1057:. CPUs up to ARMv5 only support BE-32 or word-invariant mode. Here any naturally aligned 32-bit access works like in little-endian mode, but access to a byte or 16-bit word is redirected to the corresponding address and unaligned access is not allowed. ARMv6 introduces BE-8 or byte-invariant mode, where access to a single byte works as in little-endian mode, but accessing a 16-bit, 32-bit or (starting with ARMv8) 64-bit word results in a byte swap of the data. This simplifies unaligned memory access as well as memory-mapped access to registers other than 32-bit.
2796:
313:
151:
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1369:(defined as the data written by a single Fortran statement) as data preceded and succeeded by count fields, which are integers equal to the number of bytes in the data. An attempt to read such a file using Fortran on a system of the other endianness results in a run-time error, because the count fields are incorrect.
1208:
is in principle a 16-bit little-endian system. The instructions to convert between floating-point and integer values in the optional floating-point processor of the PDP-11/45, PDP-11/70, and in some later processors, stored 32-bit "double precision integer long" values with the 16-bit halves swapped
1007:
Many of these architectures can be switched via software to default to a specific endian format (usually done when the computer starts up); however, on some systems, the default endianness is selected by hardware on the motherboard and cannot be changed via software (e.g. the Alpha, which runs only
377:
Another important attribute of a byte being part of a "field" is its "significance". These attributes of the parts of a field play an important role in the sequence the bytes are accessed by the computer hardware, more precisely: by the low-level algorithms contributing to the results of a computer
1128:
floating-point standard does not specify endianness. Theoretically, this means that even standard IEEE floating-point data written by one machine might not be readable by another. However, on modern standard computers (i.e., implementing IEEE 754), one may safely assume that the endianness is the
681:
On most systems, the address of a multi-byte value is the address of its first byte (the byte with the lowest address); little-endian systems of that type have the property that, for sufficiently low data values, the same value can be read from memory at different lengths without using different
244:
word contains four bytes. There are two possible ways a computer could number the individual bytes in a larger group, starting at either end. Both types of endianness are in widespread use in digital electronic engineering. The initial choice of endianness of a new design is often arbitrary, but
737:
to the subsequent more significant position. On most systems, the address of a multi-byte value is the address of its first byte (the byte with the lowest address). The implementation of these operations is marginally simpler using little-endian machines where this first byte contains the least
487:
where a single positional element (character) also has a positional value. Lexicographical comparison means almost everywhere: first character ranks highest – as in the telephone book. Almost all machines which can do this using a single instruction are big-endian or at least mixed-endian.
446:
have a fixed width of a low power of 2, e.g. 8 bits ≙ 1 byte, 16 bits ≙ 2 bytes, 32 bits ≙ 4 bytes, 64 bits ≙ 8 bytes, 128 bits ≙ 16 bytes. The low-level access sequence to the bytes of such a field depends on the operation to be performed. The least-significant byte is accessed first for
741:
Comparison and division start at the most significant digit and propagate a possible carry to the subsequent less significant digits. For fixed-length numerical values (typically of length 1,2,4,8,16), the implementation of these operations is marginally simpler on big-endian machines.
356:
that may consist of more data than can be stored in one byte. In the context of this article where its type cannot be arbitrarily complicated, a "field" consists of a consecutive sequence of bytes and represents a "simple data value" which – at least potentially – can be manipulated by
1019:
refers primarily to how a processor treats data accesses. Instruction accesses (fetches of instruction words) on a given processor may still assume a fixed endianness, even if data accesses are fully bi-endian, though this is not always the case, such as on Intel's
524:. On big-endian machines, the value appears left-to-right, coinciding with the correct string order for reading the result ("J O H N"). But on a little-endian machine, one would see "N H O J". Middle-endian machines complicate this even further; for example, on the
1445:. Intel CPUs are little-endian, while Motorola 680x0 CPUs are big-endian. This explicit signature allows a TIFF reader program to swap bytes if necessary when a given file was generated by a TIFF writer program running on a computer with a different endianness.
403:
of a digit which it contributes to the whole number is determined not only by its value as a single digit, but also by the position it holds in the complete number, called its significance. These positions can be mapped to memory mainly in two ways:
1031:
processors in little-endian mode act as little-endian from the point of view of the executing programs, but they require the motherboard to perform a 64-bit swap across all 8 byte lanes to ensure that the little-endian view of things will apply to
264:
at the largest. A little-endian system, in contrast, stores the least-significant byte at the smallest address. Of the two, big-endian is thus closer to the way the digits of numbers are written left-to-right in
English, comparing digits to bytes.
1731:
1405:
data format, used in topography, are usually endianness-independent. This is achieved by storing the data always in one fixed endianness or carrying with the data a switch to indicate the endianness. An example of the former is the binary
373:
set at their high-order (lowest-addressed) position. When an operation such as addition is performed, the processor begins at the low-order positions at the high addresses of the two fields and works its way down to the high-order.
2437:
2073:
1149:. Frequently available operand lengths are 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 bytes. But there are also architectures where the length of an operand may be held in a separate field of the instruction or with the operand itself, e.g. by means of a
730:. However, high-performance processors usually fetch multi-byte operands from memory in the same amount of time they would have fetched a single byte, so the complexity of the hardware is not affected by the byte ordering.
1000:) feature a setting which allows for switchable endianness in data fetches and stores, instruction fetches, or both. This feature can improve performance or simplify the logic of networking devices and software. The word
955:
and Linux run in big-endian mode on bi-endian SPARC systems, and can be considered big-endian in practice. ARM, C-Sky, and RISC-V have no relevant big-endian deployments, and can be considered little-endian in practice.
668:. Other compilers have options for generating code that globally enables the conversion for all file IO operations. This permits the reuse of code on a system with the opposite endianness without code modification.
950:
originally ran in big-endian mode, but by 2019, IBM had transitioned to little-endian mode for Linux to ease the porting of Linux software from x86 to Power. SPARC has no relevant little-endian deployment, as both
1410:
format that is portable between
Windows and Mac systems and always little-endian, requiring the Mac application to swap the bytes on load and save when running on a big-endian Motorola 68K or PowerPC processor.
2617:
365:. On most systems, the address of a multi-byte simple data value is the address of its first byte (the byte with the lowest address). There are exceptions to this rule – for example, the Add instruction of the
240:, that the computer uses to access that data. On most modern computers, the smallest data group with an address is eight bits long and is called a byte. Larger groups comprise two or more bytes, for example, a
706:(0000004A), all of which retain the same numeric value. Although this little-endian property is rarely used directly by high-level programmers, it is occasionally employed by code optimizers as well as by
2256:
1036:
devices. In the absence of this unusual motherboard hardware, device driver software must write to different addresses to undo the incomplete transformation and also must perform a normal byte swap.
1116:
processors that have mixed-endian floating-point representation for double-precision numbers: each of the two 32-bit words is stored as little-endian, but the most significant word is stored first.
1727:
1452:(FAT) file system is defined with little-endian byte ordering, even on platforms using another endianness natively, necessitating byte-swap operations for maintaining the FAT on these platforms.
1334:
and compatible processors keep a 32-bit base address of the segment stored in little-endian order, but in four nonconsecutive bytes, at relative positions 2, 3, 4 and 7 of the descriptor start.
520:
or similar techniques that involve packing characters into an integer, so that it becomes a sequence of specific characters in memory. For example, take the string "JOHN", stored in hexadecimal
892:, unlike other Intel processors, expects 16-bit addresses for LJMP and LCALL in big-endian format; however, xCALL instructions store the return address onto the stack in little-endian format.
1223:
UNIX was one of the first systems to allow the same code to be compiled for platforms with different internal representations. One of the first programs converted was supposed to print out
2430:
2066:
269:
is a feature supported by numerous computer architectures that feature switchable endianness in data fetches and stores or for instruction fetches. Other orderings are generically called
1417:
image files are an example of the second strategy, whose header instructs the application about the endianness of their internal binary integers. If a file starts with the signature
513:), little-endian representation of integers has the significance increasing from left to right. In other words, it appears backwards when visualized, which can be counter-intuitive.
1654:
1120:
floating point stores little-endian 16-bit words in big-endian order. Because there have been many floating-point formats with no network standard representation for them, the
1042:
SPARC processors since the late 1990s (SPARC v9 compliant processors) allow data endianness to be chosen with each individual instruction that loads from or stores to memory.
726:
have a natural or preferred order in which the elementary steps are to be executed. This order may affect their performance on small-scale byte-addressable processors and
528:, the 32-bit value is stored as two 16-bit words "JO" "HN" in big-endian, with the characters in the 16-bit words being stored in little-endian, resulting in "O J N H".
2613:
1060:
Many processors have instructions to convert a word in a register to the opposite endianness, that is, they swap the order of the bytes in a 16-, 32- or 64-bit word.
903:
instruction set architectures use the little-endian format. Other instruction set architectures that follow this convention, allowing only little-endian mode, include
1365:
Fortran sequential unformatted files created with one endianness usually cannot be read on a system using the other endianness because
Fortran usually implements a
2383:
2409:
1706:
1071:), which fetches a big-endian format word from memory or writes a word into memory in big-endian format. These processors are otherwise thoroughly little-endian.
2245:
2587:
2136:
1108:
Although many processors use little-endian storage for all types of data (integer, floating point), there are a number of hardware architectures where
745:
Some big-endian processors (e.g. the IBM System/360 and its successors) contain hardware instructions for lexicographically comparing varying length
823:
microprocessor for
Datapoint, they used little-endian for compatibility. However, as Intel was unable to deliver the 8008 in time, Datapoint used a
2741:
2529:
2191:
491:
Integer numbers written as text are always represented most significant digit first in memory, which is similar to big-endian, independently of
2353:
2104:
1039:
Some CPUs, such as many PowerPC processors intended for embedded use and almost all SPARC processors, allow per-page choice of endianness.
1234:
A way to interpret this endianness is that it stores a 32-bit integer as two little-endian 16-bit words, with a big-endian word ordering:
1791:
2495:
288:, transmitting the most significant byte first. Conversely, little-endianness is the dominant ordering for processor architectures (
304:
can use either ordering; some formats use a mixture of both or contain an indicator of which ordering is used throughout the file.
2645:
2323:
931:
2044:
1088:
historically used big-endian until version 9, which is bi-endian. Similarly early IBM POWER processors were big-endian, but the
1362:
The recognition of endianness is important when reading a file or filesystem created on a computer with different endianness.
1153:. Such an approach allows operand lengths up to 256 bytes or larger. The data types of such operands are character strings or
2292:
1965:
1687:
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Some nominally bi-endian CPUs require motherboard help to fully switch endianness. For instance, the 32-bit desktop-oriented
1891:
1813:
1756:
764:
Many historical and extant processors use a big-endian memory representation, either exclusively or as a design option. The
1646:
2067:"Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual Volume 2 (2A, 2B & 2C): Instruction Set Reference, A-Z"
118:
2375:
2405:
1702:
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addresses variable-length fields at their low-order (highest-addressed) position with their lengths being defined by a
233:
from the big end or from the little end. By analogy, a CPU may read a digital word big end first, or little end first.
90:
2471:
1129:
same for floating-point numbers as for integers, making the conversion straightforward regardless of data type. Small
2161:
1350:(HDLs) used to express digital logic often support arbitrary endianness, with arbitrary granularity. For example, in
714:
code is allowed as "implementation-defined" by the C11 standard and commonly used in code interacting with hardware.
137:
2800:
2596:
1597:
208:
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Some instruction set architectures are "bi-endian" and allow running software of either endianness; these include
97:
35:
2222:
1004:, when said of hardware, denotes the capability of the machine to compute or pass data in either endian format.
479:
When character (text) strings are to be compared with one another, e.g. in order to support some mechanism like
389:(mostly base 2, or less often base 10) are the predominant way of representing and particularly of manipulating
236:
Computers store information in various-sized groups of binary bits. Each group is assigned a number, called its
2770:
2128:
75:
2525:
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As a consequence of its original implementation on the Intel 8080 platform, the operating system-independent
1347:
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standard uses big-endian IEEE 754 as its representation. It may therefore appear strange that the widespread
753:
370:
2244:
House, David; Faggin, Federico; Feeney, Hal; Gelbach, Ed; Hoff, Ted; Mazor, Stan; Smith, Hank (2006-09-21).
104:
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numbers are represented in big-endian form while integers are represented in little-endian form. There are
362:
196:
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71:
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by computers. In pure form this is valid for moderate sized non-negative integers, e.g. of C data type
390:
86:
17:
1466:, is known to provide adaptive endianness and to work with both big-endian and little-endian systems.
2722:
EPSG Working Draft
Proposal 301: Ethernet POWERLINK Communication Profile Specification Version 1.1.4
2345:
229:, he portrays the conflict between sects of Lilliputians divided into those breaking the shell of a
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1213:
824:
723:
353:
212:
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defines a set of functions to convert 16- and 32-bit integers to and from network byte order: the
1074:
There are also devices which use different formats in different places. For instance, the BQ27421
2252:
2097:
1495:
281:
64:
1078:
battery gauge uses the little-endian format for its registers and the big-endian format for its
415:
Increasing numeric significance with increasing memory addresses (or increasing time), known as
408:
Decreasing numeric significance with increasing memory addresses (or increasing time), known as
2833:
1510:
1463:
460:
261:
246:
2491:
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1782:
1449:
1157:. Machines able to manipulate such data with one instruction (e.g. compare, add) include the
856:
443:
253:
225:
155:
733:
Addition, subtraction, and multiplication start at the least significant digit position and
2698:
2431:"How to detect New Instruction support in the 4th generation Intel® Core™ processor family"
1931:
1787:
1502:
1154:
1079:
2614:"Microsoft Office Excel 97 - 2007 Binary File Format Specification (*.xls 97-2007 format)"
1535:(host-to-network-long) functions convert 16- and 32-bit values respectively from machine (
8:
1327:
852:
800:
of processors use the big-endian format. Solely big-endian architectures include the IBM
734:
536:
Byte-swapping consists of rearranging bytes to change endianness. Many compilers provide
386:
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equivalent, but the little-endianness was retained in most Intel designs, including the
111:
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2674:
2639:
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1915:
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1514:
537:
184:
2315:
2246:"Oral History Panel on the Development and Promotion of the Intel 8008 Microprocessor"
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later technology revisions and updates perpetuate the existing endianness to maintain
2666:
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1961:
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1487:
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707:
484:
480:
464:
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1869:
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2559:
1921:
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means little-endian. Those signatures need a single 16-bit word each, and they are
1379:(BOM) to signal the endianness of the file or stream. Its code point is U+FEFF. In
1113:
1097:
1046:
965:
912:
908:
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620:
395:
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While the high-level network protocols usually consider the byte (mostly meant as
1216:
compiler used the same format for 32-bit long integers. This ordering is known as
30:"Big-endian" and "Little-endian" redirect here. For the conflicting ideologies in
1955:
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328:
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Big-endianness is the dominant ordering in networking protocols, such as in the
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However, not all protocols use big-endian byte order as the network order. The
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812:
801:
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restrictions are imposed). For example, a 32-bit memory location with content
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James, David V. (June 1990). "Multiplexed buses: the endian wars continue".
1631:
1601:
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2132:
885:, and many other processors and processor families are also little-endian.
797:
785:
711:
2564:
2547:
2160:. ISO. Section 6.5.2.3 "Structure and Union members", §3 and footnote 95.
2157:
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statement is in principle independent of the endianness of the processor.
599:
instruction sets provide native support for endian byte swapping, such as
608:
509:
When memory bytes are printed sequentially from left to right (e.g. in a
452:
423:
In these expressions, the term "end" is meant as the extremity where the
301:
2795:
1141:
Most instructions considered so far contain the size (lengths) of their
1063:
Recent Intel x86 and x86-64 architecture CPUs have a MOVBE instruction (
560:
functions (from/to BE, up to 32-bit). Windows has a 64-bit extension in
2670:
2548:"Transporting a portable operating system: UNIX to an IBM minicomputer"
1840:
1547:
functions convert from network to host order. These functions may be a
1459:
1426:
1174:
1170:
1068:
1064:
985:
769:
337:. Each byte is identified and accessed in hardware and software by its
230:
2693:
2215:"[GIT PULL] Device properties framework update for v4.18-rc1"
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1926:
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using special floating-point formats may be another matter, however.
1093:
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150:
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AMD64 Architecture
Programmer's Manual Volume 2: System Programming
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1999:
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1125:
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805:
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that are likely to be compiled into native processor instructions (
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312:
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has its origin in the writings of 18th century Anglo-Irish writer
1989:
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989:
969:
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882:
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588:
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993:
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900:
879:
863:
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uses big-endian addressing for byte-oriented instructions. The
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703:
699:
695:
525:
517:
297:
241:
2013:
815:
used simple bit-serial logic with little-endian to facilitate
2019:
1995:
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was little-endian before version 3 when it became bi-endian.
1085:
1021:
997:
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859:
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have built-in facilities for byte swapping. For example, the
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it means that integers are represented as big-endian, while
199:
compared to earliness. Endianness is primarily expressed as
2684:
2184:"3.10 Options That Control Optimization: -fstrict-aliasing"
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IEEE and The Open Group (2018). "3. System
Interfaces".
1917:
A File Format for the
Exchange of Images in the Internet
1354:, a word can be defined as little-endian or big-endian.
41:
For the specific use of endianness in date formats, see
2733:
2641:
FreeBSD Kernel
Internals: An Intensive Code Walkthrough
2373:
1954:
Tanenbaum, Andrew S.; Austin, Todd M. (4 August 2012).
1578:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
676:
2546:
Jalics, Paul J.; Heines, Thomas S. (1 December 1983).
788:
minicomputer uses big-endian byte order. The
Motorola
2595:(Technical report). 2013. p. 80. Archived from
2492:"pack – convert a list into a binary representation"
442:
The integer data that are directly supported by the
1947:
316:
Diagram demonstrating big- versus little-endianness
78:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2376:"The Transition To RHEL 8 Begins On Power Systems"
459:. The most-significant byte is accessed first for
323:consists of a sequence of storage cells (smallest
2720:Ethernet POWERLINK Standardisation Group (2012),
1505:(SMB) protocol uses little-endian byte order. In
1383:for example, a big-endian file should start with
768:uses big-endian byte order, as do its successors
36:Lilliput and Blefuscu § History and politics
2810:
1883:Blanc, Bertrand; Maaraoui, Bob (December 2005).
1703:"Understanding big and little endian byte order"
1953:
1560:) as their atomic unit, the lowest layers of a
1494:defines the network order for protocols in the
946:run in big-endian mode on bi-endian Power ISA;
352:Computer programs often use data structures or
2665:
2346:"Little endian and Linux on IBM Power Systems"
1564:may deal with ordering of bits within a byte.
1482:, meaning the order of transmission for bytes
300:implementations) and their associated memory.
211:into computer science for data ordering in an
1882:
1682:(3 ed.), Pearson Education, p. 79,
1193:Numerous other orderings, generically called
2644:. OpenZFS Documentation/Read Write Lecture.
2545:
1680:Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective
1576: – Convention to identify bit positions
1513:first (little-endian). The same is true for
710:programmers. While not allowed by C++, such
571:functions (from/to BE and LE, up to 64-bit).
552:. Software interfaces for swapping include:
341:. If the total number of bytes in memory is
2637:
2343:
1674:
1209:from the expected little-endian order. The
2737:The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7
2406:"Differences between BE-32 and BE-8 buses"
690:can be read at the same address as either
345:, then addresses are enumerated from 0 to
163:, the novel from which the term was coined
2692:
2563:
2274:
1925:
1394:Application binary data formats, such as
580:macros (from/to BE and LE, up to 64-bit).
138:Learn how and when to remove this message
2374:Timothy Prickett Morgan (10 June 2019).
2212:
1509:, multi-byte parameters are always sent
1357:
311:
149:
2098:"i960® VH Processor Developer's Manual"
1136:
1024:-based Itanium CPU, which allows both.
183:of digital data are transmitted over a
14:
2811:
2461:
1753:"Writing endian-independent code in C"
1490:. Among others, the historic RFC
1429:, so they are endianness independent.
1049:supports two big-endian modes, called
516:This behavior arises, for example, in
468:
2316:"Cx51 User's Guide: E. Byte Ordering"
2280:
2047:from the original on 20 November 2023
1837:
1644:
1613:
1596:
641:specifier when opening a file, e.g.:
2386:from the original on 24 January 2022
1387:; a little-endian should start with
717:
677:Simplified access to part of a field
76:adding citations to reliable sources
47:
2287:. O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 29.
2225:from the original on 15 August 2018
2072:. Intel. September 2016. p. 3–112.
1616:"On Holy Wars and a Plea for Peace"
1590:
1096:descendants are now bi-endian. The
637:compiler supports the non-standard
24:
2443:from the original on 20 March 2016
2164:from the original on 28 March 2020
1647:"A Voyage to Lilliput, Chapter IV"
1185:, all of them of type big-endian.
498:
307:
25:
2845:
2788:
1603:On Holy Wars and a Plea for Peace
1375:text can optionally start with a
1227:, but on the Series/1 it printed
1103:
671:
327:units); in machines that support
215:published in 1980. The adjective
27:Order of bytes in a computer word
2794:
2535:from the original on 2022-10-09.
2194:from the original on 1 July 2023
1957:Structured Computer Organization
1885:"Endianness or Where is Byte 0?"
1811:
1188:
959:
752:The normal data transport by an
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52:
2773:from the original on 2021-04-18
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2648:from the original on 2016-04-14
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2620:from the original on 2008-12-22
2616:. Microsoft Corporation. 2007.
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2356:from the original on 2022-03-27
2337:
2326:from the original on 2015-04-02
2308:
2262:from the original on 2014-06-29
2237:
2206:
2176:
2150:
2139:from the original on 2019-01-19
2121:
2110:from the original on 2024-04-02
2090:
2079:from the original on 2022-10-09
2059:
2029:
2005:
1981:
1908:
1897:from the original on 2007-12-03
1876:
1794:from the original on 2021-07-21
1778:"Internet Hall of Fame Pioneer"
1759:from the original on 2019-06-10
1734:from the original on 2019-05-09
1709:from the original on 2019-05-24
1657:from the original on 2022-09-20
1342:
557:
483:, this is very frequently done
399:. In such a number system, the
252:A big-endian system stores the
63:needs additional citations for
2281:Lunde, Ken (13 January 2009).
2213:Torvalds, Linus (5 Jun 2018).
1831:
1805:
1770:
1745:
1720:
1695:
1668:
1638:
1348:Hardware description languages
964:Some architectures (including
13:
1:
2799:The dictionary definition of
2740:. Vol. 2. p. 1120.
2526:Digital Equipment Corporation
2188:GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)
1614:Cohen, Danny (October 1981).
1583:
1469:
1238:Storage of a 32-bit integer,
284:, where it is referred to as
2518:PDP-11/45 Processor Handbook
2462:Savard, John J. G. (2018) ,
2190:. Free Software Foundation.
1678:; David, O'Hallaron (2016),
1531:(host-to-network-short) and
7:
2763:"htonl(3) - Linux man page"
2284:CJKV Information Processing
1567:
1337:
1253:16-bit little-endian value
819:. When Intel developed the
759:
10:
2850:
2344:Jeff Scheel (2016-06-16).
2129:"ARMv8-A Reference Manual"
1067:since generation 4, after
1008:in big-endian mode on the
502:
381:
256:of a word at the smallest
207:(LE), terms introduced by
40:
29:
2552:Communications of the ACM
1920:. April 1992. p. 7.
1544:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1438:
1430:
1422:
1418:
1388:
1384:
1312:
1302:
1291:
1278:
1268:
1257:
1249:
1246:
1228:
1224:
724:positional number systems
687:
642:
638:
616:
615:— i960Jx and later), and
600:
584:
577:
568:
561:
549:
545:
541:
435:, namely where the field
387:Positional number systems
331:, those units are called
191:(by rising addresses) in
2464:"Floating-Point Formats"
1645:Swift, Jonathan (1726).
1551:on a big-endian system.
1539:) to network order; the
825:medium-scale integration
469:§ Calculation order
431:significance is written
213:Internet Experiment Note
2253:Computer History Museum
2103:. Intel. October 1998.
1632:10.1109/C-M.1981.220208
1496:Internet protocol suite
474:
282:Internet protocol suite
1511:least significant byte
1464:logical volume manager
968:versions 3 and above,
317:
296:implementations, base
262:least significant byte
247:backward compatibility
175:is the order in which
164:
2565:10.1145/358476.358504
2528:. 1973. p. 165.
1960:. Prentice Hall PTR.
1783:Internet Hall of Fame
1450:File Allocation Table
1358:Files and filesystems
857:Western Design Center
682:addresses (even when
315:
254:most significant byte
195:, counting only byte
153:
2638:Matt Ahrens (2016).
1788:The Internet Society
1503:Server Message Block
1137:Variable-length data
1080:random-access memory
662:'BIG_ENDIAN'
363:hardware instruction
223:. In the 1726 novel
72:improve this article
2041:en.cppreference.com
2026:– Library Functions
2002:– Library Functions
1728:"Byte Ordering PPC"
1458:, which combines a
1328:Segment descriptors
1243:
853:MOS Technology 6502
738:significant digit.
735:propagate the carry
722:Some operations in
1651:Gulliver's Travels
1612:Also published at
1515:Ethernet Powerlink
1498:to be big-endian.
1237:
855:family (including
558:network endianness
318:
226:Gulliver's Travels
185:data communication
165:
156:Gulliver's Travels
32:Gulliver's Travels
2824:Data transmission
2558:(12): 1066–1072.
2294:978-0-596-51447-1
1967:978-0-13-291652-3
1689:978-1-488-67207-1
1676:Bryant, Randal E.
1488:network protocols
1325:
1324:
1076:Texas Instruments
817:carry propagation
747:character strings
718:Calculation order
708:assembly language
550:__builtin_bswap32
485:lexicographically
444:computer hardware
148:
147:
140:
122:
16:(Redirected from
2841:
2798:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2731:
2725:
2724:, chapter 6.1.1.
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2696:
2694:10.17487/RFC1700
2680:Assigned Numbers
2675:"Data Notations"
2673:(October 1994).
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2635:
2629:
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2250:
2241:
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2230:
2221:(Mailing list).
2210:
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2199:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2154:
2148:
2147:
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2119:
2118:
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2115:
2109:
2102:
2094:
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2078:
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2057:
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2027:
2017:
2016:
2009:
2003:
1993:
1992:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1929:
1927:10.17487/RFC1314
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1896:
1889:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1854:10.1109/40.56322
1835:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1816:. Archived from
1809:
1803:
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1799:
1774:
1768:
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1749:
1743:
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1662:
1642:
1636:
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1611:
1594:
1579:
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1534:
1530:
1522:Berkeley sockets
1440:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1390:
1386:
1244:
1236:
1230:
1226:
1201:, are possible.
1131:embedded systems
1098:ARM architecture
1047:ARM architecture
913:Qualcomm Hexagon
909:Andes Technology
839:successors. The
728:microcontrollers
689:
667:
666:
663:
660:
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654:
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398:
349: − 1.
143:
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80:
56:
48:
21:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2819:Computer memory
2809:
2808:
2791:
2786:
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2156:
2155:
2151:
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2140:
2127:
2126:
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2113:
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2100:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2037:"std::byteswap"
2035:
2034:
2030:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1952:
1948:
1939:
1937:
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1913:
1909:
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1898:
1894:
1887:
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1797:
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1776:
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1751:
1750:
1746:
1737:
1735:
1726:
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1721:
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1710:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1673:
1669:
1660:
1658:
1643:
1639:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1577:
1570:
1472:
1377:byte order mark
1360:
1345:
1340:
1321:
1320:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1299:
1287:
1286:
1274:
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962:
762:
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679:
674:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
534:
507:
505:Byte addressing
501:
499:Byte addressing
477:
394:
384:
329:byte addressing
321:Computer memory
310:
308:Characteristics
193:computer memory
144:
133:
127:
124:
81:
79:
69:
57:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2847:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2807:
2806:
2790:
2789:External links
2787:
2784:
2783:
2754:
2726:
2713:
2658:
2630:
2605:
2602:on 2018-02-18.
2579:
2538:
2508:
2483:
2454:
2422:
2397:
2366:
2336:
2307:
2293:
2273:
2255:. p. b5.
2236:
2205:
2175:
2158:"C11 standard"
2149:
2120:
2089:
2058:
2028:
2004:
1980:
1966:
1946:
1907:
1875:
1830:
1804:
1769:
1744:
1719:
1694:
1688:
1667:
1637:
1600:(1980-04-01).
1588:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1569:
1566:
1471:
1468:
1401:files, or the
1359:
1356:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1297:
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1276:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1242:, on a PDP-11
1239:
1190:
1187:
1183:z/Architecture
1147:operation code
1138:
1135:
1110:floating-point
1105:
1104:Floating point
1102:
961:
958:
953:Oracle Solaris
813:Datapoint 2200
802:z/Architecture
778:z/Architecture
766:IBM System/360
761:
758:
719:
716:
694:(value = 4A),
678:
675:
673:
672:Considerations
670:
593:
592:
581:
572:
567:BSD and Glibc
565:
533:
530:
500:
497:
493:text direction
476:
473:
457:multiplication
421:
420:
413:
383:
380:
339:memory address
309:
306:
258:memory address
221:Jonathan Swift
161:Jonathan Swift
146:
145:
60:
58:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2846:
2835:
2834:Software wars
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2805:at Wiktionary
2804:
2803:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2772:
2768:
2767:linux.die.net
2764:
2758:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2730:
2723:
2717:
2703:
2700:
2697:. STD 2.
2695:
2690:
2687:. p. 3.
2686:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2672:
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2662:
2647:
2643:
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2542:
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2527:
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2189:
2185:
2179:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2106:
2099:
2093:
2075:
2068:
2062:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2025:
2022:Programmer's
2021:
2018: –
2015:
2008:
2001:
1998:Programmer's
1997:
1994: –
1991:
1984:
1969:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1950:
1936:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1911:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1834:
1820:on 2017-11-09
1819:
1815:
1812:Cary, David.
1808:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1773:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1691:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1626:(10): 48–54.
1625:
1621:
1620:IEEE Computer
1617:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1593:
1589:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1562:network stack
1559:
1558:
1552:
1550:
1538:
1526:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1484:over the wire
1481:
1480:network order
1478:use the term
1477:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1436:
1428:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1363:
1355:
1353:
1352:SystemVerilog
1349:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1315:
1311:
1294:
1290:
1281:
1277:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1235:
1232:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1195:middle-endian
1189:Middle-endian
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
960:Bi-endianness
957:
954:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
893:
891:
886:
884:
881:
877:
873:
869:
866:), the Zilog
865:
861:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
757:
755:
750:
748:
743:
739:
736:
731:
729:
725:
715:
713:
709:
705:
702:(00004A), or
701:
697:
693:
685:
669:
636:
633:
629:
624:
622:
614:
610:
606:
598:
590:
585:std::byteswap
582:
578:OSByteOrder.h
576:
573:
566:
559:
555:
554:
553:
539:
532:Byte swapping
529:
527:
523:
519:
514:
512:
506:
496:
494:
489:
486:
482:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
445:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
418:
417:little-endian
414:
411:
407:
406:
405:
402:
397:
392:
388:
379:
378:instruction.
375:
372:
368:
364:
360:
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
335:
330:
326:
322:
314:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:network order
283:
278:
276:
272:
271:middle-endian
268:
267:Bi-endianness
263:
259:
255:
250:
248:
243:
239:
234:
232:
228:
227:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
205:little-endian
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
162:
158:
157:
152:
142:
139:
131:
120:
117:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89: –
88:
84:
83:Find sources:
77:
73:
67:
66:
61:This article
59:
55:
50:
49:
44:
43:Calendar date
37:
33:
19:
2801:
2775:. Retrieved
2766:
2757:
2746:. Retrieved
2736:
2729:
2721:
2716:
2705:. Retrieved
2679:
2667:Reynolds, J.
2661:
2650:. Retrieved
2640:
2633:
2622:. Retrieved
2608:
2597:the original
2588:
2582:
2555:
2551:
2541:
2517:
2511:
2500:. Retrieved
2486:
2476:, retrieved
2467:
2457:
2445:. Retrieved
2425:
2414:. Retrieved
2400:
2388:. Retrieved
2379:
2369:
2358:. Retrieved
2349:
2339:
2328:. Retrieved
2319:
2310:
2298:. Retrieved
2283:
2276:
2264:. Retrieved
2239:
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2748:2021-04-09
2707:2012-03-02
2671:Postel, J.
2652:2016-03-30
2624:2014-08-18
2502:2009-02-04
2478:2018-07-16
2416:2019-02-10
2360:2022-03-27
2330:2015-03-28
2143:2017-02-05
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1841:IEEE Micro
1824:2010-10-11
1798:2015-10-07
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