Behçet's disease - Knowledge

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Among patients with ocular Behçet's disease funduscopic findings of optic atrophy, and optic disc paleness have been identified with a frequency of 17.9 percent and 7.4 percent, respectively. Other fundoscopic findings include vascular sheathing (23.7%), retinal hemorrhage (9%), macular edema (11.3%), branch retinal vein occlusion (5.8%), and retinal edema (6.6%). However, optic atrophy was the most significant cause of visual impairment identified in 54 percent of patients with ocular Behçet's disease and permanent visual impairment.

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some patients with acute optic neuropathy. However, a normal study does not rule out optic neuropathy. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis may demonstrate elevated protein level with or without pleocytosis. Imaging including angiography may be indicated to identify dural venous sinus thrombosis as a cause of intracranial hypertension and optic atrophy.

630:) seems to be important. The primary cause is not well known. In fact, no one knows yet why the immune system starts to behave this way in Behçet's disease. There does however seem to be a genetic component involved, as first degree relatives of the affected patients are often affected in more than the expected proportion for the general population. 785:

Behçet's disease is based on clinical findings including oral and genital ulcers, skin lesions such as erythema nodosum, acne, or folliculitis, ocular inflammatory findings and a pathergy reaction. Inflammatory markers such ESR, and CRP may be elevated. A complete ophthalmic examination may include a slit lamp examination,

487:. Some patients with BD experience abdominal tenderness, bloating, and general abdominal discomfort. When mild this can resemble irritable bowel syndrome; more severe cases bear similarities to inflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's. Behçet's disease causes ulcers in the terminal ileum and 427:, and decreased visual acuity, while posterior uveitis presents with painless decreased visual acuity and visual field floaters. A rare form of ocular (eye) involvement in this syndrome is retinal vasculitis which presents with painless decrease of vision with the possibility of floaters or visual field defects. 1039:

particularly optic nerve involvement, is a poor prognostic indicator. Secondary optic nerve atrophy is frequently irreversible. Lumbar puncture or surgical treatment may be required to prevent optic atrophy in cases of intracranial hypertension refractory to treatment with immunomodulators and steroids.

491:. The ulcers may be aphthous or have a classic punched out appearance with undermining. Linear and fissuring ulcers up to 5cm may be present. Biopsies show vasculitis (phlebitis or venulitis) with a neutrophilic inflammatory infiltrate. Involvement of the oesophagus, stomach and large intestine is rare. 2667:

Matsuda T, Ohno S, Hirohata S, Miyanaga Y, Ujihara H, Inaba G, Nakamura S, Tanaka S, Kogure M, Mizushima Y (2003). "Efficacy of rebamipide as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of recurrent oral aphthous ulcers in patients with Behcet's disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study".

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The syndrome is rare in the United States, Africa and South America, but is common in Asia, suggesting a possible cause endemic to those areas. A theory suggested that past exposure to lethal infectious agents might have fixed the genetic susceptibility factors to Behçet's disease in those area. An

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Surgical treatment of arterial manifestations of BD bears many pitfalls since the obliterative endarteritis of vasa vasorum causes thickening of the medial layer and splitting of elastin fibers. Therefore, anastomotic pseudoaneurysms are likely to form, as well as pseudoaneurysms at the site of the

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to detect nerve loss, visual field examinations, fundoscopic examination to assess optic disc atrophy and retinal disease, fundoscopic angiography, and visual evoked potentials, which may demonstrate increased latency. Optic nerve enhancement may be identified on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in

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Visual acuity, or color vision loss with concurrent mucocutaneous lesions or systemic Behçet's disease symptoms should raise suspicion of optic nerve involvement in Behçet's disease and prompt a work-up for Behçet's disease if not previously diagnosed in addition to an ocular work-up. Diagnosis of

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resulting in occlusion of the vessels supplying the optic nerve may be the cause of acute optic neuropathy and progressive optic atrophy in Behçet's disease. Histological evaluation in a reported case of acute optic neuropathy demonstrated substitution of the axonal portion of the optic nerve with

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such as interferon-alpha and tumour necrosis factor antagonists may improve though not completely reverse symptoms of ocular Behçet's disease, which may progress over time despite treatment. When symptoms are limited to the anterior chamber of the eye prognosis is improved. Posterior involvement,

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Lee YJ, Horie Y, Wallace GR, Choi YS, Park JA, Choi JY, Song R, Kang YM, Kang SW, Baek HJ, Kitaichi N, Meguro A, Mizuki N, Namba K, Ishida S, Kim J, Niemczyk E, Lee EY, Song YW, Ohno S, Lee EB (1 September 2013). "Genome-wide association study identifies GIMAP as a novel susceptibility locus for

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In an epidemiologic study, 56 percent of patients with Behçet's disease developed ocular involvement at a mean age of 30. Ocular involvement was the first manifestation of Behçet's disease in 8.6 percent of patients. Ocular Behçet's disease with involvement of the optic nerve is rarely reported.

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does not have an adverse effect on the course of Behçet's disease and may possibly ameliorate its course. Still, there is a substantial variability in clinical course between patients and even for different pregnancies in the same patient. Also, the other way around, Behçet's disease confers an

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Despite the inclusive criteria set forth by the International Study Group, there are cases where not all the criteria can be met and therefore a diagnosis cannot readily be made. There is, however, a set of clinical findings that a physician can rely upon in making a tentative diagnosis of the

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Endovascular treatment can be an effective and safe alternative to open surgery, with less postoperative complications, faster recovery time, and reduced need for intensive care, while offering patency rates and procedural success rates comparable with those of surgery. This notwithstanding,

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For these reasons, invasive treatment should not be performed in the acute and active phases of the disease when inflammation is at its peak. The evaluation of disease's activity is usually based on relapsing symptoms, ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate), and serum levels of CRP (C-reactive

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The cause is not well-defined, but it is primarily characterized by auto-inflammation of the blood vessels. Although sometimes erroneously referred to as a diagnosis of exclusion, the diagnosis can sometimes be reached by pathologic examination of the affected areas.

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Blood vessel problems are observed in 7–29% of people with arterial lesions representing 15% of vascular lesions. Arterial lesions pose a greater risk. Most common arterial lesions are occlusions or stenosis and aneurysms or pseudoaneurysms.

461:, or retrobulbar pain. When these symptoms occur with concurrent mucocutaneous ulcerations, they raise suspicion of acute optic neuropathy in Behçet's Disease. Progressive optic atrophy may result in decreased visual acuity or color vision. 507:, cough, or fever, and in severe cases can be life-threatening if the outlet pulmonary artery develops an aneurysm which ruptures causing severe vascular collapse and death from bleeding in the lungs. Pulmonary artery thrombosis may occur. 2623:

Hamuryudan V, Mat C, Saip S, Ozyazgan Y, Siva A, Yurdakul S, Zwingenberger K, Yazici H (1998). "Thalidomide in the treatment of the mucocutaneous lesions of the Behcet syndrome. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial".

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There is no specific pathological testing or technique available for the diagnosis of the disease, although the International Study Group criteria for the disease are highly sensitive and specific, involving clinical criteria and a

739:. HLA-B51 is more frequently found from the Middle East to South Eastern Siberia, but the incidence of B51 in some studies was 3 fold higher than the normal population. However, B51 tends not to be found in disease when a certain 438:) have also been reported to occur. Optic nerve atrophy has been identified as the most common cause of visual impairment. Behçet's disease may result in primary or secondary optic nerve involvement. Papilledema as a result of 872:

disease; essentially, Behçet's disease does not always follow the International Study Group guidelines and so a high degree of suspicion for a patient who presents having any number of the following findings is necessary:

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manifesting with confusion, seizures, and memory loss. Sudden hearing loss (sensorineural) is often associated with it. They often appear late in the progression of the disease but are associated with a poor prognosis.

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Current treatment is aimed at easing the symptoms, reducing inflammation, and controlling the immune system. The quality of the evidence for treating the oral ulcers associated with Behçet's disease, however, is poor.

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Central nervous system (CNS) involvement most often occurs as a chronic meningoencephalitis. Lesions tend to occur in the brainstem, the basal ganglia and deep hemispheric white matter and may resemble those of

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estimated 15,000 to 20,000 Americans have been diagnosed with this disease. In the UK, it is estimated to have about 1 case for every 100,000 people. Globally, males are affected more frequently than females.

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fibrous astrocytes without retinal changes. CNS involvement in Behçet's disease may lead to intracranial hypertension most commonly due to dural venous sinus thrombosis and subsequent secondary optic atrophy.

558:(blockages). Serious kidney problems are more common in men typically with a history of large vessel involvement in other parts of the body. Bladder and urethral involvement is rare in Behçet's disease. 846:(papule >2 mm dia. 24–48 hrs or more after needle-prick). The pathergy test has a specificity of 95 percent to 100 percent, but the results are often negative in American and European patients 605:(heart attack) with angiographically identified acute coronary artery thrombosis has been reported, including one case with a pathologically demonstrable lesion due to arteritis found at autopsy. 1200:

involvement in Behçet's disease, considered one of the most devastating manifestations of the disease. The mechanism can be immune-mediated or thrombotic. The term dates back to at least 1990.

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which affects multiple parts of the body. The most common symptoms include painful sores on the mucous membranes of the mouth and other parts of the body, inflammation of parts of the eye, and

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and can be relapsing. Painful genital ulcerations usually develop around the anus, vulva, or scrotum and cause scarring in 75 percent of the patients. Additionally, patients may present with

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Melikoglu M, Fresko I, Mat C, Ozyazgan Y, Gogus F, Yurdakul S, Hamuryudan V, Yazici H (2005). "Short-term trial of etanercept in Behcet's disease: a double blind, placebo controlled study".

1034:, periocular triamcinolone, and IV methylprednisolone followed by oral prednisone has been reported although relapses leading to irreversible visual loss may occur even with treatment. 3050:

Krause L, Köhler AK, Altenburg A, Papoutsis N, Zouboulis CC, Pleyer U, Stroux A, Foerster MH (May 2009). "Ocular involvement in Adamantiades-Behçet's disease in Berlin, Germany".

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The primary mechanism of the damage is autoimmune, which by definition is an overactive immune system that targets the patient's own body. The involvement of a subset of T cells (

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Shutty B, Garg KJ, Swender D, Chernin L, Tcheurekdjian H, Hostoffer R (July 2012). "Optimal use of ivig in a patient with Behçet syndrome and common variable immunodeficiency".

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Given its rarity, the optimal treatment for acute optic neuropathy in Behçet's disease has not been established. Early identification and treatment are essential. Response to

325:. Diagnosis is based on at least three episodes of mouth sores in a year, together with at least two of the following: genital sores, eye inflammation, skin sores, a positive 2990: 3563:

Yamauchi Y, Cruz JM, Kaplan HJ, Goto H, Sakai J, Usui M (2005). "Suspected simultaneous bilateral anterior ischemic optic neuropathy in a patient with Behçet's disease".

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Hamuryudan V, Ozyazgan Y, Fresko Y, Mat C, Yurdakul S, Yazici H (2002). "Interferon alpha combined with azathioprine for the uveitis of Behcet's disease: an open study".

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Inflammatory eye disease can develop early in the disease course and lead to permanent vision loss in 20 percent of cases. Ocular involvement can be in the form of

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Sfikakis PP, Theodossiadis PG, Katsiari CG, Kaklamanis P, Markomichelakis NN (2001). "Effect of infliximab on sight-threatening panuveitis in Behcet's disease".

637:(HSPs) are present in some bacteria and serve as a "danger signal" to the immune system. However, some HSPs share a similarity in bacteria and humans. The anti- 359:, for example, about 2 per 1,000 are affected. Onset is usually in a person's twenties or forties. The disease was initially described by Turkish dermatologist 1867:

Tanaka, T.; Yamakawa, N.; Koike, N.; Suzuki, J.; Mizuno, F.; Usui, M. (June 1999). "Behçet's disease and antibody titers to various heat-shock protein 60s".

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Uzun S, Alpsoy E, Durdu M, Akman A (2003). "The clinical course of Behçet's disease in pregnancy: A retrospective analysis and review of the literature".

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Arthritis is seen in up to half of people, and is usually a non-erosive poly or oligoarthritis primarily of the large joints of the lower extremities.

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Gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations include abdominal pain, nausea, and diarrhea with or without blood, and they often involve the terminal ileum and

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and scientist who first recognized the three main symptoms of the syndrome in one of his patients in 1924 and reported his research on the disease in

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Hou S, Yang P, Du L, Zhou H, Lin X, Liu X, Kijlstra A (October 2008). "SUMO4 gene polymorphisms in Chinese Han patients with Behcet's disease".

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is present. At the current time, a similar infectious origin has not yet been confirmed that leads to Behçet's disease, but certain strains of

810:) ulcers (any shape, size, or number at least three times in any twelve-month period) along with two of the following four hallmark symptoms: 6092: 5383: 3772: 997:

Interferon alpha-2a may also be an effective alternative treatment, particularly for the genital and oral ulcers as well as ocular lesions.

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can also target human HSPs, leading to immune responses linked to uveitis and various symptoms shown in parenchymal neuro-Behçet's disease.

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Piga, M; Mathieu, A (2014). "The origin of Behçet's disease geoepidemiology: possible role of a dual microbial-driven genetic selection".

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Kötter I, Zierhut M, Eckstein AK, Vonthein R, Ness T, Günaydin I, Grimbacher B, Blaschke S, Meyer-Riemann W, Peter HH, Stübiger N (2003).

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According to the International Study Group guidelines, for a patient to be diagnosed with Behçet's disease, the patient must have oral (

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Ohno S, Ohguchi M, Hirose S, Matsuda H, Wakisaka A, Aizawa M (September 1982). "Close association of HLA-Bw51 with Behçet's disease".

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Su SL, Way LJ, Lin RT, Peng MJ, Wu SC (March 1990). "Neuro-Behçet's disease: report of three cases with a review of the literature".

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and atrophy resulting from retinal disease, have been characterized as secondary causes of optic nerve atrophy in Behçet's disease.

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labialis, and therefore clinical suspicion should be maintained until all the common causes of oral lesions are ruled out from the

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Sharquie KE, Najim RA, Abu-Raghif AR (2002). "Dapsone in Behcet's disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study".

6010: 5208: 5159: 2982: 667: 302:. The sores can last from a few days, up to a week or more. Less commonly there may be inflammation of the brain or spinal cord, 17: 3247: 1138: 4002: 3234:

Behçet H (1937). "Über rezidivierende, aphtöse, durch ein Virus verursachte Geschwüre am Mund, am Auge und an den Genitalien".

2535: 2518: 1664: 1587: 1398: 2443:"Human recombinant interferon alpha-2a for the treatment of Behçet's disease with sight-threatening posterior or panuveitis" 2375: 5021: 376:

Nearly all people with Behçet's disease present with some form of painful ulcerations inside the mouth. They are a form of

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Al-Araji A, Kidd DP (February 2009). "Neuro-Behçet's disease: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and management".

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Voros GM, Sandhu SS, Pandit R (2006). "Acute optic neuropathy in patients with Behçet's disease. Report of two cases".

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include painless loss of vision which may affect either one or both eyes, reduced visual acuity, reduced color vision,

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Drug side effects, such as NSAID's (non-steroidal anti-inflammatories), cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine and tacrolimus.

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Taylor J, Glenny AM, Walsh T, Brocklehurst P, Riley P, Gorodkin R, Pemberton MN (25 September 2014). Taylor J (ed.).

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Hatemi G, Seyahi E, Fresko I, Hamuryudan V (2012). "Behçet's syndrome: a critical digest of the recent literature".

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Saenz, Antonio; Ausejo, Monica; Shea, Beverley; Wells, George A; Welch, Vivian; Tugwell, Peter (27 April 1998).

5743: 5578: 3895: 2402:"Interferon alfa-2a in the treatment of Behcet disease: a randomized placebo-controlled and double-blind study" 1246: 679: 5583: 3824: 1506:

Ozdal PC, Ortaç S, Taşkintuna I, Firat E (2002). "Posterior segment involvement in ocular Behçet's disease".

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test. Behçet's disease has a high degree of resemblance to diseases that cause mucocutaneous lesions such as

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Research suggests that previous infections may provoke the autoimmune responses present in Behçet's disease.

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Some sources use the term "Adamantiades's syndrome" or "Adamantiades–Behçet syndrome", for the work done by

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International Study Group for Behçet's Disease (May 1990). "Criteria for diagnosis of Behçet's disease".

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puncture in case of angiography or endovascular treatment; furthermore, early graft occlusion may occur.

1010: 3752: 1416:"Access : A case of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy associated with Behçet's disease : Eye" 6027: 5645: 5593: 5400: 5333: 5102: 4602: 4597: 4548: 3987: 1611: 659: 381: 5650: 5368: 5272: 4743: 4207: 3796: 1181: 462: 3190: 5957: 5736: 5721: 5417: 5373: 5318: 5191: 5149: 4917: 4763: 3861: 3681: 3330: 3012:

Escudier M, Bagan J, Scully C (March 2006). "Number VII Behçet's disease (Adamantiades syndrome)".

1112:, either as a result of the condition itself or of a side effect of concomitant medication such as 550:

Small vessel vascular disease results in renal vasculitis, whereas large vessel involvement causes

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Kansu T, Kirkali P, Kansu E, Zileli T (December 1989). "Optic neuropathy in Behçet's disease".

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has shown promise in treating the uveitis associated with the disease. Another Anti-TNF agent,

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Chronic aortic regurgitation due to aortic root disease may also be seen. Although infrequent,

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Magnetic resonance venogram demonstrating occlusion of the left sigmoid and transverse sinuses

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Behçet's disease can rarely result in renal involvement. This can manifest in the following:

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Fujikado T, Imagawa K (1994). "Dural sinus thrombosis in Behçet's disease – a case report".

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Yurdakul S, Mat C, Tüzün Y, Ozyazgan Y, Hamuryudan V, Uysal O, Senocak M, Yazici H (2001).

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may occur, which causes eye redness and mild pain, without a significant impact on vision.

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have been shown, in small studies, to have beneficial results for mucocutaneous lesions.

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Optic nerve involvement in Behçet's disease is rare, typically presenting as progressive

3946: 1682:"Acute myocardial infarction and recurrent ventricular arrhythmias in Behcet's syndrome" 6087: 6005: 5952: 5927: 5859: 5663: 5588: 5479: 5427: 5388: 5085: 5001: 4932: 4641: 4465: 4445: 4398: 4284: 4229: 4192: 4182: 4167: 4097: 3938: 3764: 3588: 3546: 3522:"Papilloedema in Behçet's disease: value of MRI in diagnosis of dural sinus thrombosis" 3521: 3436: 3307: 3282: 3173: 3121: 3109: 3075: 2906: 2823: 2798: 2779: 2736: 2724: 2693: 2649: 2600: 2567: 2548: 2467: 2442: 2325: 2300: 2281: 2224: 2199: 2180: 2017: 1939: 1844: 1809: 1747: 1720: 1605: 1531: 1440: 1415: 634: 581: 574: 527: 420: 322: 237: 154: 3664: 3424: 3356: 2269: 5703: 5292: 5257: 5231: 5090: 4986: 4844: 4768: 4475: 4415: 4378: 4353: 4202: 4080: 4075: 3692: 3580: 3551: 3508: 3487:"Digital angiography for the diagnosis of dural sinus thrombosis in Behçet's disease" 3463: 3428: 3312: 3267: 3165: 3160: 3143: 3113: 3067: 3029: 3025: 2963: 2898: 2894: 2863: 2828: 2771: 2728: 2685: 2681: 2641: 2605: 2587: 2540: 2499: 2472: 2423: 2357: 2330: 2273: 2229: 2172: 2168: 2134: 2093: 2052: 2009: 1974: 1943: 1931: 1892: 1884: 1849: 1831: 1752: 1701: 1697: 1660: 1630: 1593: 1583: 1561: 1523: 1475: 1445: 1394: 1342: 1035: 843: 222: 138: 3592: 3440: 3177: 3125: 3079: 2910: 2783: 2740: 2697: 2653: 2552: 2285: 2184: 2021: 1927: 1535: 5673: 5308: 5298: 5262: 5171: 4922: 4861: 4795: 4785: 4733: 4631: 4526: 4363: 4015: 3934: 3915: 3572: 3541: 3533: 3498: 3420: 3352: 3302: 3294: 3259: 3155: 3105: 3059: 3021: 2890: 2855: 2818: 2810: 2763: 2720: 2677: 2633: 2595: 2579: 2530: 2462: 2454: 2413: 2320: 2312: 2265: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2164: 2124: 2083: 2044: 2001: 1966: 1923: 1876: 1839: 1821: 1763: 1742: 1732: 1693: 1515: 1435: 1427: 1109: 1102: 1006: 956: 860: 446: 416: 412: 385: 318: 126: 95: 80: 3721: 2154: 1992:

Durrani K, Papaliodis GN (2008). "The genetics of Adamantiades–Behcet's disease".

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Beales IL (December 1998). "Gastrointestinal involvement in Behçet's syndrome".

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Alpsoy E, Durusoy C, Yilmaz E, Ozgurel Y, Ermis O, Yazar S, Basaran E (2002).

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long-term results of endovascular treatment in BD are still to be determined.

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or non-scarring oral lesions. The oral lesions are similar to those found in

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Yanagihori H, Oyama N, Nakamura K, Mizuki N, Oguma K, Kaneko F (July 2006).

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Schiff, Steven; Moffatt, Roy; Mandel, William J.; Rubin, Stanley A. (1982).

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Adam C. Ring (23 August 2012). Steven S. Agabegi; Elizabeth Agabegi (eds.).

1001:, when used in combination with interferon alpha-2b also shows promise, and 5748: 5524: 5519: 5504: 5484: 5454: 5287: 4996: 4937: 4868: 4790: 4780: 4748: 4711: 4672: 4664: 4279: 4234: 4219: 4117: 4112: 3866: 3584: 3503: 3486: 3432: 3316: 3169: 3117: 3071: 3033: 2967: 2867: 2832: 2814: 2775: 2732: 2689: 2609: 2544: 2503: 2476: 2427: 2361: 2334: 2277: 2246:

CMDT (Current Medical Diagnosis & Treatment) 2007, Chapter 20, page 872

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Behçet's disease is considered more prevalent in the areas surrounding the

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may also be used to treat oral ulcers associated with Behçet's disease.

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of the immunity-associated protein") family of genes on the long arm of

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and visual loss. However, cases of acute optic neuropathy (specifically

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in September 1947. Symptoms of this disease may have been described by

1161:) was formally adopted at the International Congress of Dermatology in 1113: 1024: 1002: 991: 987: 983: 902: 880: 754: 555: 500: 405: 345: 252: 147: 3632: 2767: 2536:

10.1002/1529-0131(200111)44:11<2686::AID-ART448>3.0.CO;2-H

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any other members of the family with a diagnosis of Behçet's disease.

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While rare in the United States and Europe, it is more common in the

341: 311: 299: 268: 183: 179: 163: 2072:"Human leukocyte antigen B27 and B51 double-positive Behçet uveitis" 423:. Anterior uveitis presents with painful eyes, conjuctival redness, 5780: 5731: 5499: 5252: 5233: 5213: 5034: 4912: 4856: 4102: 3847: 3747: 833: 807: 768: 551: 424: 307: 191: 76: 3142:

Jadaon J, Shushan A, Ezra Y, Sela HY, Ozcan C, Rojansky N (2005).

1128:

The first modern formal description of the symptoms was made by H.

5866: 5824: 5509: 5469: 5363: 5237: 5026: 4393: 1020: 990:, may be useful in people with mainly skin and mucosal symptoms. 945: 822: 744: 736: 712: 708: 454: 400: 3675: 3281:

Verity DH, Wallace GR, Vaughan RW, Stanford MR (29 April 2003).

1391:

MKSAP 15 Medical Knowledge Self-assessment Program: Rheumatology

1335:

Ball, Gene V.; Fessler, Barri J.; Bridges, S. Louis Jr. (2014).

743:

gene variant is involved, and symptoms appear to be milder when

5608: 5080: 4668: 4263: 3644: 3611: 3484: 1185: 1162: 852: 818: 696: 671: 356: 3049: 2440: 2197: 2110: 1046:(IVIg) could be a treatment for severe or complicated cases. 949: 928: 923: 919: 740: 638: 107: 3485:

Brissaud P, Laroche L, de Gramont A, Krulik M (March 1985).

3329:

B. Adamandiades. Sur un cas d'iritis à hypopyon récidivant.

3283:"Behçet's disease: from Hippocrates to the third millennium" 3280: 2666: 2489: 899: 864: 849: 829: 627: 110: 101: 67: 2399: 2347: 1625:

Schonberg, Stacy; Stokkermans, Thomas J. (7 August 2023).

4059: 2622: 2519:"A double-blind trial of colchicine in Behcet's syndrome" 1866: 1505: 978:

therapy is often used for severe disease manifestations.

798: 3794: 2845: 2797:

Seider N, Beiran I, Scharf J, Miller B (November 2001).

2796: 2516: 1956: 1679: 388:, cutaneous pustular vasculitis, and lesions similar to 2710: 1551: 1019:

has also been used due to its immune-modifying effect.

641:

and anti-HSP65 antibodies that target HSPs produced by

3562: 6025: 3141: 4045: 3622: 3095: 2565: 1624: 113: 98: 3011: 1912: 832:ulcers and spots in the genital region and swollen 104: 5459:Jaw joints, chewing muscles and bite abnormalities 1771:"Behcet Disease: Overview – eMedicine Dermatology" 1334: 885:cardio-vascular problems of an inflammatory origin 751:has been found to have a homologous antigenicity. 577:(MS). Brainstem atrophy is seen in chronic cases. 317:The cause is unknown. It is believed to be partly 4322: 3245: 2753: 1991: 1721:"Aneurysmal coronary artery disease: An overview" 6049: 4659: 3519: 1718: 1393:. Philadelphia: American College of Physicians. 1005:can be useful for treating some genital ulcers, 5814:Teeth, jaws, tongue and associated soft tissues 2376:"Search Orphan Drug Designations and Approvals" 1908: 1906: 1465: 1310:NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders) 4426:Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis 2150: 2148: 678:(7q36.1) has been reported. Gene locations of 281:Rare (US, EU), more common (Middle East, Asia) 5384:Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis 4031: 3780: 3369:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 ( 3342: 3212: 3210: 3148:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 3137: 3135: 3045: 3043: 2034: 499:Lung involvement is typically in the form of 3617:Questions and answers about Behçet's disease 3453: 3410: 3404: 3005: 2839: 2790: 2104: 2063: 2028: 1985: 1903: 1654: 825:, retinal vasculitis, cells in the vitreous) 715:is strongly associated with Behçet's disease 3520:el-Ramahi KM, al-Kawi MZ (September 1991). 3447: 3091: 3089: 2953: 2874: 2298: 2204:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2145: 1950: 1807: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1294: 1292: 867:in post-adolescents not on corticosteroids) 404:Funduscopic photo left eye centered on the 6083:Steroid-responsive inflammatory conditions 4038: 4024: 3787: 3773: 3207: 3132: 3040: 1789: 1461: 1459: 1388: 1290: 1288: 1286: 1284: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1274: 1272: 1240: 1238: 1236: 1234: 1232: 682:associated with Behçet's disease included 162:, genital sores, inflammation of the eye, 75:A person with Behçet's disease exhibiting 66: 3545: 3502: 3306: 3159: 2880: 2822: 2599: 2534: 2466: 2417: 2324: 2223: 2128: 2087: 1843: 1825: 1746: 1736: 1719:ElGuindy MS, ElGuindy AM (October 2017). 1618: 1439: 1230: 1228: 1226: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1188:standard is "Behçet's disease". In 1991, 332:There is no cure. Treatments may include 3383: 3233: 3086: 1136:Remenovsky and published in 1922 in the 797: 793: 707: 399: 6011:Oral manifestations of systemic disease 5160:Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis 3246:Viggor SF, Willis AM, Jawad AS (2011). 2638:10.7326/0003-4819-128-6-199803150-00004 2572:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2568:"Pharmacotherapy for Behcet's syndrome" 2069: 1731:(3). Glob Cardiol Sci Pract.: e201726. 1547: 1545: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1456: 1355:from the original on 10 September 2017. 1341:(3 ed.). OUP Oxford. p. 491. 1269: 1244: 1013:may also reduce new arthritic attacks. 348:may decrease the frequency of attacks. 14: 6050: 5197:As a manifestation of systemic disease 4003:Congenital contractural arachnodactyly 3343:Malhotra Ravi (2004). "Saudi Arabia". 3236:Dermatologische Wochenschrift, Hamburg 2956:Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 1725:Global Cardiology Science and Practice 1209: 5984: 5883: 5807: 5565: 5444: 5230: 5020: 4658: 4321: 4261: 4149: 4057: 4019: 3768: 2747: 1777:from the original on 16 February 2009 1384: 1382: 1316:from the original on 11 February 2017 1155:Journal of Skin and Venereal Diseases 580:Neurological involvements range from 366: 125: 6093:Systemic connective tissue disorders 5043:Gums and tooth-supporting structures 3204:. Page last reviewed: 22 August 2012 1971:10.1001/archopht.1982.01030040433013 1542: 1486: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1139:Archiv für Dermatologie und Syphilis 5694:Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum 5566: 5537:Temporomandibular joint dysfunction 3400:from the original on 16 March 2008. 3052:Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol 2980: 1413: 1247:"Fast Facts About Behçet's Disease" 314:. Often, the symptoms come and go. 24: 6068:Conditions of the mucous membranes 4811:Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis 4295:Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia 3477: 3110:10.1111/j.1346-8138.2003.tb00423.x 2725:10.1111/j.1346-8138.2002.tb00263.x 1869:Ocular Immunology and Inflammation 1142:. Behçet's disease is named after 703: 451:relative afferent pupillary defect 436:anterior ischemic optic neuropathy 371: 344:mouthwash may help with the pain. 25: 6109: 3601: 3357:10.1111/j.1474-7766.2004.03-225.x 2993:from the original on 3 March 2016 1359: 1086:pre-existing disease in pregnancy 731:. Thus, it is sometimes known as 6098:Diseases named after discoverers 6035: 5913:Cutaneous sinus of dental origin 5850:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome 5845:Central hypoventilation syndrome 5727:Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma 5155:Necrotizing periodontal diseases 5135:Hereditary gingival fibromatosis 4047:Oral and maxillofacial pathology 3526:J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 3161:10.1111/j.0001-6349.2005.00761.x 3144:"Behcet's disease and pregnancy" 3026:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2005.01144.x 2983:"Behçet's disease – NHS Choices" 2935:from the original on 4 July 2016 2925:"Behcet's Syndrome: MedlinePlus" 2895:10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.02633.x 2682:10.2165/00126839-200304010-00002 2070:Ahn JK, Park YG (October 2007). 1916:Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 1257:from the original on 13 May 2017 942:problems with hearing or balance 608: 94: 5759:Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis 5396:Osteoporotic bone marrow defect 4850:Keratocystic odontogenic tumour 3920:Mixed connective tissue disease 3377: 3336: 3323: 3274: 3227: 3184: 2974: 2947: 2917: 2704: 2660: 2616: 2559: 2510: 2483: 2434: 2393: 2368: 2341: 2292: 2249: 2240: 2191: 1928:10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-200288 1860: 1814:Genetics Research International 1801: 1712: 1673: 1648: 1066: 680:single-nucleotide polymorphisms 584:to vascular thrombosis such as 5744:Sclerosing polycystic adenosis 5579:Benign lymphoepithelial lesion 3896:Progressive systemic sclerosis 2216:10.1002/14651858.CD011018.pub2 1572: 1407: 1328: 1245:Fleming, Ray (November 2014). 1192:medical researchers described 1169:in the 5th century BC, in his 13: 1: 5938:Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome 5887:Soft tissues around the mouth 5584:Ectopic salivary gland tissue 3983:Eosinophilia–myalgia syndrome 3456:Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi 3425:10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70015-8 3386:"Neuro-Behçet's Disease: NBD" 2270:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05497-6 1338:Oxford Textbook of Vasculitis 1203: 5108:Gingival cyst of the newborn 4717:Failure of eruption of teeth 4421:Hand, foot and mouth disease 4406:Focal epithelial hyperplasia 4344:Angina bullosa haemorrhagica 4290:Palatal cysts of the newborn 4213:Transient lingual papillitis 3812:Systemic lupus erythematosus 3333:, Paris, 1931, 168: 271–278. 3191:Behçet's disease – Treatment 2169:10.1016/0140-6736(90)92643-V 2089:10.1001/archopht.125.10.1375 1698:10.1016/0002-8703(82)90289-7 1079: 965: 787:optical coherence tomography 761: 445:Signs and symptoms of acute 334:immunosuppressive medication 258:Immunosuppressive medication 7: 5636:Salivary gland diverticulum 5599:Necrotizing sialometaplasia 4610:Smokeless tobacco keratosis 4522:Basaloid squamous carcinoma 3797:connective tissue disorders 3264:10.1102/1470-5206.2011.L001 2848:Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol 2317:10.1136/ard.61.suppl_2.ii51 1084:With Behçet's disease as a 10: 6114: 6063:Autoinflammatory syndromes 5646:Salivary gland hyperplasia 5594:HIV salivary gland disease 5103:Gingival cyst of the adult 4549:Oral florid papillomatosis 4262: 4150: 3098:The Journal of Dermatology 2860:10.1016/j.anai.2012.05.014 2713:The Journal of Dermatology 2419:10.1001/archderm.138.4.467 2049:10.1016/j.clim.2008.06.006 1520:10.1177/112067210201200514 1426:(3). Nature.com: 395–396. 1123: 1116:, which is known to lower 1049: 828:genital ulcers (including 660:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 565: 518: 382:inflammatory bowel disease 5991: 5985: 5980: 5893: 5885:Orofacial soft tissues – 5879: 5820: 5803: 5651:Salivary gland hypoplasia 5574: 5561: 5465: 5440: 5379:Bisphosphonate-associated 5273:Idiopathic osteosclerosis 5248: 5226: 5049: 5016: 4744:Dentinogenesis imperfecta 4680: 4654: 4334: 4317: 4270: 4257: 4208:Median rhomboid glossitis 4158: 4145: 4066: 4053: 3955: 3932: 3911: 3881: 3838: 3825:Libman–Sacks endocarditis 3810: 3803: 3707: 3626: 3577:10.1080/09273940590950945 3064:10.1007/s00417-008-0983-4 2584:10.1002/14651858.cd001084 2006:10.1080/08820530701745264 1629:. StatPearls Publishing. 1182:World Health Organization 918:inflammatory problems in 510: 478: 463:Intracranial hypertension 277: 267: 251: 231: 221: 213: 205: 197: 173: 153: 137: 86: 74: 65: 42: 37: 5958:Orofacial granulomatosis 5737:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma 5722:Adenoid cystic carcinoma 5656:Salivary gland neoplasms 5447:Temporomandibular joints 5418:Periapical periodontitis 5150:Linear gingival erythema 4918:Regional odontodysplasia 4764:Enamel hypocalcification 4058: 3862:Juvenile dermatomyositis 3359:(inactive 8 March 2024). 1881:10.1076/ocii.7.2.69.4018 1808:Direskeneli, H. (2013). 666:An association with the 617: 596: 561: 494: 273:Often improves with time 242:Stevens–Johnson syndrome 5855:Obstructive sleep apnea 5621:Salivary duct stricture 5401:Paget's disease of bone 4898:Pulp canal obliteration 4739:Dentin hypersensitivity 4685:Amelogenesis imperfecta 4537:Squamous cell carcinoma 4517:Adenosquamous carcinoma 4504:Squamous cell papilloma 4481:Melanocytic oral lesion 3871:Inclusion body myositis 3202:National Health Service 1180:. However, the current 1178:Benediktos Adamantiades 1095:pregnancy complications 721:old silk trading routes 395: 340:and lifestyle changes. 79:, which can be seen in 6001:Hemifacial hypertrophy 5968:Pyostomatitis vegetans 5641:Salivary gland fistula 5631:Salivary gland atresia 5626:Salivary gland aplasia 5480:Mandibular dislocation 5451:muscles of mastication 5329:Calcifying odontogenic 4958:Vertical root fracture 4953:Cracked tooth syndrome 4928:Shovel-shaped incisors 4823:Wisdom tooth impaction 4705:Early childhood caries 4571:Benign mucous membrane 4532:Spindle cell carcinoma 4441:Intraoral dental sinus 4359:Burning mouth syndrome 3988:Ehlers–Danlos syndrome 3978:Eosinophilic fasciitis 3973:Polymyalgia rheumatica 3565:Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm 3504:10.1002/art.1780280323 2962:(4 Suppl 84): S123–9. 2815:10.1136/bjo.85.11.1287 2380:www.accessdata.fda.gov 2130:10.1038/sj.jid.5700203 1686:American Heart Journal 1610:: CS1 maint: others ( 1554:J Clin Neuroophthalmol 1414:Eye (7 January 2011). 1194:neuro-Behçet's disease 1044:immunoglobulin therapy 803: 779:differential diagnosis 716: 590:organic brain syndrome 586:dural sinus thrombosis 568:Neuro-Behçet's disease 457:, swollen optic disc, 440:dural sinus thrombosis 408: 233:Differential diagnosis 18:Behçet's syndrome 5810:Stomatognathic system 5712:Acinic cell carcinoma 5334:Glandular odontogenic 4486:Molluscum contagiosum 3840:Inflammatory myopathy 3538:10.1136/jnnp.54.9.826 3331:Annales d'oculistique 3299:10.1136/bjo.87.9.1175 1738:10.21542/gcsp.2017.26 1011:Benzathine-penicillin 912:extreme exhaustion – 801: 794:Diagnostic guidelines 711: 603:myocardial infarction 403: 296:inflammatory disorder 27:Inflammatory disorder 5953:Oral Crohn's disease 5908:Basal cell carcinoma 5547:Condylar hyperplasia 5532:Maxillary hypoplasia 5098:Gingival enlargement 5031:periodontal ligament 4637:Verruciform xanthoma 4369:Condyloma acuminatum 3963:IgG4-related disease 3891:Systemic scleroderma 3608:Behçet's disease 3196:5 April 2014 at the 2883:Am. J. Gastroenterol 2498:(11 Suppl): 928–30. 2459:10.1136/bjo.87.4.423 2299:Sfikakis PP (2002). 1432:10.1038/eye.2010.208 390:pyoderma gangrenosum 6058:Autoimmune diseases 5963:Perioral dermatitis 5699:Pleomorphic adenoma 5679:Monomorphic adenoma 5669:Canalicular adenoma 5542:Condylar hypoplasia 5475:Condylar resorption 5319:Lateral periodontal 5278:Mandibular fracture 5177:Periodontal abscess 4774:Turner's hypoplasia 4542:Verrucous carcinoma 4491:Morsicatio buccarum 4471:Lupus erythematosus 4384:Erythema multiforme 4300:Stomatitis nicotina 3853:Dermatopolymyositis 3345:Practical Neurology 3270:on 27 January 2012. 2311:(Suppl 2): ii51–3. 2117:J. Invest. Dermatol 1914:Behcet's disease". 1827:10.1155/2013/249157 1657:Step-up to medicine 1389:Bolster MB (2009). 1306:"Behçet's Syndrome" 1157:in 1936. The name ( 1108:Behçet's can cause 635:Heat shock proteins 6006:Facial hemiatrophy 5860:Periodic breathing 5791:Sjögren's syndrome 5664:Basal cell adenoma 5428:Torus mandibularis 5406:Periapical abscess 5389:Osteoradionecrosis 5314:Buccal bifurcation 5293:Intraosseous cysts 5182:Periodontal trauma 5086:Pyogenic granuloma 4933:Supernumerary root 4886:Pulp calcification 4874:Premature eruption 4845:Odontogenic tumors 4642:White sponge nevus 4615:Submucous fibrosis 4559:Smoker's melanosis 4446:Irritation fibroma 4285:High-arched palate 4193:Foliate papillitis 4183:Cunnilingus tongue 4168:Black hairy tongue 4098:Congenital lip pit 3708:External resources 3248:"Behçet's disease" 2981:Choices, N. H. S. 1797:Clin Exp Rheumatol 1468:Jpn. J. Ophthalmol 1173:(book 3, case 7). 1093:increased risk of 1036:Immunosuppressants 855:(papulo-pustules, 804: 717: 582:aseptic meningitis 575:multiple sclerosis 528:Glomerulonephritis 421:retinal vasculitis 409: 367:Signs and symptoms 321:. Behçet's is not 238:Reactive arthritis 184:joint inflammation 127:[behˈtʃet] 6023: 6022: 6019: 6018: 5976: 5975: 5875: 5874: 5799: 5798: 5704:Sebaceous adenoma 5557: 5556: 5436: 5435: 5347:Median mandibular 5342:Nasopalatine duct 5258:Alveolar osteitis 5222: 5221: 5209:Perio-endo lesion 5091:Congenital epulis 5012: 5011: 4769:Enamel hypoplasia 4650: 4649: 4625:Riga–Fede disease 4476:Melanocytic nevus 4416:Hairy leukoplakia 4379:Epulis fissuratum 4313: 4312: 4253: 4252: 4203:Geographic tongue 4141: 4140: 4013: 4012: 3928: 3927: 3762: 3761: 3384:Saleem S (2005). 2768:10.1159/000095869 2163:(8697): 1078–80. 1666:978-1-60913-360-3 1589:978-3-030-24131-5 1400:978-1-934465-30-1 1251:www.niams.nih.gov 1146:(1889–1948), the 1088:or acquired, the 1009:, and arthritis. 844:pathergy reaction 733:Silk Road disease 413:posterior uveitis 285: 284: 227:Based on symptoms 223:Diagnostic method 58:Silk Road disease 52:Behçet's syndrome 32:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 6105: 6040: 6039: 6038: 6031: 5982: 5981: 5881: 5880: 5805: 5804: 5674:Ductal papilloma 5563: 5562: 5442: 5441: 5339:Non-odontogenic: 5324:Globulomaxillary 5263:Buccal exostosis 5228: 5227: 5172:Peri-implantitis 5018: 5017: 4734:Dentin dysplasia 4656: 4655: 4632:Verruca vulgaris 4527:Mucosal melanoma 4374:Darier's disease 4349:Behçet's disease 4319: 4318: 4275:Bednar's aphthae 4259: 4258: 4147: 4146: 4133:Trumpeter's wart 4055: 4054: 4040: 4033: 4026: 4017: 4016: 3968:Behçet's disease 3947:Sjögren syndrome 3935:hypersensitivity 3916:Overlap syndrome 3820:Drug-induced SLE 3808: 3807: 3789: 3782: 3775: 3766: 3765: 3742:behcets-syndrome 3624: 3623: 3596: 3559: 3549: 3516: 3506: 3472: 3471: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3368: 3360: 3340: 3334: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3310: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3266:. Archived from 3243: 3242:(36): 1152–1163. 3231: 3225: 3214: 3205: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3163: 3139: 3130: 3129: 3093: 3084: 3083: 3047: 3038: 3037: 3009: 3003: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2843: 2837: 2836: 2826: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2751: 2745: 2744: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2670:Drugs in R&D 2664: 2658: 2657: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2603: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2538: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2470: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2421: 2397: 2391: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2372: 2366: 2365: 2345: 2339: 2338: 2328: 2296: 2290: 2289: 2253: 2247: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2227: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2152: 2143: 2142: 2132: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2091: 2076:Arch. Ophthalmol 2067: 2061: 2060: 2032: 2026: 2025: 1994:Semin Ophthalmol 1989: 1983: 1982: 1959:Arch. Ophthalmol 1954: 1948: 1947: 1910: 1901: 1900: 1864: 1858: 1857: 1847: 1829: 1805: 1799: 1793: 1787: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1767: 1761: 1760: 1750: 1740: 1716: 1710: 1709: 1677: 1671: 1670: 1652: 1646: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1622: 1616: 1615: 1609: 1601: 1576: 1570: 1569: 1549: 1540: 1539: 1508:Eur J Ophthalmol 1503: 1484: 1483: 1463: 1454: 1453: 1443: 1411: 1405: 1404: 1386: 1357: 1356: 1332: 1326: 1325: 1323: 1321: 1302: 1267: 1266: 1264: 1262: 1242: 1135: 1131: 1110:male infertility 1103:Cesarean section 1007:erythema nodosum 982:therapy such as 957:thrombophlebitis 861:erythema nodosum 543:Vascular disease 469:may be present. 447:optic neuropathy 417:anterior uveitis 386:erythema nodosum 288:Behçet's disease 129: 124: 120: 119: 116: 115: 112: 109: 106: 103: 100: 81:anterior uveitis 70: 38:Behçet's disease 35: 34: 21: 6113: 6112: 6108: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6048: 6047: 6046: 6036: 6034: 6026: 6024: 6015: 5987: 5972: 5928:Ludwig's angina 5889: 5871: 5830:Mouth breathing 5816: 5795: 5616:Pneumoparotitis 5589:Frey's syndrome 5570: 5568:Salivary glands 5553: 5461: 5432: 5411:Phoenix abscess 5244: 5240:hard tissues – 5218: 5140:Hypercementosis 5059:Cementoblastoma 5045: 5008: 4722:Dens evaginatus 4676: 4646: 4598:Denture-related 4583:Plasmoacanthoma 4509:Keratoacanthoma 4330: 4328:Lining of mouth 4309: 4305:Torus palatinus 4266: 4249: 4230:Lingual thyroid 4188:Fissured tongue 4178:Crenated tongue 4154: 4137: 4123:Nasolabial cyst 4108:Herpes labialis 4062: 4049: 4044: 4014: 4009: 3998:Marfan syndrome 3951: 3924: 3907: 3877: 3858:Dermatomyositis 3834: 3830:Lupus nephritis 3799: 3793: 3763: 3758: 3757: 3703: 3702: 3635: 3604: 3599: 3491:Arthritis Rheum 3480: 3478:Further reading 3475: 3452: 3448: 3409: 3405: 3382: 3378: 3362: 3361: 3341: 3337: 3328: 3324: 3287:Br J Ophthalmol 3279: 3275: 3232: 3228: 3215: 3208: 3198:Wayback Machine 3189: 3185: 3154:(10): 939–944. 3140: 3133: 3094: 3087: 3048: 3041: 3010: 3006: 2996: 2994: 2979: 2975: 2952: 2948: 2938: 2936: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2879: 2875: 2844: 2840: 2803:Br J Ophthalmol 2795: 2791: 2756:Ophthalmologica 2752: 2748: 2709: 2705: 2665: 2661: 2621: 2617: 2578:(2): CD001084. 2564: 2560: 2529:(11): 2686–92. 2523:Arthritis Rheum 2515: 2511: 2492:Isr Med Assoc J 2488: 2484: 2447:Br J Ophthalmol 2439: 2435: 2398: 2394: 2384: 2382: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2346: 2342: 2297: 2293: 2264:(9278): 295–6. 2254: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2210:(9): CD011018. 2196: 2192: 2153: 2146: 2109: 2105: 2082:(10): 1375–80. 2068: 2064: 2033: 2029: 1990: 1986: 1955: 1951: 1911: 1904: 1865: 1861: 1806: 1802: 1794: 1790: 1780: 1778: 1769: 1768: 1764: 1717: 1713: 1678: 1674: 1667: 1653: 1649: 1639: 1637: 1623: 1619: 1603: 1602: 1590: 1580:Behçet syndrome 1578: 1577: 1573: 1550: 1543: 1504: 1487: 1464: 1457: 1412: 1408: 1401: 1387: 1360: 1349: 1333: 1329: 1319: 1317: 1304: 1303: 1270: 1260: 1258: 1243: 1210: 1206: 1133: 1129: 1126: 1082: 1069: 1052: 968: 914:chronic fatigue 796: 764: 706: 704:Pathophysiology 620: 611: 599: 570: 564: 539:IgA nephropathy 521: 513: 497: 489:ileocecal valve 485:ileocecal valve 481: 398: 378:aphthous ulcers 374: 372:Skin and mucosa 369: 338:corticosteroids 327:skin prick test 294:) is a type of 262:corticosteroids 168:chronic fatigue 133: 122: 97: 93: 61: 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6111: 6101: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6045: 6044: 6021: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5996:Eagle syndrome 5992: 5989: 5988: 5978: 5977: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5918:Cystic hygroma 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5894: 5891: 5890: 5877: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5869: 5864: 5863: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5832: 5827: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5801: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5786:Sialolithiasis 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5762: 5761: 5756: 5746: 5741: 5740: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5717:Adenocarcinoma 5714: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5684:Myoepithelioma 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5612: 5611: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5559: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5544: 5534: 5529: 5528: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5438: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5414: 5413: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5392: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5360: 5359: 5357:Traumatic bone 5354: 5352:Median palatal 5349: 5344: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5224: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5205: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5163: 5162: 5152: 5147: 5145:Hypocementosis 5142: 5137: 5132: 5131: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5094: 5093: 5088: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5067: 5066: 5056: 5050: 5047: 5046: 5014: 5013: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5006: 5005: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4979: 4978: 4977: 4967: 4966: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4894: 4893: 4883: 4882: 4881: 4879:Neonatal teeth 4871: 4866: 4865: 4864: 4854: 4853: 4852: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4826: 4825: 4815: 4814: 4813: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4777: 4776: 4766: 4761: 4759:Ectopic enamel 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4730: 4729: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4708: 4707: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4681: 4678: 4677: 4652: 4651: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4628: 4627: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4606: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4574: 4573: 4563: 4562: 4561: 4554:Oral melanosis 4551: 4546: 4545: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4511: 4506: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4402: 4401: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4354:Bohn's nodules 4351: 4346: 4341: 4339:Amalgam tattoo 4335: 4332: 4331: 4315: 4314: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4271: 4268: 4267: 4255: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4216: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4159: 4156: 4155: 4143: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4089: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4067: 4064: 4063: 4051: 4050: 4043: 4042: 4035: 4028: 4020: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4007: 4006: 4005: 4000: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3959: 3957: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3949: 3943: 3941: 3930: 3929: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3922: 3912: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3905: 3904: 3903: 3901:CREST syndrome 3898: 3887: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3875: 3874: 3873: 3864: 3850: 3844: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3833: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3816: 3814: 3805: 3801: 3800: 3792: 3791: 3784: 3777: 3769: 3760: 3759: 3756: 3755: 3744: 3733: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3705: 3704: 3701: 3700: 3689: 3678: 3667: 3652: 3636: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3627:Classification 3621: 3620: 3614: 3603: 3602:External links 3600: 3598: 3597: 3560: 3517: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3473: 3446: 3419:(2): 192–204. 3403: 3376: 3351:(3): 184–185. 3335: 3322: 3293:(9): 1175–83. 3273: 3244:Reproduced in 3226: 3206: 3183: 3131: 3104:(7): 499–502. 3085: 3039: 3004: 2973: 2946: 2916: 2873: 2838: 2809:(11): 1287–8. 2789: 2746: 2719:(5): 267–279. 2703: 2659: 2632:(6): 443–450. 2626:Ann Intern Med 2615: 2558: 2509: 2482: 2433: 2392: 2367: 2340: 2291: 2248: 2239: 2190: 2144: 2123:(7): 1534–40. 2103: 2062: 2027: 1984: 1949: 1902: 1859: 1800: 1788: 1762: 1711: 1692:(3): 438–440. 1672: 1665: 1647: 1627:"Episcleritis" 1617: 1588: 1571: 1541: 1485: 1455: 1406: 1399: 1358: 1347: 1327: 1268: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1132:Planner and F. 1125: 1122: 1081: 1078: 1068: 1065: 1051: 1048: 976:corticosteroid 967: 964: 963: 962: 959: 953: 943: 940: 937:nervous system 934: 926: 916: 910: 905: 896: 886: 883: 869: 868: 847: 841: 826: 817:inflammation ( 795: 792: 774:Herpes simplex 763: 760: 705: 702: 619: 616: 610: 607: 598: 595: 566:Main article: 563: 560: 554:(bulging) and 548: 547: 544: 541: 536: 530: 520: 517: 512: 509: 496: 493: 480: 477: 397: 394: 373: 370: 368: 365: 283: 282: 279: 275: 274: 271: 265: 264: 255: 249: 248: 246:Sweet syndrome 235: 229: 228: 225: 219: 218: 215: 211: 210: 207: 203: 202: 199: 195: 194: 177: 171: 170: 157: 151: 150: 141: 135: 134: 132: 131: 90: 88: 84: 83: 72: 71: 63: 62: 60: 59: 56: 53: 50: 49:Behçet disease 46: 44: 40: 39: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6110: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6078:Rare diseases 6076: 6074: 6073:Inflammations 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6043: 6033: 6032: 6029: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5990: 5983: 5979: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5898:Actinomycosis 5896: 5895: 5892: 5888: 5882: 5878: 5868: 5865: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5806: 5802: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5776:Sialodochitis 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5573: 5569: 5564: 5560: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5539: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5455:malocclusions 5452: 5448: 5443: 5439: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5423:Stafne defect 5421: 5419: 5416: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5375: 5374:Osteonecrosis 5372: 5370: 5369:Osteomyelitis 5367: 5365: 5362: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5296: 5295: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5247: 5243: 5242:Bones of jaws 5239: 5235: 5229: 5225: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5188: 5187:Periodontitis 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5167:Pericoronitis 5165: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5123:Granulomatous 5121: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5083: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5076:Eruption cyst 5074: 5072: 5069: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5051: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5019: 5015: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4983: 4980: 4976: 4973: 4972: 4971: 4968: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4945: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4903:Pulp necrosis 4901: 4899: 4896: 4892: 4889: 4888: 4887: 4884: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4863: 4862:Dens in dente 4860: 4859: 4858: 4855: 4851: 4848: 4847: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4819: 4816: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4775: 4772: 4771: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4754:Discoloration 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4679: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4657: 4653: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4590: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4567: 4564: 4560: 4557: 4556: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4499: 4498: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4461:Lichen planus 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4436:Herpes zoster 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4411:Fordyce spots 4409: 4407: 4404: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4389:Erythroplakia 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4336: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4320: 4316: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4272: 4269: 4265: 4260: 4256: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4200: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4173:Caviar tongue 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4163:Ankyloglossia 4161: 4160: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4128:Sun poisoning 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4072: 4069: 4068: 4065: 4061: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4041: 4036: 4034: 4029: 4027: 4022: 4021: 4018: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3995: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3954: 3948: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3921: 3917: 3914: 3913: 3910: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3893: 3892: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3872: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3859: 3856: 3855: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3837: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3790: 3785: 3783: 3778: 3776: 3771: 3770: 3767: 3754: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3743: 3739: 3738: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3713: 3710: 3706: 3699: 3695: 3694: 3690: 3688: 3684: 3683: 3679: 3677: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3651: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3637: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3606: 3605: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3571:(4): 317–25. 3570: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3532:(9): 826–29. 3531: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3497:(3): 359–60. 3496: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3482: 3469: 3465: 3462:(3): 155–62. 3461: 3457: 3450: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3413:Lancet Neurol 3407: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3390:Neurographics 3387: 3380: 3372: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3339: 3332: 3326: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3277: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3230: 3224: 3223:Who Named It? 3220: 3219: 3213: 3211: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3192: 3187: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3138: 3136: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3092: 3090: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3046: 3044: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3008: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2977: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2950: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2920: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2877: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2793: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2762:(6): 400–05. 2761: 2757: 2750: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2707: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2663: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2619: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2562: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2513: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2486: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2453:(4): 423–31. 2452: 2448: 2444: 2437: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2412:(4): 467–71. 2411: 2407: 2406:Arch Dermatol 2403: 2396: 2381: 2377: 2371: 2363: 2359: 2356:(1): 98–105. 2355: 2351: 2344: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2305:Ann Rheum Dis 2302: 2295: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2252: 2243: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2194: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2151: 2149: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2107: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2066: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2037:Clin. Immunol 2031: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1988: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1965:(9): 1455–8. 1964: 1960: 1953: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1922:(9): 1510–6. 1921: 1917: 1909: 1907: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1863: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1804: 1798: 1792: 1776: 1772: 1766: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1715: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1676: 1668: 1662: 1658: 1651: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1621: 1613: 1607: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1585: 1581: 1575: 1567: 1563: 1560:(4): 277–80. 1559: 1555: 1548: 1546: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1514:(5): 424–31. 1513: 1509: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1490: 1481: 1477: 1474:(4): 411–16. 1473: 1469: 1462: 1460: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1410: 1402: 1396: 1392: 1385: 1383: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1373: 1371: 1369: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1354: 1350: 1348:9780191667022 1344: 1340: 1339: 1331: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1301: 1299: 1297: 1295: 1293: 1291: 1289: 1287: 1285: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1277: 1275: 1273: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1241: 1239: 1237: 1235: 1233: 1231: 1229: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1217: 1215: 1213: 1208: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1190:Saudi Arabian 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1159:Morbus Behçet 1156: 1152: 1151:dermatologist 1149: 1145: 1144:Hulusi Behçet 1141: 1140: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1087: 1077: 1073: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1047: 1045: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 995: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 972: 960: 958: 954: 951: 947: 944: 941: 938: 935: 933: 930: 927: 925: 921: 917: 915: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 897: 895: 891: 887: 884: 882: 878: 875: 874: 873: 866: 862: 858: 854: 851: 848: 845: 842: 839: 835: 831: 827: 824: 820: 816: 813: 812: 811: 809: 800: 791: 788: 782: 780: 776: 775: 770: 759: 756: 752: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 714: 710: 701: 699: 698: 693: 692: 687: 686: 681: 677: 673: 669: 664: 662: 661: 656: 655: 650: 649: 644: 640: 636: 631: 629: 624: 615: 609:Blood vessels 606: 604: 594: 591: 587: 583: 578: 576: 569: 559: 557: 553: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 531: 529: 526: 525: 524: 516: 508: 506: 502: 492: 490: 486: 476: 474: 470: 468: 464: 460: 459:macular edema 456: 452: 448: 443: 441: 437: 433: 432:optic atrophy 428: 426: 422: 418: 414: 407: 402: 393: 391: 387: 383: 379: 364: 362: 361:Hulusi Behçet 358: 355:and Asia. 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