111:
36:
596:
728:
Before his succession, he also complained to Batu "We helped Möngke to enthrone. But he forgot who the enemy is or friend is. Now, he is starving the lands of our friend Caliph. It is abject". It is notable that Berke Khan kept his promise, allying himself with the
Mamluks, (Berke sought an alliance
737:
against Hulagu) and when Hulagu returned to his lands in 1262, after the succession was finally settled with Kublai as the last Great Khan, and massed his armies to avenge Ain Jalut and attack the
Mamluks, Berke Khan initiated a series of raids in force which drew Hulagu north to meet him. This was
799:. The policy of alliance with the Mamluks, and containment of the Ilkhanate, was continued by Mengu-Timur. But By the 1270s, they had signed a peace treaty. In addition to the peace treaty, Abagha allowed Mongke Temur to collect tax income from some of the workshops in his khanate.
783:, and he minted coins in the name of Ariq Böke. However Kublai defeated Ariq Böke by 1264. Kublai called both Hulagu and Berke to discuss Ariq Böke. However, both of them noted that they could not attend the Kurultai at the time, and a new Kurultai was never held.
760:
but the economic situation of the Golden Horde due to the actions of the
Ilkhanate led him to declare jihad because of the Ilkhanids domination of the wealth of North Iran, and the Ilkhanate's demands for the Golden Horde to not sell slaves to the Mamluks.
661:
Berke became a devout Muslim. His conversion resulted in the Blue Horde becoming predominantly Muslim, although there were still animists and
Buddhists among them. Berke was angered by Hulagu's destruction of Baghdad and was determined to deal with
1222:
for the
Kipchak Khanate is believed to have been derived from the steppe color system for the cardinal directions: black – north, blue – east, red – south, white – west, and yellow (or gold) – center, or from the golden field tent of the
619:, before Berke assumed leadership in 1257. He was an able ruler and succeeded in maintaining and stabilizing the Golden Horde, the western khanate of the Mongol Empire. During his government, the Mongols finally defeated the rebellion of
704:
Hulagu returned to his lands by 1262, but instead of being able to avenge his defeats, was drawn into civil war with Berke and the Blue Horde. Berke Khan had promised such a defeat in his rage after Hulagu's sack of
Baghdad.
1232:
In this terminology the names Blue and White follow the
Persian usage, as do most contemporary historians; in Turkish usage they are reversed, causing some confusion in secondary literature.
716:"He (Hulagu) has sacked all the cities of the Muslims, and has brought about the death of the Caliph. With the help of God I will call him to account for so much innocent blood." (see
764:
In 1262 the conflict turned into open war. Hulagu Khan suffered a severe defeat in an attempted invasion north of the
Caucasus in 1263. Hulagu's forces were crushed at the
1888:
738:
the first open conflict between
Mongols, and signalled the end of the unified empire. In retaliation for these attacks, Berke and Hulagu slaughtered each other's
1816:
110:
1883:
697:
for the duration of Hulagu's dynasty. Berke's vow of vengeance against Hulagu had to wait until the latter's return to his lands after the death of
2759:
2222:
2832:
431:(1264/5) described him as 56 years old. This gives him a birth date somewhere between 1207 and 1209. However, contemporary Persian chronicler
2366:
2134:
2126:
745:
But the reasons for the conflict between Berke and Hulagu were both religious and territorial. Möngke Khan gave lands in current day
509:
in 1237, and marched further into Russia. During the winter of 1238–39, Berke defeated the
Kipchaks and imprisoned the chief of the
2847:
1613:
2374:
2430:
1519:
1402:
1340:
1315:
2457:
2406:
2382:
2181:
2147:
1831:
2827:
2165:
2118:
376:, but did not intervene militarily in the war because he was occupied in his own war against Hulagu and the Ilkhanate.
2199:
2414:
2342:
2326:
1569:
1459:
1267:
1184:
681:
had secured a pact of neutrality with them, passing through their territory, and defeating the Ilkhanate army at the
125:
79:
57:
450:. The marriage between Jochi and Khan-Sultan took place in 1220, allowing Berke's birth to be no earlier than 1221.
50:
2398:
2358:
624:
2422:
2350:
2256:
2092:
635:(Lublin, Zawichost, Sandomierz, KrakĂłw and Bytom were plundered) in 1259. Also in 1265 there was a raid against
340:
of the Blue Horde (West), and was responsible for the first official establishment of Islam in a khanate of the
2842:
2473:
2318:
2230:
2155:
1826:
2852:
2803:
2529:
2500:
2390:
1873:
1846:
1841:
436:
325:
2310:
2108:
1851:
1836:
1511:
772:
invaded Khwarizm and annexed Golden Horde lands. The Jochid army unsuccessfully tried to halt his advance.
2481:
2449:
2300:
2248:
2100:
1606:
1356:
Enkhbold, Enerelt (2019). "The role of the ortoq in the Mongol Empire in forming business partnerships".
808:
753:, to his brother Hulagu. Although Berke did not like the situation, he was patient until Möngke's death.
2837:
758:
Mongols are killed by Mongol swords. If we were united, then we would have conquered all of the world.
568:
and questioned them about their faith. Berke was impressed with their faith and decided to convert to
540:
to select a Great Khan, Berke and his brothers joined Batu in the kurultai to elect a new Great Khan.
2334:
2292:
2275:
2209:
2189:
2173:
1935:
1417:
E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, Volume 7 By Martijn Theodoor Houtsma, p. 708.
712:
quoted Berke Khan as telling his Mongols and Muslim subjects, in protest at the attack on Baghdad:
443:
424:
44:
2240:
447:
345:
1878:
1599:
709:
61:
1392:
2621:
2565:
1898:
795:, he fell ill and died sometime between 1266 and 1267. He was succeeded by his grandnephew,
720:, quoting Rashid al-Din's record of Berke Khan's pronouncement; this quote is also found in
575:
In 1248 Batu sent Berke, along with his brother Tukh-timur, to Mongolia in order to install
2822:
2521:
2513:
1993:
1189:
656:
561:
768:
by Berke's nephew Nogai, forcing Hulagu into retreat; he died in 1265. Also Chagatai Khan
8:
2769:
1723:
682:
514:
670:, and whose territorial ambitions in Syria and Egypt threatened Berke's fellow Muslims.
1645:
1373:
1291:"to eat" from Middle Mongolian to Modern Turkic languages". In Kurtuluş Öztopçu (ed.).
1194:
686:
529:
525:
393:
297:
191:
2591:
1923:
1863:
587:
in 1251 and had Möngke enthroned. Berke organized everything under strict conditions.
524:
Berke further served under his brother during the invasion of Europe, fighting at the
1958:
1515:
1455:
1398:
1377:
1336:
1311:
1263:
620:
214:
2505:
2465:
1918:
1507:
BERKE HAN - An article published in the 5th Volume of Turkish Encyclopedia of Islam
1365:
780:
644:
428:
373:
1369:
458:
Berke was present, with several of his brothers, at the inauguration of his uncle
2599:
1446:
Warriors of the Steppe: A Military History of Central Asia, 500 B.C. to A.D. 1700
667:
599:
The domains of the Golden Horde in 1389. The gold star shows the location of New
446:
that Berke's mother was Khan-Sultan (or Sultan Khatun), the captured daughter of
178:
20:
756:
Berke at first desisted from fighting Hulagu out of Mongol brotherhood, he said
1868:
1496:, vol. III, ed. D. Sinor, Bloomington (IN), 1990, 230-252 (reprinted in: Idem,
1492:
Vásáry, István, "'History and Legend' in Berke Khan's Conversion to Islam", in
580:
486:
432:
385:
305:
289:
2612:
2586:
1505:
698:
576:
533:
2816:
2673:
2604:
1911:
1729:
1622:
341:
2668:
1500:(Farnham, Alershot, 2007) (Variorum Collected Studies Series: CS884), XVII.)
647:
also sent much valuable fabric to the Golden Horde as a tribute thereafter.
2573:
2013:
1930:
1906:
1821:
1755:
1678:
1658:
1573:
856:
750:
604:
600:
501:
to conquer the Kipchaks there. Next, they devastated the principalities of
420:
321:
313:
24:
2018:
776:
677:
had fallen out with the crusaders holding the coast of Palestine, and the
572:. Berke then persuaded his brother Tukh-timur to become a Muslim as well.
557:
365:
2739:
2688:
2648:
2617:
1718:
1583:
796:
765:
663:
612:
518:
369:
349:
333:
203:
157:
2784:
2693:
2043:
2028:
1765:
912:
792:
746:
463:
404:
329:
207:
2653:
2643:
2008:
1988:
1983:
1942:
628:
481:
in a vast army, comprising some 150,000 soldiers, which marched from
478:
470:
353:
337:
595:
583:
and Ogedeyd families several times. That is why Berke conducted the
459:
2779:
1998:
1858:
1740:
1562:
1538:
636:
632:
616:
584:
537:
498:
490:
423:. There is no clear consensus regarding the year of Berke's birth.
241:
147:
970:
536:
died, and all the princes of the blood were summoned to return to
2749:
2744:
2734:
2719:
2023:
1978:
1973:
1760:
1750:
1688:
1295:. Vol. 7. İstanbul: Türk Dilleri Araştırmaları. p. 242.
1199:
831:
734:
678:
674:
565:
553:
494:
482:
389:
236:
1591:
791:
As Berke sought to cross the Kura river to attack Hulagu's son,
2729:
2703:
2698:
2033:
2003:
1963:
1713:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1653:
887:
739:
730:
694:
640:
510:
506:
502:
474:
442:
The latter claim was used to support the argument of historian
361:
116:
1308:
The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion
2774:
2754:
2683:
2663:
2638:
2578:
1745:
1735:
1683:
769:
690:
611:
When Batu died in 1255, he was briefly succeeded by his sons
579:
on the throne of Great Khan. When he arrived, he invited the
569:
549:
416:
317:
285:
269:
251:
2159:(1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27)
2724:
2678:
2038:
1968:
357:
1335:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 231–232.
2764:
23:. For people with the given name and surname Berke, see
19:
For the Mamluk leader al-Malik al-Sa'id Berke Khan, see
1889:
List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
1498:
Turks, Tatars and Russians in the 13th-16th Centuries
477:
and an assortment of cousins under the leadership of
1260:
Islamization and Native Religion in the Golden Horde
1440:
The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe
1397:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 186–.
513:. He afterwards subdued the steppe watered by the
1884:Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe
1293:Festschrift in Honor of Andras J. E. Bodrogligeti
320:and a Mongol military commander and ruler of the
2814:
328:, who effectively consolidated the power of the
2304:(1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64)
1390:
119:) mint, struck circa AH 662–665 (AD 1263–1267).
1607:
261:Sultan Khatun (Captured Khwarazmian Princess)
97:
1787:
1384:
1282:
590:
336:from 1257 to 1266. He succeeded his brother
1482:(London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1971).
1330:
1614:
1600:
439:, which took place between 1219 and 1221.
109:
16:Khan of the Golden Horde from 1257 to 1266
1333:Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire
775:Berke also supported Great Khan claimant
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
1355:
1257:
693:were regained, the border remaining the
594:
43:This article includes a list of general
1503:
1305:
497:sent Berke to the country north of the
2833:Generals of the medieval Islamic world
2815:
2234:(1277 / 1283 / 1287)
2193:(1236 / 1240 / 1252)
1310:. Yale University Press. p. 348.
1042:
1038:
1028:
928:
822:
818:
786:
673:In the meantime, the Ilkhanids led by
543:
435:claims that Berke was born during the
2553:
2064:
1786:
1633:
1595:
1473:The Guinness Book of Decisive Battles
1135:
1132:
1122:
1110:
1100:
1096:
1084:
1082:
1072:
1060:
1050:
1046:
1023:
1013:
1000:
990:
986:
974:
969:
959:
946:
936:
932:
916:
911:
901:
886:
876:
872:
860:
855:
845:
830:
826:
485:and into the territory of the Muslim
364:against Hulagu. Berke also supported
2065:
1817:Administrative divisions and vassals
352:, his cousin and head of the Mongol
29:
2084:
1480:The History of the Mongol Conquests
1394:Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road
1283:Mehmet Ă–lmez (2007). "On Mongolian
749:, which had been given to Jochi by
650:
469:In 1236, Berke joined his brothers
13:
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2864:
1621:
1185:List of khans of the Golden Horde
427:ambassadors visiting him in 663
34:
2848:13th-century monarchs in Europe
1634:
1475:(Canopy Books, New York, 1992).
1391:Johan Elverskog (6 June 2011).
1262:. Penn State Press. p. 3.
1494:Aspects of Altaic Civilization
1411:
1349:
1324:
1299:
1276:
1251:
1226:
1212:
666:, who had murdered the Caliph
493:, whom they subdued. Batu and
360:, he allied with the Egyptian
309:
1:
2804:Timeline of the Mongol Empire
2501:Division of the Mongol Empire
1370:10.1080/02634937.2019.1652799
1331:Broadbridge, Anne F. (2018).
1239:
453:
437:Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia
384:Berke is a name used by both
326:division of the Mongol Empire
171:
1244:
1218:The Russian colloquial name
625:second attack against Poland
7:
1751:Manghit / Mangudai
1178:
809:Family tree of Genghis Khan
802:
407:) means "difficult, hard".
10:
2869:
2554:
2530:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war
1424:
1040:
922:
820:
806:
654:
532:army was decimated. When
202:Melike Hatun (Daughter of
18:
2828:Khans of the Golden Horde
2801:
2712:
2631:
2564:
2560:
2549:
2493:
2442:
2345:(1223 / 1236–40)
2291:
2268:
2251:(1257 / 1284–88)
2221:
2146:
2091:
2080:
2060:
1951:
1897:
1874:Byzantine–Mongol Alliance
1809:
1805:
1782:
1697:
1644:
1640:
1629:
1580:
1567:
1559:
1554:
1532:
1510:. Vol. 5. Istanbul:
1468:Brockhampton Press, 1998.
1287:"to nourish" and Turkish
1116:
1098:
1090:
1066:
1048:
1044:
1007:
988:
980:
953:
934:
930:
895:
874:
866:
839:
824:
591:Assuming the Golden Horde
521:west of the Caspian Sea.
301:
293:
265:
257:
247:
235:
213:
198:
185:
167:
163:
153:
143:
135:
130:Western Half (Blue Horde)
124:
108:
99:
98:
94:
1258:De Weese, Devin (1994).
1205:
556:in 1252. When he was at
548:Berke Khan converted to
410:
126:Khan of the Golden Horde
115:Coinage of Berke, Qrim (
1827:Invasions and conquests
1746:Paiza / Gerege
1512:TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi
1504:Konukçu, Enver (1992).
1487:A History of Inner Asia
1433:The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War
1431:Amitai-Preiss, Reuven.
1306:Jackson, Peter (2017).
722:The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War
448:Muhammad II of Khwarazm
379:
64:more precise citations.
2484:(1260 / 1301)
2212:(1274 / 1281)
1879:Franco-Mongol alliance
710:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
685:. Kitbuqa was killed.
608:
2843:Mongol Empire Muslims
598:
2853:13th-century Muslims
2375:Serbia and Bulgaria
1514:. pp. 506–507.
1358:Central Asian Survey
419:, the eldest son of
312:) was a grandson of
2622:Khagans of the Yuan
2351:Poland and Bohemia
2127:Khwarazmian Empire
1852:Society and economy
1485:Soucek, Svatopluk.
1466:The Mongol Warlords
787:Death and Aftermath
718:The Mongol Warlords
683:Battle of Ain Jalut
544:Conversion to Islam
2367:Holy Roman Empire
1822:Banner/Bunchuk/Tug
1489:, Cambridge, 2000.
1195:William of Rubruck
609:
526:Battle of the Mohi
415:Berke was born to
2838:Converts to Islam
2810:
2809:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2522:Kaidu–Kublai war
2514:Berke–Hulagu war
2506:Toluid Civil War
2287:
2286:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2051:
1859:House of Borjigin
1778:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1590:
1589:
1581:Succeeded by
1539:House of Borjigin
1521:978-97-53-89432-6
1471:Reagan, Geoffry.
1444:Hildinger, Erik.
1438:Chambers, James.
1404:978-0-8122-0531-2
1342:978-1-108-42489-9
1317:978-0-300-12533-7
1175:
1174:
708:Muslim historian
643:. Michael of the
631:, led by general
621:Daniel of Galicia
603:, capital of the
280:(died 1266; also
275:
274:
90:
89:
82:
2860:
2608:
2595:
2592:Töregene Khatun
2582:
2562:
2561:
2551:
2550:
2533:
2525:
2517:
2509:
2485:
2477:
2469:
2461:
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2426:
2418:
2410:
2402:
2394:
2386:
2378:
2370:
2362:
2354:
2346:
2338:
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2314:
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2160:
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2130:
2122:
2112:
2104:
2089:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2062:
2061:
2024:Shangdu (Xanadu)
2014:Sarai Batu/Berke
1919:Chagatai Khanate
1807:
1806:
1784:
1783:
1642:
1641:
1631:
1630:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1593:
1592:
1560:Preceded by
1550:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1478:Saunders, J. J.
1464:Nicolle, David.
1418:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1388:
1382:
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1347:
1346:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1255:
1233:
1230:
1224:
1216:
1190:Berke–Hulagu war
832:Yesugei Baghatur
814:
813:
781:Toluid Civil War
657:Berke–Hulagu war
651:Berke-Hulagu War
645:Byzantine Empire
374:Toluid Civil War
344:. Following the
311:
303:
295:
176:
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113:
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71:
65:
60:this article by
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2182:Southern China
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2120:
2110:
2102:
2076:
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2048:
1947:
1924:House of Ă–gedei
1893:
1864:House of Ă–gedei
1832:Destructiveness
1801:
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1693:
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1450:Morgan, David.
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552:in the city of
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456:
413:
382:
346:Sack of Baghdad
231:
222:Tagtagai Khatun
190:
189:1266 (aged 58)
179:Burkhan Khaldun
177:
174:
128:
120:
96:
86:
75:
69:
66:
56:Please help to
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39:
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21:Al-Said Barakah
17:
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11:
5:
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2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2615:
2610:
2605:Oghul Qaimish
2602:
2597:
2589:
2584:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2558:
2557:
2547:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2527:
2519:
2511:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2455:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2364:
2356:
2348:
2340:
2332:
2324:
2316:
2308:
2297:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2254:
2246:
2238:
2227:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2206:
2205:
2197:
2187:
2179:
2171:
2163:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2132:
2124:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2097:
2095:
2086:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1903:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1869:Mongol Armenia
1866:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1811:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1650:
1648:
1638:
1637:
1627:
1626:
1619:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1579:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1555:Regnal titles
1552:
1551:
1536:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1520:
1501:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1410:
1403:
1383:
1364:(4): 531–547.
1348:
1341:
1323:
1316:
1298:
1275:
1268:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1225:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
999:
996:
995:
992:
991:
989:
987:
985:
982:
981:
979:
976:
975:
973:
968:
965:
964:
961:
960:
958:
955:
954:
952:
949:
948:
945:
942:
941:
938:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
924:
923:
921:
918:
917:
915:
910:
907:
906:
903:
902:
900:
897:
896:
894:
891:
890:
885:
882:
881:
878:
877:
875:
873:
871:
868:
867:
865:
862:
861:
859:
854:
851:
850:
847:
846:
844:
841:
840:
838:
835:
834:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
812:
804:
801:
788:
785:
726:
725:
655:Main article:
652:
649:
639:and Byzantine
592:
589:
560:, Berke met a
545:
542:
473:, Sinkur, and
455:
452:
412:
409:
386:Turkic peoples
381:
378:
273:
272:
267:
263:
262:
259:
255:
254:
249:
245:
244:
239:
233:
232:
230:
229:
226:
223:
219:
217:
211:
210:
200:
196:
195:
187:
183:
182:
169:
165:
164:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
137:
133:
132:
122:
121:
114:
106:
105:
88:
87:
42:
40:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2865:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2805:
2800:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2674:Chagatai Khan
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2548:
2534:
2528:
2526:
2520:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2464:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2427:
2421:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2397:
2395:
2389:
2387:
2383:Latin Empire
2381:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2365:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2349:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2317:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2253:
2247:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2198:
2196:
2188:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2172:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2131:
2125:
2123:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1912:Northern Yuan
1910:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1837:Imperial Seal
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1730:Pax Mongolica
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1623:Mongol Empire
1617:
1612:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1542:
1540:
1531:
1523:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1460:0-631-17563-6
1457:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1414:
1406:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1319:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1271:
1269:0-271-01073-8
1265:
1261:
1254:
1250:
1229:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1133:Sultan Khatun
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1004:
998:
997:
994:
993:
984:
983:
978:
977:
972:
967:
966:
963:
962:
957:
956:
951:
950:
944:
943:
940:
939:
926:
925:
920:
919:
914:
909:
908:
905:
904:
899:
898:
893:
892:
889:
884:
883:
880:
879:
870:
869:
864:
863:
858:
853:
852:
849:
848:
843:
842:
837:
836:
833:
828:
816:
815:
810:
800:
798:
794:
784:
782:
778:
773:
771:
767:
762:
759:
754:
752:
748:
743:
741:
736:
732:
723:
719:
715:
714:
713:
711:
706:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
671:
669:
665:
658:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
606:
602:
597:
588:
586:
582:
578:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
487:Volga Bulgars
484:
480:
476:
472:
467:
465:
461:
451:
449:
445:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
408:
406:
402:
398:
395:
391:
387:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:Mongol Empire
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
316:from his son
315:
307:
299:
291:
287:
283:
279:
271:
268:
264:
260:
256:
253:
250:
246:
243:
240:
238:
234:
227:
224:
221:
220:
218:
216:
212:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
188:
184:
180:
170:
166:
162:
159:
156:
152:
149:
146:
142:
138:
134:
131:
127:
123:
118:
112:
107:
93:
84:
81:
73:
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
26:
22:
2658:
2574:Genghis Khan
2343:Kievan Rus'
2321:(1237–1300s)
2313:(1237–1300s)
2157:Western Xia
2119:Qara Khitai
1952:Major cities
1931:Golden Horde
1907:Yuan dynasty
1794:Organization
1728:
1679:Khong Tayiji
1574:Golden Horde
1568:
1546:
1537:
1506:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1432:
1413:
1393:
1386:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1332:
1326:
1307:
1301:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1259:
1253:
1228:
1220:Golden Horde
1219:
1214:
1024:
857:Genghis Khan
790:
774:
763:
757:
755:
751:Genghis Khan
744:
727:
721:
717:
707:
703:
672:
668:Al-Musta'sim
660:
610:
605:Golden Horde
574:
547:
528:, where the
523:
468:
457:
444:Jean Richard
441:
421:Genghis Khan
414:
400:
396:
383:
322:Golden Horde
314:Genghis Khan
281:
277:
276:
228:Kehar Khatun
194:, Azerbaijan
129:
76:
67:
48:
25:Berke (name)
2823:1266 deaths
2649:Sartaq Khan
2618:Kublai Khan
2613:Möngke Khan
2587:Ă–gedei Khan
2566:Great Khans
2532:(1314–1318)
2524:(1268–1301)
2476:(1260–1323)
2460:(1253–1256)
2443:Middle East
2337:(1238–1239)
2278:(1221–1327)
2137:(1219–1256)
2129:(1219–1221)
2111:(1264–1308)
2103:(1207-1308)
1969:Azov (Azaq)
1635:Terminology
1584:Mengu-Timur
1541:(1206–1634)
1452:The Mongols
947:Dei Seichen
797:Mengu-Timur
766:Terek river
742:merchants.
699:Möngke Khan
664:Hulagu Khan
623:and made a
613:Sartaq Khan
577:Möngke Khan
534:Ă–gedei Khan
350:Hulagu Khan
334:White Horde
225:Jijek Hatun
204:Kayqubad II
175: 1208
158:Mengu-Timur
144:Predecessor
62:introducing
2817:Categories
2785:Nogai Khan
2669:Ă–zbeg Khan
2600:GĂĽyĂĽk Khan
2494:Civil wars
2482:Palestine
2391:Lithuania
2311:Circassia
2044:Xacitarxan
2029:Soltaniyeh
1766:Darughachi
1578:1257–1266
1240:References
1025:Berke Khan
971:Börte Ujin
913:Jochi Khan
807:See also:
793:Abaqa Khan
747:Azerbaijan
464:Great Khan
454:Background
405:Old Turkic
330:Blue Horde
278:Berke Khan
208:Kaykaus II
192:Kura River
181:, Mongolia
95:Berke Khan
45:references
2654:Orda Khan
2644:Batu Khan
2508:(1260–64)
2452:(1241–43)
2450:Anatolia
2425:(1287–88)
2417:(1285–86)
2409:(1264–65)
2401:(1259–60)
2393:(1258–59)
2369:(1241–42)
2361:(1241–42)
2353:(1240–41)
2329:(1229–36)
2319:Chechnya
2259:(1300–02)
2223:Southeast
2202:(1253–56)
2184:(1235–79)
2176:(1231–60)
2168:(1211–34)
2121:(1216–18)
2109:Sakhalin
2069:Campaigns
2019:Saray-JĂĽk
2009:Samarkand
1984:Karakorum
1943:Ilkhanate
1701:Political
1378:203044817
1245:Citations
1001:Tacchotan
777:Ariq Böke
729:with the
687:Palestine
629:Lithuania
558:Saray-JĂĽk
530:Hungarian
479:Batu Khan
466:in 1229.
394:Mongolian
366:Ariq Böke
356:based in
354:Ilkhanate
338:Batu Khan
310:Бәркә хан
298:Mongolian
296:,
154:Successor
139:1257–1266
70:June 2013
2780:Boroldai
2760:Khubilai
2740:Bo'orchu
2713:Military
2607:(regent)
2594:(regent)
2581:(regent)
2466:Baghdad
2415:Hungary
2359:Hungary
2302:Georgia
2249:Vietnam
2101:Siberia
1999:Maragheh
1899:Khanates
1847:Religion
1842:Military
1791:Politics
1741:Kurultai
1704:Military
1563:Ulaghchi
1179:See also
803:Ancestry
637:Bulgaria
633:Burundai
617:Ulaghchi
585:kurultai
581:Chagatai
538:Mongolia
517:and the
499:Caucasus
491:Kipchaks
368:against
302:Бэрх хан
294:برکه خان
266:Religion
242:Borjigin
148:Ulaghchi
100:برکه خان
2750:Boroqul
2745:Guo Kan
2735:Negudar
2720:Subutai
2620: (
2458:Alamut
2431:Serbia
2423:Poland
2407:Thrace
2399:Poland
2335:Alania
2200:Yunnan
2135:Persia
2093:Central
2072:Battles
1979:Bolghar
1974:Bukhara
1959:Almalik
1761:Kheshig
1689:Tarkhan
1572:of the
1425:Sources
1200:Negudar
779:in the
735:Baibars
733:sultan
679:Mamluks
675:Kitbuqa
566:Bukhara
562:caravan
554:Bukhara
511:Merkits
495:Subutai
483:Siberia
433:Juzjani
390:Mongols
372:in the
362:Mamluks
290:Kypchak
237:Dynasty
102:
58:improve
2730:Muqali
2704:Ghazan
2699:Arghun
2689:Hulegu
2579:Tolui
2555:People
2516:(1262)
2474:Syria
2468:(1258)
2433:(1291)
2385:(1242)
2377:(1242)
2293:Europe
2276:India
2257:Burma
2243:(1293)
2232:Burma
2210:Japan
2191:Tibet
2174:Korea
2034:Tabriz
2004:Qarshi
1964:Avarga
1810:Topics
1714:Jarlig
1674:Jinong
1669:Khanum
1664:Khatun
1654:Khagan
1646:Titles
1545:
1534:Berke
1518:
1458:
1435:, 1998
1401:
1376:
1339:
1314:
1285:asara-
1266:
1223:ruler.
888:Hoelun
740:ortogh
731:Mamluk
695:Tigris
641:Thrace
507:Suzdal
503:Ryazan
475:Shiban
460:Ă–gedei
425:Mamluk
370:Kublai
358:Persia
282:Birkai
258:Mother
248:Father
199:Spouse
117:Crimea
47:, but
2775:Kadan
2770:Bayan
2755:Jelme
2694:Abaqa
2684:Kebek
2664:Toqta
2659:Berke
2639:Jochi
2632:Khans
2269:South
2241:Java
1994:Majar
1936:Wings
1756:TĂĽmen
1736:Yassa
1719:Örtöö
1684:Noyan
1547:Died:
1374:S2CID
1206:Notes
770:Alghu
691:Syria
601:Sarai
570:Islam
564:from
550:Islam
519:Terek
417:Jochi
411:Birth
399:(cf.
397:berke
392:. In
318:Jochi
306:Tatar
286:Turki
270:Islam
252:Jochi
215:Issue
136:Reign
2725:Jebe
2679:Duwa
2148:East
2085:Asia
2039:Ukek
1989:Dadu
1797:Life
1724:Orda
1659:Khan
1570:Khan
1549:1266
1516:ISBN
1456:ISBN
1399:ISBN
1337:ISBN
1312:ISBN
1289:aĹźa-
1264:ISBN
689:and
627:and
615:and
515:Kuma
505:and
489:and
471:Orda
401:bärk
388:and
380:Name
332:and
324:, a
186:Died
168:Born
2765:Aju
1366:doi
462:as
403:in
348:by
206:or
2819::
1454:,
1372:.
1362:38
1360:.
701:.
429:AH
308::
304:,
300::
292::
284:;
172:c.
2624:)
1615:e
1608:t
1601:v
1524:.
1407:.
1380:.
1368::
1345:.
1320:.
1272:.
724:)
607:.
288:/
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
27:.
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