Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic

110: 94: 826: 199: 3232: 3221: 801: 787: 773: 745: 759: 2143: 7382: 3464: 3371: 2888: 7505: 3009: 7517: 2398: 2558: 7326: 2501: 1090: 7493: 1035: 3723: 2937: 2381:. On the eve of Germany's occupation of Minsk, some members of the disbanded Belarusian National Council emerged from hiding and formed a provisional government, hoping to achieve German recognition. However, the Germans did not recognise it as another assembly in Vilna was created under their auspices. The Minsk and Vilna organisations issued a joint proclamation on 25 March establishing the 2784: 4669:Закон Республики Беларусь № 1085-XII от 19 сентября 1991 года № 1085-XII «О названии Белорусской Советской Социалистической Республики и внесении изменений в Декларацию Верховного Совета Белорусской Советской Социалистической Республики о государственном суверенитете Белорусской Советской Социалистической Республики и Конституцию (Основной Закон) Белорусской ССР» 2389:

government less jurisdiction compared to the one in Ukraine. An increase in repression by the Germans also led to an agrarian revolt, although not as violent as the one in Ukraine, which benefitted the communists. The communist underground were directed by the party's Northwestern Regional Committee in Smolensk, which aimed for an alliance with the peasantry.

2928:. On 24 November the Polish units left the town, and for nearly a month the Slutsk partisans resisted Soviet attempts to re-gain control of the area. Eventually the Red Army had to mobilise two divisions to overcome the resistance, when the last units of Slutsk militia crossed the Moroch River and interned by the Polish border guards. 2423:. After Germany was defeated in the First World War, it announced its evacuation from the occupied territories. The Germans began to depart in November 1918; however, there was no nationalist organisation in Belarus that was capable of assuming political authority, unlike in Ukraine. On 13 November, Moscow annulled the 2385:(BDR) with German approval. The new government also sought material aid from Germany. The more radical nationalists who disapproved of collaboration with the Germans went to the communists and fled to Russia. The communists who did not escape to the east during the German occupation were driven underground. 2329:

government in Belarus was established at the end of December by communist organs in Minsk with the support of Russian troops of the Western Front. However, its authority only extended to the regions occupied by pro-communist forces and the major cities, where the local soviets followed Bolshevik leadership.

3000:, Russia returned most of territories that made up the Vitebsk and Mogilev Governorates, as well as parts of Smolensk. The passing of land that largely survived the destruction of war not only doubled the SSRB's area to 110,600 square kilometres, but also raised the population to 4.2 million people. 2956:

An interesting paradox arose in the status of SSRB within the future Bolshevik state. On one hand its small geographic, population and almost negligent economic indicators did not warrant it much political weight on Soviet affairs. In fact the leader of the Communist Party of Byelorussia (Bolshevik),

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Republic of Byelorussia (SSRB). This was conferred by the First Congress of deputies, composed of workers, soldiers and Red Army soldiers, which met on 2–3 February 1919, to adopt a new socialist constitution. The Red Army continued its westward advance, capturing the city of Grodno on New Year's Day

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governorates that were not occupied by the German army, to administer the Belarusian lands in the frontal zone. On 26 November (6 December), the Executive Committee of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies for the Western Oblast was merged with the Western front's executive committee, creating a

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Economically the republic remained largely self-centred, and most of the effort was put into restoring and repairing the war-damaged industry (if in 1923 there was only 226 different fabrics and factories, then by 1926 the number climbed to 246. However, the employed manpower jumped from 14 thousand

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as a military formation, rather than governmental. As a result, on 7 (20) December, when the first All-Belarusian Congress convened, the Minsk Bolsheviks commanded the pro-Soviet troops to disbanded it. Following this, they proclaimed the rule of soviets dominated by the Bolsheviks. The first Soviet

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The stalemate and the occasional, though fruitless, negotiations gave Russia a much needed pause to concentrate on other regions. During the latter half of 1919, the Red Army successfully defeated Denikin in the south, taking over the Don, North Caucasus and eastern Ukraine, and pushed Kolchak from

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offered the Belarusians federal ties instead; however, the Polish occupation authorities disregarded the social radicalism of the masses and nationalist sentiments among parts of the Belarusian intelligentsia, with the Poles ordering for the lands confiscated by the communists to be returned to the

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numbering approximately 2,000 soldiers under General Wejtko, began to fight against the local communist and advancing Bolshevik forces. Each side was trying to secure the territories for its own government. The newly formed Polish Army began sending its organised units to reinforce the militias. On

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on 17 November. The Belarusian National Republic barely resisted, evacuating Minsk on 3 December. The Soviets maintained a distance of about 10–15 kilometres (6.2–9.3 mi) between the two armies, and took Minsk on 10 December. As the Red Army re-occupied Belarus, the soviets in the country were

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rivers. However, the region to the east of those lines was historically mixed among a population of Belarusians, Poles and Lithuanians, with a sizeable Jewish minority. The local communities of each respective group wanted to be part of the respective states that were establishing themselves.

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In the spring of 1918, the Germans disapproved of the socialist inclinations of the nationalists in the Belarusian government and forced a change in leadership of the puppet government; however, the Germans were also displeased with him and removed him. As a result, the Germans permitted the

2905:, the Soviet side saw the armistice as only a temporary setback in its western advance. Seeing the failure of overcoming the Polish nationalist rhetoric with Communist propaganda, the Soviet government chose a different tactic, by appealing to the minorities of the Polish state, creating a 3243:. According to incomplete calculations, about 600,000 people fell victim to Soviet repressions in Belarus between 1917 and 1953. Other estimates put the number at higher than 1.4 million persons., of which 250,000 were sentenced by judicial or executed by extrajudicial bodies ( 2823:

In June, the RSFSR was finally ready to open its major Western advance. To preserve the neutrality of Lithuania (though the peace treaty was still being negotiated), on 6 June the exiled government of Litbel was disbanded. Within a few days, the 3rd Cavalry Corps under command of

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Lenin feared that a Polish offensive was incoming, and offered to accept the current frontline as a permanent border between Poland and Russia, which would include nearly all of Belarus going to Poland. However, Piłsudski had greater ambitions, and he also made an agreement with

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it states, "Laws, decrees and other acts which were applied in the territory of the Republic of Belarus prior to the entry into force of the present Constitution shall apply in the particular parts thereof that are not contrary to the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus."

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putting an end of hostilities in Europe, and Belarus in particular. Six years of war had left the land neglected and looted, and the endless change of occupying regimes, each worse than the previous, left their mark on the Belarusian people, who were now divided. Almost half

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Encouraged by their success, in Smolensk on 30–31 December 1918, the Sixth Western Oblast Party conference met and announced its split from the Russian Communist Party, proclaiming itself as the first congress of the Communist Party of Byelorussia (KP(b)B). The next day, the

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By late summer of 1919, the Polish advance was also exhausted. The defeat of the Red Army allowed the outbreak of another historic disagreement over territory between Poland and Lithuania; their competition to control the city of Vilna soon erupted into a

3130:, which made up 82% of the rural population, but less than half of the urban one (40.1%). The Belarusian national sentiment was a lot weaker than that of neighbouring Ukraine, this was greatly exploited by the Bolshevik-Polish power struggle in the 2953:) now belonged to Poland. Eastern Belarus (Gomel, Vitebsk and parts of Smolensk guberniyas) were administered by the RSFSR. The rest was the SSRB, a republic with 52,400 square kilometres and a population of a mere 1.544 million people. 2222:

in Russia in February 1917, activated a rather dormant political life in Belarus. As central authority waned, different political and ethnic groups strived for greater self-determination and even secession from the increasingly ineffective

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on Kiev, which although was initially successful, ended in a Polish defeat. The Soviet Red Army was much more organised than it was a year earlier, and though Polish troops managed to make several gains in Ukraine, notably the capture of

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concept, and as said above, viewed the Treaty of Riga as only a temporary setback to the process, and a future advance would require a prepared bridgehead. This justified giving the SSRB the status of a full union republic within the

2917:. During the negotiations, RSFSR offered all of BSSR to Poland in return for concessions in Ukraine, which were rejected by the Polish side. Eventually a compromising armistice line was agreed, which would see the Belarusian city of 2262:

hit Russia; that same day, on 25 October (7 November) 1917, the Minsk Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies took over the administration of the city. The Bolshevik All-Russian Council of Soviets declared the creation of the

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renamed the Soviet republic to the Republic of Belarus, with the short form "Belarus". Conservative forces in the newly independent Belarus did not support the name change and opposed its inclusion in the 1991 draft of the

4636:Постановление Верховного Совета Республики Беларусь от 18 сентября 1991 г. № 1078-XII «О делегировании народных депутатов БССР и народных депутатов СССР в состав Совета Республик Верховного Совета СССР от Белорусской ССР» 3111:– to allocate land to Jewish families, in 1926 a total of 32,700 hectares were given for 6,860 Jewish families. Jews would continue to play a major role in Byelorussian politics, society and economy right up to the 3443:. Belarus received independence on 25 December 1991. A day later the Soviet Union ceased to exist. However, the Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the Republic of Belarus of 1978, was retained after independence. 4668: 1989: 591: 2996:. In accordance with which, expansionist and irredentist claims were removed from Soviet ideology, which instead would focus on making regions economically viable. Thus in March 1924, by decree of the 3903: 3804: 2014: 1879: 186: 2924:

News of Belarus' upcoming permanent division angered the population, and using the town's Polish occupation, the local population began self-organising into a militia and associating itself with the

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The Russo-German front in Belarus remained static since 1915 and formal negotiations began only on 19 November (2 December N.S.), when the Soviet delegation traveled to the German-occupied city of

7828: 4647:Постановление Верховного Совета Республики Беларусь от 19 сентября 1991 г. № 1087-XII «О делегировании народных депутатов СССР в состав Совета Союза Верховного Совета СССР от Республики Беларусь» 3355:. At least 5,295 Belarusian settlements were destroyed by the Germans and some or all their inhabitants killed (out of 9,200 settlements that were burned or otherwise destroyed in Belarus during 2863:(as chairmen of the Central Committee of the Belarusian Communist Party). The SSRB sought to join further territories, as the Red Army crossed into Poland, but the decisive Polish victory at the 2344:

However, the German party soon went back on its word and took full advantage of the situation, and the Bolsheviks' demand of a treaty "without annexations or indemnities" was unacceptable to the

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or kulak family members to regions outside the Belarusian Soviet Republic. The scale of Soviet terror in Belarus was higher than in Russia or Ukraine which resulted in a much stronger extent of

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in early April, but the Western Army was too thinly spread to fight both the Polish and Lithuanian troops, and the German units assisting them. The Polish offensive quickly gained momentum, and

2243:, formed a Belarusian Central Council. However, the national parties in Belarus were unable to secure mass support, and the nationalist movement was confined to a small, divided and ineffective 2828:

broke the Polish front, causing a collapse and a retreat. On 11 July Minsk was re-taken, and on 31 July 1920 once again the Soviet Socialist Republic of Belorussia was re-established in Minsk.

3427:, the republic proclaimed its political and economic independence from the Soviet Union, however, continued to consider herself part of the USSR. On 19 September the republic was renamed the 7051: 2195:

being occupied by Germany. The resulting front, passing at 100 kilometres to the west of Minsk, remained static towards the end of the conflict, despite Russian attempts to break it at the

1328: 2706:, with Poland winning. Facing Denikin and Kolchak, Soviet Russia could not spare men for the western front. A stalemate with localised skirmishes developed between Poland and Lithuania. 5377: 3486:(CPSU/KPSS). Like all other Soviet republics, it was one of the 15 constituent republics composing the Soviet Union from its entry into the union in 1922 until its dissolution in 1991. 2352:

was of immediate success, and within 11 days, they were able to make a serious advance eastward, taking over Ukraine, the Baltic region, and occupying eastern Belarus. This forced the

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together with the Soviet Union and Ukrainian SSR, becoming one of the founding members of the UN. This was part of a deal with the United States to ensure a degree of balance in the

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breads are consumed in Belarus, but rye is more plentiful because conditions are too harsh for growing wheat. Many of the cuisines within Byelorussia also shared its cuisine with

2740: 961: 2371:, which was signed on 3 March 1918. For the German Empire, Operation Faustschlag achieved one of their strategic plans for World War I, to create a German-centered hegemony of 109: 7304: 3189:

that was held at the same time reported a population of 4,982,623. Of the latter 83% was rural, and Belarusians made up 80.6% (though only 39.2% of urban, yet 89% of rural).

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to 21.3 thousand workers). The majority was food industry followed by metal and wood working combines. A lot more was centred in local and private sector, as allowed by the

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was widely implemented. Belarusian language, folklore and culture was put at front of everything else. This went on par with the Soviet policy of liquidation of illiteracy (

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made up only around 2% of the total population (most of the latter lived next to the state border in the Minsk and Borisov districts). The most important minority was the

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in August ended these ambitions. Once again, the Red Army found itself on the defensive in Belorussia. The Poles were able to successfully break the Russian lines at the

2083:. This asserted that the territories are all Russian and all the peoples are also Russian; in the case of the Belarusians, that they were variants of the Russian people. 2240: 5127: 2965:. Moreover, the weak national sentiment of the Belarusian people would easily have allowed SSRB to be disbanded and annexed to the RSFSR, unlike for example Ukraine. 2831:

As the front moved west, and more Belarusian lands were adjoined to the new republic, the first administrative decrees were issued. The entity was divided into seven

1393: 940: 2678:'s decree put all of Litbel's armed forces under the command of the Red Army. On 17 July, the Defence Soviet was liquidated, and its function was passed to Minsk's 373: 3020:, in 1925 SSRB was a largely rural country. Out of the 4,342,800 people that inhabited it, only 14.5% lived in urban areas. Administratively it was split into ten 1620: 1957:

with Lithuania, the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia was re-founded on 31 July 1920 and later became known as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.

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too. However early autumn rains halted the Polish advance, which exhausted itself by October. A cease-fire agreed on 12 October, came into effect on 18 October.

2639:. However, the Belarusian nationalists disapproved that the republic was being expanded, and Zhylunovich resigned shortly after, followed by other nationalists. 4614:ПОСТАНОВЛЕНИЕ ВЕРХОВНОГО СОВЕТА БЕЛОРУССКОЙ ССР от 25 августа 1991 г. № 1019-XII «Об обеспечении политической и экономической самостоятельности Белорусской ССР» 7848: 7803: 6688: 4035:

28 July 1990 from Art. 6 of the Constitution of the Byelorussian SSR, the provision on the monopoly of the Communist Party of Byelorussia on power was excluded

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The Polish Sejm had also declared that the territories of Belarus were an inalienable part of the Polish Commonwealth. As the Sejm was voting for annexation,

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Wexler, Paul (1985). "Belorussification, Russification and Polonization Trends in the Belorussian Language 1890–1982". In Kreindler, Isabelle T. (ed.).

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was passed to the Western Oblast. At the end of February, the Germans entered Minsk, which the Soviet authorities had already cleared a few days prior.

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of the USSR, in 1925 these number 38.5 thousand who employed almost 50 thousand people. Most being textile workshops and lumber yards and blacksmiths.

99: 4839: 2588:, and the German units that had withdrawn there began to assist the Lithuanian forces to defeat the Soviets; they repelled the Red offensive against 565: 3528:

joined the UN when the organization was founded with the other 50 states on 24 October 1945. In effect, this provided the Soviet Union (a permanent

7041: 3399: 3103:, which had a long history of targeted oppression under the Tsars, and in 1925 made up almost 44% of the urban population and began to be aided by 7808: 7234: 7149: 1684: 3012:

Minsk Railway Station (1926), with the city's name given in Belarusian, Russian, Polish and Yiddish (or interwar Belarus's 4 official languages)

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Baranova, Olga (2008). "Nationalism, anti-Bolshevism or the will to survive? Collaboration in Belarus under the Nazi occupation of 1941–1944".

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during the summer. Representatives of Belarusian regions and of different (mostly left-wing) newly established political powers, including the

2118:(its names in other languages such as English being based on the Russian form) was only used officially. In 1936, with the proclamation of the 1844: 7290: 3568: 7620: 7602: 7393: 6926: 6490: 5882: 5864: 5504: 1965: 1166: 1063: 4476: 7743: 7542: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7139: 6819: 6005: 5804: 5357: 4828: 4625:ЗАКОН БЕЛОРУССКОЙ ССР от 25 августа 1991 г. N 1018-XII «О внесении изменений и дополнений в Конституцию (Основной Закон) Белорусской ССР» 1434: 1258: 7833: 5676: 3540: 3379: 3262: 3186: 2562: 2515: 2432: 7335: 7071: 6806: 6346: 6151: 3320: 3170: 1211: 2985:

that was signed on 30 December 1922. SSR Byelorussia became a founding member of the Soviet Union in 1922 and became known as BSSR.

7702: 7659: 7370: 7209: 7174: 7123: 6908: 6189: 6093: 5964: 5921: 5567: 5301: 5237: 3572: 2441: 2406: 1934: 1334: 991: 528: 31: 7838: 6556: 5731: 5492: 5328: 3826:

In interwar Soviet Belarus, between 1924 and 1938, four languages were official, namely, Belarusian, Polish, Russian and Yiddish.

2997: 2675: 3741:. Typically, Byelorussians eat a light breakfast and two hearty meals, with dinner being the largest meal of the day. Wheat and 7535: 7197: 6831: 6724: 6561: 6293: 6045: 5797: 5602: 5477: 5440: 4658:Постановление Верховного Совета Республики Беларусь от 20 сентября 1991 г. № 1101-XII «О таможенной службе Республики Беларусь» 2299: 2126: 1985: 1545: 595: 348: 4680:Закон Белорусской ССР от 28 июля 1990 г. №212-XII "Об изменениях и дополнениях Конституции (Основного Закона Белорусской ССР)" 4526: 4128: 2787:

After the decisive Polish victory in Warsaw, the Red Army was forced to retreat from Polish territories, but attempts to hold

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the term "SSRB" was suppressed, but there is documentary evidence of the usage of the term SSRB rather than BSSR, see, e.g.,

3564: 715: 3424: 7731: 7677: 7587: 7046: 7021: 6568: 6231: 5993: 5939: 5849: 5509: 4905: 3856: 3592: 2763:, gave way for a peace treaty with the former on 2 February 1920 and a cease-fire agreement with the latter a day earlier. 1562: 1379: 1263: 1156: 1121: 4236: 2504:

Planned border (blue line) for the Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic superimposed on state borders in 1922

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was exercised by the Byelorussian Communist Party authorities, at its top sits the Chairman of the Council of Ministers.

3483: 1973: 1181: 1161: 578: 415: 7282: 6826: 6120: 5018: 1664: 7667: 7597: 7582: 7214: 6903: 6841: 6352: 6108: 5929: 5859: 5844: 5764: 5524: 5296: 5075: 5007: 4875: 4785:

Guthier, Steven L. (1977). "The Belorussians: National identification and assimilation, 1897–1970: Part 1, 1897–1939".

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Towards the autumn, political stability continued to shake, and countering the rising nationalist tendencies, were the

1954: 1837: 1582: 1453: 1288: 1206: 1136: 1131: 1116: 967: 552: 459: 3398:, which, the USSR opined, was unbalanced in favor of the Western Bloc. A Byelorussian, G.G. Chernushchenko, served as 2961:

would represent Byelorussian communists at seven party congresses in Moscow, but not once be elected into the party's

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Eager to win support, the Bolshevik government decided to merge the Lithuanian and Byelorussian republics into the

2581: 2291: 1606: 1374: 1227: 1141: 1056: 4568: 7648: 7628: 7345: 7081: 6430: 6313: 6164: 6103: 5910: 5890: 5147: 4840:"Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia Under Soviet Occupation: The Development of Socialist Farming, 1939–1941" 4209: 3596: 3533: 3529: 3395: 3383: 3329:

In the summer of 1941, Belarus was occupied by Nazi Germany. A large part of the territory of Belarus became the

2631:, which was created on 26 April. The two parties of the republics were also combined. The republic was headed by 1997: 1801: 1508: 1462: 1248: 1186: 1171: 999: 644: 3169:

On 6 December 1926, the SSRB was once again enlarged, in order to make the republic prosperous and continue the

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Smilovitsky, Leonid (1997). "Righteous Gentiles, the Partisans, and Jewish Survival in Belorussia, 1941–1944".

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Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity: The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts

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consisted mainly of vegetables, meat (particularly pork), and bread. Foods are usually either slowly cooked or

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in 1990. On 25 August 1991, the Byelorussian SSR declared independence, and on 19 September it was renamed the

1930: 1907: 1726: 1283: 1268: 1217: 6796: 2632: 2584:

between regular armies took place and a front emerged. The operations in Lithuania brought the front close to

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were totally annihilated. Altogether, over 2,000,000 people were killed in Belarus during the three years of

3240: 2969: 2542: 2232: 1903: 1895: 1830: 1816: 1550: 1304: 1222: 1100: 227: 2674:(19 May). As the Litbel lost territory, its powers were quickly stripped by Moscow. For example, on 1 June, 7157: 6856: 6846: 6615: 6420: 6284: 6274: 6113: 5447: 5335: 5230: 5019:"West Ukraine and west Belorussia: Historical tradition, social communication, and linguistic assimilation" 3515: 3452: 2162: 1811: 1766: 1721: 1530: 1525: 1520: 153: 7360: 7202: 7108: 6882: 6476: 6405: 6179: 5721: 5621: 3702: 3284: 3134:. (In fact to avoid being annexed to Poland, at the census of 1920, many chose to be label themselves as 2627:. The Vitebsk and Mogilev governorates were transferred to the Russian SFSR, and were soon joined by the 1906:

of the USSR from 1922 to 1991, with its own legislation from 1990 to 1991. The republic was ruled by the

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In February 1921, the delegations of the Second Polish Republic and the Russian SFSR finally signed the

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The head of government (chairman of the Soviet of People's Commissars) was by now then newly appointed

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Countering this, the Belarusian Central Council reorganised itself as the Belarusian National Council (

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was proclaimed in Smolensk, terminating the Western Commune, and on 7 January, it was moved to Minsk.

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is clearly evidenced in the national policies. The republic initially had four official languages:

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As the negotiations between the Polish Republic and the Russian Bolshevik government took place in

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However the politics in Moscow took a different course of events, and eventually the accession of

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from having any influence on the population (i.e. to avoid another Slutsk uprising), a policy of

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did not break out and the Soviet High Command's 12 January directive was to cease advance on the

2424: 2368: 2180: 2131: 1922: 1776: 916: 6279: 4005:"Языки и графические системы Беларуси в период от Октябрьской революции до Второй мировой войны" 3420:, the Supreme Soviet of Byelorussian SSR declared sovereignty on 27 July 1990 over Soviet laws. 1503: 7244: 7239: 7179: 6630: 6573: 6519: 6514: 6367: 5557: 5461: 4473: 3552: 3076: 2538: 1635: 1535: 764: 363: 6269: 2643: 2090:

in 1917, the term "White Russia" caused some confusion as it became the name of the so-called

1515: 7818: 6754: 6625: 6450: 6362: 6321: 6135: 6031: 5716: 5701: 5691: 5648: 5452: 5425: 5286: 3976: 3131: 2896: 2804: 2575:("borderland") areas of Lithuania, Belarus and western Ukraine, self-organized militias, the 2428: 2349: 2227:. The momentum picked up after the incompetent actions of the 10th Army during the ill-fated 2196: 1950: 1806: 1791: 1669: 1424: 1405: 921: 448: 7527: 7325: 5789: 4957: 4080: 7273: 7006: 6916: 6739: 6667: 6635: 6585: 6580: 6298: 5696: 5643: 5607: 5514: 5435: 5345: 3608: 3265:). Excluding those sentenced in the 1920s–1930s, over 250,000 Belarusians were deported as 2958: 2856: 2710: 2522:, as the newly created Soviet republic had hoped to include Lithuania. On 16 December, the 2445: 2419:

which were stationed there. Simultaneously the Council reorganised the Western Oblast as a

2361: 2308: 2287: 2176: 2087: 1902:(USSR). It existed between 1920 and 1922 as an independent state, and afterwards as one of 1736: 1731: 1711: 1477: 973: 686: 478: 435: 7249: 2142: 8: 7509: 7312: 7036: 6744: 6595: 6548: 6536: 6415: 6394: 6388: 5658: 5653: 5592: 5487: 5408: 5101:

Sociolinguistic Perspectives on Soviet National Languages: Their Past, Present and Future

4398: 4341: 3881: 3795: 3458: 3428: 3391: 3163: 3080: 2636: 2620: 2449: 2272: 2268: 2219: 2114:. Upon the establishment of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1920, the term 1993: 1969: 1870: 1771: 1022: 819: 260: 136: 54: 4710:

The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917–1923, Revised Edition

1572: 7031: 6610: 6600: 6425: 6308: 5750: 5686: 5668: 5545: 5420: 5367: 5323: 5258: 5172: 4752: 3734: 3717: 3698: 3296: 3231: 3225: 3220: 3104: 2739:'s army was pushed into the Arctic. On the diplomatic front, on 11 September 1919, the 2612: 2259: 2228: 2208: 2188: 2151: 2099: 1761: 1467: 1414: 878: 288: 4679: 4657: 4646: 4635: 4624: 4613: 3463: 2891:

A Belarusian caricature showing the division of their country by Poles and Bolsheviks.

2855:. (Vitebsk, Gomel and Mogilev remained part of the RSFSR.) This time the leaders were 2650:(2 March) and crossed the Neman, whilst Lithuanian advances forced the Soviets out of 6938: 6704: 6605: 6410: 5711: 5587: 5394: 5176: 5137: 5112: 5071: 5003: 4963: 4950: 4932: 4911: 4890: 4871: 4756: 4714: 4406: 4349: 4242: 4215: 4188: 4161: 4134: 4090: 3491: 3436: 3417: 3174: 2962: 2628: 2624: 2616: 2608: 2276: 2192: 2094:

that opposed the Red Bolsheviks. During the period of the Byelorussian SSR, the term

1689: 1615: 1472: 631: 490: 7184: 2324:), and started working on establishing governmental institutions, and discarded the 2295: 7521: 6729: 6088: 5773: 5706: 5574: 5164: 5104: 5054: 5033: 4986: 4858: 4854: 4819: 4815: 4794: 4744: 4016: 3844: 3840: 3808: 3112: 2977: 2872: 2744: 2728: 2341:. A cease-fire was quickly agreed and proper peace negotiations began in December. 2251: 1883: 1482: 792: 342: 293: 265: 68: 4806:

Horak, Stephan M. (1974). "Belorussia: Modernization, Human Rights, Nationalism".

3370: 2871:

in September 1920. As a result, the Soviets were not only forced to abandon their

2036:

An ethno-religious theory suggests that the name used to describe the part of old

1933:(BDR) was proclaimed under German occupation; however, as German troops left, the 6771: 6303: 6264: 6125: 5681: 5155:

Zejmis, Jakub (1997). "Belarus in the 1920s: Ambiguities of National Formation".

5068:

An Algebra of Soviet Power: Elite Circulation in the Belorussian Republic 1966-86

4708: 4480: 4460: 4046: 3836: 3762: 3746: 3520:

On the international stage, Byelorussia (along with Ukraine) was one of only two

3487: 3475: 3472: 3324: 3205: 3196:, bringing its laws in tie with those of the USSR and changing the name from the 3143: 3088: 3025: 2950: 2887: 2876: 2825: 2788: 2683: 2663: 2286:. During the autumn of 1917 and winter of 1918, the Western Oblast was headed by 2168: 1674: 1577: 351: 345: 283: 147: 4534: 4474:Рэпрэсіі супраць беларускай iнтэлiгенцыi і сялянства ў 1930—1940 гады. Лекцыя 2. 4021: 4004: 3390:

After World War II, the Byelorussian SSR was given a seat in the United Nations

3075:

Trotsky's plan for the SSRB to act as a future magnet for the minorities in the

2518:

was not limited to Byelorussia; Soviet forces similarly moved to the north into

2415:

ordered the creation of the Western Defence region in the Western Oblast out of

2367:

Faced with the German demands, the Bolsheviks accepted their terms at the final

7497: 7144: 6709: 6445: 6440: 5778: 5276: 5196: 5133: 4493: 4405:(in Lithuanian). Vol. II. Chicago: Dr. Griniaus fondas. pp. 355–359. 4086: 3767: 3750: 3726: 3713: 3661: 3375: 3307:. The annexation was internationally recognized after the end of World War II. 3209: 3120: 2945: 2860: 2768: 2655: 2651: 2492:

on 21 January, and Baranovichi on 6 February 1919, thereby enlarging the SSRB.

2416: 2345: 2244: 2172: 2091: 2080: 2060: 2049: 1786: 1597: 1039: 911: 404: 392: 5168: 5058: 5037: 4798: 4748: 3980: 3008: 7797: 7779: 7766: 7224: 6978: 6734: 6645: 6524: 6455: 6289: 5000:

The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999

4130:

Where Nation-States Come From: Institutional Change in the Age of Nationalism

3624: 3352: 3270: 3151: 3096: 2989: 2736: 2372: 2338: 2076: 2028: 1796: 1659: 1587: 1540: 1324: 704: 360: 339: 322: 306: 5202: 3467:

The Supreme Soviet of Byelorussia met for its legislative sessions in Minsk.

3299:

were incorporated into the Belarusian SSR, with an exception of the city of

2063:, and the Russian Tsar was usually styled "the Tsar of All the Russias", as 7454: 7397: 7350: 7229: 7118: 7098: 6640: 6169: 6066: 6054: 4990: 4765:

Struggle over Identity: The Official and the Alternative "Belarussianness"

4463:: з І. Кузьняцовым гутарыць Руслан Равяка // Наша Ніва, 3 кастрычніка 1999. 3852: 3525: 3356: 3340: 3288: 2973: 2968:

On the other hand, the region's strategic role decided its fate, as a full

2906: 2796: 2748: 2585: 2480: 2377: 2200: 2072: 2055:

The latter part similar but spelled and stressed differently from Росси́я (

1981: 1977: 1899: 1253: 1079: 1016: 926: 204: 5108: 4348:(in Lithuanian). Vol. II. Chicago: Dr. Griniaus fondas. p. 315. 3848: 2537:

and continuing conquest of Byelorussia were threatened by the rise of the

2122:, the republic was renamed to the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. 2107: 7459: 6958: 6943: 6590: 6218: 5638: 5531: 4885:

Olson, James Stuart; Pappas, Lee Brigance; Pappas, Nicholas C.J. (1994).

4779:

The Minsk Ghetto 1941–1943: Jewish Resistance and Soviet Internationalism

3630: 3618: 3580: 3412: 3249: 3139: 3127: 2910: 2557: 2546: 2456: 2397: 2282: 2215: 2204: 1926: 1716: 1706: 1356: 1315: 1293: 895: 318: 2448:

emerged as head of the All-Byelorussian Central Executive Committee and

1949:, which ceased to exist as a result of the Polish occupation during the 6468: 5271: 3636: 2914: 2775:

in return for a promise to force out communists in right-bank Ukraine.

2436:

dominated by Russian and Jewish parties sympathetic to the communists.

2255: 1938: 1679: 1557: 2642:

In March 1919, Polish units opened an offensive: forces under General

7314: 6499: 6208: 6071: 4868:'Our Glorious Past': Lukashenka's Belarus and the Great Patriotic War 3524:

to be separate members of the United Nations. Both republics and the

3304: 3069: 2732: 2679: 2550: 2519: 2500: 1567: 1369: 848: 4589: 4211:

Understanding Belarus and How Western Foreign Policy Misses the Mark

2976:

and his supporters within the Soviet leadership still supported its

175:

Dzyarzhawny himn Byelaruskay Savyetskay Satsyyalistychnay Respubliki

6660: 5215: 4238:

Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States, Volume 4

3686: 3645: 3182: 3135: 3092: 3072:. Only 25 towns and cities and an additional 49 urban settlements. 2836: 2695: 2687: 2671: 2476: 2357: 2037: 1741: 1439: 4453: 3722: 3501:

Belarus is the legal successor of the Byelorussian SSR and in its

7464: 6973: 6254: 6213: 5246: 3855:, were annexed in 1939 from Poland to Byelorussia, but passed to 3681: 3676: 3584: 3432: 3300: 3084: 3057: 3045: 3033: 3029: 2936: 2840: 2813: 2756: 2724: 2714:

landowners, and Polish being introduced as an official language.

2691: 2527: 2472: 2460: 1419: 1363: 1320: 844: 618: 313: 4444:Гісторыя Беларусі (у кантэксьце сусьветных цывілізацыяў) p. 370. 2565:, Soviet forces faced Poland as a competing power in the region. 2479:. On 30 January, the republic announced its separation from the 2455:

The new Soviet republic initially consisted of seven districts:

7829:

Countries and territories where Russian is an official language

6749: 6541: 6023: 3738: 3671: 3560: 3431:. On 8 December 1991 it was a signatory, along with Russia and 3360: 3351:(about 90 percent of the Jewish population) were killed during 3347:, and killing hundreds of thousands of civilians more. 800,000 3185:. This increased the area to 126,300 square kilometres and the 3155: 3061: 3021: 2972:

within the negotiations upon forming the future state. For one

2918: 2852: 2844: 2760: 2755:

recognition of the Lithuanian state. Similar negotiations with

2667: 2659: 2647: 2589: 2563:

1918–1919 winter conquest of Byelorussia, Ukraine and Lithuania

2468: 2111: 1984:. Towards the final years of the Soviet Union's existence, the 856: 852: 2666:

in April 1919, forced Litbel to evacuate the capital first to

1976:. Byelorussia was one of several Soviet republics occupied by 7557: 6963: 6933: 5819: 5266: 4955: 3666: 3656: 3378:(right) served as Soviet foreign minister (1957–1985) and as 3266: 3178: 3115:; in fact, between 1928 and 1930, the first secretary of the 3065: 3053: 3049: 3041: 2848: 2832: 2817: 2604: 2571: 2489: 2464: 2045: 1232: 247: 5045:

Szporluk, Roman (1967). "The press in Belorussia, 1955–65".

4887:

Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires

3539:

Apart from the UN, the Byelorussian SSR was a member of the

2401:

The initial and provisional borders of the SSRB (dark green)

168:Дзяржаўны гімн Беларускай Савецкай Сацыялiстычнай Рэспублiкi 6948: 6872: 6814: 4065:

Webster's Encyclopedia of Dictionaries New American Edition

3343:

imposed a brutal regime, deporting some 380,000 people for

3258: 3254: 2902: 2809: 2694:(the last Lithuanian town held by Litbel) and the same day 2427:. Two days later, it transformed the Defence region into a 2146:

A 2019 stamp dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the BSSR

1278: 1243: 1106: 4115:

About the Origins of the Names of White and Black Ruthenia

3611:, the population of the republic were made up as follows: 3146:

and also to prevent the nationalist element of the exiled

3742: 3107:

programmes. In 1924 the government created a committee –

2171:, the territories of modern-day Belarus were part of the 4322: 4214:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 41. 3895: 2783: 4772:

Becoming Soviet Jews: The Bolshevik Experiment in Minsk

4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4260: 4258: 4947:

The Rise and Fall of Belarusian Nationalism, 1906–1931

3948:

Belorusskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika

3933:

Byelaruskaya Savyetskaya Satsyyalistychnaya Respublika

2348:, and on 18 February, hostilities resumed. The German 2044:

that had been populated mostly by early Christianized

179:"Anthem of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic" 7481: 7313:

Countries of Eastern and Central Europe during their

4609: 4607: 4518: 4516: 3915: 3532:

member with veto powers) with another 2 votes in the

3212:

remained the first secretary of the Communist Party.

2603:) on 28 February 1919. Its capital was proclaimed as 2098:

was embraced as part of a national consciousness. In

2032:. There are several claims to the origin of the name 1947:

Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia

1701:

De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania

751:

Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia

4767:(Budapest: Central European University Press, 2010); 4362: 4301: 4270: 4255: 2541:

after the withdrawal of German forces. However, the

2052:, which was predominantly inhabited by pagan Balts. 1962:

one of the four founding members of the Soviet Union

4442:Грамадска-палітычнае жыццё ў БССР у 1920—1930–я гг. 3794:

1920–1936: Byelorussian Socialist Soviet Republic (

3283:In September 1939, the Soviet Union, following the 3171:

creating of well-defined national territorial units

2302:'s (RSDRP(b)) committee for the Western Oblast and 1925:in March 1918, which ended Russia's involvement in 4604: 4513: 4907:The Cossacks and Religion in Early Modern Ukraine 4884: 3813:Белорусская Социалистическая Советская Республика 3235:The Byelorussian SSR after the invasion of Poland 2812:, in Byelorussia, both of its offensives towards 2747:, sent a note to Lithuania with a proposal for a 2635:and the combined party was headed by nationalist 2510:Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 2187:in August–September 1915 ended with the lands of 2179:more than a century earlier. During the war, the 1964:in December 1922, together with the republics of 1888:Белорусская Советская Социалистическая Республика 62:Белорусская Советская Социалистическая Республика 7795: 5086:Belorussia: the making of a nation: a case study 4928:From Da to Yes: Understanding the East Europeans 4184:From Da to Yes: Understanding the East Europeans 4126: 4072: 3400:President of the United Nations Security Council 2597:Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 974:Partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 173: 165: 141: 130: 46: 4555: 4424: 4422: 3579:. Byelorussia was excluded separately from the 3367:, almost a quarter of the region's population. 3295:. The former Polish territories referred to as 3192:On 11 April 1927, the republic adopted its new 3303:and its surroundings that were transferred to 2670:(28 April), then to Minsk (28 April), then to 1941:in December, and it was later merged with the 7849:States and territories disestablished in 1941 7804:States and territories disestablished in 1991 7543: 7298: 6484: 6039: 5805: 5231: 5207: 5192:Byelorussia : speeding towards abundance 4956:Silitski, Vitali & Jan Zaprudnik (2010). 4949:(University of Pittsburgh Press; 2014) 436pp 4153: 4061: 3800:Беларуская Сацыялістычная Савецкая Рэспубліка 3569:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 3494:was vested in the unicameral parliament, the 3126:Yet, the titular nation of the SSRB were the 2686:, that same day the capital was evacuated to 1875:Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка 1838: 1057: 60: 48:Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка 4419: 4234: 4044: 4976: 3439:, which replaced the Soviet Union with the 3280:was founded in 1932 and disbanded in 1935. 2102:, under Polish control until World War II, 7854:States and territories established in 1944 7844:States and territories established in 1919 7550: 7536: 7305: 7291: 6491: 6477: 6046: 6032: 5812: 5798: 5238: 5224: 3446: 2723:the Volga, beyond the Ural mountains into 2654:. A final Soviet counter-offensive retook 2203:'s inconclusive thrust around the city of 1845: 1831: 1064: 1050: 197: 5125: 4586:"The tragedy of Khatyn – Genocide policy" 4483:// «Беларускі Калегіюм», 15 чэрвеня 2008. 4078: 4020: 3498:, also dominated by the Communist Party. 3321:Belarusian resistance during World War II 3310: 2735:was checked, whilst in the far north the 541:• Second Soviet republic proclaimed 203:Location of Byelorussia (red) within the 6498: 6190:Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia 5044: 5016: 4924: 4826: 4734: 4180: 4154:Fishman, Joshua; Garcia, Ofelia (2011). 4111:Аб паходжанні назваў Белая і Чорная Русь 4002: 3721: 3573:World Intellectual Property Organization 3462: 3369: 3230: 3219: 3198:Soviet Socialist Republic of Byelorussia 3064:; all of which contained a total of 100 3007: 3003: 2935: 2886: 2782: 2556: 2499: 2442:Soviet Socialist Republic of Byelorussia 2407:Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia 2396: 2141: 2071:was formed by three parts of Russia—the 1935:Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia 670:207,600 km (80,200 sq mi) 32:Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia 4865: 4837: 4830:Belorussia under Soviet Rule, 1917–1957 4784: 4397: 4391: 4340: 3981:A 1992 cancellation of a 1921 SSRB laws 3202:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. 2998:All-Russian Central Executive Committee 2717: 2690:. On 28 August, Lithuanian forces took 2452:as head of the provisional government. 2298:. Myasnikyan took over as chair of the 2207:in the summer of that year, during the 2106:became commonly used in the regions of 1916:White Russian Soviet Socialist Republic 143:Pralyetaryi wsikh krain, yadnaytsyesya! 14: 7809:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 7796: 6294:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 5319:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 5154: 5098: 4997: 4903: 4431:1st edition, Volume 5, p.378-413, 1927 2300:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 2127:Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR 1986:Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR 1859:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 1009:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 43:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 7531: 7286: 6472: 6260:1949 East German State Railway strike 6232:World Federation of Democratic Youth 6027: 5793: 5219: 5206: 5103:. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 37–56. 5093:A bibliographical guide to Belorussia 5065: 5002:(1 ed.). Yale University Press. 4805: 4706: 4385: 4328: 4316: 4295: 4264: 4207: 4127:Philip G. Roeder (15 December 2011). 3870:Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 3565:International Telecommunication Union 2931: 2741:People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs 2332: 207:(red and white) between 1956 and 1991 6131:Soviet response to the Marshall Plan 5245: 4533:. SMC "Khatyn". 2005. Archived from 4187:. Intercultural Press. p. 260. 3593:World Federation of Democratic Youth 3509: 3291:, occupied eastern Poland after the 3177:were added, including the cities of 2803:In April 1920, Poland initiated its 2524:Lithuanian Socialist Soviet Republic 2290:as the head of the Western Oblast's 1943:Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic 1937:was established in its place by the 1380:World Federation of Democratic Youth 18:Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic 5129:Belarus: At A Crossroads In History 4998:Snyder, Timothy (1 December 2004). 4208:Ioffe, Grigory (25 February 2008). 4082:Belarus: At A Crossroads In History 3484:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 2211:further south, in western Ukraine. 643:• Internationally recognized ( 24: 6353:Sovietization of the Baltic states 4728: 4588:. SMC Khatyn. 2005. Archived from 4558:"Belarus: A Partisan Reality Show" 4454:600 000 ахвяраў — прыблізная лічба 4434: 3577:International Atomic Energy Agency 3441:Commonwealth of Independent States 3224:The Byelorussian SSR prior to the 3215: 2983:Treaty on the Creation of the USSR 2882: 1454:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 25: 7865: 7834:1941 disestablishments in Belarus 6224:World Federation of Trade Unions 5532:Union State of Russia and Belarus 5184: 4003:Кожинова, Алла Андреевна (2017). 3549:International Labour Organization 2682:. When on 8 August Polish forces 2199:in late spring 1916, and General 2059:), first rose in the days of the 132:Пралетарыі ўсіх краін, яднайцеся! 27:Soviet republic from 1920 to 1991 7515: 7503: 7491: 7380: 7324: 6441:January 1991 events in Lithuania 6099:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 6053: 4707:Pipes, Richard (25 April 1997). 3589:World Federation of Trade Unions 2859:(head of Minsk's milrevcom) and 2778: 2292:Military Revolutionary Committee 1996:. The Soviet Union was formally 1990:Declaration of State Sovereignty 1375:World Federation of Trade Unions 1088: 1033: 824: 799: 785: 771: 757: 743: 236:Union Republic with priority of 184: 108: 92: 6165:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 4833:. University Press of Kentucky. 4700: 4684: 4673: 4662: 4651: 4640: 4629: 4618: 4578: 4549: 4486: 4466: 4447: 4403:Naujųjų laikų Lietuvos istorija 4346:Naujųjų laikų Lietuvos istorija 4334: 4228: 4201: 4174: 4147: 4120: 4103: 4055: 4038: 3969: 3952: 3602: 3597:International Olympic Committee 3384:Presidium of the Supreme Soviet 3359:). More than 600 villages like 2940:BSSR between the two World Wars 2921:handed over to the Bolsheviks. 645:dissolution of the Soviet Union 504:Congress of Soviets (1920–1938) 7839:1944 establishments in Belarus 6997:Azerbaijan People's Government 5314:Belarusian Democratic Republic 5297:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 5070:. Cambridge University Press. 4979:Holocaust and Genocide Studies 4859:10.1080/00085006.1985.11091799 4820:10.1080/00085006.1974.11091370 4781:(U of California Press, 2008). 4133:. Princeton University Press. 4109:Язэп Юхо (Joseph Juho) (1956) 4029: 3996: 3937: 3922: 3875: 3862: 3829: 3820: 3785: 3733:Whilst part of the Union, the 3541:UN Economic and Social Council 3480:Communist Party of Byelorussia 3471:Until 1990, Byelorussia was a 3405: 3173:. This time, parts of RSFSR's 3148:Belarusian Democratic Republic 3117:Communist Party of Byelorussia 3016:According to its entry in the 2926:Belarusian Democratic Republic 2413:Revolutionary Military Council 2383:Belarusian Democratic Republic 2225:Russian Provisional Government 2003: 1931:Belarusian Democratic Republic 1908:Communist Party of Byelorussia 968:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 594:, partial cancellation of the 13: 1: 7559:Republics of the Soviet Union 6446:January 1991 events in Latvia 6436:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 6185:Socialist Republic of Romania 6160:People's Republic of Bulgaria 6152:People's Republic of Albania 6121:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 5821:Republics of the Soviet Union 5493:Presidential Security Service 5329:Annexation of Western Belarus 5091:Vakar, Nicholas Platonovich. 5084:Vakar, Nicholas Platonovich. 4870:. Columbia University Press. 3989: 3522:republics of the Soviet Union 3496:Supreme Soviet of Byelorussia 3425:failure of the coup in Moscow 3423:On 25 August 1991, after the 3253:, special commissions of the 3241:Soviet repressions in Belarus 3239:The 1930s marked the peak of 2294:, who passed this duty on to 2237:Christian democratic movement 2233:Belarusian Socialist Assembly 1904:fifteen constituent republics 1817:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 607:• Independence declared 566:Annexation of Western Belarus 7750:Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR 6431:Collapse of the Soviet Union 6421:Fall of communism in Albania 6012:Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR 5478:Ministry of Internal Affairs 4713:. Harvard University Press. 4556:Vitali Silitski (May 2005). 3516:Foreign relations of Belarus 3453:Politics of the Soviet Union 3402:from January–February 1975. 3101:Jewish population of Belarus 3091:, despite the fact that the 2577:Samoobrona Litwy i Białorusi 2156: 1812:Fall of communism in Albania 1767:Polish Round Table Agreement 1722:Cuban intervention in Angola 1000:Belarusian People's Republic 154:Workers of the world, unite! 30:Not to be confused with the 7: 7037:Kurdish Republic of Mahabad 6406:End of communism in Hungary 6175:Hungarian People's Republic 5441:Central Election Commission 4910:. Oxford University Press. 4160:. Oxford University Press. 4022:10.13128/Studi_Slavis-21942 3916: 3896: 3756: 3703:Culture of the Soviet Union 2633:Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas 2392: 2267:, which unified the Vilna, 2175:, which it gained from the 1200:Allied and satellite states 220:Nominally independent state 174: 142: 10: 7870: 7824:Former socialist republics 6170:German Democratic Republic 5066:Urban, Michael E. (1989). 4838:Marples, David R. (1985). 4737:European Review of History 4241:. Routledge. p. 183. 3711: 3707: 3696: 3692: 3513: 3456: 3450: 3335:Reichskommissariat Ostland 3314: 3278:Polish Autonomous District 2992:saw a new policy adopted: 2894: 2869:Battle of the Niemen River 2607:, with five governorates: 2507: 2411:On 11 September 1918, the 2404: 2241:General Jewish Labour Bund 2160: 2149: 2137: 807:Reichskommissariat Ukraine 779:Reichskommissariat Ostland 29: 7718: 7695: 7657: 7616: 7573: 7566: 7450: 7431: 7389: 7378: 7331: 7322: 7271: 7132: 7064: 6989: 6896: 6865: 6779: 6768: 6697: 6676: 6507: 6381: 6358:Information dissemination 6335: 6285:1956 Hungarian Revolution 6275:1953 East German uprising 6243: 6201: 6144: 6081: 6061: 5980: 5957: 5919: 5878: 5835: 5828: 5744: 5667: 5629: 5620: 5553: 5544: 5416: 5407: 5353: 5344: 5257: 5213: 5208:Links to related articles 5169:10.1080/00905999708408501 5059:10.1080/09668136708410553 5038:10.1080/09668137908411225 4799:10.1080/09668137708411105 4749:10.1080/13507480801931044 4429:Great Soviet Encyclopedia 4048:Art of Soviet Byelorussia 3908: 3885: 3812: 3799: 3652:The largest cities were: 3595:. In 1949, it joined the 3557:World Health Organization 3410:In its last years during 3018:Great Soviet Encyclopedia 2820:were thrown back in May. 2727:. In the autumn of 1919, 2526:(LSSR) was proclaimed in 2495: 2125:On 19 September 1991 the 2022:), derives from the term 2019: 1887: 1874: 1737:1984 Los Angeles Olympics 840: 722: 711: 700: 696: 683: 679: 674: 664: 659: 655: 641: 628: 615: 605: 596:Soviet form of government 588: 575: 562: 549: 539: 525: 521: 513: 500: 496: 484: 474:• 1920–1924 (first) 472: 468: 458: 454: 442: 430:• 1920–1937 (first) 428: 424: 414: 410: 398: 388:• 1920–1923 (first) 386: 382: 372: 328: 312: 302: 276:Recognised languages 274: 253: 243: 212: 196: 166: 160: 131: 126: 88: 78: 61: 47: 41: 6343:Emigration and defection 6180:Polish People's Republic 5473:State Security Committee 5421:Administrative divisions 5292:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 5017:Szporluk, Roman (1979). 4847:Canadian Slavonic Papers 4808:Canadian Slavonic Papers 4499:European Jewish Congress 3778: 3773:Russification of Belarus 3331:General District Belarus 3317:The Holocaust in Belarus 2994:Socialism in One Country 2516:western winter offensive 2163:Western Oblast (1917–18) 2120:1936 Soviet Constitution 2042:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1558:Czechoslovakia 1976–1990 932:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 553:Admitted to Soviet Union 486:• 1990–1991 (last) 400:• 1988–1990 (last) 238:Byelorussian legislation 7047:North Korea (1947–1948) 7042:North Korea (1946–1947) 6401:Fall of the Berlin Wall 6327:1981 protests in Kosovo 6265:Rebellion of Cazin 1950 5598:International sanctions 5282:Principality of Polotsk 5126:Zaprudnik, Jan (1993). 4931:. Intercultural Press. 4925:Richmond, Yale (1995). 4904:Plokhy, Serhii (2001). 4866:Marples, David (2014). 4827:Lubachko, Ivan (1972). 4691:Constitution of Belarus 4181:Richmond, Yale (1995). 4079:Zaprudnik, Jan (1993). 3447:Politics and government 3293:1939 invasion of Poland 3285:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 2771:in Ukraine to exchange 2425:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 2369:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 2132:Constitution of Belarus 1923:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1910:. Other names included 1802:End of the Soviet Union 1777:Fall of the Berlin Wall 1337: (until 1948) 1312: (until 1977) 1301: (until 1989) 1235: (until 1961) 1214: (until 1961) 950:Early elective monarchy 917:Principality of Polotsk 254:Official languages 6769:Current and historical 5677:Awards and decorations 4945:Rudling, Pers Anders. 4479:3 October 2011 at the 3735:cuisine of Byelorussia 3730: 3553:Universal Postal Union 3482:, a branch within the 3468: 3387: 3311:Nazi German occupation 3236: 3228: 3077:Second Polish Republic 3013: 2941: 2892: 2800: 2566: 2539:Second Polish Republic 2505: 2431:. It began an initial 2402: 2147: 1491:Protests and uprisings 765:Second Polish Republic 364:parliamentary republic 6451:Breakup of Yugoslavia 5287:Principality of Turov 5109:10.1515/9783110864380 4959:The A to Z of Belarus 4459:11 March 2012 at the 4235:Andrew Ryder (1998). 4045:L. N. Drobaŭ (1971). 3977:Soviet historiography 3725: 3599:as a Union Republic. 3466: 3373: 3234: 3223: 3138:.). To appeal to the 3011: 3004:SSRB in the mid-1920s 2939: 2897:Slutsk Defence Action 2890: 2786: 2646:captured the city of 2560: 2503: 2400: 2350:Operation Faustschlag 2197:Lake Naroch offensive 2145: 2000:on 26 December 1991. 1807:Post-Soviet conflicts 1792:Breakup of Yugoslavia 1695:Albanian–Soviet split 1406:Anti-Soviet partisans 1349:Related organizations 922:Principality of Turov 529:First Soviet republic 449:Stanislav Shushkevich 34:that existed in 1919. 7814:Communism in Belarus 7274:History of socialism 6299:1970 Polish protests 6280:1956 Poznań protests 6145:Soviet-allied states 5732:World Heritage Sites 5157:Nationalities Papers 4991:10.1093/hgs/11.3.301 3614:Ethnicities (1959): 2959:Alexander Chervyakov 2857:Aleksandr Chervyakov 2791:were lost after the 2718:Pawn on a chessboard 2543:conflict with Poland 2535:Lithuanian operation 2483:and renaming as the 2446:Aleksandr Myasnikyan 2362:Smolensk Governorate 2313:as the chair of the 2288:Aleksandr Myasnikyan 2177:Partitions of Poland 2092:White military force 2088:Bolshevik Revolution 1945:in 1919 to form the 1787:Barricades in Latvia 1732:1980 Moscow Olympics 1712:Cuban Missile Crisis 592:Sovereignty declared 479:Alexander Chervyakov 436:Alexander Chervyakov 7780:54.0000°N 29.0000°E 7776: / 7719:Non-union republics 7709:Transcaucasian SFSR 7210:Estonia (1918–1919) 7104:Hungary (1949–1989) 6416:Romanian revolution 6389:Revolutions of 1989 6270:1953 Plzeň uprising 5981:Non-union republics 5971:Transcaucasian SFSR 5336:Republic of Belarus 5095:(Harvard UP, 1956). 5088:(Harvard UP, 1956). 4962:. Scarecrow Press. 4889:. Greenwood Press. 4774:(Indiana UP, 2013). 4592:on 25 February 2020 4574:on 13 October 2006. 4567:: 5. Archived from 4537:on 26 December 2018 4331:, pp. 151–152. 3729:, the national dish 3459:Politics of Belarus 3429:Republic of Belarus 3164:New Economic Policy 2698:fell to the Poles. 2644:Stanisław Szeptycki 2637:Zmicier Zhylunovich 2450:Zmicier Zhylunovich 2220:February Revolution 1994:Republic of Belarus 1772:Revolutions of 1989 1023:Republic of Belarus 820:Republic of Belarus 619:Republic of Belarus 444:• 1991 (last) 7703:Karelo-Finnish SSR 7175:Byelorussia (1919) 6426:Singing Revolution 6309:June 1976 protests 6094:Soviet occupations 5965:Karelo-Finnish SSR 5583:Telecommunications 5378:Biosphere Reserves 5324:Western Belorussia 4777:Epstein, Barbara. 4770:Bemporad, Elissa. 4565:Transitions Online 4062:Webster's (1978). 3835:Some parts, e.g., 3791:Historical names: 3731: 3718:Belarusian cuisine 3699:Culture of Belarus 3609:1959 Soviet Census 3478:, governed by the 3476:socialist republic 3469: 3388: 3237: 3229: 3226:invasion of Poland 3187:1926 Soviet census 3105:affirmative action 3014: 2942: 2932:Early Soviet years 2893: 2801: 2743:of Soviet Russia, 2592:in February 1919. 2567: 2506: 2403: 2333:German involvement 2260:October Revolution 2229:Kerensky offensive 2214:The abdication of 2209:Brusilov offensive 2189:Grodno Governorate 2152:History of Belarus 2148: 1762:Singing Revolution 1536:Novocherkassk 1962 1040:Belarus portal 956:Deluge and decline 460:Head of government 352:socialist republic 7759: 7758: 7691: 7690: 7479: 7478: 7473: 7472: 7280: 7279: 7267: 7266: 7263: 7262: 7060: 7059: 6802:Congo-Brazzaville 6698:Regional variants 6466: 6465: 6411:Velvet Revolution 6373:Telephone tapping 6347:list of defectors 6136:Tito–Stalin split 6021: 6020: 5953: 5952: 5787: 5786: 5740: 5739: 5616: 5615: 5540: 5539: 5510:Political parties 5448:Foreign relations 5403: 5402: 4720:978-0-674-41764-9 4527:"Genocide policy" 4221:978-0-7425-5558-7 4167:978-0-19-983799-1 4140:978-0-691-13467-3 3958:Sometimes called 3914: 3894: 3607:According to the 3510:Foreign relations 3492:Legislative power 3437:Belovezha Accords 3418:Mikhail Gorbachev 3365:German occupation 3273:in the republic. 3175:Gomel Governorate 3132:Polish–Soviet War 2963:Central Committee 2704:military conflict 2629:Gomel Governorate 2580:14 February, the 2304:Moses Kalmanovich 2193:Vilna Governorate 2040:lands within the 1951:Polish–Soviet War 1890:), also known as 1855: 1854: 1690:Sino-Soviet split 1670:Tito–Stalin split 1665:Czechoslovak coup 1643: 1642: 1583:Ukraine 1989–1991 1521:East Germany 1953 1463:Soviet occupation 1074: 1073: 862: 861: 836: 835: 832: 831: 812: 811: 632:Belovezha Accords 624:19 September 1991 491:Vyacheslav Kebich 189: 83:German occupation 16:(Redirected from 7861: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7787: 7786: 7785:54.0000; 29.0000 7781: 7777: 7774: 7773: 7772: 7769: 7617:Former parts of 7593:Byelorussian SSR 7571: 7570: 7552: 7545: 7538: 7529: 7528: 7520: 7519: 7518: 7508: 7507: 7506: 7496: 7495: 7494: 7487: 7384: 7328: 7307: 7300: 7293: 7284: 7283: 7130: 7129: 6987: 6986: 6777: 6776: 6772:socialist states 6651:African-American 6493: 6486: 6479: 6470: 6469: 6255:Goryani Movement 6235: 6227: 6193: 6155: 6089:Yalta Conference 6048: 6041: 6034: 6025: 6024: 5879:Former parts of 5855:Byelorussian SSR 5833: 5832: 5814: 5807: 5800: 5791: 5790: 5767: 5760: 5753: 5722:National symbols 5682:Belarusian names 5627: 5626: 5578: 5551: 5550: 5414: 5413: 5351: 5350: 5240: 5233: 5226: 5217: 5216: 5204: 5203: 5180: 5151: 5146:. Archived from 5122: 5081: 5062: 5041: 5023: 5013: 4994: 4973: 4942: 4921: 4900: 4881: 4862: 4844: 4834: 4823: 4802: 4760: 4724: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4677: 4671: 4666: 4660: 4655: 4649: 4644: 4638: 4633: 4627: 4622: 4616: 4611: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4562: 4553: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4524: 4520: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4490: 4484: 4472:Ігар Кузьняцоў. 4470: 4464: 4451: 4445: 4438: 4432: 4426: 4417: 4416: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4360: 4359: 4338: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4314: 4299: 4293: 4268: 4262: 4253: 4252: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4124: 4118: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4042: 4036: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4009:Studi Slavistici 4000: 3983: 3973: 3967: 3956: 3950: 3941: 3935: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3917:Belorusskaya SSR 3913:romanized: 3912: 3910: 3906: 3899: 3897:Byelaruskaya SSR 3889: 3887: 3879: 3873: 3866: 3860: 3833: 3827: 3824: 3818: 3814: 3807: 3801: 3789: 3534:General Assembly 3530:Security Council 3396:General Assembly 3392:General Assembly 3113:Second World War 2978:World Revolution 2873:World Revolution 2865:Battle of Warsaw 2745:Georgy Chicherin 2729:Nikolai Yudenich 2485:Soviet Socialist 2433:advance westward 2312: 2218:in light of the 2048:, as opposed to 2021: 2017: 1960:The BSSR became 1889: 1882: 1876: 1867:Byelorussian SSR 1847: 1840: 1833: 1756: 1703: 1654: 1499:Poland 1944–1989 1483:Operation Jungle 1402: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1350: 1201: 1111: 1109: 1103: 1092: 1091: 1082: 1076: 1075: 1066: 1059: 1052: 1038: 1037: 1036: 962:Three partitions 882: 864: 863: 828: 827: 816: 815: 803: 802: 793:Bezirk Bialystok 789: 788: 775: 774: 761: 760: 747: 746: 740: 739: 724: 723: 651:26 December 1991 637:10 December 1991 571:15 November 1939 558:30 December 1922 438: 343:Marxist-Leninist 277: 201: 191: 190: 177: 171: 170: 145: 134: 133: 112: 96: 73: 72: 64: 63: 58: 50: 49: 39: 38: 21: 7869: 7868: 7864: 7863: 7862: 7860: 7859: 7858: 7794: 7793: 7784: 7782: 7778: 7775: 7770: 7767: 7765: 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2883:Slutsk uprising 2877:Western Belarus 2826:Hayk Bzhishkyan 2805:major offensive 2789:Western Belarus 2781: 2720: 2711:Józef Piłsudski 2664:Vilna offensive 2512: 2498: 2421:Western Commune 2409: 2395: 2356:to evacuate to 2335: 2306: 2169:First World War 2165: 2159: 2154: 2140: 2100:western Belarus 2013: 2006: 1878: 1851: 1822: 1821: 1757: 1754: 1747: 1746: 1699: 1675:Berlin Blockade 1655: 1653:Cold War events 1652: 1645: 1644: 1568:Kazakhstan 1986 1399: 1394: 1392: 1385: 1384: 1351: 1348: 1341: 1340: 1202: 1199: 1192: 1191: 1112: 1107: 1101: 1099: 1089: 1080: 1070: 1034: 1032: 1013: 1011: 1004: 1002: 995: 976: 880: 873: 855: 851: 847: 825: 800: 786: 772: 758: 744: 689: 667: 648: 634: 621: 617:• Renamed 608: 598: 584:24 October 1945 581: 568: 555: 542: 532: 505: 487: 475: 445: 434: 431: 401: 389: 374:First Secretary 368: 359: 338: 298: 275: 270: 235: 230: 226: 221: 219: 208: 192: 185: 182: 180: 178: 172: 151: 148:transliteration 140: 122: 121: 120: 118: 113: 105: 104: 102: 97: 80: 74: 66: 59: 52: 45: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7867: 7857: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7757: 7756: 7754: 7753: 7747: 7741: 7735: 7729: 7722: 7720: 7716: 7715: 7713: 7712: 7706: 7699: 7697: 7693: 7692: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7685: 7680: 7678:Lithuanian SSR 7675: 7670: 7664: 7662: 7655: 7654: 7652: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7625: 7623: 7614: 7613: 7611: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7588:Azerbaijan SSR 7585: 7579: 7577: 7568: 7564: 7563: 7555: 7554: 7547: 7540: 7532: 7525: 7524: 7512: 7500: 7477: 7476: 7471: 7470: 7468: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7451: 7448: 7447: 7445: 7444: 7438: 7432: 7429: 7428: 7426: 7425: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7390: 7387: 7386: 7379: 7377: 7375: 7374: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7346:Czechoslovakia 7343: 7338: 7332: 7330: 7323: 7320: 7319: 7310: 7309: 7302: 7295: 7287: 7278: 7277: 7272: 7269: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7261: 7260: 7258: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7220:Hungary (1919) 7217: 7212: 7207: 7206: 7205: 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6588: 6583: 6578: 6577: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6565: 6564: 6551: 6546: 6545: 6544: 6534: 6529: 6528: 6527: 6517: 6511: 6509: 6505: 6504: 6496: 6495: 6488: 6481: 6473: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6460: 6459: 6458: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6391: 6385: 6383: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6339: 6337: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6329: 6324: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6251: 6249: 6244: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6237: 6229: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6205: 6203: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6195: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6148: 6146: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6117: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6091: 6085: 6083: 6079: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6069: 6063: 6062: 6059: 6058: 6051: 6050: 6043: 6036: 6028: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6015: 6009: 6003: 5997: 5991: 5984: 5982: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5974: 5968: 5961: 5959: 5955: 5954: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5947: 5942: 5940:Lithuanian SSR 5937: 5932: 5926: 5924: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5887: 5885: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5850:Azerbaijan SSR 5847: 5841: 5839: 5830: 5826: 5825: 5817: 5816: 5809: 5802: 5794: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5769: 5768: 5761: 5754: 5746: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5673: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5610: 5605: 5603:Stock exchange 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5572: 5571: 5570: 5560: 5554: 5548: 5542: 5541: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5534: 5529: 5528: 5527: 5520:Prime Minister 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5496: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5465: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5444: 5443: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5404: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5386: 5385: 5383:National parks 5380: 5370: 5365: 5363:Extreme points 5360: 5354: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5338: 5333: 5332: 5331: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5310: 5309: 5302:Russian Empire 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5263: 5261: 5255: 5254: 5243: 5242: 5235: 5228: 5220: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5201: 5200: 5197:Tikhon Kiselev 5186: 5185:External links 5183: 5182: 5181: 5163:(2): 243–254. 5152: 5150:on 2 May 2016. 5142: 5134:Westview Press 5123: 5117: 5096: 5089: 5082: 5077:978-0521372565 5076: 5063: 5053:(4): 482–493. 5047:Soviet Studies 5042: 5026:Soviet Studies 5014: 5009:978-0300105865 5008: 4995: 4985:(3): 301–329. 4974: 4968: 4953: 4943: 4937: 4922: 4916: 4901: 4895: 4882: 4877:978-3838205748 4876: 4863: 4853:(2): 158–177. 4835: 4824: 4814:(3): 403–423. 4803: 4787:Soviet Studies 4782: 4775: 4768: 4763:Bekus, Nelly. 4761: 4743:(2): 113–128. 4730: 4727: 4726: 4725: 4719: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4683: 4672: 4661: 4650: 4639: 4628: 4617: 4603: 4577: 4548: 4512: 4485: 4465: 4446: 4440:В. Ф. Кушнер. 4433: 4418: 4411: 4390: 4388:, p. 153. 4361: 4354: 4333: 4321: 4319:, p. 152. 4300: 4298:, p. 151. 4269: 4267:, p. 150. 4254: 4247: 4227: 4220: 4200: 4193: 4173: 4166: 4146: 4139: 4119: 4102: 4095: 4087:Westview Press 4071: 4054: 4037: 4028: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3984: 3968: 3960:Soviet Belarus 3951: 3936: 3921: 3886:Беларуская ССР 3874: 3861: 3828: 3819: 3817: 3816: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3776: 3775: 3770: 3768:Belarusization 3765: 3758: 3755: 3714:Soviet cuisine 3709: 3706: 3694: 3691: 3690: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3650: 3649: 3643: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3604: 3601: 3511: 3508: 3451:Main article: 3448: 3445: 3407: 3404: 3376:Andrei Gromyko 3312: 3309: 3217: 3214: 3210:Vilhelm Knorin 3121:Yakov Gamarnik 3005: 3002: 2970:Union republic 2946:Treaty of Riga 2933: 2930: 2895:Main article: 2884: 2881: 2861:Wilhelm Knorin 2793:Polish victory 2780: 2777: 2769:Symon Petliura 2731:'s advance on 2719: 2716: 2684:captured Minsk 2508:Main article: 2497: 2494: 2417:Curtain forces 2405:Main article: 2394: 2391: 2346:Central Powers 2334: 2331: 2296:Kārlis Landers 2265:Western Oblast 2245:intelligentsia 2173:Russian Empire 2161:Main article: 2158: 2155: 2139: 2136: 2086:Following the 2069:Russian Empire 2061:Russian Empire 2050:Black Ruthenia 2005: 2002: 1955:a peace treaty 1921:Following the 1853: 1852: 1850: 1849: 1842: 1835: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1782:January Events 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1758: 1753: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1656: 1651: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1610: 1609: 1603: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1595: 1593:Lithuania 1991 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1548: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1512: 1511: 1506: 1493: 1492: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1457: 1456: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1409: 1408: 1400: 1391: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1360: 1352: 1347: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1332: 1318: 1313: 1307: 1302: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1249:Czechoslovakia 1246: 1241: 1236: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1209: 1203: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1113: 1098: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1085: 1084: 1072: 1071: 1069: 1068: 1061: 1054: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1020: 1014: 1007: 1005: 998: 996: 992:Russian Empire 990: 985: 984: 980: 979: 978: 977: 972: 970: 965: 959: 953: 944: 943: 937: 936: 935: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 906: 905: 901: 900: 899: 898: 890: 889: 885: 884: 875: 874: 867: 860: 859: 842: 838: 837: 834: 833: 830: 829: 822: 813: 810: 809: 804: 796: 795: 790: 782: 781: 776: 768: 767: 762: 754: 753: 748: 736: 735: 730: 720: 719: 718:015/016/017/02 713: 709: 708: 702: 698: 697: 694: 693: 690: 684: 681: 680: 677: 676: 672: 671: 668: 665: 662: 661: 657: 656: 653: 652: 649: 642: 639: 638: 635: 629: 626: 625: 622: 616: 613: 612: 611:25 August 1991 609: 606: 603: 602: 599: 589: 586: 585: 582: 576: 573: 572: 569: 563: 560: 559: 556: 550: 547: 546: 543: 540: 537: 536: 535:1 January 1919 533: 526: 523: 522: 519: 518: 515: 511: 510: 507:Supreme Soviet 502: 498: 497: 494: 493: 488: 485: 482: 481: 476: 473: 470: 469: 466: 465: 462: 456: 455: 452: 451: 446: 443: 440: 439: 432: 429: 426: 425: 422: 421: 418: 412: 411: 408: 407: 405:Yefrem Sokolov 402: 399: 396: 395: 393:Vilgelm Knorin 390: 387: 384: 383: 380: 379: 376: 370: 369: 367: 366: 354: 332: 330: 326: 325: 316: 310: 309: 304: 300: 299: 297: 296: 291: 286: 280: 278: 272: 271: 269: 268: 263: 257: 255: 251: 250: 245: 241: 240: 228:Union Republic 214: 210: 209: 202: 194: 193: 183: 158: 157: 124: 123: 114: 107: 106: 98: 91: 90: 89: 86: 85: 76: 75: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7866: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7801: 7799: 7792: 7789: 7751: 7748: 7745: 7742: 7739: 7736: 7733: 7730: 7727: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7717: 7710: 7707: 7704: 7701: 7700: 7698: 7694: 7684: 7683:Moldavian SSR 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7665: 7663: 7661: 7656: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7622: 7615: 7609: 7608:Ukrainian SSR 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7580: 7578: 7576: 7572: 7569: 7565: 7560: 7553: 7548: 7546: 7541: 7539: 7534: 7533: 7530: 7523: 7513: 7511: 7501: 7499: 7489: 7488: 7485: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7452: 7449: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7433: 7430: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7394:Soviet Russia 7392: 7391: 7388: 7383: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7333: 7327: 7321: 7316: 7308: 7303: 7301: 7296: 7294: 7289: 7288: 7285: 7275: 7270: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7191: 7190:Crimea (1919) 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7137: 7135: 7131: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7084: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7069: 7067: 7063: 7053: 7052:South Vietnam 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6994: 6992: 6988: 6980: 6979:North Vietnam 6977: 6976: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6901: 6899: 6895: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6870: 6868: 6864: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6767: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6696: 6690: 6689:United States 6687: 6685: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6675: 6669: 6666: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6652: 6649: 6648: 6647: 6646:United States 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6563: 6560: 6559: 6558: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6526: 6525:New Australia 6523: 6522: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6506: 6501: 6494: 6489: 6487: 6482: 6480: 6475: 6474: 6471: 6457: 6456:Yugoslav Wars 6454: 6453: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6396: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6380: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6348: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6334: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6291: 6290:Prague Spring 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6242: 6236: 6230: 6228: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6202:Organizations 6200: 6194: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6143: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6104:Baltic states 6102: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6080: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6049: 6044: 6042: 6037: 6035: 6030: 6029: 6026: 6013: 6010: 6007: 6004: 6001: 5998: 5995: 5992: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5979: 5972: 5969: 5966: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5956: 5946: 5945:Moldavian SSR 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5918: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5884: 5877: 5871: 5870:Ukrainian SSR 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5827: 5822: 5815: 5810: 5808: 5803: 5801: 5796: 5795: 5792: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5766: 5762: 5759: 5755: 5752: 5748: 5747: 5743: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5666: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5631: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5619: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5573: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5555: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5543: 5533: 5530: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5469: 5466: 5463: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5406: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5375: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5355: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5343: 5337: 5334: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5308: 5307:Russification 5305: 5304: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5241: 5236: 5234: 5229: 5227: 5222: 5221: 5218: 5212: 5205: 5198: 5194: 5193: 5189: 5188: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5143:0-8133-1794-0 5139: 5135: 5131: 5130: 5124: 5120: 5118:9783110864380 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5097: 5094: 5090: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5073: 5069: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5020: 5015: 5011: 5005: 5001: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4975: 4971: 4969:9781461731740 4965: 4961: 4960: 4954: 4952: 4951:online review 4948: 4944: 4940: 4938:1-877864-30-7 4934: 4930: 4929: 4923: 4919: 4917:0-19-924739-0 4913: 4909: 4908: 4902: 4898: 4896:0-313-27497-5 4892: 4888: 4883: 4879: 4873: 4869: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4841: 4836: 4832: 4831: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4783: 4780: 4776: 4773: 4769: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4733: 4732: 4722: 4716: 4712: 4711: 4705: 4704: 4692: 4687: 4681: 4676: 4670: 4665: 4659: 4654: 4648: 4643: 4637: 4632: 4626: 4621: 4615: 4610: 4608: 4591: 4587: 4581: 4570: 4566: 4559: 4552: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4519: 4517: 4501: 4500: 4495: 4489: 4482: 4478: 4475: 4469: 4462: 4458: 4455: 4450: 4443: 4437: 4430: 4425: 4423: 4414: 4412:5-89957-012-1 4408: 4404: 4400: 4394: 4387: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4357: 4355:5-89957-012-1 4351: 4347: 4343: 4337: 4330: 4325: 4318: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4297: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4266: 4261: 4259: 4250: 4248:1-85743-058-1 4244: 4240: 4239: 4231: 4223: 4217: 4213: 4212: 4204: 4196: 4194:1-877864-30-7 4190: 4186: 4185: 4177: 4169: 4163: 4159: 4158: 4150: 4142: 4136: 4132: 4131: 4123: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4098: 4096:0-8133-1794-0 4092: 4089:. p. 2. 4088: 4084: 4083: 4075: 4067: 4066: 4058: 4050: 4049: 4041: 4032: 4023: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 3999: 3995: 3982: 3978: 3972: 3965: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3918: 3905: 3898: 3892: 3883: 3878: 3871: 3868:Also spelled 3865: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3832: 3823: 3810: 3806: 3797: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3760: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3715: 3704: 3700: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3654: 3653: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3616: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3600: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3517: 3507: 3504: 3499: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3474: 3465: 3460: 3454: 3444: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3419: 3415: 3414: 3403: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3374:Belarus-born 3372: 3368: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3353:the Holocaust 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3336: 3332: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3308: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3279: 3274: 3272: 3271:Russification 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3251: 3246: 3242: 3233: 3227: 3222: 3213: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3165: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3152:Korenizatsiya 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3123:, was a Jew. 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3010: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2990:Joseph Stalin 2986: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2954: 2952: 2947: 2938: 2929: 2927: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2898: 2889: 2880: 2878: 2875:targets, but 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2827: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2779:War continues 2776: 2774: 2770: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2737:Evgeny Miller 2734: 2730: 2726: 2715: 2712: 2707: 2705: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2578: 2574: 2573: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2511: 2502: 2493: 2491: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2437: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2408: 2399: 2390: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2379: 2374: 2373:buffer states 2370: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2339:Brest-Litovsk 2330: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2316: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2284: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2185:Western Front 2182: 2181:Great Retreat 2178: 2174: 2170: 2167:Prior to the 2164: 2153: 2144: 2135: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2030: 2025: 2016: 2011: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1970:Transcaucasia 1967: 1963: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1885: 1881: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1836: 1834: 1829: 1828: 1826: 1825: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1797:Yugoslav Wars 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1751: 1750: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1685:Secret Speech 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1660:Marshall Plan 1658: 1657: 1649: 1648: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1495: 1494: 1490: 1489: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1397: 1389: 1388: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1365: 1361: 1359: 1358: 1354: 1353: 1345: 1344: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1326: 1325:North Vietnam 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 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705:Soviet rouble 703: 699: 695: 691: 688: 682: 678: 673: 669: 663: 658: 654: 650: 646: 640: 636: 633: 627: 623: 620: 614: 610: 604: 600: 597: 593: 587: 583: 580: 579:UN membership 574: 570: 567: 561: 557: 554: 548: 544: 538: 534: 530: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 503: 499: 495: 492: 489: 483: 480: 477: 471: 467: 463: 461: 457: 453: 450: 447: 441: 437: 433: 427: 423: 419: 417: 416:Head of state 413: 409: 406: 403: 397: 394: 391: 385: 381: 377: 375: 371: 365: 362: 358: 355: 353: 350: 347: 344: 341: 337: 334: 333: 331: 327: 324: 320: 317: 315: 311: 308: 307:State atheism 305: 301: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 281: 279: 273: 267: 264: 262: 259: 258: 256: 252: 249: 246: 242: 239: 233: 229: 224: 218: 215: 211: 206: 200: 195: 176: 169: 163: 159: 155: 149: 144: 138: 129: 125: 117: 111: 101: 95: 87: 84: 77: 70: 56: 40: 37: 33: 19: 7819:Eastern Bloc 7761: 7732:Bukharan SSR 7726:SSR Abkhazia 7668:Estonian SSR 7621:Russian SFSR 7603:Russian SFSR 7598:Georgian SSR 7592: 7583:Armenian SSR 7510:Soviet Union 7455:Eastern Bloc 7435: 7398:Soviet Union 7351:East Germany 7150:Baranya–Baja 7119:Soviet Union 7099:East Germany 6797:Burkina Faso 6393: 6067:Soviet Union 6055:Eastern Bloc 5994:Bukharan SSR 5988:SSR Abkhazia 5930:Estonian SSR 5883:Russian SFSR 5865:Russian SFSR 5860:Georgian SSR 5854: 5845:Armenian SSR 5765:Bibliography 5634:Demographics 5568:Central bank 5458:Human rights 5431:Constitution 5318: 5191: 5160: 5156: 5148:the original 5128: 5100: 5092: 5085: 5067: 5050: 5046: 5032:(1): 76–98. 5029: 5025: 4999: 4982: 4978: 4958: 4946: 4927: 4906: 4886: 4867: 4850: 4846: 4829: 4811: 4807: 4793:(1): 37–61. 4790: 4786: 4778: 4771: 4764: 4740: 4736: 4709: 4701:Bibliography 4686: 4675: 4664: 4653: 4642: 4631: 4620: 4594:. Retrieved 4590:the original 4580: 4569:the original 4564: 4551: 4539:. Retrieved 4535:the original 4530: 4523:(in English) 4503:. Retrieved 4497: 4488: 4468: 4449: 4441: 4436: 4402: 4393: 4345: 4336: 4324: 4237: 4230: 4210: 4203: 4183: 4176: 4156: 4149: 4129: 4122: 4114: 4110: 4105: 4081: 4074: 4068:. Webster's. 4064: 4057: 4047: 4040: 4031: 4012: 4008: 3998: 3971: 3963: 3959: 3954: 3947: 3939: 3932: 3924: 3877: 3869: 3864: 3853:Druskininkai 3831: 3822: 3787: 3732: 3651: 3613: 3606: 3603:Demographics 3538: 3526:Soviet Union 3519: 3503:Constitution 3500: 3470: 3422: 3411: 3409: 3389: 3357:World War II 3345:slave labour 3341:Nazi Germany 3339: 3330: 3328: 3297:West Belarus 3289:Nazi Germany 3282: 3275: 3248: 3244: 3238: 3201: 3197: 3194:Constitution 3191: 3168: 3160: 3125: 3108: 3074: 3015: 2987: 2974:Leon Trotsky 2967: 2955: 2943: 2923: 2907:fifth column 2900: 2830: 2822: 2802: 2797:Nieman River 2765: 2752: 2749:peace treaty 2721: 2708: 2700: 2641: 2600: 2594: 2586:East Prussia 2576: 2570: 2568: 2561:After their 2532: 2513: 2484: 2481:Russian SFSR 2454: 2438: 2429:Western army 2420: 2410: 2387: 2378:Mitteleuropa 2376: 2366: 2353: 2343: 2336: 2325: 2321: 2319: 2314: 2281: 2249: 2213: 2201:Alexei Evert 2191:and most of 2166: 2124: 2115: 2103: 2095: 2085: 2068: 2064: 2056: 2054: 2033: 2027: 2024:Belaya Rus' 2023: 2009: 2007: 1988:adopted the 1982:World War II 1978:Nazi Germany 1959: 1953:. Following 1920: 1915: 1912:White Russia 1911: 1900:Soviet Union 1891: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1856: 1631:to Hong Kong 1626:East Germany 1578:Tbilisi 1989 1563:Romania 1977 1531:Hungary 1956 1526:Georgia 1956 1362: 1355: 1254:East Germany 1126: 1081:Eastern Bloc 1017:West Belarus 1008: 941:Early Modern 927:Golden Horde 733:Succeeded by 732: 727: 712:Calling code 666:• Total 601:27 July 1990 545:31 July 1920 356: 349:Soviet-style 335: 319:Byelorussian 231: 222: 216: 205:Soviet Union 161: 128:Motto: 127: 116:State emblem 36: 7783: / 7752:(1990–1991) 7746:(1990–1991) 7744:Abkhaz ASSR 7740:(1920–1924) 7738:Khorezm SSR 7734:(1920–1924) 7728:(1921–1931) 7711:(1922–1936) 7705:(1940–1956) 7696:Short-lived 7673:Latvian SSR 7658:Annexed in 7644:Kirghiz SSR 7634:Turkmen SSR 7561:(1922–1991) 7460:Warsaw Pact 7436:Byelorussia 7133:Short-lived 6990:Short-lived 6959:South Yemen 6944:North Korea 6904:Afghanistan 6621:New Zealand 6616:Netherlands 6382:Dissolution 6322:Martial law 6245:Revolts and 6219:Warsaw Pact 6014:(1990–1991) 6008:(1990–1991) 6006:Abkhaz ASSR 6002:(1920–1924) 6000:Khorezm SSR 5996:(1920–1924) 5990:(1921–1931) 5973:(1922–1936) 5967:(1940–1956) 5958:Short-lived 5935:Latvian SSR 5920:Annexed in 5906:Kirghiz SSR 5896:Turkmen SSR 5823:(1922–1991) 5639:Belarusians 5558:Agriculture 5277:Kievan Rus' 4693:, Art. 142. 4596:10 February 4541:10 February 4505:17 February 4015:: 133–156. 3845:Dieveniškės 3841:Šalčininkai 3631:Lithuanians 3619:Belarusians 3581:Warsaw Pact 3413:perestroika 3406:Dissolution 3386:(1985–1988) 3333:within the 3140:Belarusians 3128:Belarusians 3083:, Russian, 2911:Belarusians 2751:. It was a 2582:first clash 2457:Baranovichi 2354:Obliskomzap 2326:Obliskomzap 2315:Obliskomzap 2307: [ 2283:Obliskomzap 2216:Nicholas II 2205:Baranovichi 2116:Byelorussia 2104:Byelorussia 2096:Byelorussia 2034:White Rus'. 2020:Белору́ссия 2010:Byelorussia 2004:Terminology 1927:World War I 1892:Byelorussia 1717:Vietnam War 1707:Berlin Wall 1636:North Korea 1573:Brașov 1987 1541:Prague 1968 1504:Poznań 1956 1357:Warsaw Pact 1316:South Yemen 1294:North Korea 1207:Afghanistan 1127:Byelorussia 1025:(from 1991) 1003:(from 1918) 994:(1795–1917) 958:(1648–1764) 952:(1569–1648) 912:Kievan Rus' 904:Middle ages 896:Early Slavs 879:History of 728:Preceded by 707:(Rbl) (SUR) 687:1989 census 509:(1938–1991) 501:Legislature 181:(1955–1991) 119:(1981–1991) 103:(1951–1991) 81:1941–1944: 7798:Categories 7771:29°00′00″E 7768:54°00′00″N 7639:Kazakh SSR 7371:Yugoslavia 7245:Tarnobrzeg 7170:Bessarabia 7124:Yugoslavia 6847:Seychelles 6842:Mozambique 6837:Madagascar 6760:Vietnamese 6755:Venezuelan 6745:Nicaraguan 6740:Melanesian 6657:Venezuela 6569:Kuomintang 6562:since 1978 6532:Bangladesh 6508:By country 6502:by country 6336:Conditions 6314:Solidarity 6247:opposition 5901:Kazakh SSR 5702:Literature 5692:Folk dance 5649:Healthcare 5577:(currency) 5505:Parliament 5453:Government 5426:Censorship 5272:Androphagi 4386:Pipes 1997 4329:Pipes 1997 4317:Pipes 1997 4296:Pipes 1997 4265:Pipes 1997 3990:References 3962:or simply 3882:Belarusian 3837:Švenčionys 3796:Belarusian 3639:– about 1% 3637:Ukrainians 3514:See also: 3457:See also: 3315:See also: 3081:Belarusian 3070:selsoviets 3068:and 1,229 2915:Ukrainians 2256:Bolsheviks 2150:See also: 2029:White Rus' 1939:Bolsheviks 1871:Belarusian 1727:Afghan War 1680:Korean War 1516:Plzeň 1953 1395:Opposition 1335:Yugoslavia 1289:Mozambique 1187:Uzbekistan 1172:Tajikistan 1142:Kazakhstan 1122:Azerbaijan 888:Prehistory 692:10,199,709 675:Population 357:1990–1991: 336:1920–1990: 329:Government 314:Demonym(s) 261:Belarusian 217:1920–1922: 137:Belarusian 55:Belarusian 7649:Uzbek SSR 7629:Tajik SSR 7567:Principal 7522:Communism 7422:1982–1991 7417:1964–1982 7412:1953–1964 7407:1927–1953 7402:1917–1927 7315:Communist 7203:1939–1940 7158:1918–1919 6927:1982–1992 6922:1979–1992 6917:1975–1979 6913:Cambodia 6888:Nicaragua 6820:1987–1991 6815:1974–1987 6811:Ethiopia 6750:Tanzanian 6631:Sri Lanka 6574:Hong Kong 6557:Communist 6520:Australia 6515:Argentina 6500:Socialism 6395:Die Wende 6368:Economies 6209:Cominform 6192:(to 1948) 6154:(to 1961) 6082:Formation 6072:Communism 5911:Uzbek SSR 5891:Tajik SSR 5829:Principal 5697:Languages 5644:Education 5608:Transport 5515:President 5488:Militsiya 5436:Elections 5346:Geography 5177:153635749 4757:144785016 4531:Khatyn.by 4494:"Belarus" 4051:. Avrora. 3944:romanized 3929:romanized 3907:Russian: 3904:‹See Tfd› 3891:romanized 3857:Lithuania 3849:Adutiškis 3805:‹See Tfd› 3473:one-party 3435:, of the 3305:Lithuania 3208:, whilst 3109:Belkomzet 2847:, Minsk, 2733:Petrograd 2680:Milrevcom 2656:Panevėžys 2652:Panevėžys 2520:Lithuania 2375:, called 2258:when the 2157:Beginning 2108:Białystok 2038:Ruthenian 2018:Russian: 2015:‹See Tfd› 2008:The term 1998:dissolved 1880:‹See Tfd› 1598:Riga 1991 1588:Baku 1990 1478:Lithuania 1370:Cominform 1274:Kampuchea 1177:Turkmenia 1157:Lithuania 1147:Kirghizia 1102:Republics 1019:(1919–39) 1012:(1919–91) 964:(1764–95) 849:Lithuania 531:declared 346:one-party 303:Religion 289:Ukrainian 232:1990–1991 223:1922–1990 79:1920–1991 7575:Founders 7341:Bulgaria 7255:Würzburg 7230:Naissaar 7194:Finland 7154:Bavaria 7092:Slovakia 7077:Bulgaria 7007:Far East 6954:Mongolia 6866:Americas 6730:European 6661:Chavismo 6626:Pakistan 6363:Politics 5837:Founders 5774:Category 5659:Religion 5654:Language 5593:Industry 5500:Military 5409:Politics 5251:articles 4477:Archived 4457:Archived 4401:(1986). 4344:(1986). 3757:See also 3687:Bobruisk 3648:– <1% 3646:Russians 3591:and the 3575:and the 3380:Chairman 3183:Rechytsa 3136:Russians 3095:and the 3093:Russians 3026:Bobruysk 2837:Bobruysk 2753:de facto 2696:Bobruysk 2688:Smolensk 2672:Bobruysk 2477:Smolensk 2393:Creation 2358:Smolensk 2239:and the 2026:, i.e., 1896:republic 1894:, was a 1742:Gulf War 1546:Invasion 1420:Bulgaria 1284:Mongolia 1259:Ethiopia 1228:Bulgaria 1162:Moldavia 870:a series 868:Part of 701:Currency 7498:Belarus 7484:Portals 7465:Comecon 7441:Ukraine 7366:Romania 7356:Hungary 7336:Albania 7225:Ireland 7215:Galicia 7114:Romania 7072:Albania 7027:Jiangxi 6974:Vietnam 6878:Grenada 6852:Somalia 6735:Israeli 6725:Chinese 6720:Burmese 6715:British 6705:African 6677:History 6668:Vietnam 6636:Tunisia 6586:Finland 6581:Estonia 6214:COMECON 6114:Romania 6109:Hungary 5751:Outline 5687:Cuisine 5669:Culture 5622:Society 5563:Banking 5546:Economy 5368:Geology 5259:History 5247:Belarus 3964:Belarus 3893:: 3859:in 1940 3809:Russian 3727:Draniki 3708:Cuisine 3693:Culture 3682:Vitebsk 3677:Mogilev 3585:Comecon 3433:Ukraine 3382:of the 3301:Vilnius 3250:troikas 3245:dvoikas 3200:to the 3085:Yiddish 3058:Polotsk 3046:Mogilev 3038:Kalinin 3034:Vitebsk 3030:Borisov 2841:Borisov 2814:Zhlobin 2795:on the 2773:Galicia 2757:Estonia 2725:Siberia 2692:Zarasai 2621:Suwalki 2569:In the 2528:Vilnius 2473:Mogilev 2461:Vitebsk 2280:single 2273:Mogilev 2269:Vitebsk 2254:led by 2252:soviets 2183:in the 2138:History 2067:or the 1980:during 1974:Ukraine 1898:of the 1884:Russian 1607:Dissent 1509:1980–89 1468:Estonia 1445:Ukraine 1435:Romania 1425:Croatia 1415:Albania 1364:Comecon 1321:Vietnam 1310:Somalia 1305:Romania 1269:Hungary 1264:Grenada 1212:Albania 1182:Ukraine 1137:Georgia 1132:Estonia 1117:Armenia 1105:of the 881:Belarus 845:Belarus 685:• 630:• 590:• 577:• 564:• 551:• 527:• 514:History 361:Unitary 340:Unitary 294:Yiddish 266:Russian 244:Capital 162:Anthem: 69:Russian 7361:Poland 7317:period 7235:Saxony 7180:Bremen 7109:Poland 7065:Europe 7032:Kuwait 7012:Fujian 6827:Guinea 6787:Angola 6780:Africa 6596:Greece 6591:France 6553:China 6549:Canada 6542:Lulism 6537:Brazil 6234:(WFDY) 6226:(WFTU) 5779:Portal 5712:Cinema 5588:Energy 5575:Ruble 5395:Swamps 5390:Rivers 5358:Cities 5249: 5175: 5140: 5115: 5074: 5006: 4966: 4935: 4914: 4893: 4874: 4755: 4717: 4409: 4352: 4245: 4218: 4191: 4164: 4137: 4093: 3751:Poland 3747:Russia 3739:stewed 3672:Grodno 3587:, the 3561:UNESCO 3545:UNICEF 3416:under 3361:Khatyn 3323:, and 3267:kulaks 3156:likbez 3089:Polish 3087:, and 3066:raions 3062:Slutsk 3022:okrugs 2919:Slutsk 2853:Slutsk 2845:Igumen 2833:uyezds 2761:Latvia 2668:Dvinsk 2660:Grodno 2648:Slonim 2613:Grodno 2601:Litbel 2590:Kaunas 2496:Litbel 2488:1919, 2469:Grodno 2360:. The 2235:, the 2112:Grodno 2079:, and 2077:Little 2065:Russia 2057:Russia 1972:, and 1966:Russia 1929:, the 1621:Poland 1616:Soviet 1551:Moscow 1473:Latvia 1440:Serbia 1430:Poland 1299:Poland 1218:Angola 1167:Russia 1152:Latvia 983:Modern 872:on the 857:Russia 853:Poland 517: 464: 420: 378: 323:Soviet 284:Polish 213:Status 164: 65: 51: 7250:Užice 7185:Bihać 7145:Banat 7017:Gilan 6964:Syria 6934:China 6909:Burma 6883:Chile 6857:Sudan 6832:Libya 6807:Egypt 6792:Benin 6611:Italy 6601:India 5758:Index 5717:Media 5707:Music 5267:Neuri 5173:S2CID 5022:(PDF) 4843:(PDF) 4753:S2CID 4572:(PDF) 4561:(PDF) 3779:Notes 3667:Gomel 3662:Brest 3657:Minsk 3627:– 16% 3625:Poles 3621:– 81% 3287:with 3179:Gomel 3097:Poles 3054:Orsha 3050:Mozyr 3042:Minsk 2849:Mozyr 2818:Orsha 2676:Vtsik 2625:Minsk 2617:Kovno 2609:Vilna 2605:Vilna 2572:Kresy 2547:Neman 2490:Pinsk 2465:Gomel 2311:] 2277:Minsk 2081:White 2073:Great 2046:Slavs 1239:Congo 1233:China 1223:Benin 248:Minsk 7660:1940 7619:the 7198:1918 7163:1919 6969:Tuva 6949:Laos 6939:Iraq 6897:Asia 6873:Cuba 6710:Arab 6606:Iran 5922:1940 5881:the 5525:List 5462:LGBT 5138:ISBN 5113:ISBN 5072:ISBN 5004:ISBN 4964:ISBN 4933:ISBN 4912:ISBN 4891:ISBN 4872:ISBN 4715:ISBN 4598:2020 4543:2020 4507:2022 4407:ISBN 4350:ISBN 4243:ISBN 4216:ISBN 4189:ISBN 4162:ISBN 4135:ISBN 4091:ISBN 3749:and 3716:and 3701:and 3633:– 5% 3259:NKVD 3255:OGPU 3181:and 3060:and 2913:and 2903:Riga 2851:and 2816:and 2810:Kiev 2759:and 2658:and 2623:and 2533:The 2514:The 2475:and 2322:Rada 2275:and 2110:and 1863:BSSR 1857:The 1755:Fall 1279:Laos 1244:Cuba 1108:USSR 660:Area 100:Flag 5195:by 5165:doi 5105:doi 5055:doi 5034:doi 4987:doi 4855:doi 4816:doi 4795:doi 4745:doi 4017:doi 3975:In 3743:rye 3263:MGB 3158:). 3142:of 2551:Bug 1914:or 1865:or 1329:PRG 7800:: 7400:: 7396:/ 6320:/ 6316:/ 6292:/ 5171:. 5161:25 5159:. 5136:. 5132:. 5111:. 5051:18 5049:. 5030:31 5028:. 5024:. 4983:11 4981:. 4851:27 4849:. 4845:. 4812:16 4810:. 4791:29 4789:. 4751:. 4741:15 4739:. 4606:^ 4563:. 4529:. 4515:^ 4496:. 4421:^ 4364:^ 4303:^ 4272:^ 4257:^ 4117:). 4085:. 4013:14 4011:. 4007:. 3946:: 3931:: 3911:, 3888:, 3884:: 3851:, 3847:, 3843:, 3839:, 3811:: 3802:; 3798:: 3753:. 3583:, 3571:, 3567:, 3563:, 3559:, 3555:, 3551:, 3547:, 3543:, 3536:. 3337:. 3319:, 3276:A 3261:, 3257:, 3247:, 3119:, 3056:, 3052:, 3048:, 3044:, 3040:, 3036:, 3032:, 3028:, 3024:: 2843:, 2839:, 2835:: 2619:, 2615:, 2611:, 2530:. 2471:, 2467:, 2463:, 2459:, 2317:. 2309:ru 2271:, 2247:. 2134:. 2075:, 1968:, 1918:. 1886:: 1877:; 1873:: 1869:; 1327:, 716:+7 647:) 321:, 7551:e 7544:t 7537:v 7486:: 7306:e 7299:t 7292:v 6492:e 6485:t 6478:v 6349:) 6345:( 6047:e 6040:t 6033:v 5813:e 5806:t 5799:v 5464:) 5460:( 5239:e 5232:t 5225:v 5199:. 5179:. 5167:: 5121:. 5107:: 5080:. 5061:. 5057:: 5040:. 5036:: 5012:. 4993:. 4989:: 4972:. 4941:. 4920:. 4899:. 4880:. 4861:. 4857:: 4822:. 4818:: 4801:. 4797:: 4759:. 4747:: 4723:. 4600:. 4545:. 4509:. 4415:. 4358:. 4251:. 4224:. 4197:. 4170:. 4143:. 4113:( 4099:. 4025:. 4019:: 3966:. 3900:; 3872:. 3815:) 2949:( 2799:. 2599:( 2549:- 2012:( 1861:( 1846:e 1839:t 1832:v 1331:) 1323:( 1065:e 1058:t 1051:v 234:: 225:: 156:" 152:" 150:) 146:( 139:) 135:( 71:) 67:( 57:) 53:( 20:)

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