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343:. On his way to Rome, Damasus met Boniface, who informed him that Benedict had already been chosen by the people; and declined to accompany Damasus. Damasus returned to Henry, who viewed Boniface's support of Benedict a challenge to imperial authority. He ordered Boniface to escort Damasus to Rome. Damasus was consecrated on 17 July 1048, but died less than a month later, at Palestrina, just outside Rome, probably poisoned.
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hack off the ears and nose of a young man, Boniface was confronted by the youth's mother, who begged him be spared and promised him her son's weigh in silver. Boniface replied to his offer that he "was no merchant, but a soldier," adding: "Absit ut hostes ferro capti redimantur argento". (Far be it that what was captured by steel should be redeemed with silver.)
339:, with the covert support of Boniface, was re-instated, This was a choice not universally approved, and by Christmas 1047, a delegation of Romans met with the emperor to ask him to name a successor. The following month, Henry called a council. Although the Romans wanted Halinard of Lyons, the Bavarian Bishop Poppo of Brixen was chosen, taking the name of
201:, and gave his lands and titles to Boniface. This seems to be the probable scenario, though the exact date of Boniface's assumption of the Tuscan lordship is uncertain. He thereby considerably increased his paternal domains and Boniface rose to be the most powerful person between the middle Po and the northern border of the
197:. When Boniface's Lombard enemies tried to incite his brother against him, the two offered battle to them at Coviolo, near Reggio, and emerged victorious, though Conrad was killed. When Conrad II finally succeeded in entering Italy, he was met with defiance at Lucca and he deposed the reigning margrave of Tuscany,
22:
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The eldest child, Beatrice, died in 1053, shortly after
Boniface. The only son, Frederick, succeeded his father, but died soon after. The youngest child was Matilda, who inherited the great patrimony from Frederick. Beatrice was Regent of Tuscany from 1052 until her death in 1076, during the minority
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which got him killed in 1052, during a hunting expedition. This version of
Boniface's death is disputed. Some have alleged that Henry played a part in his assassination. It is also held by some that in 1044 there was an attempt made on the margrave's life at Brescia and that the conspirators fled to
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to aid Henry against the rebellious Odo of Blois. While he was returning, he destroyed the grain fields of the region and the enraged populace retaliated and stole some of his retainers' horses. It was during his blood reprisal that
Boniface made his most famous recorded statement. Preparing to
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were raised in the imperial court by their aunt
Empress Gisela (her mother's sister) after the deaths of their parents. For Boniface, the marriage to Beatrice, a close relative of the Emperor, brought him not only prestige but also the prospect to finally have an heir; his first marriage with
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Verona, which
Boniface subsequently sacked before expelling some Veronese conspirators from Mantua as well. One Scarpetta Carnevari apparently nursed a grudge for this act and years later, while Boniface was preparing a galley for a pilgrimage to
296:. In early summer 1036, In 1037, he helped put down a revolt against the Emperor Conrad, and in February 1038, hosted the Emperor, while the latter journeyed to Florence. In 1043, for services rendered the Empire, he received the
292:, in revolt against the emperor, and the emperor made a treaty with Boniface, an act which has been construed as recognition of Boniface's independence. In 1032, he was at war with the rebel Count
146:. He kept his court at Mantua, which he transformed into a city of culture: "With so many magnificent spectacles and feasts that all posterity and all their contemporaries marvelled thereat."
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In 1020, Boniface defeated a rebellion of his brother Conrad, but the two reconciled and both were later recorded as dukes. In 1027, he supported the candidacy of the Salian
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in opposition to Henry. His father nominated him as heir over his brothers and, in 1016, he was again fighting alongside the emperor, this time against the
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of and in co-regency with, Matilda. Beatrice remarried in 1054 to
Godfrey III, Duke of Lower Lorraine, who co-ruled as consort until his death in 1069.
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with whom a marriage covenant could be arranged. According to the agreements, Beatrice brought important assets in
Lorraine: the Château of
209:). Emperor Conrad II wanted to tie his most powerful vassal in south of the Alps to his inner circle in the long term through a marriage.
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224:. On that occasion Conrad, his family and his court took up residence in Nijmegen for more than a month. Here Boniface met
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family's ancestral castle was
Canossa and they had held Modena for several generations. They possessed a great many
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Goez, Elke (1995b). "Beatrix von
Canossa und Tuszien. Eine Untersuchung zur Geschichte des 11. Jahrhunderts".
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on their return journey. The relationship between
Boniface and Henry, however, soon deteriorated in 1047.
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In 1046, Henry III entered Italy to be crowned emperor. Boniface received the emperor and the empress,
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448:(named after his maternal grandfather), and two daughters, Beatrice (named after her own mother) and
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Boniface was probably associated with his father before the latter's death. In 1004, with the title
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59:, was the most powerful north Italian prince of his age. By inheritance he was count (or lord) of
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421:. Richilda took little part in Boniface's government and was dead by 1034, leaving no children.
142:, he donated land to the abbey of Polirone, and he appears in two documents of the same year as
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Crusaders, Condottieri, and Cannon: Medieval Warfare in Societies Around the Mediterranean
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Boniface' signature from a document of 1038, preserved in the state archives of Lucca
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for three months afterwards. Boniface and Beatrice had three children, one son,
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for the thrones of Italy and the Holy Roman Empire against the other claimants:
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and was present at the Synod of Pavia in 1049. In his later years, he kept the
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Letter from St Peter Damian requesting Boniface to protect the monasteries
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and permitted Guido of Pomposa to flagellate him in punishment for it.
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Popes and Antipopes: The Politics of Eleventh Century Church Reform
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32:(Codex Vat. Lat. 4922, fol. 28v.). The script down the side reads:
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Miniature of Boniface from the early twelfth-century manuscript of
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well-endowed for the sake of his soul and even confessed to
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in 1036 on the occasion of the wedding of Conrad II's son
36:(May the Saviour redeem you Boniface, duke and margrave).
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405:Boniface's first marriage (before 1015) was to
346:Boniface eventually joined the reform party of
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529:Conrad II, 990–1039: Emperor of Three Kingdoms
212:Boniface attended the emperor at the city of
111:from 1027 until his assassination in 1052.
633:Matilda of Tuscany: La Gran Donna d'Italia
304:. He also acquired more land in Parma and
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452:(named after her maternal grandmother).
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532:. Penn State Press. p. 118.
484:Duff, 17, quoting Giacomo Ottali.
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51:) (c. 985 – 6 May 1052), son of
661:Villalon, L. J. Andrew (2003).
311:In 1039, Boniface travelled to
131:and their power lay chiefly in
119:He was the son of the Margrave
107:from 1007 and, by appointment,
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154:In 1014, Boniface aided the
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635:. London: Methuen & Co.
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712:Succeeded by
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602:978-90-04-22619-7
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284:Boniface subdued
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665:. BRILL.
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246:Longlier
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73:Florence
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419:Bergamo
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125:Lombard
93:Pistoia
69:Ferrara
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121:Tedald
105:Verona
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85:Modena
81:Mantua
43:(also
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362:Death
290:Parma
286:Pavia
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234:Briey
220:with
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