countries bordering the
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and medium to long wings, which may be pointed or round. Male and female plumages are usually similar.
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250:, and both parents care for their young, sometimes with assistance from related birds in the colony.
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flies to large beetles and dragonflies. At some point bee-eaters have been recorded eating beetles,
1763:, although the position of the purple-bearded bee-eater seems anomalous, in that it appears amongst
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1939:, which has the majority of the species, occurs across the entirety of the family's distribution.
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The bee-eaters are generally similar in appearance, although they are normally divided into three
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3342:"Sexual dichromatism, dimorphism, and condition-dependent coloration in blue-tailed bee-eaters"
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terminate in a club-shape that he lacks. There may be instances where bee-eaters are sexually
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257:; their nests are raided by rodents, weasels, martens and snakes, and they can carry various
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2909:"An unbiased molecular approach using 3′-UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life"
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2718:. Vol. 6: Mousebirds to Hornbills. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. pp. 286–325.
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was fatally struck by his father when he desecrated a ritual sacrifice of a ram to the god
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1812:
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is restricted to Asia, ranging from India and southern China to the Indonesian islands of
8:
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3801:"Loess and bee-eaters I: Ground properties affecting the nesting of European bee-eaters (
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2015:
2003:
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208:, slender bodies, and usually elongated central tail feathers. All have long down-turned
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by tasting the victim's brains. The god took pity on him, turning him into a bee-eater.
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burrows, occasionally up to 200, and are composed of clans of two or three pairs, their
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McLaren, Sue; Svircev, Zorica; O'Hara-Dhand, Ken; Heneberg, Petr; Smalley, Ian (2014).
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3652:. Mansoura Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology, 1(12): 1023–1030. Archived from
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Smalley, Ian; O'Hara-Dhand, Ken; McLaren, Sue; Svircev, Zorica; Nugent, Hugh (2013).
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in the breeding season and some species are also highly gregarious when not nesting.
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3066:. Vol. 5. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 229–238.
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1854:. Three species, from equatorial Africa, have no green at all in their plumage, the
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3613:"Prigonirea prigoriei. [Myths and truths about honey bees and bee eaters ]"
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undulations, and are able to change direction quickly, although they rarely hover.
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Fry, C. Hilary (1969). "The evolution and systematics of bee-eaters (Meropidae)".
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The bee-eaters have been considered to be related to other families, such as the
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human persecution of bee-eaters, with nest holes being blocked, adults shot or
2337:, some of which are specialist parasites of bee-eaters, and the stickfast flea
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of undigested material, typically 2 cm (0.8 in) long black oblongs.
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Bee-eaters spend around 10% of their day on comfort activities. These include
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as bee-eaters, because of the metaphorical poison they bore in their mouths.
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bee-eater chicks, ensuring a good supply of food from the adult bee-eaters.
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2954:
2885:
2797:
2523:
2368:
2349:
2311:
2305:
2137:
624:
349:
285:
254:
3752:"Cavity adoption and the evolution of coloniality in cavity-nesting birds"
3340:
Siefferman, Lynn; Wang, Yuan-Jyun; Wang, Yi-Ping; Yuan, Hsiao-Wei (2007).
1480:
340:(2,588,000 to 11,700 years ago) have been found in Austria, and there are
4889:
4757:
2436:
2321:
2030:
2007:
1967:
1883:
1752:
533:
337:
243:
2877:
4489:
3728:
2516:
2505:
2316:
2247:
2206:
2178:
2173:
2117:
2096:
1995:
1979:
1413:
581:
453:
329:
321:
139:
20:
16:
Widespread group of insectivorous bird species in the family Meropidae
3889:
3851:
3837:
3035:
4837:
4391:. Oxford Classical Monographs. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 108.
4203:
3798:
3524:
2549:
Analyse de la nature: ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés
2459:
2451:
2440:
2269:
2225:
2034:
1998:, although a few species may migrate during the night if the terrain
1920:
1879:
517:
274:
67:
4894:
4881:
4719:
4425:
4227:"Louse (Insecta: Phthiraptera) infestations of European Bee-eaters (
2572:
2280:. The little bee-eater and red-throated bee-eaters are hosts of the
302:
The bee-eaters were first named as a scientific group by the French
4842:
4742:
3358:
2497:
2493:
2409:
2405:
2344:
2133:
2105:
2047:
2039:
1956:
615:. There are close relationships within this genus, for example the
341:
303:
258:
87:
4096:"A stab in the dark: chick killing by brood parasitic honeyguides"
2526:
mural depicting blue-cheeked bee-eaters was found in the villa of
2552:(in French). Vol. 1815. Palermo: Self-published. p. 66.
2444:
2421:
2113:
2084:
2072:
1944:
1886:
part of the colour spectrum, which humans cannot see. A study of
1835:
1827:
494:
228:
205:
3904:
Casas-Crivillé, A.; Valera, F. (2005). "The European bee-eater (
3548:"The predator-prey interaction between blue-bearded bee eaters (
2970:"Complexity of avian evolution revealed by family-level genomes"
227:, which are caught on the wing from an open perch. The insect's
164:
2501:
2478:
2474:
2455:
2210:
2165:
2121:
2109:
2101:
1975:
1948:
365:
333:
325:
269:'s vulnerability criteria, and all are therefore evaluated as "
216:
77:
3615:(in Romanian). Romanian Ornithological Society. Archived from
597:, feathered nostrils and a relatively sluggish lifestyle. The
4829:
3107:
Marks, Ben D.; Weckstein, Jason D.; Moyle, Robert G. (2007).
2363:
2234:
2080:
1915:
is associated with forests, where it forages in edge habitats
576:
232:
2906:
215:
As their name suggests, bee-eaters predominantly eat flying
4157:
10.1645/0022-3395(2003)089[0245:IPEIAM]2.0.CO;2
3769:
10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0240:CAATEO]2.0.CO;2
2125:
2043:
1823:
585:
comprises two large species with long throat feathers, the
361:
261:. Some species are adversely affected by human activity or
224:
209:
194:
97:
2300:
2129:
220:
3170:
2766:
2224:
Like almost all Coraciiformes the bee-eaters are cavity
4295:
4225:
Karáth, Kata; Fuisz, Tibor István; Vas, Zoltán (2013).
4185:
4142:
3973:"Competition and coexistence of the European Bee-eater
2412:
plantations in Malaysia being particularly concerning.
1935:, also found on mainland Africa). Of the three genera,
1895:
species, in which the young have mainly green plumage.
1873:
in most of the family, although in several species the
4048:. Poyser Monograph. London: Poyser. pp. 231–235.
3339:
2388:
is adversely affected by persecution and habitat loss.
4093:
4068:
3679:"Bee-eater is not to blame for decline in honey bees"
3589:"Ambitious bee-eater attempts to swallow a bat whole"
2854:
2714:. In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.).
2450:
Bee-eaters were mentioned by ancient writers such as
1866:. Many species have elongated central tail feathers.
1387:
The bee-eater family contains the following species.
3903:
3266:
3218:
3026:
2616:
2565:
History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names
2299:
Bee-eaters may be infested by several blood-feeding
4094:Spottiswoode, Claire N.; Koorevaar, Jeroen (2011).
3106:
4460:
4012:Fry, C. Hilary; Fry, Kathie; Harris, Alan (1992).
3908:) as an ecosystem engineer in arid environments".
3393:
3268:
3220:
3172:
2709:
2617:
4069:Christie, David A.; Ferguson-Lees, James (2010).
3702:
3502:
3442:Animal migration: remarkable journeys in the wild
3433:
2743:. Poyser Monograph. London: Poyser. p. 195.
1795:with the species' preferred foraging habitat and
1377:were not included in the study. The placement of
5000:
4273:Mohammad, Mohammad K.; AlNeaim, Taha M. (2000).
3950:. Poyser Monograph. London: Poyser. p. 19.
3545:
3319:. Poyser Monograph. London: Poyser. p. 29.
2246:only the older chicks survive. Adults and young
4272:
4192:Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology
3941:
3939:
3444:. University of California Press. p. 148.
4224:
2394:International Union for Conservation of Nature
267:International Union for Conservation of Nature
4446:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4033:
3552:Jardine and Selby 1830) and giant honeybees (
2504:'s bow" and an association with archer gods.
2443:advised the killing of bee-eaters to protect
646:
593:, both of which have rounded wings, a ridged
4011:
3936:
3308:
2732:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2589:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1982:. The most unusual migration is that of the
5014:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
4366:. London: Jonathan Cape. pp. 322–323.
4279:Bulletin of the Iraq Natural History Museum
4275:"Blood parasites of two bee-eaters in Iraq"
3970:
3260:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
1902:
1369:(maximum parsimony) based on a 2007 study.
4453:
4439:
4030:
3546:Kastberger, Gerald; Sharma, D. K. (2000).
3539:
3467:
3391:
3063:Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 5
2545:
2257:
2185:in Libya, 80 km (50 mi) east of
2151:
163:
36:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4324:
4249:
4119:
3996:
3897:
3888:
3836:
3767:
3571:
3357:
3164:
3003:
2993:
2944:
2934:
2924:
2762:
2760:
2144:Like kingfishers, bee-eaters regurgitate
1842:are primarily rose-coloured. Most of the
1811:, the outermost being very small, and 13
1786:usually have a black bar through the eye.
627:, but formerly suggested genera, such as
336:is unhelpful. Bee-eater fossils from the
4062:
4016:. London: Christopher Helm. p. 19.
3971:Kossenko, S. M.; Fry, C. Hilary (1998).
3792:
3749:
3676:
3463:
3461:
3404:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
3279:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
3231:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
3212:
3183:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
3102:
3100:
2644:
2435:
2379:
2261:
2200:
2155:
2066:presents his mate with a captured insect
2057:
1978:and winters further south in equatorial
1906:
1774:
284:
4231:Linnaeus, 1758) at Albertirsa, Hungary"
4218:
3586:
3385:
2967:
2585:
2546:Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel (1815).
5001:
4386:
4380:
4361:
4350:
4289:
4136:
3845:
3056:
3050:
2850:
2848:
2757:
2022:. Some individuals also specialise in
387:International Ornithological Committee
307:Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz
4724:
4723:
4434:
4421:Meropidae, Bird families of the World
4179:
3743:
3458:
3439:
3116:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
3097:
3070:
3038:. International Ornithologists' Union
19:For the family of scorpionflies, see
4869:c164363d-bcd7-437b-add0-874aee163460
4704:
4266:
4087:
4014:Kingfishers, Bee-eaters, and Rollers
3964:
3636:
3333:
2818:
2638:participating institution membership
2592:. London: Christopher Helm. p.
2562:
2181:forest in the Alaluas region in the
4073:. London: Bloomsbury. p. 530.
4043:
4005:
3945:
3709:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
3696:
3670:
3496:
3314:
3076:
3020:
2845:
2812:
2738:
2707:
2556:
2539:
2053:
1955:has a single species restricted to
385:and David Donsker on behalf of the
13:
3998:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1998.tb04535.x
3482:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1986.tb00566.x
3091:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1969.tb02567.x
3036:"IOC World Bird List Version 14.1"
2716:Handbook of the Birds of the World
2610:
2579:
180:bee-eater species regularly breed
14:
5025:
4408:
2968:Stiller, J.; et al. (2024).
178: Approximate area in which
4703:
4694:
4693:
4387:Irving, P. M. C. Forbes (1990).
2827:. Heidelberg: Springer. p.
1479:
1447:
1404:
605:, which is intermediate between
54:
4417:on the Internet Bird Collection
3977:and the Blue-cheeked Bee-eater
3630:
3605:
3580:
2961:
2913:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2900:
2711:"Family Meropidae (Bee-eaters)"
3930:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.03.012
3677:Carabott, Sarah (2015-10-26).
1770:
45:Six common African bee-eaters
1:
4426:Meropidae on Tree of Life Web
3750:Eberhard, Jessica R. (2002).
3643:on the behavior of honey bee
3639:"The impact of the Bee-eater
3587:Sarchet, Penny (2015-07-01).
2533:
2431:
2347:blood parasites of the genus
440:– ground rollers (5 species)
4389:Metamorphosis in Greek Myths
3910:Journal of Arid Environments
3881:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.01.040
3829:10.1016/j.quaint.2012.09.005
3406:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
3281:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
3233:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
3185:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
1989:
1871:difference between the sexes
536:– kingfishers (118 species)
253:Bee-eaters may be killed by
7:
3136:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.07.004
2205:Bee-eater nesting cliff in
2196:
2006:of zero). Many species are
1850:to barely any green in the
654:Evolutionary relationships
280:
10:
5030:
4681:Southern carmine bee-eater
4676:Northern carmine bee-eater
4626:Cinnamon-chested bee-eater
3805:L.1758) in loess deposits"
3395:"White-throated-Bee-eater(
3270:"African Green Bee-eater (
3222:"Arabian Green Bee-eater (
2995:10.1038/s41586-024-07323-1
2386:southern carmine bee-eater
2315:. Other parasites include
1984:southern carmine bee-eater
1759:study produced a possible
1735:Southern carmine bee-eater
1726:Northern carmine bee-eater
1627:Cinnamon-chested bee-eater
647:Species in taxonomic order
417:– bee-eaters (31 species)
18:
4732:
4689:
4666:Chestnut-headed bee-eater
4596:Blue-moustached bee-eater
4534:
4512:
4487:
4473:
4310:10.1007/s10336-016-1384-9
2936:21.11116/0000-0007-B72A-C
2625:Oxford English Dictionary
2586:Jobling, James A (2010).
2375:
2118:crickets and grasshoppers
1708:Chestnut-headed bee-eater
1591:Blue-moustached bee-eater
1419:Jardine & Selby, 1830
1248:
1233:
1226:
1202:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1158:
1151:
1118:
1103:
1096:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1052:
1045:
1030:
1023:
1008:
1001:
977:
970:
963:
956:
905:
890:
883:
868:
861:
846:
839:
815:
800:
793:
786:
762:
747:
740:
733:
709:
694:
687:
680:
665:
531:
515:
508:
492:
485:
451:
435:
428:
412:
405:
398:
171:
162:
135:
130:
51:Scientific classification
49:
44:
35:
30:
4601:Rufous-crowned bee-eater
4576:Swallow-tailed bee-eater
4571:White-throated bee-eater
4522:Purple-bearded bee-eater
4044:Fry, C. Hilary (2010) .
3946:Fry, C. Hilary (2010) .
3865:Quaternary International
3809:Quaternary International
3315:Fry, C. Hilary (2010) .
3174:"Asian Green Bee-eater (
3034:, eds. (December 2023).
2739:Fry, C. Hilary (2010) .
2563:Bock, Walter J. (1994).
1903:Distribution and habitat
1869:There is little visible
1852:white-throated bee-eater
1807:of the wing comprise 10
1672:Rufous-crowned bee-eater
1555:Swallow-tailed bee-eater
1546:White-throated bee-eater
1467:Purple-bearded bee-eater
599:purple-bearded bee-eater
4646:Blue-throated bee-eater
4616:Blue-breasted bee-eater
4611:White-fronted bee-eater
4566:Arabian green bee-eater
4561:African green bee-eater
4526:Blue-breasted bee-eater
4145:Journal of Parasitology
2790:10.1126/science.1157704
2630:Oxford University Press
2340:Echidnophaga gallinacea
2258:Predators and parasites
2152:Predation of honey bees
2064:blue-throated bee-eater
1919:The bee-eaters have an
1784:white-fronted bee-eater
1663:Blue-throated bee-eater
1618:Blue-breasted bee-eater
1609:White-fronted bee-eater
1537:Arabian green bee-eater
1528:African green bee-eater
621:white-fronted bee-eater
520:– motmots (14 species)
456:– rollers (13 species)
4631:Black-headed bee-eater
4606:Red-throated bee-eater
4551:Blue-cheeked bee-eater
4504:Blue-bearded bee-eater
4298:Journal of Ornithology
4251:10.2478/orhu-2014-0003
4112:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0739
3412:10.2173/bow.wtbeat1.01
3287:10.2173/bow.grbeat1.01
3239:10.2173/bow.grbeat1.01
3191:10.2173/bow.grbeat1.01
2926:10.1093/molbev/msaa191
2823:Paleogene Fossil Birds
2447:
2416:concentrated into the
2389:
2312:Ornithophila metallica
2273:
2272:to keep down parasites
2267:Asian green bee-eaters
2213:
2161:
2067:
1931:) and Madagascar (the
1916:
1913:blue-bearded bee-eater
1787:
1636:Black-headed bee-eater
1600:Red-throated bee-eater
1510:Blue-cheeked bee-eater
1435:Blue-bearded bee-eater
617:red-throated bee-eater
601:is the sole member of
587:blue-bearded bee-eater
374:molecular phylogenetic
299:
4968:Paleobiology Database
4591:Blue-headed bee-eater
4581:Blue-tailed bee-eater
4556:Asian green bee-eater
4499:Red-bearded bee-eater
4362:Cocker, Mark (2013).
3573:10.1051/apido:2000157
2819:Mayr, Gerald (2009).
2439:
2398:Least-concern species
2383:
2309:, and the biting fly
2265:
2204:
2159:
2061:
1910:
1888:blue-tailed bee-eater
1860:blue-headed bee-eater
1778:
1582:Blue-headed bee-eater
1564:Blue-tailed bee-eater
1519:Asian green bee-eater
1426:Red-bearded bee-eater
591:red-bearded bee-eater
497:– todies (5 species)
288:
4864:Fauna Europaea (new)
4190:) in Saudi Arabia".
4071:Raptors of the World
3867:. 334–335: 112–118.
2708:Fry, Hilary (2001).
2087:. This behaviour is
1782:species such as the
1685:Merops superciliosus
1439:Nyctyornis athertoni
1371:Nyctyornis athertoni
265:, but none meet the
238:Most bee-eaters are
4621:Ethiopian bee-eater
3922:2005JArEn..60..227C
3873:2014QuInt.334..112M
3821:2013QuInt.296..220S
3721:1988BEcoS..23...61A
3647:L. during foraging"
3550:Nyctornis athertoni
3517:1982Natur.298..264H
3440:Hoare, Ben (2009).
3272:Merops viridissimus
3128:2007MolPE..45...23M
2986:2024Natur.629..851S
2878:10.1038/nature15697
2870:2015Natur.526..569P
2782:2008Sci...320.1763H
2776:(5884): 1763–1768.
2628:(Online ed.).
2508:were thought to be
2458:, who both advised
2004:individual distance
1994:The bee-eaters are
1815:, and there are 12
1790:The bee-eaters are
1712:Merops leschenaulti
1613:Merops bullockoides
1532:Merops viridissimus
697:Merops bullockoides
383:Pamela C. Rasmussen
4661:European bee-eater
3729:10.1007/BF00299888
3030:; Donsker, David;
2448:
2390:
2282:greater honeyguide
2278:Levant sparrowhawk
2274:
2214:
2162:
2068:
2031:sunning themselves
1927:), Australia (the
1925:European bee-eater
1917:
1840:carmine bee-eaters
1788:
1699:European bee-eater
1568:Merops philippinus
1559:Merops hirundineus
1471:Meropogon forsteni
1430:Nyctyornis amictus
750:Meropogon forsteni
346:European bee-eater
300:
290:Rainbow bee-eaters
4996:
4995:
4955:Open Tree of Life
4726:Taxon identifiers
4717:
4716:
4656:Rainbow bee-eater
4398:978-0-19-814730-5
4373:978-0-224-08174-0
4080:978-0-7136-8026-3
4055:978-1-4081-3686-7
4023:978-0-7136-8028-7
3957:978-1-4081-3686-7
3511:(5871): 264–266.
3451:978-0-520-25823-5
3397:Merops albicollis
3326:978-1-4081-3686-7
3224:Merops cyanophrys
3176:Merops orientalis
3058:Peters, James Lee
3032:Rasmussen, Pamela
2980:(8013): 851–860.
2864:(7574): 563–573.
2838:978-3-540-89627-2
2750:978-1-4081-3686-7
2725:978-84-87334-30-6
2636:(Subscription or
2603:978-1-4081-2501-4
2486:Ancient Egyptians
2286:lesser honeyguide
1929:rainbow bee-eater
1761:phylogenetic tree
1757:mitochondrial DNA
1746:
1745:
1739:Merops nubicoides
1721:Merops malimbicus
1690:Rainbow bee-eater
1676:Merops americanus
1622:Merops variegatus
1550:Merops albicollis
1541:Merops cyanophyrs
1523:Merops orientalis
1385:
1384:
1367:Phylogenetic tree
1360:
1359:
1351:
1350:
1342:
1341:
1333:
1332:
1324:
1323:
1315:
1314:
1306:
1305:
1297:
1296:
1288:
1287:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1215:
1214:
1140:
1139:
1131:
1130:
990:
989:
945:
944:
936:
935:
927:
926:
918:
917:
828:
827:
775:
774:
722:
721:
572:
571:
563:
562:
554:
553:
545:
544:
474:
473:
465:
464:
438:Brachypteraciidae
187:
186:
126:
5021:
4989:
4988:
4976:
4975:
4963:
4962:
4950:
4949:
4937:
4936:
4934:NBNSYS0000160405
4924:
4923:
4911:
4910:
4898:
4897:
4885:
4884:
4872:
4871:
4859:
4858:
4846:
4845:
4833:
4832:
4820:
4819:
4807:
4806:
4794:
4793:
4781:
4780:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4721:
4720:
4707:
4706:
4697:
4696:
4641:Böhm's bee-eater
4636:Somali bee-eater
4546:Little bee-eater
4455:
4448:
4441:
4432:
4431:
4415:Bee-eater videos
4403:
4402:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4364:Birds and People
4359:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4293:
4287:
4286:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4253:
4235:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4204:10.12816/0006338
4183:
4177:
4176:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4123:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4041:
4028:
4027:
4009:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3943:
3934:
3933:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3862:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3771:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3658:
3651:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3556:Fabricius 1798)"
3543:
3537:
3536:
3525:10.1038/298264a0
3500:
3494:
3493:
3465:
3456:
3455:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3401:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3370:. Archived from
3361:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3276:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3228:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3180:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3152:
3146:. Archived from
3113:
3104:
3095:
3094:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3007:
2997:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2948:
2938:
2928:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2852:
2843:
2842:
2826:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2764:
2755:
2754:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2713:
2705:
2642:
2641:
2633:
2621:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2543:
2230:Böhm's bee-eater
2054:Diet and feeding
2024:kleptoparasitism
2020:brood parasitism
1654:Böhm's bee-eater
1645:Somali bee-eater
1631:Merops oreobates
1501:Little bee-eater
1495:
1483:
1461:
1451:
1420:
1408:
1390:
1389:
1251:M. superciliosus
1229:
1228:
1183:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1154:
1153:
1099:
1098:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1048:
1047:
1026:
1025:
1004:
1003:
973:
972:
966:
965:
959:
958:
886:
885:
864:
863:
842:
841:
796:
795:
789:
788:
743:
742:
736:
735:
690:
689:
683:
682:
661:
660:
651:
650:
511:
510:
488:
487:
431:
430:
408:
407:
401:
400:
393:
392:
181:
177:
167:
121:
59:
58:
40:
28:
27:
5029:
5028:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5018:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4984:
4979:
4971:
4966:
4958:
4953:
4945:
4940:
4932:
4927:
4919:
4914:
4906:
4901:
4893:
4888:
4880:
4875:
4867:
4862:
4854:
4849:
4841:
4836:
4828:
4823:
4815:
4810:
4802:
4797:
4789:
4784:
4776:
4771:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4728:
4718:
4713:
4685:
4651:Olive bee-eater
4586:Black bee-eater
4530:
4508:
4483:
4469:
4459:
4411:
4406:
4399:
4385:
4381:
4374:
4360:
4351:
4341:
4339:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4294:
4290:
4271:
4267:
4238:Ornis Hungarica
4233:
4229:Merops apiaster
4223:
4219:
4188:Merops apiaster
4184:
4180:
4141:
4137:
4100:Biology Letters
4092:
4088:
4081:
4067:
4063:
4056:
4042:
4031:
4024:
4010:
4006:
3979:Merops persicus
3975:Merops apiaster
3969:
3965:
3958:
3944:
3937:
3906:Merops apiaster
3902:
3898:
3860:
3850:
3846:
3803:Merops apiaster
3797:
3793:
3748:
3744:
3705:Merops apiaster
3701:
3697:
3688:
3686:
3675:
3671:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3649:
3641:Merops apiaster
3637:Alfallah, H.M.
3635:
3631:
3622:
3620:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3597:
3595:
3585:
3581:
3544:
3540:
3501:
3497:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3438:
3434:
3424:
3422:
3390:
3386:
3377:
3375:
3338:
3334:
3327:
3313:
3309:
3299:
3297:
3265:
3261:
3251:
3249:
3217:
3213:
3203:
3201:
3169:
3165:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3111:
3105:
3098:
3075:
3071:
3055:
3051:
3041:
3039:
3025:
3021:
2966:
2962:
2905:
2901:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2817:
2813:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2706:
2645:
2635:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2584:
2580:
2561:
2557:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2522:, and an early
2520:mortuary temple
2468:Greek mythology
2434:
2378:
2290:brood parasites
2260:
2216:Bee-eaters are
2199:
2183:Murqub District
2154:
2056:
1992:
1972:southern Africa
1933:olive bee-eater
1905:
1856:black bee-eater
1848:green bee-eater
1805:flight feathers
1792:morphologically
1773:
1703:Merops apiaster
1681:Olive bee-eater
1649:Merops revoilii
1595:Merops mentalis
1586:Merops muelleri
1573:Black bee-eater
1514:Merops persicus
1505:Merops pusillus
1493:
1460:Bonaparte, 1850
1459:
1418:
1399:Living Species
1375:Merops revoilii
1361:
1352:
1343:
1334:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1298:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1216:
1141:
1132:
1106:M. leschenaulti
991:
946:
937:
928:
919:
829:
776:
723:
649:
573:
564:
555:
546:
475:
466:
283:
193:are a group of
183:
182:
179:
175:
174:
120:
53:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5027:
5017:
5016:
5011:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4977:
4964:
4951:
4938:
4925:
4912:
4899:
4886:
4873:
4860:
4851:Fauna Europaea
4847:
4834:
4821:
4808:
4795:
4782:
4769:
4754:
4738:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4701:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4671:Rosy bee-eater
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4542:
4540:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4518:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4495:
4493:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4458:
4457:
4450:
4443:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4410:
4409:External links
4407:
4405:
4404:
4397:
4379:
4372:
4349:
4323:
4288:
4265:
4217:
4198:(3): 525–533.
4178:
4151:(2): 245–250.
4135:
4086:
4079:
4061:
4054:
4046:The Bee-Eaters
4029:
4022:
4004:
3963:
3956:
3948:The Bee-Eaters
3935:
3916:(2): 227–238.
3896:
3856:Merops nubicus
3844:
3791:
3762:(2): 240–247.
3742:
3695:
3683:Times of Malta
3669:
3645:Apis mellifera
3629:
3604:
3579:
3566:(6): 727–736.
3538:
3495:
3457:
3450:
3432:
3384:
3359:10.1650/8201.1
3352:(3): 577–584.
3332:
3325:
3317:The Bee-Eaters
3307:
3259:
3211:
3163:
3096:
3085:(4): 557–592.
3069:
3060:, ed. (1945).
3049:
3019:
2960:
2919:(1): 108–127.
2899:
2844:
2837:
2811:
2756:
2749:
2741:The Bee-Eaters
2731:
2724:
2643:
2609:
2602:
2578:
2555:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2506:Scandalmongers
2500:name meaning "
2433:
2430:
2418:national parks
2377:
2374:
2319:of the genera
2259:
2256:
2198:
2195:
2153:
2150:
2138:giant honeybee
2055:
2052:
1991:
1988:
1959:in Indonesia.
1904:
1901:
1864:rosy bee-eater
1772:
1769:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1732:
1730:Merops nubicus
1723:
1717:Rosy bee-eater
1714:
1705:
1696:
1694:Merops ornatus
1687:
1678:
1669:
1667:Merops viridis
1660:
1651:
1642:
1640:Merops breweri
1633:
1624:
1615:
1606:
1604:Merops bulocki
1597:
1588:
1579:
1577:Merops gularis
1570:
1561:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1507:
1496:
1494:Linnaeus, 1758
1484:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1462:
1452:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1432:
1421:
1409:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1383:
1382:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1161:M. philippinus
1157:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1007:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
993:
992:
988:
987:
984:
983:
976:
971:
969:
964:
962:
957:
955:
952:
951:
948:
947:
943:
942:
939:
938:
934:
933:
930:
929:
925:
924:
921:
920:
916:
915:
912:
911:
904:
901:
900:
897:
896:
889:
884:
882:
879:
878:
875:
874:
867:
862:
860:
857:
856:
853:
852:
849:M. hirundineus
845:
840:
838:
835:
834:
831:
830:
826:
825:
822:
821:
814:
811:
810:
807:
806:
799:
794:
792:
787:
785:
782:
781:
778:
777:
773:
772:
769:
768:
765:Merops breweri
761:
758:
757:
754:
753:
746:
741:
739:
734:
732:
729:
728:
725:
724:
720:
719:
716:
715:
708:
705:
704:
701:
700:
693:
688:
686:
681:
679:
676:
675:
672:
671:
664:
659:
656:
655:
648:
645:
570:
569:
566:
565:
561:
560:
557:
556:
552:
551:
548:
547:
543:
542:
539:
538:
530:
527:
526:
523:
522:
514:
509:
507:
504:
503:
500:
499:
491:
486:
484:
481:
480:
477:
476:
472:
471:
468:
467:
463:
462:
459:
458:
450:
447:
446:
443:
442:
434:
429:
427:
424:
423:
420:
419:
411:
406:
404:
399:
397:
396:Coraciiformes
391:
358:ground rollers
282:
279:
185:
184:
173:
172:
169:
168:
160:
159:
158:
157:
150:
143:
133:
132:
128:
127:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
47:
46:
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5026:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5004:
4987:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4774:
4770:
4765:
4759:
4755:
4750:
4744:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4722:
4710:
4702:
4700:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4527:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4467:
4463:
4456:
4451:
4449:
4444:
4442:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4400:
4394:
4390:
4383:
4375:
4369:
4365:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4337:
4333:
4327:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4292:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4269:
4261:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4232:
4230:
4221:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4182:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4139:
4131:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4090:
4082:
4076:
4072:
4065:
4057:
4051:
4047:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4025:
4019:
4015:
4008:
3999:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3967:
3959:
3953:
3949:
3942:
3940:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3900:
3891:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3859:
3858:Gmelin 1788)"
3857:
3848:
3839:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3804:
3795:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3746:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3699:
3684:
3680:
3673:
3659:on 2018-06-27
3655:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3633:
3619:on 2018-06-27
3618:
3614:
3608:
3594:
3593:New Scientist
3590:
3583:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3542:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3499:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3464:
3462:
3453:
3447:
3443:
3436:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3398:
3388:
3374:on 2023-01-18
3373:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3328:
3322:
3318:
3311:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3273:
3263:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3225:
3215:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3177:
3167:
3153:on 2016-08-12
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3101:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3053:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2851:
2849:
2840:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2815:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2763:
2761:
2752:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2727:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2620:
2613:
2605:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2582:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2559:
2551:
2550:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2487:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2429:
2427:
2426:Mediterranean
2423:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2387:
2382:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2366:of the genus
2365:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2303:of the genus
2302:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2255:
2251:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2219:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2194:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2158:
2149:
2147:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2065:
2060:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1914:
1909:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1817:tail feathers
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1658:Merops boehmi
1655:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1356:
1355:
1347:
1346:
1338:
1337:
1329:
1328:
1320:
1319:
1311:
1310:
1302:
1301:
1293:
1292:
1284:
1283:
1275:
1274:
1266:
1265:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1136:
1135:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1084:M. orientalis
1079:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1055:M. malimbicus
1050:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:M. albicollis
1006:
1005:
999:
998:
995:
994:
986:
985:
982:
981:
975:
974:
968:
967:
961:
960:
954:
953:
950:
949:
941:
940:
932:
931:
923:
922:
914:
913:
910:
909:
908:M. variegatus
903:
902:
899:
898:
895:
894:
888:
887:
881:
880:
877:
876:
873:
872:
866:
865:
859:
858:
855:
854:
851:
850:
844:
843:
837:
836:
833:
832:
824:
823:
820:
819:
813:
812:
809:
808:
805:
804:
798:
797:
791:
790:
784:
783:
780:
779:
771:
770:
767:
766:
760:
759:
756:
755:
752:
751:
745:
744:
738:
737:
731:
730:
727:
726:
718:
717:
714:
713:
707:
706:
703:
702:
699:
698:
692:
691:
685:
684:
678:
677:
674:
673:
670:
669:
663:
662:
658:
657:
653:
652:
644:
642:
638:
634:
633:Melittophagus
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
613:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
583:
578:
568:
567:
559:
558:
550:
549:
541:
540:
537:
535:
529:
528:
525:
524:
521:
519:
513:
512:
506:
505:
502:
501:
498:
496:
490:
489:
483:
482:
479:
478:
470:
469:
461:
460:
457:
455:
449:
448:
445:
444:
441:
439:
433:
432:
426:
425:
422:
421:
418:
416:
410:
409:
403:
402:
395:
394:
390:
388:
384:
380:
375:
370:
367:
363:
359:
355:
354:Coraciiformes
352:to all other
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
318:
316:
315:Ancient Greek
312:
308:
305:
297:
296:
291:
287:
278:
276:
272:
271:least concern
268:
264:
260:
256:
251:
249:
245:
241:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
219:, especially
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
200:
196:
192:
170:
166:
161:
156:
155:
151:
149:
148:
144:
142:
141:
137:
136:
134:
129:
124:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
108:Coraciiformes
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
76:
73:
72:
69:
66:
63:
62:
57:
52:
48:
43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
4733:
4535:
4513:
4488:
4480:
4474:
4468:: Meropidae)
4461:
4388:
4382:
4363:
4340:. Retrieved
4332:"Bee-eaters"
4326:
4301:
4297:
4291:
4282:
4278:
4268:
4244:(2): 33–37.
4241:
4237:
4228:
4220:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4181:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4103:
4099:
4089:
4070:
4064:
4045:
4013:
4007:
3988:
3984:
3978:
3974:
3966:
3947:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3899:
3864:
3855:
3847:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3794:
3759:
3755:
3745:
3715:(2): 61–67.
3712:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3687:. Retrieved
3682:
3672:
3661:. Retrieved
3654:the original
3644:
3640:
3632:
3621:. Retrieved
3617:the original
3607:
3596:. Retrieved
3592:
3582:
3563:
3559:
3554:Apis dorsata
3553:
3549:
3541:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3473:
3469:
3441:
3435:
3423:. Retrieved
3403:
3396:
3387:
3376:. Retrieved
3372:the original
3349:
3345:
3335:
3316:
3310:
3298:. Retrieved
3278:
3271:
3262:
3250:. Retrieved
3230:
3223:
3214:
3202:. Retrieved
3182:
3175:
3166:
3155:. Retrieved
3148:the original
3122:(1): 23–32.
3119:
3115:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3062:
3052:
3040:. Retrieved
3022:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2916:
2912:
2902:
2861:
2857:
2822:
2814:
2773:
2769:
2740:
2734:
2715:
2623:
2612:
2588:
2581:
2564:
2558:
2548:
2541:
2517:Hatshepsut's
2514:
2510:reincarnated
2491:
2483:
2465:
2449:
2414:
2402:
2391:
2367:
2361:
2354:
2350:Haemoproteus
2348:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2317:chewing lice
2310:
2304:
2298:
2293:
2275:
2270:dust bathing
2252:
2240:
2223:
2215:
2191:
2171:
2163:
2143:
2095:
2093:
2077:
2069:
2035:dust bathing
2028:
2012:
1999:
1993:
1965:
1961:
1952:
1951:. The genus
1940:
1936:
1918:
1897:
1892:
1868:
1843:
1833:
1821:
1802:
1789:
1779:
1764:
1750:
1747:
1738:
1729:
1720:
1711:
1702:
1693:
1684:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1549:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1504:
1487:
1486:
1470:
1455:
1454:
1438:
1429:
1412:
1411:
1386:
1381:is unclear.
1378:
1374:
1370:
1250:
1249:
1235:
1234:
1204:
1203:
1189:
1188:
1160:
1159:
1120:
1119:
1105:
1104:
1083:
1082:
1054:
1053:
1032:
1031:
1010:
1009:
979:
978:
907:
906:
892:
891:
871:M. oreobates
870:
869:
848:
847:
817:
816:
802:
801:
764:
763:
749:
748:
711:
710:
696:
695:
667:
666:
640:
636:
632:
628:
625:superspecies
610:
606:
602:
580:
574:
532:
516:
493:
452:
436:
414:
413:
372:More recent
371:
319:
310:
301:
293:
263:habitat loss
252:
242:. They form
237:
214:
201:
190:
188:
152:
145:
138:
117:
25:
4890:iNaturalist
4758:Wikispecies
4304:: 245–252.
4285:(2): 71–77.
3991:(1): 2–13.
3815:: 220–226.
3476:(1): 2–29.
3028:Gill, Frank
2619:"Bee-eater"
2322:Meromenopon
2174:bee-keepers
1884:ultraviolet
1880:dichromatic
1813:secondaries
1771:Description
1236:M. persicus
1190:M. apiaster
893:M. pusillus
818:M. muelleri
641:Dicrocercus
534:Alcedinidae
338:Pleistocene
330:kingfishers
5003:Categories
4490:Nyctyornis
4462:Bee-eaters
4342:13 October
4106:(2): 1–4.
3890:2381/31361
3838:2381/31362
3689:2018-06-27
3685:. Valletta
3663:2018-06-27
3623:2018-06-27
3598:2017-06-29
3560:Apidologie
3425:25 October
3378:2022-08-26
3300:20 October
3252:20 October
3204:20 October
3157:2016-11-07
2640:required.)
2534:References
2460:beekeepers
2432:In culture
2356:H. meropis
2353:including
2334:Meropoecus
2243:Incubation
2218:monogamous
2179:eucalyptus
2106:stoneflies
2097:Drosophila
1980:rainforest
1941:Nyctyornis
1893:Nyctyornis
1414:Nyctyornis
1205:M. ornatus
1121:M. viridis
1033:M. nubicus
803:M. gularis
712:M. bulocki
668:Nyctyornis
637:Bombylonax
607:Nyctyornis
582:Nyctyornis
454:Coraciidae
379:Frank Gill
356:(rollers,
248:monogamous
240:gregarious
191:bee-eaters
140:Nyctyornis
123:Rafinesque
31:Bee-eater
21:Meropeidae
5009:Meropidae
4791:Meropidae
4778:Meropidae
4764:Meropidae
4734:Meropidae
4514:Meropogon
3778:0010-5422
3490:0179-1613
3420:216342842
3295:240954327
3247:240954327
3199:240954327
2894:205246158
2528:Agrippina
2452:Aristotle
2441:Aristotle
2345:protozoan
2328:Brueeliaa
2134:honeybees
2040:parasites
1990:Behaviour
1953:Meropogon
1921:Old World
1809:primaries
1797:migratory
1767:species.
1456:Meropogon
1379:Meropogon
980:M. boehmi
603:Meropogon
518:Momotidae
415:Meropidae
275:mythology
259:parasites
202:Meropidae
147:Meropogon
118:Meropidae
74:Kingdom:
68:Eukaryota
4743:Wikidata
4699:Category
4318:43638499
4260:83830772
4212:23469628
4173:15947869
4165:12760636
4130:21900311
3981:in Asia"
3786:59455644
3737:13553144
3533:32177265
3470:Ethology
3368:53383771
3144:17716922
3014:38560995
3005:11111414
2955:32781465
2886:26444237
2798:18583609
2573:2246/830
2498:Sanskrit
2494:Hinduism
2420:and the
2410:oil palm
2284:and the
2248:defecate
2197:Breeding
2122:mantises
2114:termites
2102:mayflies
2083:sac and
2073:bustards
2048:preening
2008:colonial
2000:en route
1957:Sulawesi
1862:and the
619:and the
589:and the
342:Holocene
304:polymath
281:Taxonomy
244:colonies
114:Family:
88:Chordata
84:Phylum:
78:Animalia
64:Domain:
4749:Q183147
4709:Commons
4481:Species
4121:3297377
3918:Bibcode
3869:Bibcode
3817:Bibcode
3717:Bibcode
3513:Bibcode
3124:Bibcode
3042:17 June
2982:Bibcode
2946:7783168
2866:Bibcode
2806:6472805
2778:Bibcode
2770:Science
2422:Zambezi
2288:, both
2226:nesters
2207:Modi'in
2187:Tripoli
2146:pellets
2110:cicadas
2085:stinger
2062:A male
2016:helpers
1996:diurnal
1945:Sumatra
1882:at the
1836:plumage
1828:forceps
1753:nuclear
1751:A 2007
623:form a
495:Todidae
389:(IOC).
366:motmots
334:fossils
326:hoopoes
322:rollers
298:species
255:raptors
229:stinger
217:insects
206:plumage
197:in the
131:Genera
104:Order:
94:Class:
4986:196067
4960:815968
4921:178129
4908:104293
4843:1MERPF
4537:Merops
4466:family
4395:
4370:
4338:. 2016
4316:
4258:
4210:
4171:
4163:
4128:
4118:
4077:
4052:
4020:
3954:
3784:
3776:
3756:Condor
3735:
3531:
3505:Nature
3488:
3448:
3418:
3366:
3346:Condor
3323:
3293:
3245:
3197:
3142:
3012:
3002:
2974:Nature
2953:
2943:
2892:
2884:
2858:Nature
2835:
2804:
2796:
2747:
2722:
2600:
2502:Vishnu
2479:Apollo
2475:Botres
2472:Theban
2470:, the
2456:Virgil
2376:Status
2369:Fannia
2364:larvae
2306:Carnus
2211:Israel
2166:apiary
2164:If an
2089:innate
1976:Sahara
1949:Borneo
1937:Merops
1858:, the
1844:Merops
1780:Merops
1765:Merops
1489:Merops
629:Aerops
612:Merops
595:culmen
577:genera
362:todies
350:sister
313:, the
311:Merops
295:Merops
199:family
176:
154:Merops
125:, 1815
4981:WoRMS
4973:39387
4947:57386
4903:IRMNG
4856:10827
4804:52570
4475:Genus
4314:S2CID
4256:S2CID
4234:(PDF)
4169:S2CID
3861:(PDF)
3782:S2CID
3733:S2CID
3657:(PDF)
3650:(PDF)
3529:S2CID
3416:S2CID
3364:S2CID
3291:S2CID
3243:S2CID
3195:S2CID
3151:(PDF)
3112:(PDF)
2890:S2CID
2802:S2CID
2634:
2524:Roman
2445:hives
2406:limed
2301:flies
2235:loess
2172:Many
2126:wasps
2081:venom
2044:mites
1824:bills
1396:Genus
1393:Image
233:venom
225:wasps
210:bills
195:birds
4942:NCBI
4916:ITIS
4895:2183
4882:9320
4877:GBIF
4838:EPPO
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