252:
255:
Plot showing variations in solar activity, including variation in Be concentration which varies inversely with solar activity. (Note that the beryllium scale is inverted, so increases on this scale indicate lower beryllium-10
605:
S.V. Poluianov; G.A. Kovaltsov; A.L. Mishev; I.G. Usoskin (2016). "Production of cosmogenic isotopes Be, Be, C, Na, and Cl in the atmosphere: Altitudinal profiles of yield functions".
658:
G. Korschinek; A. Bergmaier; T. Faestermann; U. C. Gerstmann (2010). "A new value for the half-life of Be by Heavy-Ion
Elastic Recoil Detection and liquid scintillation counting".
790:
Paleari, Chiara I.; F. Mekhaldi; F. Adolphi; M. Christl; C. Vockenhuber; P. Gautschi; J. Beer; N. Brehm; T. Erhardt; H.-A. Synal; L. Wacker; F. Wilhelms; R. Muscheler (2022).
268:
5.5 (and rainwater above many industrialized areas can have a pH less than 5), it will dissolve and be transported to the Earth's surface via rainwater. As the
319:
in the carbon dioxide in air, and is one of the historical indicators of past activity at nuclear test sites. Be decay is a significant isotope used as a
733:
882:
502:
Tilley, D.R.; Kelley, J.H.; Godwin, J.L.; Millener, D.J.; Purcell, J.E.; Sheu, C.G.; Weller, H.R. (2004). "Energy levels of light nuclei".
232:
with a maximum energy of 556.2 keV. It decays through the reaction BeβB + e. Light elements in the atmosphere react with high energy
346:). This means more beryllium-10 is produced, and it can be detected millennia later. Beryllium-10 can thus serve as a marker of
581:
741:
529:
G.A. Kovaltsov; I.G. Usoskin (2010). "A new 3D numerical model of cosmogenic nuclide Be production in the atmosphere".
330:
The rate of production of beryllium-10 depends on the activity of the sun. When solar activity is low (low numbers of
568:. Physics of Earth and Space Environments. Vol. 26. Physics of Earth and Space Environments, Springer, Berlin.
877:
482:
472:
766:
477:
699:
Nuclear
Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms
660:
Nuclear
Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms
269:
792:"Cosmogenic radionuclides reveal an extreme solar particle storm near a solar minimum 9125 years BP"
367:
351:
127:
695:"Determination of the Be half-life by multicollector ICP-MS and liquid scintillation counting"
694:
391:
217:
209:
190:
754:
542:
803:
750:
706:
667:
624:
566:
Cosmogenic radionuclides: theory and applications in the terrestrial and space environments
538:
261:
8:
233:
807:
710:
671:
628:
826:
791:
640:
614:
587:
343:
327:
to characterize solar and extra-solar attributes of the past from terrestrial samples.
324:
657:
831:
644:
577:
444:
339:
229:
194:
91:
84:
30:
591:
515:
854:
821:
811:
758:
714:
675:
632:
604:
569:
546:
511:
427:
40:
355:
692:
816:
762:
718:
679:
550:
296:
137:
67:
573:
871:
412:
206:
50:
276:, beryllium drops out of solution. Cosmogenic Be thereby accumulates at the
835:
404:
347:
312:
292:
240:
of the reaction products is the source of Be (t, u particles like n or p):
172:
168:
858:
636:
436:
382:
251:
423:
418:
335:
320:
284:(1.387 million years) permits a long residence time before decaying to
237:
225:
163:
789:
395:
316:
281:
221:
213:
101:
619:
450:
308:
304:
300:
273:
563:
331:
849:
Philip Ball (Dec 19, 2001). "Flickering sun switched climate".
693:
J. Chmeleff; F. von
Blanckenburg; K. Kossert; D. Jakob (2010).
285:
311:. It is also formed in nuclear explosions by a reaction of
277:
528:
501:
338:), the barrier against cosmic rays that exists beyond the
265:
291:
Be and its daughter product have been used to examine
216:. It is formed in the Earth's atmosphere mainly by
869:
725:
564:J. Beer; K. McCracken; R. von Steiger (2012).
731:
848:
220:of nitrogen and oxygen. Beryllium-10 has a
825:
815:
651:
618:
354:. There can be an effect on climate (see
883:Radionuclides used in radiometric dating
250:
732:Balco, Greg; Shuster, David L. (2009).
686:
870:
783:
557:
598:
522:
260:Because beryllium tends to exist in
742:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
280:surface, where its relatively long
13:
465:
224:of 1.39 Γ 10 years, and decays by
14:
894:
842:
516:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2004.09.059
495:
483:Brookhaven National Laboratory
244:N(t,5u)Be; Example: N(n,p Ξ±)Be
1:
459:
478:National Nuclear Data Center
7:
361:
10:
899:
817:10.1038/s41467-021-27891-4
763:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.07.025
719:10.1016/j.nimb.2009.09.012
680:10.1016/j.nimb.2009.09.020
551:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.01.011
344:Cosmic ray#Cosmic-ray flux
195:Complete table of nuclides
574:10.1007/978-3-642-14651-0
189:
179:
162:
157:
136:
126:
100:
90:
83:
66:
49:
45:beryllium-10, 10Be, Be-10
39:
29:
24:
734:"Al-BeβNe burial dating"
755:2009E&PSL.286..570B
543:2010E&PSL.291..182K
531:Earth Planet. Sci. Lett
368:Surface exposure dating
352:774-775 carbon-14 spike
607:J. Geophys. Res. Atmos
257:
878:Isotopes of beryllium
473:"Decay Radiation: Be"
303:, the development of
272:quickly becomes more
254:
218:cosmic ray spallation
191:Isotopes of beryllium
20:Beryllium-10, Be
859:10.1038/news011220-9
637:10.1002/2016JD025034
16:Isotope of beryllium
808:2022NatCo..13..214P
711:2010NIMPB.268..192C
672:2010NIMPB.268..187K
629:2016JGRD..121.8125P
388:Beryllium-10 is an
325:cosmogenic nuclides
234:galactic cosmic ray
21:
258:
19:
613:(13): 8125β8136.
583:978-3-642-14650-3
504:Nuclear Physics A
457:
456:
342:is weakened (see
340:termination shock
200:
199:
92:Natural abundance
890:
863:
862:
846:
840:
839:
829:
819:
787:
781:
780:
778:
777:
771:
765:. Archived from
749:(3β4): 570β575.
738:
729:
723:
722:
690:
684:
683:
655:
649:
648:
622:
602:
596:
595:
561:
555:
554:
537:(1β4): 182β199.
526:
520:
519:
510:(3β4): 155β362.
499:
493:
492:
490:
489:
469:
441:of beryllium-10
376:
375:
182:
152:
150:
146:
122:
120:
113:
76:
59:
22:
18:
898:
897:
893:
892:
891:
889:
888:
887:
868:
867:
866:
847:
843:
788:
784:
775:
773:
769:
736:
730:
726:
691:
687:
656:
652:
603:
599:
584:
562:
558:
527:
523:
500:
496:
487:
485:
471:
470:
466:
462:
448:
440:
416:
402:
389:
380:
373:
364:
356:Homeric Minimum
307:and the age of
305:lateritic soils
236:particles. The
193:
180:
148:
144:
142:
118:
116:
111:
104:
70:
53:
17:
12:
11:
5:
896:
886:
885:
880:
865:
864:
841:
782:
724:
705:(2): 192β199.
685:
666:(2): 187β191.
650:
597:
582:
556:
521:
494:
463:
461:
458:
455:
454:
442:
433:
409:
408:
399:
386:
371:
370:
363:
360:
350:, such as the
297:soil formation
249:
248:
245:
198:
197:
187:
186:
183:
177:
176:
166:
160:
159:
155:
154:
140:
138:Binding energy
134:
133:
130:
124:
123:
114:
109:
98:
97:
94:
88:
87:
81:
80:
77:
64:
63:
60:
47:
46:
43:
37:
36:
33:
27:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
895:
884:
881:
879:
876:
875:
873:
860:
856:
852:
845:
837:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
786:
772:on 2015-09-23
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
743:
735:
728:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
689:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
654:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
621:
616:
612:
608:
601:
593:
589:
585:
579:
575:
571:
567:
560:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
525:
517:
513:
509:
505:
498:
484:
480:
479:
474:
468:
464:
453:
452:
446:
443:
439:
438:
434:
432:
429:
425:
421:
420:
414:
413:Decay product
411:
410:
407:
406:
400:
398:
397:
393:
387:
385:
384:
378:
377:
374:
369:
366:
365:
359:
357:
353:
349:
348:Miyake events
345:
341:
337:
333:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
313:fast neutrons
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
270:precipitation
267:
263:
253:
246:
243:
242:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
208:
204:
196:
192:
188:
184:
178:
174:
170:
167:
165:
161:
156:
141:
139:
135:
131:
129:
125:
121:10 years
115:
108:
103:
99:
95:
93:
89:
86:
82:
78:
74:
69:
65:
61:
57:
52:
48:
44:
42:
38:
34:
32:
28:
23:
850:
844:
802:(214): 214.
799:
795:
785:
774:. Retrieved
767:the original
746:
740:
727:
702:
698:
688:
663:
659:
653:
610:
606:
600:
565:
559:
534:
530:
524:
507:
503:
497:
486:. Retrieved
476:
467:
449:
435:
431:
417:
405:Beryllium-11
403:
390:
381:
372:
329:
323:measure for
293:soil erosion
290:
264:below about
259:
203:Beryllium-10
202:
201:
169:Decay energy
106:
85:Nuclide data
72:
55:
796:Nat. Commun
437:Decay chain
383:Beryllium-9
207:radioactive
158:Decay modes
872:Categories
776:2012-12-10
620:1606.05899
488:2013-10-16
460:References
419:lithium-11
336:solar wind
321:proxy data
238:spallation
228:to stable
226:beta decay
205:(Be) is a
164:Decay mode
645:119301845
401:Heavier:
396:beryllium
379:Lighter:
309:ice cores
282:half-life
262:solutions
247:O(t,7u)Be
222:half-life
214:beryllium
102:Half-life
836:35017519
592:55739885
451:boron-10
362:See also
334:and low
332:sunspots
301:regolith
274:alkaline
256:levels).
230:boron-10
68:Neutrons
827:8752676
804:Bibcode
751:Bibcode
707:Bibcode
668:Bibcode
625:Bibcode
539:Bibcode
392:isotope
210:isotope
51:Protons
25:General
851:Nature
834:
824:
643:
590:
580:
445:Decays
185:0.5560
31:Symbol
770:(PDF)
737:(PDF)
641:S2CID
615:arXiv
588:S2CID
315:with
299:from
96:trace
41:Names
832:PMID
578:ISBN
447:to:
415:of:
278:soil
151:0.08
128:Spin
117:1.39
855:doi
822:PMC
812:doi
759:doi
747:286
715:doi
703:268
676:doi
664:268
633:doi
611:121
570:doi
547:doi
535:291
512:doi
508:745
394:of
358:).
212:of
173:MeV
153:keV
145:976
110:1/2
874::
853:.
830:.
820:.
810:.
800:13
798:.
794:.
757:.
745:.
739:.
713:.
701:.
697:.
674:.
662:.
639:.
631:.
623:.
609:.
586:.
576:.
545:.
533:.
506:.
481:.
475:.
426:,
295:,
288:.
266:pH
147:.3
143:64
132:0+
35:Be
861:.
857::
838:.
814::
806::
779:.
761::
753::
721:.
717::
709::
682:.
678::
670::
647:.
635::
627::
617::
594:.
572::
553:.
549::
541::
518:.
514::
491:.
430:)
428:n
424:Ξ²
422:(
317:C
286:B
181:Ξ²
175:)
171:(
149:Β±
119:Γ
112:)
107:t
105:(
79:6
75:)
73:N
71:(
62:4
58:)
56:Z
54:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
