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1302:) would keep the rail free of snow as the passing cars heated the rail. This proved not to be the case and in operations at just the wrong conditions close to freezing, the opposite occurred: when the train passed and heated the rail, microscopically thin layers of snow would be melted, and if the rail was below zero as a whole, the water would freeze to the rail and cause ice buildup. Another retrofit was required to solve this problem, by adding wooden covers over the rail, a system used throughout Toronto's subway system. Even with these covers in place, the line can be shut down by any heavy snowfall that covers the fourth rail to a depth that fills the distance between the rail and the linear motor.
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1573:. Unlike the production cars, the demo cars lacked doors at either end of the vehicle. Test Vehicle 1 had windows in the centre and on the driver cab, while Test Vehicle 2 is a trailer car only had a centre window and no driver's cab. The paint scheme on the lead car was orange and white, while the trailer was grey and orange. The interior of the vehicle was unfinished (no seats, incomplete floor/ceiling and plywood panelling covering wiring). Only Test Vehicle 2 remained at the facility and in 2011 it was donated to the
683:, the Minister of Transportation and Communications. The site included a 1.9-kilometre (1.2 mi) oval test track that included at-grade, elevated and ramped sections, switches, and the automatic control centre. Phase III of the ICTS program ended on January 31, 1980, when testing on the prototype was completed at the Millhaven site, by this point the government had invested about $ 57.2 million, of a total $ 63 million spent on the product by the government and its industrial partners.
821:, a large engineering company in Montreal. Lavalin purchased the company for only CAD$ 50 million, less than the $ 70 million spent on the UTDC by the government up to 1981. The sale was highly controversial at the time, due to several non-performance payments due to the early problems on the ICTS that had to be paid out by the government, to the tune of $ 39 million. Soon after, Hawker Siddeley announced that they were selling their remaining interest in Can-Car to Lavalin as well.
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the traditional
Toronto solution of taking up the front-right corner of the cab left too little room for the operator to work in, and the entire front of the car had to be used up, reducing seating. Additionally, the Innovia ART 100 control system was based on "dumb" cars and "smart" control centres, so there was no system on the train itself for control or presenting information. These systems had to be retrofitted and were the cause of considerable expense and confusion.
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streetcar budget. Construction of the internal streetcar platform and a turn-around loop had already been completed at the station. The platform had to be raised to the higher floor height of the ICTS, but UTDC claimed the vehicle would be able to make its way around the existing 18-metre (59 ft) radius loop at 10 km/h (6.2 mph) without additional modification.
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producing buzzing noises when running at speed. Since the vehicles were brand-new, the TTC did not have a machine capable of grinding the small-diameter wheels, and one had to be purchased for $ 1.5 million. Another $ 250,000 was needed for a rail grinder to remove "totally unexpected rail corrugations". Additionally, the cars were found to be incapable of turning the
1341:. Vancouver's SkyTrain network continues to maintain on-time reliability over 95%. The Expo Line opened in late 1985, in time for Expo '86. With the opening of the Millennium Line in 2002, Vancouver added to its original Innovia ART 100 fleet the longer, articulated Innovia ART 200 trains first used in Kuala Lumpur, which allow for significantly greater rider capacities.
1321:, a subway line, from Kennedy station along a new route to Scarborough Centre. Line 3 Scarborough was scheduled to be decommissioned in November 2023, with bus service covering the route until the subway extension opens in 2030. However, an accident involving a car detachment and derailment on July 24, 2023, resulted in the TTC closing the line prematurely.
768:(DPM) program. After ten years, little actual development had taken place and UMTA was mandated to install systems with all possible speed. None of the high-tech developments funded by UMTA had been installed, nor developed to the point where they were ready for service. Instead, the Detroit system was favouring the
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The resulting system offers service to a limited area of the downtown core along a 4.7-kilometre (2.9 mi) loop. The point-to-point distances are easily walkable, so the system sees low ridership levels on the order of 7,500 passengers a day. Originally designed to act as the hub of a system with
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In spite of Can-Car's success in other markets, as early as 1981 the government had considered selling UTDC to the private sector. Their concern was that without a manufacturing business, UTDC would find it difficult to make enough income to justify its
Kingston operations. If the company did start a
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Sales of additional ICTS systems went nowhere, and the government began to worry about UTDC's continued successes. The government pushed any potential deployment to buy from UTDC, but with only one product, and that product having many problems in
Toronto, there was little interest from other cities.
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in downtown
Vancouver could be easily modified and split into two stacked tunnels. With UTDC interested in showcasing the system at the Expo, and the Expo backers interested in a transit solution that could be open in time for the show, a deal was quickly arranged that was attractive to both parties.
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Toronto was not the only city looking for such a solution, and there appeared to be a large market for automated transit systems in the 1970s and 80s. As GO-Urban was larger than most networks being considered, practically every company working on an AGT, or hoping to, submitted a proposal. The first
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In 2006, Bombardier was awarded a contract for 22 new four-car trains, with an option for an additional 13 trains if required. The order was expanded in 2007 with an additional purchase of 52 train sets. The first batch of new trains began service in
December 2009, and by 2014, all 35 train sets had
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Although its
Innovia ART 100 trains are capable of driving themselves, the TTC chose to run them semi-automatically with operators on board in order to keep peace with their main union. This conversion proved much more difficult than imagined; the small confines of the Innovia ART 100 car meant that
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By 2011, the
Innovia ART 200 design has been updated and Bombardier is currently marketing the third generation as Innovia Metro 300 (retiring the ART branding). While three vehicle orders have been placed, new vehicles are still in the production stage. Vehicle dimensions are similar to the Innovia
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World's Fair, giving it the theme "Transportation and
Communications". The city is newer than Toronto and more spread out, making a traditional subway unattractive – precisely the problem that the ICTS had been designed to solve. The ICTS vehicle design, with shorter vehicle heights, was also ideal,
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Between 1976 and 1980, three prototype cars were built. The first immediately demonstrated a problem with the rubber-wheeled bogies. The linear induction motor required very accurate positioning about 15 millimetres (0.59 in) above its "reaction rail" in order to work efficiently and the slight
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is a fully automated system, using the same
Innovia ART 100 trains as Toronto and Vancouver. The system had originally been part of UMTA's buildout, which included lines radiating outward from a central circle into the suburbs. However, UMTA was dramatically "downfunded" in the early 1980s, and the
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Vancouver continues to be the largest operator of an
Innovia ART system, with 49.5 km (30.8 mi) of operational lines in its SkyTrain network (Expo Line and Millennium Line). This network increased in 2016 with the opening of a 10.9-kilometre (6.8 mi) extension of the Millennium Line,
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provincial government convinced it, by threatening to withhold funding, to switch to the Innovia ART 100 technology. This would act as a demonstration system for other transit operators considering buying the trains. In exchange, the government agreed to pay for any cost overruns over the original
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for the Expo line, and a bored tunnel under Clarke Road for the Evergreen Extension), Kuala Lumpur's Kelana Jaya Line, and Beijing's Airport Express. The Scarborough RT in Toronto also includes a short tunnelled section, though there are no stations within it. The Kuala Lumpur and Beijing systems,
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By the late 1970s, it appeared there were no more technology issues to overcome and efforts turned to debugging the system and developing methods for mass production. As this process started, UTDC started its own efforts to market the design. Toronto, the inspiration for the system, was an obvious
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metro network, which has seen several major expansions over its lifetime. It operates just under 50 kilometres (31 mi) of track compatible with Innovia Metro trains. Vancouver was the first to order Innovia Metro 300 vehicles. Since then, vehicle orders for the latest Innovia Metro technology
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A series of financial difficulties caused by Lavalin's rapid expansion led to its bankruptcy. A clause in the original sales contract returned UTDC to Ontario crown control, and they quickly sold it to Bombardier in 1991. Bombardier started a redesign effort for the ICTS, resulting in the larger,
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agreed to do all vehicle construction in Ontario, and allow the local office to handle all sales efforts in North America – a stipulation most US companies were not willing to agree to. Local testing, construction and sales were centralized in the newly created "Ontario Transportation Development
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in the northeast, which the Millennium Line now re-routes to. Although at one point the extension was proposed to be a street-level LRT system that would not have used Innovia ART technology, in 2008 plans were changed back to the SkyTrain option by the provincial government to facilitate higher
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Local 113, rejected automated control as they felt this was the start of a switch to automating the entire fleet, thereby cutting some of the highest paid jobs in the TTC. This led to the Scarborough Rapid Transit vehicles being modified at a high cost to include operator cabins and conventional
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Entering operation, the problems continued. The braking system had been designed to be fully automated but was now being operated by manual control, and the brakes were being over-applied. This led to problems with the wheels being rubbed flat in spots when the brakes were applied too strongly,
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Instead of returning to their earlier submissions, the OTDC decided to press ahead with many portions of the existing ICTS design. On April 14, 1975, the Ministry of Transportation arranged financing for Phase I and II studies to develop the new version. In June 1975, OTDC announced that it had
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contract in Vancouver, Bombardier further improved the design by introducing an articulating section between adjacent cars, replacing the coupling and doors of the older Mark I design. The articulation allows passengers to move freely between the cars, as well as adding more internal space for
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The provincial government asked the TTC to switch the streetcar line to the ICTS. The TTC was uninterested until the government threatened to pull their financing, which accounted for 75% of its capital budget. In exchange, the government agreed to pay for any cost overruns above the original
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The latest version of the technology uses the name "Innovia Metro" and is marketed as a mid-size metro system. Innovia Metro is compatible with Bombardier's own CITYFLO 650 integrated transit automation system and is offered in variants compatible with both linear motor and electric rotary
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The Innovia Metro vehicle was built using a lightweight aluminum frame riding on two sets of articulated trucks using small steel wheels. The original Innovia ART 100 cars are 12.7 metres (41 ft 8 in) long. The second generation Innovia ART 200 cars are 16.7 metres (54 ft
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In the original system, the current loop also provided positioning by crossing the lines every metre, with an onboard sensor counting the number of times the polarity changed. Additional fine-tuning was available via a wheel rotation counter, which was used for positioning in stations.
1436:, Malaysia, is a fully automated rail line that opened in 1998. It uses the Innovia ART 200 technology, featuring articulated trains. The line spans 37 stations and covers a distance of 46.4 kilometres (28.8 mi), making it the longest linear induction motor technology-based line.
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give in the wheels was enough to make this a problem. The obvious solution to this would be to use steel wheels instead, but that would re-introduce the noise problem as the trains rounded curves in the tracks. A new solution was selected, using steel wheels with an
1133:(which is built to high-capacity, full metro standards). Furthermore, the CITYFLO and SelTrac signaling technologies are not specific to the Innovia Metro, but can also equip most conventional railway lines regardless of propulsion technology or carrying capacity.
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set up in the US as part of their own mass transit developments, the site would be open to use for any company that wanted to test new technologies without the need to build out their own testing sites. A 480-acre (190 ha) site in Millhaven, outside of
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out of many local projects, and they had formerly been a major supplier in the local market. The solution was to form a 50–50 combined company, Can-Car Rail, who marketed the combined product line. Hawker had a number of successful products, notably their
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started in late 1975, but shortly after this Krauss-Maffei announced that development funding provided by the German government was ending. Ontario was not willing to continue funding development of the system on their own, and cancelled the maglev plans.
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Detroit system lost the majority of the funding. Although most other cities on the UMTA list simply gave up on their plans, Detroit decided to press ahead with the portion they could build with the funds they already had, and completed the downtown loop.
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into the direction of the track and thereby avoid the rubbing between the flange and track that caused the screeching noise. UTDC bought two modern articulated bogie patents from a private developer in the United States, which were further developed by
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that was sweeping through the United States. This caused enormous traffic problems within the city, and a network of new highways to address the problem became part of the Official Plan in 1959. By the mid-1960s, there was a growing awareness that
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With the Innovia ART 100 fleet overdue for replacement and expensive upgrades to the line needed to handle the longer Innovia ART 200 trains, replacement of the line was decided upon. One proposal would have converted the line to use conventional
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The new Innovia Metro still offers linear motor propulsion as the advantageous option but an electric rotary propulsion version is also an option. The first rotary-powered Innovia Metro 300 system is being implemented in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Bombardier would later be purchased by Alstom, which continues to market the technology. The latest version is marketed as the Innovia Metro, while previous models are retroactively branded as Innovia ART. The largest system is part of the
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ART 200 vehicle, but passenger capacity has been increased through redesigned car layout. The vehicles appear sleeker, with larger windows on the sides of the train, and redesigned windows and headlights on the ends of the cars.
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that provides traction by using magnetic force to pull on a "fourth rail" (a flat aluminum slab) placed between the running rails. However, newer versions of the technology are available with standard electric rotary propulsion.
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The linear motors and steerable axles used in Innovia Metro trains are relatively rare, although similar Japanese designed linear motor propulsion technologies are also used on a number of subway lines in East Asia, such as the
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administration taking office in 1981, DPM was rapidly de-funded. Four of the five cities ended their development plans, but Detroit and Miami (using a different design) decided to press ahead with their deployments.
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Vancouver proved very interested in the system on its own merits. As early as 1978, the city had been planning a transportation-themed event for its centennial in 1986, and in 1980 they won the rights to host the
1309:, and most passengers see it merely as an extra transfer they must make in order to get onto a subway line running downtown. Although there had been proposals to extend Line 3, none of these gained traction.
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opening in June 1999. By 2002, the line had served 150 million passengers, with an average daily ridership of 160,000. An extension of the line, spanning 17 kilometres (11 mi), was completed in 2016.
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would be too expensive to build and operate. Designed to have a design capacity half-way between buses and subways, the new system was referred to as the Intermediate Capacity Transit System or ICTS. The
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at one end of the line, in spite of UTDC's claims it could, which was going to have to be re-built at a cost of about $ 6 million. Instead, this portion of the track was simply abandoned.
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advanced rapid transit (ART) Mark II vehicle. Compared to the original ICTS (retroactively named Mark I), the newer ART cars are longer with more seating, and have a more open layout inside.
469:) after its acquisition of the technology. The company was much more active in developing and promoting this system, introducing a major new revision and winning several additional sales in
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Following the line extension in 2016, a new order for 14 four-car Innovia Metro 300 trains was placed. The trains feature braking systems, monitoring, and diagnostic equipment developed by
1041:, allows the ART to be much closer to the ground than a traditional subway car. The motor is used for all control with the exception of final stopping and positioning using disc brakes and
3325:"The Light-Rapid Comfortable (LRC) Train and the Intermediate Capacity Transit System (ICTS): Two Case Studies of Innovation in the Urban Transportation Equipment Manufacturing Industry"
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for the design of the car bodies and a set of prototypes, and Canadair as the overall prime contractor. The arrangements, funding and final system definitions were in place by 1976.
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As the required capacity of the ALRT system rose, it eventually approached the size of conventional heavy rail, and ALRT was cancelled in favour of additional diesel units pulling
1521:, opened in July 2008, uses Innovia ART 200 technology, with a fleet of 40 locally manufactured vehicles. The route is 28 kilometres (17 mi) long and has four stations.
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776:. The UTDC responded to a "buy American" clause in UMTA by opening a branch office in Detroit, and that immediately swung the decision in their favour. However, with the
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Vancouver uses the original Innovia ART 100; the Innovia ART 200 vehicles (pictured here), whose articulated design allows for a more spacious interior; and the ART 300.
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ridership from increased capacity, shortened travel times and to integrate seamlessly with the existing SkyTrain network. The extension opened on December 2, 2016.
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as the preferred solution. As a maglev, the system would be silent, addressing concerns about noise on elevated portions of the track. Additionally, the system's
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430:, which would have ridership levels between what a bus could serve at the low-end, or a subway at the high-end. During development, the system was known as the
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billion (US$ 385 million). The new trainsets were intended to replace the original Innovia Metro 200 trainsets that had been operating on the line since 1999.
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Prior to a change in approach to marketing and the introduction of the "Metro" branding, Innovia ART 100 and 200 technologies were sometimes referred to as "
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vehicles and seen it extended west by 19 kilometres (11.8 mi), but the city council voted to ask for provincial and federal funding to extend
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3098:"Bombardier Awarded Contract in China for the Beijing Capital International Airport Link With Connection to Summer 2008 Olympic Games Village "
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family of automated transit systems, the technology was rebranded as the Innovia ART 100 for the Mark I and Innovia ART 200 for the Mark II.
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of Quebec in 1986. Lavalin ran into serious financial difficulties and the UTDC returned to Ontario control, only to be immediately sold to
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in the track bed to signal to and from the vehicles, but this has been replaced in more modern versions with a variety of radio systems.
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running from those stations into the suburbs. Construction had already started on the streetcar system at the eastern end of the line at
2592:
AppaRao refers to this vehicle as the "Advanced Light Rapid Transit" (ALRT). This is not in keeping with other allusions to the vehicle.
2016:, which was the original system that made use of Innovia Metro technology, four months ahead of its scheduled closure in November 2023.
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manufacturing side, it would be inappropriate for the company to remain government owned. The Can-Car deal put this on hold for a time.
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arranged a consortium to continue the development of the ICTS, changing their name to "Urban Transportation Development Corporation" (
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559:. The idea was to select a system with low capital costs, one that would be cost effective in low-density areas where a traditional
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to prevent ice buildup but this feature was later removed as a cost-cutting move. It was believed that the rapid operation (short
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Interior of Mark III car looking toward the centre. Notice the walkway and gangway are even wider than the Mark II 2nd generation.
41:
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1470:, the operator of the Kelana Jaya Line, announced an order for 19 additional Innovia Metro 300 trainsets (76 cars) at a cost of
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15 million riders a year, the 2 million riders it currently serves results in a very high cost-per-passenger. According to
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2468:"History | Railway Systems | Toshiba Infrastructure Systems & Solutions Corporation | Transportation System History List"
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project. The government reconsidered and cancelled the construction of the Spadina Expressway and other planned expressways.
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1489:, opened in December 2003, is an automated ART service with Innovia ART 200 rolling stock. Its two branches connect the
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has an anticipated opening date of 2028. A continuation of the Millennium Line from Arbutus station farther west to the
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project, which is widely considered a great success in spite of predictions to the contrary. After winning the SkyTrain
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passenger seating. These versions of the Mark II design won several more contracts, and are currently operating on the
615:
The result was essentially a larger, rubber-wheeled version of the original maglev vehicle. The consortium included of
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did not require physical contact for traction, which meant it would run with equal capacity in snow or icy conditions.
1140:, and indeed the systems that use these trains include such sections, with most being predominantly elevated. Using a
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system from Germany, but that company decided to pull out of the contest in order to focus on a larger development in
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Two demonstrator/prototype Innovia ART 100 cars were built and used for testing at the UTDC urban transit facility
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cut reduced the field to a still-large fourteen proposals. After a year-long selection process, GO selected the
555:" plan. GO-Urban called for a system of three advanced mass transit lines that would be run by the newly formed
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810:, and as these other products were selling well through this period, interest in actively selling ICTS waned.
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with the addition of another station on each end of the line, and had planned to further extend the line with
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A test system in Toronto was the primary concern. With the GO-Urban concept having since been cancelled, and
450:. Further sales were not forthcoming and the Ontario government lost interest in the company, selling it to
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2703:"Hon Ms Wark-Martyn", Hansard (HIGHWAY TRAFFIC AMENDMENT ACT (FIREFIGHTERS)), December 7, 1994, pg. 2330
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metro network has the largest Innovia Metro system in operation, and currently has two such lines: the
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Interior of Mark III car looking toward the end. Notice one side without seats and the larger windows.
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that closed its doors in 1969, and the city lobbied hard for the new company to locate to their city.
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by Disney Displays. This car was unpainted and non-operational. The fate of this vehicle is unknown.
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972:. SelTrac is a completely automated system, with centralized control. The system originally used a
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2856:"Federal government providing up to $ 1.3 billion for Surrey-Langley SkyTrain extension"
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had an Innovia ART 200 test car delivered to test clearance in stations and tunnels for the
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began construction in 2020; completion is expected in 2027. The Expo Line's extension from
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Only two of Line 3's stations have ridership comparable to those of the TTC's conventional
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1105:. However, the Innovia Metro system has a number of competitors in the field of automated
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Detroit had been one of six cities selected for rapid development under the United States
612:) to avoid any "provinciality" during their efforts to market the design to other cities.
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3196:"SkyTrain prototype car awaits new home – News Radio 1130 Jun 08, 2012 23:10:48 pm"
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The original ALRT design was never produced, as the ALRT program was cancelled in 1985.
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The network of Innovia ART 100, Innovia ART 200, and Innovia Metro 300 are supported by
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network. Those 47 vehicles will be equipped with Bombardier's MITRAC propulsion drives.
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1505:. This service uses non-articulated Innovia ART 200 cars in trains of one or two cars.
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426:. It was designed as a system that would provide economic rapid transit service in the
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Operation on the line began on September 1, 1998, between the Lembah Subang Depot and
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968:. This system has changed hands several times since then and is currently owned by
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Innovia ART 200 train. SkyTrain cars can also be seen in the opening credits of
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LRT costs. The 7-kilometre (4.3 mi) six-station Scarborough RT (now called
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near Seoul in South Korea. When Bombardier started marketing ART as part of its
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3177:"TransLink to buy 205 new SkyTrain cars from Bombardier for $ 723 million"
2808:"B.C. government picks construction group to build Vancouver's Broadway subway"
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874:. The SkyTrain system uses a mixed fleet of Innovia ART 100, 200 and 300 cars.
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571:(AGT) systems being designed in the late 1960s seemed like the right solution.
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402:. Innovia Metro systems run on conventional metal rails and pull power from a
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3327:, University of Toronto/York University Joint Program in Transportation, 1982
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In 1986 the new Ontario government announced their intention to sell UTDC to
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At the time, it was a somewhat controversial project and had its detractors.
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Spec Sheet for the Mark I with Electric Diagrams and Tractive Curves; French
2501:"Bombardier Presents INNOVIA Metro 300 Design for Riyadh Metro – Bombardier"
1649:, which have since gone on to be one of Bombardier's best-selling products.
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products, including braking as well as monitoring and diagnostic equipment.
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Construction of the Toronto and Vancouver systems proceeded apace, with the
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Michael Smith, "TTC seeking $ 27 million to repair Scarborough line",
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3227:"Scarborough RT to remain closed for at least three weeks after derailment"
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Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure, Province of British Columbia
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1433:
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1030:
1012:
973:
940:
932:
propulsion. Bombardier now markets the Innovia Metro alongside the larger
842:
512:
478:
337:
191:
169:
51:
2650:
Michael Keating, "$ 61 million experiment could go down the drain.",
3652:
3642:
3482:
3472:
2539:
Max Allen (1997), "Ideas that Matter: The Worlds of Jane Jacobs", pg. 170
2102:
2078:
1440:
1118:
1106:
1046:
769:
748:
709:
533:
525:
351:
3554:
3467:
2560:
1598:
1546:
1467:
1444:
1314:
1295:
1221: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1169:
1168:", especially in Asia. Because of their use of automated operation and
1165:
829:
720:
716:
556:
544:
403:
999:
automation system, but can also use other automation systems, such as
672:, was selected for the new test centre. Kingston had been home to the
3769:
3581:
2335:
2297:
2160:
1708:
1353:
1144:, though, allows them to perform equally well on ground level and in
898:
893:
Four-car Bombardier Innovia Metro 300 (ART Mark III) train parked at
732:
701:
565:
439:
1196:
939:
The first rotary-powered Innovia Metro 300 vehicles were ordered by
3507:
3487:
2251:
2209:
1874:
1760:
1542:
1530:
995:
The Innovia Metro 300 systems are marketed to use Bombardier's own
859:
640:
552:
179:
164:
47:
3248:"TTC hunts for Scarborough solutions as RT remains out of service"
792:
on December 11, 1985, with passenger service starting in January.
663:
A dedicated test facility was desired; modelled after the similar
498:
have been made by transit authorities in Kuala Lumpur and Riyadh.
3724:
3687:
2937:"Kelana Jaya Line | Syarikat Prasarana Negara Berhad (Prasarana)"
2274:
2179:
2137:
2050:
1825:
1738:
1622:
1590:
1349:
1299:
1267:
1000:
961:
818:
773:
705:
657:
628:
474:
451:
447:
443:
307:
2682:
Heather Conn, "On track: the SkyTrain story", B.C. Transit, 1996
1414:, this was about $ 3 per ride, against a fare of only 50 cents.
3744:
3729:
3677:
3657:
3399:
2255:
1907:
1879:
1534:
1448:
1145:
1026:
693:
482:
427:
399:
100:
3059:
2981:"Rapid Rail to receive 19 new train sets for Kelana Jaya line"
2911:"Metro Vancouver mayors vote yes on SkyTrain extension to UBC"
2563:, "Toronto Sketches 5: The Way We Were", Dundurn Press, 1997,
3667:
1183:
that the term usually indicates in Europe and North America.
1114:
1038:
1029:
consisting of a thin aluminum plate mounted flat between the
992:
controls. No other Innovia Metro system uses manual control.
692:
target, but the company also found interest in the system in
636:
632:
486:
2106:
and in numerous other filmed productions shot in Vancouver.
1180:
761:
609:
313:
ART 200, Metro 300 and newer: IGBT–VVVF (Bombardier MITRAC)
1641:
be capable of high speeds needed for interurban operation
679:
The site was officially opened on September 29, 1978, by
2664:"TTC Rapid Transit and Streetcar Official Opening Dates"
1463:. The trains began entering service at the end of 2016.
1186:
414:
The design was originally developed in the 1970s by the
3453:
Automated Guideway Transit System project (Philippines)
1017:
The original versions of Innovia Metro were based on a
788:
opening for service on March 22, 1985, followed by the
511:
During the 1950s, Toronto experienced the same sort of
1655:
1617:
The ALRT car was a proposed rapid-transit vehicle for
1580:
A mock-up of an Innovia ART 100 car was stored at the
1391:
is pending the outcome of local public consultations.
3034:"Travel Advisory: A Train to the Plane, At Long Last"
3008:"More new trains for Kuala Lumpur's Kelana Jaya line"
1294:
Over $ 1 million was originally budgeted to heat the
1153:
along with New York's Airtrain JFK, also incorporate
532:
across North America. Activists inspired by urbanist
2886:"Surrey Langley SkyTrain Project - Project Overview"
2833:"Two major infrastructure projects reach milestones"
1638:
be an articulated version of the Scarborough RT car
727:(TTC). The TTC had recently extended the east–west
594:Construction of a test track on the grounds of the
3239:
3218:
2963:"Innovia Metro 300 enters service in Kuala Lumpur"
1037:, and its lack of a transmission connected to the
3795:
3260:
2008:A train derailment in July 2023 resulted in the
1348:, a 10.9-kilometre (6.8 mi) extension from
723:systems, the only suitable local market was the
3698:Unbuilt Rosemont personal rapid transit system
2795:Quester Tangent – SkyTrain for Fleet Operators
1367:An extension of the Millennium Line west from
858:in China (in four-car trains), and the YongIn
3385:
3269:"TTC ends Scarborough RT service permanently"
2065:
1447:, with the second section from Pasar Seni to
1344:In 2012, Vancouver began construction of the
936:Metro and has touted its system versatility.
801:At the same time, the buy-UTDC clause locked
3804:Electric multiple units of the United States
3528:UP Diliman Automated Guideway Transit System
2081:running in front of a mockup of a Vancouver
1172:power, however, they are unsuitable for the
416:Urban Transportation Development Corporation
3193:
1136:Innovia Metro lines are designed to run on
960:The ICTS was the original platform for the
3392:
3378:
2835:. Ministry of Transportation. May 24, 2024
2630:"UTDC Kingston Transit Development Center"
2438:"The night shift on the SkyTrain guideway"
3458:Bicutan Automated Guideway Transit System
1237:Learn how and when to remove this message
955:
3809:Bombardier Transportation multiple units
3151:"December 17, 2020 Board Meeting Agenda"
3137:"SkyTrain prototype car awaits new home"
3005:
2690:
2688:
2495:
2493:
2432:
2430:
828:
762:Urban Mass Transportation Administration
627:(SEL) for the automatic control system,
528:being seen throughout the US leading to
3031:
2853:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2556:
2554:
2361:families of automated transit systems:
1262:serving the city's eastern district of
1033:. The small size and flat shape of the
65:Interior of Innovia Metro 300 train of
14:
3844:Electric multiple units of South Korea
3796:
3300:from the original on December 12, 2021
3245:
3224:
2805:
2790:
2788:
2579:
2577:
943:in Saudi Arabia for Line 3 of its new
524:from the city cores, resulting in the
3373:
3341:, University of Toronto Press, 2009,
3323:Isaiah Litvak and Christopher Maule,
2866:from the original on December 8, 2021
2685:
2644:
2635:
2490:
2427:
1499:John F. Kennedy International Airport
1187:Metros using Innovia Metro technology
536:rallied to oppose development of the
3550:List of airport people mover systems
3174:
3032:Stellin, Susan (December 14, 2003).
2929:
2706:
2613:
2595:
2551:
1625:in the early 1980s. The car was to:
1575:Canada Science and Technology Museum
1219:adding citations to reliable sources
1190:
841:ART technology was selected for the
506:
438:). The ICTS was chosen for lines in
436:Intermediate Capacity Transit System
3175:Chan, Kenneth (December 17, 2020).
2785:
2574:
1656:Delivered rolling stock and systems
547:and his new Minister of Transport,
24:
3648:Computer-controlled Vehicle System
3426:Hamersley & Robe River railway
3266:
2771:"The Future of Line 3 Scarborough"
2604:
2524:
2478:from the original on July 26, 2021
2448:from the original on July 22, 2018
1287:, 18-metre (59 ft 1 in)
1087:
25:
3865:
3834:Electric multiple units of Canada
3663:Morgantown Personal Rapid Transit
3353:
3294:"21 Jump Street Intro (Season 1)"
3006:Artymiuk, Simon (June 27, 2022).
2003:
3839:Electric multiple units of China
3067:"AirTrain JFK opens for service"
2854:Weichel, Andrew (July 9, 2021).
2367:– automated people mover systems
2320:
2282:
2263:
2244:
2225:
2202:
2168:
2145:
2126:
1848:West Coast Railway Heritage Park
1603:West Coast Railway Heritage Park
1541:. The line connects the city to
1195:
1076: in) long each and come in
917:
905:
886:
877:
686:
59:
40:
3638:Aramis (personal rapid transit)
3421:List of automated train systems
3316:
3286:
3246:Harvey, Lex (August 17, 2023).
3202:
3187:
3168:
3143:
3129:
3107:
3091:
3075:. March 1, 2004. Archived from
3025:
2999:
2973:
2955:
2903:
2878:
2847:
2825:
2806:Little, Simon (July 17, 2020).
2799:
2763:
2737:
2720:
2697:
2676:
2657:
2622:
2586:
2404:
2395:
2386:
1417:
1206:needs additional citations for
1006:
856:Airport Express, Beijing Subway
3849:Rail transport in Saudi Arabia
3503:Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)
2542:
2533:
2515:
2460:
2012:permanently closing Toronto’s
1389:University of British Columbia
1258:(TTC) was planning to build a
1095:Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi Line
824:
719:having turned to conventional
46:An Innovia Metro 300 train of
27:Automated rapid transit system
13:
1:
3296:. YouTube. January 26, 2009.
3225:Harvey, Lex (July 27, 2023).
3072:Railway Gazette International
3012:International Railway Journal
2420:
1689:Innovia Metro (future model)
1545:, South Korea's most popular
1275:) line opened in March 1985.
275:: 100 km/h (62 mph)
3735:High Speed Surface Transport
3628:Advanced Transit Association
3194:John Streit (June 8, 2012).
3117:. Bombardier. April 22, 2013
2773:. Toronto Transit Commission
2745:"TTC Other Transit Projects"
2373:– automated monorail systems
1941:1.88 km (1.17 mi)
1913:40.7 km (25.3 mi)
1885:18.1 km (11.2 mi)
1775:46.4 km (28.8 mi)
1714:59.5 km (37.0 mi)
1564:
1324:
1121:in France (and now owned by
1021:(LIM) using vehicle-mounted
964:automated control system by
596:Canadian National Exhibition
280:: 80 km/h (50 mph)
7:
3592:PeopleMover (Magic Kingdom)
3493:Harbour Island People Mover
2694:Litvak & Maule, pg. 105
2641:Litvak & Maule, pg. 103
2442:The Buzzer blog (TransLink)
2401:Locally designated the Y100
2392:Locally designated the QKZ5
2346:
2077:filmed in Vancouver, shows
1855:, British Columbia, Canada
1711:, British Columbia, Canada
1686:Innovia Metro 300 on order
1612:
1549:offering a transfer to the
1533:is an ART line, located in
1481:
674:Canadian Locomotive Company
10:
3870:
3854:Multiple units of Malaysia
3814:Automated guideway transit
3602:VĂ©hicule Automatique LĂ©ger
3431:Iron Ore Company of Canada
3339:"The Shape of the Suburbs"
3139:. News 1130. June 8, 2012.
3115:"Inc. – Bombardier – Home"
2967:Metro Report International
2731:November 15, 2005, at the
2619:Litvak & Maule, pg. 99
2601:Litvak & Maule, pg. 88
2583:Litvak & Maule, pg. 93
2548:Litvak & Maule, pg. 72
2109:
2070:A scene in the 2003 movie
2066:Appearances in TV and film
2056:6.4 km (4.0 mi)
2010:Toronto Transit Commission
1831:27 km (16.8 mi)
1744:4.7 km (2.9 mi)
1647:Bombardier BiLevel Coaches
1582:Toronto Transit Commission
1508:
1421:
1394:
1256:Toronto Transit Commission
1249:
1056:
1010:
985:Toronto Transit Commission
729:Bloor-Danforth subway line
725:Toronto Transit Commission
602:
569:automated guideway transit
501:
3710:
3614:
3536:
3439:
3411:
2747:. .ttc.ca. Archived from
2027:
2024:
2021:
1994:
1989:
1957:
1930:Bombardier Transportation
1804:13 km (8.1 mi)
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1555:Seoul Metropolitan Subway
1524:
1377:station at Arbutus Street
950:
895:Stadium–Chinatown station
795:
518:the growth of the suburbs
461:Bombardier used the name
456:Bombardier Transportation
350:
343:600 V DC fifth rail (TTC)
320:
284:
268:
263:
214:
144:
136:
128:
118:
110:
81:
73:
58:
39:
34:
3587:PeopleMover (Disneyland)
3565:Metro-Airport Connection
3498:Krauss-Maffei Transurban
3463:Bombardier Innovia Metro
3360:Bombardier INNOVIA Metro
2669:August 10, 2010, at the
2379:
1599:BC Rapid Transit Company
1142:grade-separated guideway
1113:technology developed by
966:Standard Elektrik Lorenz
808:Bombardier BiLevel Coach
625:Standard Elektrik Lorenz
577:Krauss-Maffei Transurban
543:Instead of expressways,
18:Bombardier Innovia Metro
3829:Linear induction motors
3765:Skyrail Midorizaka Line
3760:SĂŁo Paulo Metro Line 17
3755:SĂŁo Paulo Metro Line 15
3478:Docklands Light Railway
2410:Locally designated the
2214:Kelana Jaya LRT station
1821:Capital Airport Express
1159:automated people movers
398:system manufactured by
238:Capital Airport Express
3750:Palm Jumeirah Monorail
3740:Incheon Airport Maglev
3572:Barcelona Metro line 9
3405:fixed-guideway transit
2353:Medium capacity system
1537:, a major city in the
1103:Guangzhou Metro Line 5
1019:linear induction motor
956:Control and signalling
834:
803:Hawker Siddeley Canada
752:as the old heavy-rail
665:Transit Testing Center
651:that would steer each
621:linear induction motor
584:linear induction motor
463:Advanced Rapid Transit
408:linear induction motor
3775:Transport System Bögl
3693:Ultra (rapid transit)
3577:Cabletren Bolivariano
2444:. February 28, 2010.
1495:Long Island Rail Road
1319:Line 2 Bloor–Danforth
1155:platform screen doors
897:'s spare platform in
854:in Kuala Lumpur, the
832:
766:Downtown People Mover
591:Corporation" (OTDC).
420:Government of Ontario
406:but are powered by a
243:Line 3 (Riyadh Metro)
170:New York AirTrain JFK
3523:SkyTrain (Vancouver)
3334:, September 24, 1986
3181:Daily Hive Vancouver
2969:. December 31, 2016.
2751:on November 14, 2011
2511:on December 2, 2020.
2271:Beijing Airport Line
2176:Detroit People Mover
1734:Detroit People Mover
1597:. It was donated by
1491:New York City Subway
1401:Detroit People Mover
1215:improve this article
1025:and a track-mounted
302:ART 200 (original):
234:(Rapid Kuala Lumpur)
228:(Vancouver SkyTrain)
160:Detroit People Mover
3819:Linear motor metros
3560:Birmingham Air-Rail
3156:. December 10, 2020
2917:. February 15, 2019
2332:29th Avenue station
1381:King George station
1346:Evergreen Extension
1138:elevated structures
1131:Paris MĂ©tro Line 14
1129:technology used by
872:Evergreen Extension
549:Charles MacNaughton
3673:Schmid Peoplemover
3215:website (archived)
3079:on August 22, 2016
3038:The New York Times
2987:. October 26, 2022
2860:CTV News Vancouver
2652:The Globe and Mail
2505:www.bombardier.com
2359:Bombardier Innovia
2134:Line 3 Scarborough
2053:, Ontario, Canada
2046:Line 3 Scarborough
2014:Line 3 Scarborough
1938:, Ontario, Canada
1683:Innovia Metro 300
1585:St. Clair Carhouse
1571:Millhaven, Ontario
1539:Seoul Capital Area
1273:Line 3 Scarborough
1161:around the world.
1157:commonly found in
864:Bombardier Innovia
835:
538:Spadina Expressway
495:Vancouver SkyTrain
322:Electric system(s)
254:Line 3 Scarborough
165:Rapid Kuala Lumpur
155:Vancouver SkyTrain
140:1–4 cars trainsets
67:Vancouver SkyTrain
3824:ART people movers
3791:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3706:
3705:
3683:SK (people mover)
3610:
3609:
2943:on March 30, 2014
2632:, Transit Toronto
2311:Innovia Metro 300
2094:and variously in
2063:
2062:
2001:
2000:
1551:Suin–Bundang Line
1466:In October 2022,
1373:Broadway corridor
1369:VCC–Clark station
1247:
1246:
1239:
1078:articulated pairs
1043:emergency braking
670:Kingston, Ontario
649:articulated bogie
522:flight of capital
507:Development stage
424:crown corporation
386:
385:
16:(Redirected from
3861:
3708:
3707:
3612:
3611:
3534:
3533:
3513:Nuremberg U-Bahn
3437:
3436:
3401:Automated trains
3394:
3387:
3380:
3371:
3370:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3222:
3216:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3155:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3111:
3105:
3104:, March 20, 2006
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2939:. Archived from
2933:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2803:
2797:
2792:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2741:
2735:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2704:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2683:
2680:
2674:
2661:
2655:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2633:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2572:
2558:
2549:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2507:. Archived from
2497:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2434:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2371:Innovia Monorail
2324:
2286:
2267:
2248:
2229:
2206:
2172:
2149:
2130:
2093:
2036:Innovia ART 100
2019:
2018:
1765:Kelana Jaya line
1680:Innovia ART 200
1677:Innovia ART 100
1660:
1659:
1477:
1456:been delivered.
1430:Kelana Jaya Line
1424:Kelana Jaya line
1411:The Detroit News
1242:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1199:
1191:
1109:, including the
1075:
1074:
1070:
1067:
921:
909:
890:
852:Kelana Jaya Line
551:, outlined the "
382:
376:
374:
373:
369:
366:
358:
334:linear induction
256:(Toronto subway)
240:(Beijing Subway)
232:Kelana Jaya line
63:
44:
32:
31:
21:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3779:
3712:
3702:
3619:
3617:
3606:
3541:
3539:
3532:
3444:
3442:
3435:
3413:
3407:
3398:
3356:
3351:
3319:
3314:
3313:
3303:
3301:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3275:
3265:
3261:
3244:
3240:
3223:
3219:
3207:
3203:
3192:
3188:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3120:
3118:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3096:
3092:
3082:
3080:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3050:
3048:
3030:
3026:
3016:
3014:
3004:
3000:
2990:
2988:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2946:
2944:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2920:
2918:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2894:
2892:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2869:
2867:
2852:
2848:
2838:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2816:
2814:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2776:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2754:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2733:Wayback Machine
2725:
2721:
2716:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2671:Wayback Machine
2662:
2658:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2575:
2559:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2499:
2498:
2491:
2481:
2479:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2451:
2449:
2436:
2435:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2417:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2349:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2325:
2314:
2313:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2287:
2278:
2268:
2259:
2249:
2240:
2239:, United States
2230:
2221:
2207:
2196:
2195:
2193:Innovia ART 200
2188:
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2117:Innovia ART 100
2112:
2091:
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2006:
1910:, Saudi Arabia
1801:, New York, US
1741:, Michigan, US
1658:
1619:Greater Toronto
1615:
1595:Millennium Line
1567:
1559:Giheung Station
1527:
1515:Airport Express
1511:
1484:
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1461:Quester Tangent
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1399:The 13-station
1397:
1362:Quester Tangent
1339:Millennium Line
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754:Dunsmuir Tunnel
737:Kennedy station
689:
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530:freeway revolts
509:
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378:
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361:4 ft
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285:Traction system
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180:Yongin EverLine
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2004:Former systems
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945:rapid transit
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878:Innovia Metro
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778:Ronald Reagan
775:
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687:Initial sales
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588:Krauss-Maffei
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389:Innovia Metro
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357:1,435 mm
355:
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329:650–750 V DC
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35:Innovia Metro
33:
30:
19:
3332:Toronto Star
3331:
3317:Bibliography
3302:. Retrieved
3288:
3276:. Retrieved
3273:Toronto Star
3272:
3262:
3253:Toronto Star
3251:
3241:
3232:Toronto Star
3230:
3220:
3204:
3189:
3180:
3170:
3160:December 17,
3158:. Retrieved
3145:
3131:
3119:. Retrieved
3109:
3101:
3093:
3081:. Retrieved
3077:the original
3070:
3061:
3051:December 21,
3049:. Retrieved
3037:
3027:
3015:. Retrieved
3011:
3001:
2989:. Retrieved
2984:
2975:
2957:
2945:. Retrieved
2941:the original
2931:
2921:February 16,
2919:. Retrieved
2914:
2905:
2893:. Retrieved
2889:
2880:
2868:. Retrieved
2859:
2849:
2837:. Retrieved
2827:
2815:. Retrieved
2811:
2801:
2775:. Retrieved
2765:
2755:November 17,
2753:. Retrieved
2749:the original
2739:
2722:
2699:
2678:
2659:
2651:
2646:
2637:
2624:
2615:
2606:
2597:
2588:
2544:
2535:
2526:
2517:
2509:the original
2504:
2480:. Retrieved
2471:
2462:
2450:. Retrieved
2441:
2406:
2397:
2388:
2310:
2233:AirTrain JFK
2218:Kuala Lumpur
2192:
2116:
2101:
2095:
2086:
2071:
2069:
2007:
1995:
1990:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1902:Riyadh Metro
1794:AirTrain JFK
1770:Kuala Lumpur
1651:
1644:
1616:
1607:Squamish, BC
1589:
1579:
1568:
1528:
1512:
1487:AirTrain JFK
1485:
1465:
1458:
1454:
1438:
1434:Kuala Lumpur
1427:
1418:Kuala Lumpur
1409:
1406:
1398:
1366:
1359:
1343:
1328:
1311:
1307:subway lines
1304:
1293:
1289:turning loop
1285:short radius
1281:
1277:
1253:
1233:
1224:
1213:Please help
1208:verification
1205:
1178:street-level
1163:
1135:
1126:
1107:light metros
1091:
1082:
1060:
1051:
1016:
1013:Linear motor
1007:Linear motor
994:
982:
978:
974:current loop
959:
941:Riyadh Metro
938:
930:
868:
843:AirTrain JFK
840:
836:
816:
812:
799:
783:
759:
745:
741:
714:
690:
678:
662:
645:
614:
606:
593:
573:
542:
513:urban sprawl
510:
491:
479:Kuala Lumpur
466:
462:
460:
435:
431:
413:
388:
387:
338:linear motor
277:
272:
247:
246:
215:Lines served
198:
197:
192:Riyadh Metro
185:
184:
149:
132:1981–present
82:Manufacturer
77:1985–present
52:Kuala Lumpur
29:
3653:HUD reports
3643:Cabinentaxi
3483:Dubai Metro
3473:Delhi Metro
2628:James Bow,
2571:, pg. 38–40
2365:Innovia APM
2103:The X-Files
2079:Ben Affleck
1772:, Malaysia
1577:in Ottawa.
1441:Kelana Jaya
1264:Scarborough
1174:unprotected
1119:Lille Metro
1047:track brake
997:CITYFLO 650
825:Innovia ART
770:Cabinentaxi
710:Los Angeles
534:Jane Jacobs
526:urban decay
352:Track gauge
331:fourth rail
207:(1985–2023)
194:(from 2024)
129:Constructed
119:Family name
97:(1992–2021)
91:(1981–1992)
3798:Categories
3711:Driverless
3468:Dashaveyor
3278:August 24,
3213:Bombardier
2561:Mike Filey
2421:References
2220:, Malaysia
2097:Smallville
1703:Millennium
1634:pantograph
1547:theme park
1468:Rapid Rail
1445:Pasar Seni
1371:under the
1315:light rail
1296:third rail
1266:, but the
1170:third-rail
1166:light rail
1125:) and the
870:named the
733:streetcars
721:heavy rail
717:GO Transit
681:James Snow
557:GO Transit
545:Bill Davis
418:(UTDC), a
404:third rail
226:Millennium
95:Bombardier
74:In service
3770:Slope car
3713:monorails
3582:MiniMetro
3538:Automated
3441:Automated
3412:Automated
3121:April 26,
3046:0362-4331
2985:malaymail
2336:Vancouver
2298:Vancouver
2161:Vancouver
2025:Location
1959:Subtotals
1936:Millhaven
1709:Vancouver
1666:Location
1629:be longer
1609:in 2012.
1565:Demo cars
1354:Coquitlam
1335:Expo Line
1325:Vancouver
899:Vancouver
702:Vancouver
653:wheel set
566:space age
520:led to a
440:Vancouver
393:automated
291:ART 100:
278:Operation
186:Upcoming:
145:Operators
137:Formation
3616:Personal
3555:Aerotrén
3508:Minitram
3488:Ford ACT
3443:guideway
3298:Archived
3083:July 23,
3017:March 2,
2991:March 2,
2947:June 12,
2915:CBC News
2895:June 11,
2864:Archived
2839:June 11,
2817:July 18,
2729:Archived
2667:Archived
2482:July 25,
2476:Archived
2452:July 26,
2446:Archived
2412:S series
2347:See also
2338:, Canada
2328:SkyTrain
2300:, Canada
2290:SkyTrain
2252:EverLine
2210:Rapid KL
2163:, Canada
2153:SkyTrain
2140:, Canada
2083:SkyTrain
2073:Paycheck
1875:EverLine
1853:Squamish
1828:, China
1761:Rapid KL
1695:SkyTrain
1613:ALRT car
1543:Everland
1531:EverLine
1482:New York
1337:and the
1331:SkyTrain
1300:headways
1117:for the
1045:using a
1023:windings
860:EverLine
790:SkyTrain
749:Expo '86
698:Hamilton
641:Canadair
631:for the
619:for the
553:GO-Urban
375: in
150:Current:
111:Designer
48:Rapid KL
3725:Jetrail
3688:SkyTran
3620:transit
3445:transit
3304:May 19,
3209:Article
2870:July 9,
2777:July 5,
2277:, China
2275:Beijing
2180:Detroit
2138:Toronto
2110:Gallery
2092:
2051:Toronto
2022:System
1826:Beijing
1739:Detroit
1663:System
1623:GO ALRT
1601:to the
1591:BC Rail
1553:of the
1517:of the
1509:Beijing
1395:Detroit
1385:Langley
1350:Burnaby
1268:Ontario
1250:Toronto
1146:tunnels
1123:Siemens
1071:⁄
1057:Vehicle
1001:SelTrac
987:union,
962:SelTrac
819:Lavalin
774:Hamburg
764:(UMTA)
706:Detroit
658:Dofasco
629:Dofasco
603:Rebirth
502:History
485:, near
475:Beijing
452:Lavalin
448:Detroit
444:Toronto
428:suburbs
422:–owned
370:⁄
310:linear)
308:Toshiba
306:–VVVF (
248:Former:
199:Former:
123:Innovia
3745:Linimo
3730:H-Bahn
3678:Shweeb
3658:M-Bahn
3542:movers
3540:people
3414:trains
3345:
3044:
2567:
2357:Other
2256:Yongin
1908:Riyadh
1880:Yongin
1705:lines
1632:use a
1535:Yongin
1525:Yongin
1476:
1449:Gombak
1127:Météor
1039:bogies
1027:stator
970:Thales
951:Design
796:Hiatus
694:Ottawa
633:bogies
580:maglev
561:subway
483:Yongin
446:, and
400:Alstom
391:is an
299:(UTDC)
273:Design
101:Alstom
3668:ROMAG
3618:rapid
3154:(PDF)
2717:Smith
2673:, TTC
2654:p. P5
2380:Notes
2031:Type
1991:Total
1672:Type
1375:to a
1181:trams
1115:Matra
1035:motor
1031:rails
934:Movia
639:and
637:Alcan
487:Seoul
3403:and
3343:ISBN
3306:2013
3280:2023
3162:2020
3123:2013
3085:2016
3053:2016
3042:ISSN
3019:2023
2993:2023
2949:2014
2923:2019
2897:2024
2872:2021
2841:2024
2819:2020
2779:2023
2757:2011
2565:ISBN
2484:2021
2454:2021
1996:1162
1786:108
1780:210
1728:205
1720:108
1717:150
1699:Expo
1529:The
1513:The
1493:and
1474:1.72
1428:The
1329:The
1101:and
983:The
708:and
610:UTDC
481:and
432:ICTS
304:IGBT
297:VVVF
222:Expo
114:UTDC
89:UTDC
3211:on
2334:in
2330:at
2296:in
2292:at
2273:in
2254:in
2235:in
2216:in
2212:at
2178:in
2159:in
2155:at
2136:in
2059:28
1984:205
1979:202
1974:142
1969:421
1964:192
1922:94
1890:30
1836:40
1809:32
1783:56
1747:12
1723:84
1621:'s
1605:in
1557:at
1501:in
1497:to
1443:to
1432:in
1383:to
1352:to
1217:by
1111:VAL
989:ATU
489:.
467:ART
293:GTO
3800::
3271:.
3250:.
3229:.
3179:.
3100:,
3069:.
3040:.
3036:.
3010:.
2983:.
2965:.
2913:.
2888:.
2862:.
2858:.
2810:.
2787:^
2708:^
2687:^
2576:^
2553:^
2503:.
2492:^
2474:.
2470:.
2440:.
2429:^
2100:,
2044:–
1949:2
1944:2
1863:1
1858:–
1763:–
1701:,
1697:–
1561:.
1472:RM
1176:,
1097:,
1080:.
1049:.
1003:.
739:.
712:.
704:,
700:,
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635:,
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2486:.
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1073:2
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1066:+
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368:1
365:+
363:8
359:(
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336:(
295:–
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