818:
188:
56 to 62, which would place it in the period between 1.6 and 1.8 million years ago, in the latter case it would roughly correspond to MIS 96 to 100, and would therefore have taken place about 2.4 to 2.588 million years ago. The correlation was fraught with problems however due to the fact that the
459:
Kuhlmann, G. (2004), "High resolution stratigraphy and paleoenvironmental changes in the southern North Sea during the
Neogene - An integrated study of Late Cenozoic marine deposits from the northern part of the Dutch offshore area. (Thesis Utrecht University)",
189:
corresponding depositions in the
Netherlands were probably not governed by climatic changes. Similar doubts on climatic grounds for the depositions assessed as Biber-related also exist in the Alpine region. It is possible that there were
475:
Meijer, T.; Cleveringa, P.; Munsterman, D.K.; Verreussel, R.M.C.H. (2006), "The Early
Pleistocene Praetiglian and Ludhamian pollen stages in the North Sea Basin and their relationship to the marine isotope record",
113:
of the western RiĂź-Iller
Plateau may also be paralleled with these glacial landforms. The gravels in the Iller-Lech region ascribed to the Biber glaciation are generally heavily weathered and originate from the
66:
25:
176:
The absolute timing and the connexion with the glacial classification of North
Germany and the Netherlands has been problematic. The Biber glacial was thought to correlate either to the
716:
236:(MIS 103 – MIS 64) during Biber. Thus, there have probably been about 20 glacial cycles of varying intensity during Biber. The dominant trigger is believed to be the 41 000 year
544:
686:
142:
400:
520:"Auf den Spuren der Eiszeit im Raum Wangen a. A.: Neue Erkenntnisse auf Grund von bodenkundlichen Untersuchungen im Endmoränengebiet des Rhonegletschers"
269:
197:
of the Alps. The succession and appearance of the gravel bodies makes it possible that during their formation there were several periods of alternating
101:. This corresponded to the Staufenberg Gravel Terrace on the Iller-Lech Plateau, identified in 1974 by Scheunenpflug, and the so-called High Gravels (
277:
723:
639:
332:
L. Scheunenpflug (1974), "Zur
Stratigraphie altpleistozäner Schotter südwestlich bis nordöstlich Augsburg (östliche Iller-Lech-Platte)",
568:
548:
598:
K.A. Habbe; D. Ellwanger; R. Becker-Haumann (2007), "Stratigraphische
Begriffe für das Quartär des süddeutschen Alpenvorlandes",
519:
212:
The 2016 version of the detailed stratigraphic table by the German
Stratigraphic Commission firmly places Biber in the
220:
in the glacial geology of northern Europe. There is continuity between Biber and the glacial cycles of the following
701:
52:
period. Deep sea core samples have identified approximately 20 glacial cycles of varying intensity during Biber.
411:
431:
Gibbard, P.L.; Cohen, K.M. (2008), "Global stratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 Million years",
847:
93:) from gravel landforms of the Stauden Plateau in the area of the Iller-Lech Plateau and in the Aindling
837:
797:
709:
817:
792:
782:
166:
347:
M. Löscher (1976), "Die präwürmzeitliche
Schotterablagerungen in der nördlichen Iller-Lech-Platte",
787:
150:
115:
662:
362:
I. Schaefer (1956), "Sur la division du
Quaternaire dans l'avant-pays des Alpes en Allemagne",
297:
202:
129:
The term Biber glaciation was not part of the traditional four-stage glaciation schema of the
802:
582:
Geologische Karte von Bayern 1:500000 mit Erläuterungen. 1 Karte + Erläuterungen + 8 Beilagen
205:. The Biber cold period at least corresponds partly with the Swiss cover gravel glaciations (
474:
485:
392:
233:
185:
622:
445:
149:
in 1953 by Ingo Schaefer, based on the naming system of the traditional Penck schema. Its
8:
658:
237:
489:
760:
501:
158:
775:
584:(in German) (4. ed.), MĂĽnchen: Bayrisches Geologisches Landesamt, pp. 238 ff
138:
36:) is a timespan approximately 2.6–1.8 million years ago in the glacial history of the
842:
807:
765:
627:
505:
281:
731:
750:
654:
617:
607:
493:
440:
396:
221:
194:
770:
320:
198:
70:
29:
755:
170:
134:
321:
German Stratigraphic Commission: Stratigraphische Tabelle von Deutschland 2016
831:
694:
631:
248:
Gravels ascribed to Biber (also called the Highland Gravel or Oldest Gravel (
110:
94:
45:
691:
Ad-hoc-AG Geologie der Staatlichen Geologischen Dienste (SGD) und der BGR
612:
181:
401:"A Plio-Pleistocene Stack of 57 Globally Distributed Benthic δO Records"
379:
Erläuterungen zur Geologischen Karte von Augsburg und Umgebung, 1:50.000
733:
597:
462:
Geologica Ultraiectina, Mededelingen van de Faculteit Aardwetenschappen
273:
97:, by grouping together the so-called Middle and Upper Cover Gravels or
49:
377:
I. Schaefer (1957), Bayerisches Geologisches Landesamt MĂĽnchen (ed.),
184:
complex in the Netherlands. In the former case it would correspond to
177:
497:
391:
688:
Stratigraphische Tabellen des Bayerischen Geologischen Landesamtes.
640:"Das Quartär in der Stratigraphischen Tabelle von Deutschland 2002"
253:
213:
190:
162:
146:
105:) of the Aindling region. The rich crystalline sedimentary facies (
41:
579:
285:
217:
123:
264:) and southwest of Augsburg as the Stauden Plateau Gravel (
130:
37:
165:. The Biber glaciation was thought to be followed by the
109:), that Löscher distinguished in 1976 in the area of the
430:
232:
Deep sea core samples have identified approximately 40
48:, which since 2009 is regarded as the first age of the
600:
Eiszeitalter und Gegenwart Quaternary Science Journal
351:(in German), vol. 45, Heidelberg, pp. 1–157
336:(in German), vol. 40, Heidelberg, pp. 87–94
464:(in German), vol. 245, Utrecht, pp. 1–205
161:and the Staufenberg Gravel Terrace in the area of
122:, by contrast, originates from the bedrock of the
260:), as well as northeast as the Hohenried Gravel (
829:
331:
216:and gives a correspondence to Pre-Tegelen and
717:
517:
268:). Also included are isolated gravels of the
580:Walter Freudenberger; Klaus Schwerd (1996),
458:
426:
424:
376:
361:
724:
710:
366:(in German), vol. 2, pp. 910–914
346:
316:
314:
312:
696:Stratigraphical charts for the Quaternary
621:
611:
573:
444:
421:
410:(in German), vol. 20, archived from
415:(pdf-Datei; archivierte Version; 1,1 MB)
675:– via Deutsche Quartärvereinigung
637:
309:
830:
364:Actes IV Congres INQUA, Rome/Pise 1953
193:influences perhaps in the wake of the
55:
705:
349:Heidelberger Geographische Arbeiten
334:Heidelberger geographische Arbeiten
284:. There may also be gravels in the
13:
569:Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science
14:
859:
732:The cold and warm periods of the
680:
227:
816:
659:10.1127/0078-0421/2005/0041-0385
207:Deckenschotter-Vergletscherungen
562:
537:
511:
446:10.18814/epiiugs/2008/v31i2/011
623:11858/00-1735-0000-0001-B9FE-0
468:
452:
385:
370:
355:
340:
325:
120:Kristallinreiche Liegendfazies
107:Kristallinreiche Liegendfazies
60:In 1953, Schaefer defined the
1:
638:T. Litt; et al. (2006),
591:
478:Journal of Quaternary Science
303:
243:
647:Newsletters in Stratigraphie
256:as the Stauffenberg Gravel (
7:
291:
266:Schotter der Stauden-Platte
40:. Biber corresponds to the
10:
864:
141:, but was named after the
814:
741:
167:Biber-Danube interglacial
44:age in the international
527:Jahrbuch des Oberaargaus
288:from the Biber ice age.
250:Ă„ltester Deckenschotter
116:Northern Limestone Alps
518:Ueli Reinmann (2004),
298:Timeline of glaciation
252:) occur northwest of
74:
33:
258:Stauffenberg-Schotter
234:marine isotope stages
736:in the Alpine region
613:10.3285/eg.56.1-2.03
393:Lorraine E. Lisiecki
262:Hohenrieder Schotter
848:Geology of the Alps
490:2006JQS....21..307M
238:Milankovitch cycles
159:Iller-Lech Plateaux
56:History of the term
838:Pleistocene events
825:
824:
808:Last Interglacial
282:Landsberg am Lech
855:
820:
726:
719:
712:
703:
702:
676:
674:
673:
667:
661:, archived from
653:(1–3): 385–399,
644:
634:
625:
615:
586:
585:
577:
571:
566:
560:
559:
557:
556:
547:. Archived from
541:
535:
534:
524:
515:
509:
508:
472:
466:
465:
456:
450:
449:
448:
428:
419:
418:
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408:Paleoceanography
405:
397:Maureen E. Raymo
389:
383:
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374:
368:
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359:
353:
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344:
338:
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329:
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318:
95:terrace sequence
69:
62:Biber glaciation
28:
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498:10.1002/jqs.956
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390:
386:
375:
371:
360:
356:
345:
341:
330:
326:
319:
310:
306:
294:
246:
240:of axial tilt.
230:
199:fluvial erosion
180:complex or the
155:Stauden Plateau
145:river north of
139:Eduard BrĂĽckner
65:
58:
24:
12:
11:
5:
861:
851:
850:
845:
840:
823:
822:
815:
813:
811:
810:
805:
800:
798:Haslach/Mindel
795:
790:
785:
779:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
742:
739:
738:
729:
728:
721:
714:
706:
700:
699:
692:
682:
681:External links
679:
678:
677:
635:
606:(1/2): 66–83,
593:
590:
588:
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561:
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510:
484:(3): 307–310,
467:
451:
439:(2): 243–247,
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324:
307:
305:
302:
301:
300:
293:
290:
245:
242:
229:
228:Glacial cycles
226:
171:Danube glacial
135:Albrecht Penck
99:Deckenschotter
75:Biber-Kaltzeit
57:
54:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
860:
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846:
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841:
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668:on 2015-09-23
664:
660:
656:
652:
649:(in German),
648:
641:
636:
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629:
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619:
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602:(in German),
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596:
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583:
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551:on 2019-09-16
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529:(in German),
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195:uplift phases
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112:
111:Rhine Glacier
108:
104:
103:Hochschottern
100:
96:
92:
91:Biber-Eiszeit
88:
87:Biber Ice Age
84:
83:Biber-Glazial
80:
79:Biber Glacial
76:
72:
68:
63:
53:
51:
47:
46:geochronology
43:
39:
35:
34:Biber-Komplex
31:
27:
22:
21:Biber Complex
18:
793:Gunz/Haslach
783:Biber/Danube
745:
695:
687:
670:, retrieved
663:the original
650:
646:
603:
599:
581:
575:
564:
553:. Retrieved
549:the original
539:
530:
526:
513:
481:
477:
470:
461:
454:
436:
432:
412:the original
407:
387:
378:
372:
363:
357:
348:
342:
333:
327:
278:Stoffersberg
265:
261:
257:
249:
247:
231:
211:
206:
203:accumulation
175:
154:
128:
119:
118:. Löscher's
106:
102:
98:
90:
86:
82:
78:
61:
59:
20:
16:
15:
803:Mindel/Riss
788:Danube/Gunz
545:"Climatica"
381:(in German)
182:Pre-Tiglian
151:type region
832:Categories
734:Quaternary
672:2015-07-24
592:Literature
555:2019-03-20
304:References
274:Mindelheim
244:Occurrence
50:Quaternary
632:0424-7116
533:: 135–152
506:128908646
270:Hochfirst
178:Eburonian
143:Biberbach
67:‹See Tfd›
26:‹See Tfd›
843:Ice ages
433:Episodes
399:(2005),
292:See also
276:and the
254:Augsburg
214:Gelasian
191:tectonic
169:and the
163:Aindling
147:Augsburg
42:Gelasian
761:Haslach
486:Bibcode
286:Sundgau
218:Tegelen
157:in the
153:is the
124:molasse
85:), or
19:or the
766:Mindel
751:Danube
630:
504:
224:stage
222:Danube
126:zone.
71:German
30:German
746:Biber
666:(PDF)
643:(PDF)
523:(PDF)
502:S2CID
404:(PDF)
280:near
272:near
17:Biber
776:WĂĽrm
771:Riss
756:Gunz
628:ISSN
201:and
137:and
131:Alps
38:Alps
655:doi
618:hdl
608:doi
494:doi
441:doi
209:).
186:MIS
133:by
77:),
834::
651:41
645:,
626:,
616:,
604:56
531:47
525:,
500:,
492:,
482:21
437:31
423:^
406:,
395:;
311:^
173:.
73::
32::
725:e
718:t
711:v
657::
620::
610::
558:.
496::
488::
443::
89:(
81:(
64:(
23:(
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