Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor

731: 1149:, was ousted in a revolt in 1002. Bolesław I intervened in the Bohemian affair and reinstalled Boleslaus III upon the Bohemian throne in 1003. Boleslaus III soon undermined his own position, however, by ordering a massacre of his leading nobles. Bohemian nobles secretly sent a messenger to Bolesław I, requesting his direct intervention in the crisis. The Polish duke willingly agreed and invited the Bohemian duke to Poland. There, Boleslaus III was captured, blinded, and imprisoned, where he would remain until his death some thirty years later. Claiming dominion over Bohemia for himself, Bolesław I invaded Bohemia in 1003 and conquered the duchy without any serious opposition. Bohemia had previously been under the influence and protection of Germany, with the Polish invasion further increasing tension between Germany and Poland. 1960: 1324: 2199: 2418: 3931: 1142:, with Bolesław I recognizing Henry II as his overlord. Henry II refused to allow Bolesław I to keep possession of Meissen, however. Shortly after Bolesław I's departure from Merseburg, an assassination attempt was made against him. Though the attempt failed, Bolesław I was seriously injured. The Polish Duke accused Henry II of instituting the attack, and relations between the two countries were severed. Bolesław I also refused to pay tribute to Germany. 4578: 51: 2040: 2271: 571:. He greatly expanded the Ottonian dynasty's custom of employing clerics as counter-weights against secular nobles. Through donations to the Church and the establishment of new dioceses, Henry strengthened imperial rule across the Empire and increased control over ecclesiastical affairs. He stressed service to the Church and promoted monastic reform. For his remarkable personal piety and enthusiastic promotion of the Church, he was 2477: 1092: 1651:

Byzantine Empire in southern Italy. By 982, the entire area once ruled by Pandulf had collapsed. The Byzantines still claimed sovereignty over the Lombard principalities, and the lack of single leader to prevent their advances into Lombard territory allowed the Byzantines to make inroads further north. While in Byzantine territory, Otto II encountered a large Muslim army brought into the region by

2021:, particularly with regards to military matters. The cleric princes came to make up a large part of Henry II's imperial army. For most of Henry II's campaigns against Poland and the Byzantine Empire, the cleric princes constituted the largest contingent. Henry II thus strengthened his control over the empire through the clergy, while gaining a greater control over the Church's spiritual policies. 1753:, all three of Henry II's armies failed to take Troia. The Byzantine troops could not be forced into a pitched battle, and Henry II was forced to turn back, his army weakened by diseases and suffering heavy losses. Henry II almost executed the treacherous prince of Capua, but he relented at the last moment at Pilgrim's pleading. Instead, Henry II sent him off to Germany in chains and appointed 1073: 1585:, but was likewise unable to capture the city. As his army besieged Niemcza, disease brought about from the winter cold devastated the Imperial forces. His attacks unsuccessful, Henry II was forced to retreat back to Merseburg in Germany. With this defeat, Henry II was ready to end the war and begin serious peace negotiations with Bolesław I. 2009:

these extensive donations and the expanded powers of the emperor, the Catholic church gradually lost its autonomy. The imperial monasteries and other clerical institutions became so numerous, donations and secular privileges granted them so regular, that they eventually developed into an imperial bureaucracy. The chronicler

789:. Heribert, however, had sent these ahead of the procession, possibly out of distrust of Henry and possibly because he favoured the succession of his relative Duke Herman II of Swabia as the next king. In order to force Herman II to relinquish the Holy Lance to him, Henry imprisoned the Archbishop and his brother the 1516:, killed three of his other brothers and seized power in Kiev. Henry II's support of Yaroslav was in direct opposition to not only Sviatopolk but to Bolesław I as well. Years before, Bolesław I had married one of his daughters to Sviatopolk, making the new Kievan Grand Duke a son-in-law to the Polish Duke. 2142:

As under his predecessors Otto II and Otto III, the various German dukes of the Empire grew increasingly independent from Henry II. A "German" identity had begun to develop. South of the Alps, Italy also saw the various regional lords grow independent. Increasingly, the Empire's duchies were becoming

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to accept him in his monastery. Thereupon, the Abbot ordered him, in virtue of the vows he had professed, to continue the administration of the empire. Henry II fulfilled his duties in the spirit of humility and service, being convinced that temporal power was given by God for the good of the people.

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Henry II's policy towards the nobles was focused on overcoming these family structures within the duchies in order to restore imperial dominance. Henry II, as well as the other Ottonians, relied upon his connection with the Church to justify his power over the dukes. However, unlike under Otto I and

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in Bavaria, revolted against Henry II's rule. Henry II had promised to install the margrave as his successor to the Duchy of Bavaria in exchange for supporting his claim to the German crown. Upon assuming the throne, however, Henry II refused to honour his promise. Instead, Henry II deposed Margrave

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Under Henry II, an increasing number of counties were assigned to secular rulership by bishops. He granted numerous and lavish donations of imperial regalia and land to the monasteries and dioceses of the Empire; in fact, no other Holy Roman sovereign was named as often in the memorial records. With

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claimed authority over the Abbey, including the authority to invest the Abbey's nuns. Otto III and Theophanu's intervention eased the tensions between the parties, but did not permanently settle the issue. Henry II only succeeded in suppressing the argument in 1007, and again in 1021. Still unsolved

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began three years later in 1010. It was of no significant consequence, beyond some pillaging in Silesia. In 1012, a second peace treaty between Germany and Poland was signed. Bolesław I quickly broke the peace, however, and once again invaded Lusatia. Bolesław I's forces pillaged and burned the city

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After the coronation a dispute arose between some of the residents and Henry's people. It escalated to where the residents attacked the palace where the king was dining. The army encamped outside the city swiftly moved to protect the king, and in the onslaught the city caught fire and many residents

1979:, looking to the interests of their respective duchies above the interests of the Empire as a whole. In an effort to unify the Empire under their leadership, the Ottonians increasingly associated themselves with the Church, claiming "divine right" to rule the Empire and presenting themselves as the 1114:

plans, which were never fully implemented. Henry II reversed Otto III's eastern policies, damaging the excellent relationship Germany and Bolesław I of Poland had enjoyed during Otto III's reign. Bolesław I had been a loyal supporter of Otto III, but Henry II's actions caused Bolesław I to seek new

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into an alliance against Henry II. The mission failed and Oldřich imprisoned Mieszko II. He was released only after the intervention of the Emperor, who, despite the planned invasion of Poland, loyally acted on behalf of his nominal vassal Bolesław I. As a result, Mieszko II was sent to Henry II's

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on 1 November 1007, to build consensus among the bishops of the Empire on the establishment of the Diocese of Bamberg. The Bishop of Würzburg, who hoped that the loss of territory from the formation of the new Diocese would result in his elevation to the rank of Archbishop, was not in attendance.

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on 14 July 982. The defeat shifted the balance of power in southern Italy into Byzantine favor. While preparing to counterattack the Byzantine advance, Otto II suddenly died while in Rome, with his infant son Otto III succeeding him. With an infant as ruler and a political crisis to address, the

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experienced a revolt against his reign in Italy. The Emperor sent word for Henry II to join him with reinforcements from Germany, but then died unexpectedly in January 1002. Otto was only 21 at the time of his death and had left no children and no instructions for the Imperial succession. In the

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Unlike his predecessors, Henry II was unwilling to show clemency to those dukes who had rebelled against his authority. This caused a sharp rise in conflict with the secular nobility, which forced Henry II to reinforce the position the clergy enjoyed in the governance of the Empire. It was only

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Henry II's absence from Italy was primarily due to his continued conflict with Bolesław I Chrobry of Poland. During the reign of Otto III, Bolesław I had been a loyal ally of the Empire. However, the protracted German-Polish wars brought the two nations into open warfare for over sixteen years.

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in 961, Pandulf waged war against the Byzantines as a loyal lieutenant of Otto II. By 978, Pandulf had incorporated all three of the southern Lombard principalities – Benevento, Capua, and Salerno – into the Holy Roman Empire. Pandulf's death in 981, however, weakened Western dominance over the

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in 995 as "Henry IV". As duke, he attempted to join his second-cousin, Emperor Otto III, in suppressing a revolt against imperial rule in Italy in 1002. Before Henry II could arrive, however, Otto III died of fever, leaving no heir. After defeating several contenders to the throne, Henry II was

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imperial court in Merseburg as a hostage. Henry II probably wanted to force the presence of Bolesław I in Merseburg and make him explain his actions. The plan failed, however, because, under pressure from his relatives, the Emperor soon agreed to release Mieszko II.

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As the Imperial army crossed the Oder river and marched across Poland, Henry II's forces killed or captured several thousand Poles, including women and children. But the Imperial army suffered heavy losses throughout the campaign. Bolesław I sent a detachment of

1376:, whom John Crescentius installed as the new head of the Catholic Church. Fleeing across the Alps to Germany, Benedict VIII appealed to Henry II for protection. Henry II agreed to restore Benedict VIII to his papal throne in return for his coronation as emperor. 1971:– reached its climax under Henry II. Introduced by Emperor Otto I, the Ottonians appointed and integrated the higher clergy into the imperial administration, seeking to establish a non-hereditary counter-balance to the fiercely independent and powerful German 1697:

following the defeat. With the Byzantine successes in southern Italy, Pope Benedict VIII took an unusual step in 1020, traveling north across the Alps into Germany to discusses the state of affairs in southern Italy with the Emperor. Meeting Henry II in

3485: 793:. With neither the symbols of imperial authority, the crown jewels, nor the cooperation of Heribert, Henry was unable to convince the nobles attending Otto III's funeral procession to elect him as king. A few weeks later, at Otto III's funeral in 941:

as Henry V. Betrayed by the King, Margrave Henry allied with Bolesław I of Poland against him. However, his rebellion was soon quashed and the Nordgauian Margrave was deposed in 1004. Henry II then abolished the March of Nordgau, established the

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The question of the primacy of the Roman ope has been and remains, together with the question of the Filioque, one of the main causes of separation between the Latin Church and the Orthodox churches and one of the principal obstacles to their

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was held in Rome, appointing five bishops, issuing decrees against simony and promoting chastity within the clergy, and ordering the restitution of Church property. Shortly afterwards, the Emperor moved north again where he established the

1993:) to appointed bishops and abbots at the expense of the secular nobility. Unlike the dukes, these ecclesiastic figureheads would not be able to pass titles and privileges down a dynastic line. The Ottonian monarchs reserved the right to 1908:, perhaps partly in order that the public land and offices he granted to clerics would not be devised to heirs. He encouraged the reform of the Church, fostered missionary activity, and made several charitable foundations for the poor. 1360:, John Crescentius was the effective ruler of the city. John Crescentius' influence prevented Henry II from meeting the Pope on numerous occasions, preventing him from claiming the imperial title. Following Sergius IV's death in 1012, 540:, who had already conquered a number of countries surrounding him, required Henry II's full attention and years of political and military maneuvering. Henry did, however, lead three expeditions into Italy to enforce his feudal claim ( 929:

in exchange for supporting his claim to the German crown. Upon assuming the throne, however, Henry II refused to honour his promise and instead supported the rights of the Bavarians to elect their own duke. With Henry II's support,

1219:(the younger brother of the deposed Bohemian Duke Boleslaus III) invaded Bohemia with German military support. At Merseburg, Jaromír promised to hold Bohemia as a vassal under Henry II, definitively incorporating Bohemia into the 906:, Herman II submitted to Henry II's authority on 1 October 1002. In exchange for this surrender, Henry II allowed Herman II to remain Duke of Swabia until his death the following year, after which, although recognizing the minor 3211: 1043:

After receiving the homage of the remaining Italian nobles, Henry returned to Germany in the early summer of 1004 without first traveling to Rome to claim the Imperial crown. This is most likely due to opposition from

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in an act of war. Returning from Italy after reclaiming the Italian throne, Henry II launched a military campaign against Poland in 1004 that would last until 1018, spanning three wars and several smaller campaigns.

1785:, Henry II spent relatively little time in Italy, only traveling south of the Alps three times during his twenty-two year reign. He was absent from the Italian peninsula for over a decade between his expulsion of 1562:, margrave of the Eastern March, was ambushed by Polish forces and killed late in 1015. Following the attack on the Eastern March, Bolesław I's forces took the offensive. Bolesław I sent Mieszko II to besiege 1179:

efforts among the Slavic peoples. The new alliance with the Western Slavs against Poland was controversial, however. Many German nobles had hoped for continued missionary work and the direct submission of the

1250:. According to its terms, Bolesław I lost Lusatia and Meissen and was forced to give up his claim to the Bohemian throne. The peace lasted only two years as neither party recognized the claims of the other. 700:. The younger Henry, now thirteen years old, was named his regent over Bavaria. When the elder Henry died in 995, the younger Henry was elected by the Bavarian nobles as the new duke to succeed his father. 1191:

In preparation for Henry II's coming military invasion, Bolesław I developed a similar alliance with other Slavic peoples. With his conquest west of the Oder River in 1002, his domain stretched from the

681:. The Emperor himself ensured the younger Henry received an ecclesiastical education in order that by becoming a religious official he would be prevented from participating in the Imperial government. 386: 2175:, rebelled. As a result, Henry II systematically reduced the internal power structures of the Bavarian and Swabian dukes. Henry II's lack of sensitivity to the secular nobility also resulted in the 468:. Since his father had rebelled against two previous emperors, the younger Henry spent long periods of time in exile, where he turned to Christianity at an early age, first finding refuge with the 1126:

on 25 July 1002 and paid homage to the new German king. Bolesław I had taken advantage of Germany's internal strife following Otto III's death, occupying important German territories west of the

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Henry in 1004 and abolished the March outright. To assume secular authority over the March's former territory, in 1007, Henry II announced his desire to establish a new diocese in Germany: the

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and prepared for a third invasion of Poland. With three armies at his command, the largest contingent since the beginning of the conflict in 1004, the Imperial army simultaneously marched in a

1627:. Otto I's death in 973 and John I's death in 976 caused this alliance to deteriorate. Otto I's successor in the West, his son Emperor Otto II, and John I's successor in the East, his nephew 2106:

to his planned Diocese. At the synod, Henry II obtained permission for the foundation of the Diocese. It was also decided that Eberhard, Henry II's Imperial Chancellor, would be ordained by

2090:, as the new diocese would comprise about one-fourth of the former's territory. Henry II desired the new Diocese to aid in the final conquest of the pagan Slavs in the area around Bamberg. 2167:

through the support of the clergy that Henry II survived the numerous noble revolts against his rule during the first decade of his reign. Even his relatives, such as his brothers-in-law

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During the next part of the offensive, Henry II retook Meissen and, in summer 1005, his army advanced deep into Poland, suffering significant losses along the way. At the Polish city of

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began the tradition in 936 and the first time a German king assumed the throne without election by the German nobility. Under the regal name of "King Henry II", he appeared before the

1138:. Bolesław I took control of these territories following the assassination of Margrave Eckard I. Henry II accepted Bolesław I's gains, allowing the Polish Duke to keep Lusatia as a 1048:. Henry would not return to Italy for a decade, leaving the Kingdom to govern itself. Henry returned to Germany to take military action against the rebellious Bolesław I of Poland. 646:: Henry claimed the duchy as his birthright while Otto II maintained his right to name a duke of his choosing. After an initial failed revolt, Otto II imprisoned the elder Henry in 1600:

to ensure his son-in-law, Sviatopolk, claimed the Kievan throne. To seal the peace, Bolesław I, then a widower, reinforced his dynastic bonds with the German nobility by marrying

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of kings and emperors who ruled the Holy Roman Empire (previously Germany) from 919 to 1024. In relation to the other members of his dynasty, Henry II was the great-grandson of

1597: 2243:, because of their piety and the fact that they had no royal issue, but this is disputed. Their marriage being childless, the Saxon dynasty of the Ottonians died with Henry. 1877:

after his death in 1024, a compromise was pushed at an Imperial synod in 1030 in the presence of his successor Emperor Conrad II. Hildesheim was eventually given jurisdiction.

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Returning from his first expedition to Italy, in 1004 Henry II gathered an army to march against Poland. The previous year in 1003, Henry II had formed an alliance with the

2239:. Though he left the Empire without significant problems, Henry II also left the Empire without an heir. Some speculate that both he and Cunigunde had taken mutual vows of 692:, the three-year-old child of Otto II. After a failed attempt to claim the German throne for himself in 985, the elder Henry relinquished the regency to the child's mother 867:. Armed conflicts between Henry II and Herman II broke out but proved to be inconclusive. This forced the two men to fight each other politically for the support of the 1664:

Western Empire was unable to challenge Byzantine dominance. This allowed Basil II to build of his defense forces in preparation for a future Western counterattack.

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Unable to decisively defeat Herman in Swabia, Henry II attempted to legitimize his seizing the throne by traveling throughout the various duchies of his kingdom –

832:, to support his claims to the throne. In return for his support, Henry guaranteed Bernard's right to rule the Saxons and to represent their interests before him. 3519: 2806: 1849:

against Imperial rule. In 1004, Henry II ordered the reestablishment of the Diocese to resume missionary work among the Slavs and appointed the German chronicler

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to replace him as prince of Capua. The expedition ultimately achieved little, and Pandulf IV would be reinstated as Prince of Capua as a Byzantine ally in 1026.

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and Italy, Henry then returned to Germany in mid-May 1014. He left the rule of Rome to the Pope and thereafter rarely intervened in the politics of Italy or the

750:, succession to the throne had belonged to the Saxon branch, not the Bavarian line of which Henry was a member. Rival candidates for the throne, including Count 1476:

The peace agreement of 1013 between Henry II and Bolesław I of Poland quickly deteriorated. In 1014, with Henry II absent from Germany, Bolesław I sent his son

2225:. He died there on 13 July 1024 at the age of 51, after suffering from a chronic, painful urinary infection. Henry had been working with the Pope to convene a 859:, in particular fiercely contested Henry II's right to the throne. The Swabian Duke believed he was Otto III's true successor, as he had married a daughter of 1275:. In 1013, a third peace treaty was signed at Merseburg, requiring in part that Bolesław I recognize Henry II as his overlord in exchange for receiving the 2118:, to head the new Diocese. Henry II made many wide-ranging gifts to the new Diocese to ensure its solid foundation. Henry II assigned many counties in the 1184:. In addition, many German nobles opposed the war because they had developed family ties with Poland during Otto III's reign. It interfered with Bishop 3070:

Wickham, Chris. Early Medieval Italy: Central Power and Local Society 400–1000. MacMillan Press: 1981, p. 156, "from Ancona to the fringes of Calabria"

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for his actions against the Byzantines. But Melus died just a few days later, on 23 April 1020. After settling some controversies with the bishops of

2548: 2017:, as the dividing lines between secular and ecclesiastical affairs were blurred beyond recognition. The clergy increasingly viewed Henry II as their 1702:, the Pope was accompanied by a large number of Italian secular and ecclesiastical leaders, including Melus. Henry II granted Melus the empty title 4540: 2334: 2449:

and other sources; the latter part is the result of personal knowledge. The chronicle is nevertheless an excellent authority for the history of

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In 1004 Henry II responded to calls for aid from Italian bishops and led an invasion into Italy against Arduin. Henry II gathered his troops at

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The Petrine ministry: Catholics and Orthodox in dialogue : academic symposium held at the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity

3967: 3676: 1387:. The peace with Poland gave Henry opportunity to address affairs in Italy. On the march across the Alps, Henry was accompanied by his wife, 2457:

and Henry II. No kind of information is excluded, but the fullest details refer to the bishopric of Merseburg, and to the wars against the

898:. This was done in order to obtain the general consent of his subjects as opposed to traditional election. Henry II's familial ties to the 730: 1246:, the German forces were ambushed by the Polish army and suffered significant losses. Meeting in Poznań, Henry II and Bolesław I signed a 6184: 1527:

from the German north, south, and center. Henry II himself commanded the center army, supported by allied Slavic tribes, and moved from

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in 1861. After Arduin's death Henry ordered the Margravate of Ivrea, which had given the Ottonian emperors so much trouble, dissolved.

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in order to address the assault without making any permanent territorial gains east of the Oder River. During the retreat to Germany,

1012:, Italy. After initial military successes, much of the Italian clergy and some noble families swore allegiance to Henry II, including 6119: 2491: 2311: 3311: 1652: 946:

in 1007, and transferred secular authority over the March's former territory to the Diocese in order to prevent further uprisings.

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was declared in summer 1017. As negotiations failed by autumn 1017, Henry II again marched his army into Poland. His army reached

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In 1015 the conflict with Arduin came to a close when Arduin became ill and sought peace with Henry II. He resigned the office of

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So it was without the support of the kingdom's nobility that Henry took the radical action of having himself anointed and crowned

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The death of Otto II in 983 allowed the elder Henry to be released from custody and to return from exile. The elder Henry claimed

2179:. Under Otto III, Polish Duke Bolesław I Chrobry had been viewed as a valued ally; Henry II, however, saw him only as a subject. 3346: 6179: 6174: 6129: 6124: 2372: 1559: 1596:, with Bolesław I recognizing Henry II as his feudal lord. Henry II also promised to support Bolesław I in the Polish ruler's 6189: 6169: 6104: 3469: 3294: 3267: 3174: 3147: 3028: 2934: 2774: 2176: 1467: 1057: 655: 533: 3394: 3114: 2881: 1714:, the Pope convinced Henry II to return to Italy for a third campaign to counter the growing power of the Byzantine Empire. 1227:

with a German army and proclaimed himself Duke. The state he regained was a small one, however, as Polish forces would hold

654:. When this second revolt failed, Otto II deposed Henry as Duke of Bavaria and sent him into exile under the custody of the 6194: 5859: 5102: 4533: 1406:

Henry II arrived in Rome in early 1014, restoring Benedict VIII as pope. On 14 February 1014, the Pope crowned Henry II as

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over Henry. Only after Eckard was assassinated by Saxon nobles in April 1002 did Bolesław I lend his support to Henry II.

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Henry II's involvement in Italian politics and his coronation as emperor inevitably brought him into conflict with the

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Unlike his predecessor Otto III, who had imposed plans on sovereign administration and active political involvement in

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The Ottonian dynasty's traditional policy of investing celibate clerics in the secular governance of the empire – the

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states that the cooperation of Henry II and the bishops of the empire was more intense than any other ruler of the

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Henry II wore two crowns, one for Germany and one for Italy, instead of a common crown representing both realms.

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to confirm his new system of imperial-ecclesiastical relations before he died, leaving this effort unfinished.

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expanded Western imperial control over central and southern Italy. Originally appointed by Otto I as Prince of

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in 1004 and his return in 1014 to claim the imperial title, allowing the kingdom to mostly govern itself.

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from 1009 to 1012. Both John XVIII and Sergius IV, though the nominal Pope, were subservient to the power

925:, revolted against Henry II's rule. Henry II had promised to install the Margrave as his successor to the 6199: 6144: 6047: 5999: 5983: 5911: 5876: 5753: 5230: 5190: 5126: 4177: 4142: 4093: 3806: 3786: 3756: 2402: 2034: 1771: 1411: 1307: 1029: 955: 907: 92: 1808:

disputes from his predecessor Otto III. Issues of particular importance were the reestablishment of the

1485: 1216: 6072: 6039: 6015: 5991: 5975: 5951: 5903: 5885: 5817: 5769: 5761: 5633: 5609: 5577: 4469: 4385: 4268: 2398: 2183: 1823: 1536: 1259: 864: 774: 725: 639: 4257: 2190:, rebelled against Henry II, having grown frustrated at his lack of respect for the secular nobility. 6134: 6064: 6023: 5927: 5894: 5801: 5793: 5777: 5745: 5697: 5673: 5617: 5561: 5545: 5537: 5352: 5331: 5308: 4497: 4478: 4459: 4226: 3562: 2986: 2143:

personal possessions of their respective ducal families as opposed to component parts of the Empire.

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upon their marriage. Mission work among the Slavs of the region had previously been conducted by the

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German allies. Of the major candidates seeking to succeed to the German throne, Bolesław I supported

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into Poland. Henry II was soon joined from the south by Bohemian Duke Oldřich and from the north by

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eventually caused the kingdom's nobles to accept him as king. After being defeated at a battle near

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Otto II, the various German dukes were no longer bound to Henry II by close family ties. While the

1570:. His attempt at conquering the city failed, however, and he was forced to retreat back to Poland. 1509: 934: 513: 425:("Romanorum Imperator") from 1014. He died without an heir in 1024, and was the last ruler of the 256: 1383:

to march into Italy. Earlier in 1013, Henry signed a peace treaty with Duke Bolesław of Poland at

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as his father's titular successor, Henry II effectively assumed all power over the Duchy himself.

6031: 5943: 5841: 5825: 5713: 5649: 5529: 5347: 4663: 4058: 3976: 3633: 2703: 2515: 2437:, in eight books, which deals with the period between 908 and 1018. For the earlier part he used 2368: 2330: 2291: 2232: 2172: 2071: 1976: 1882: 1750: 1690: 1388: 997:

to face Arduin, but Arduin successfully defeated Otto's troops at the Battle of Fabrica in 1003.

860: 840: 708: 704: 584: 418: 331: 2103: 1097: 816:, in present-day Germany. Henry's action marked the first time a German king was not crowned in 563:

The rule of Henry II has been characterized as a period of centralized authority throughout the

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on the site if she recovered. Upon her recovery in 1018, Henry ordered the construction of the

1292: 711:. This marriage granted him an extensive network of contacts in Germany's western territories. 674: 3164: 3137: 3018: 2764: 2083: 1911:

Henry II wished to become a monk, and in virtue of his imperial power he ordered the Abbot of

1581:, where Bolesław I was entrenched, but it was unable to take the city. Henry II then besieged 5433: 5385: 5206: 4204: 4152: 4124: 3332: 3284: 2585: 2581: 2565: 2426: 2357: 2010: 1850: 1730: 1647: 1131: 1110:

The untimely death of Emperor Otto III at age 21 in 1002 upset the young Emperor's ambitious

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The death of Otto III in 1002 and the resulting political turmoil over his successor allowed

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Cambridge Medieval History, Shorter: Volume 1, The Later Roman Empire to the Twelfth Century

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Henry II spent the next several years consolidating his political power within his borders.

797:, Henry again attempted to gain the support of the kingdom's nobles and was again rejected. 790: 498: 6114: 5417: 5393: 5214: 5081: 4450: 4404: 4285: 4215: 4192: 4162: 3796: 2345:

in 1960 to a third-class feast. In 1969, the feast date was changed to 13 July again as an

2086:. To establish his diocese, Henry II needed to overcome the considerable resistance of the 2054: 2050: 1948: 1873: 1814: 1809: 1513: 1454:

would be the last time a native Italian would reign over Italy until its unification under

1197: 931: 918: 914: 735: 678: 628: 473: 1262:

as well as his re-occupation of the marches of Lusatia and Meissen, including the city of

8: 6109: 5785: 5489: 5441: 5425: 5067: 5032: 5001: 4966: 4950: 4894: 4594: 4586: 4231: 4221: 4209: 4047: 4018: 4003: 3989: 3746: 3736: 3644: 3489: 2111: 1869: 1854: 1746: 1551: 1369: 1258:

In 1007, Henry II denounced the Peace of Poznań, resulting in Bolesław I's attack on the

1207:

Henry II answered Bolesław I's rebellion by invading in the summer of 1004, reaching the

809: 778: 759: 755: 642:, in 974. The elder Henry and Otto II disputed each other's claims to authority over the 612: 977:, Arduin won the support of the Italian territorial magnates. Arduin, however, had been 5449: 5357: 5182: 5015: 4246: 4137: 4074: 4038: 3726: 3685: 3507: 3497: 3347:"Neues über einen alten Kaiser? Heinrich II. in der Perspektive der modernen Forschung" 3231: 2438: 2148: 2127: 2119: 2115: 2059: 2030: 1998: 1920: 1834: 1754: 1738: 1643: 1588:

On 30 January 1018, Henry II and Bolesław I signed a fourth peace treaty, known as the

1520: 1505: 1477: 1455: 1407: 1365: 1361: 1334: 1329: 1288: 1152:

Bolesław I openly rebelled against Henry II's rule in 1004, burning down the castle in

982: 943: 766: 663: 624: 620: 616: 557: 553: 469: 457: 446: 434: 422: 363: 305: 280: 199: 70: 41: 4518: 2587:

The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century

1323: 989:, to side with the German King Henry II as the rightful ruler of Italy. Henry II sent 5497: 5409: 5372: 5108: 5089: 4934: 4687: 4079: 4008: 3711: 3465: 3446: 3290: 3263: 3235: 3170: 3143: 3024: 3000: 2957: 2930: 2770: 2666: 2591: 2295: 2287: 2236: 2043: 1905: 1865: 1846: 1786: 1656: 1617: 1493: 1439: 1420: 1220: 1185: 959: 588: 564: 506: 320: 309: 284: 1765:

Upon assuming the German throne, Henry II revised many policies of his predecessor,

5641: 5481: 5362: 5342: 5023: 4942: 4918: 4274: 4172: 4052: 3998: 3731: 3716: 3533: 3223: 3212:"The 'Imperial Church System' of the Ottonian and Salian Rulers: a Reconsideration" 2394: 2390: 2384: 2198: 2160: 2063: 1782: 1683: 1639: 1631:, brought the two empires once again into conflict over control of southern Italy. 1620: 1613: 1589: 1481: 1471: 1349: 1280: 1276: 1267: 1176: 1135: 1033: 926: 899: 817: 794: 782: 770: 747: 742: 659: 545: 502: 465: 461: 438: 426: 398: 343: 276: 226: 5505: 5142: 5051: 4974: 4958: 4131: 4023: 4013: 3741: 3721: 3701: 3589: 3569: 3257: 2924: 2885: 2789: 2342: 2187: 2156: 2152: 2131: 2123: 2079: 1894: 1805: 1789: 1707: 1686: 1660: 1524: 1345: 1341: 1045: 994: 962: 938: 868: 825: 801: 697: 643: 576: 568: 482: 477: 430: 390: 175: 158: 1512:

at the time of his father's death in 1015. Yaroslav's eldest surviving brother,

579:

in 1146. He is the only medieval German monarch ever to have been honoured as a

567:. He consolidated his power by cultivating personal and political ties with the 5705: 5367: 5118: 4910: 4157: 4088: 4064: 3751: 2612: 2333:

on 13 July, the day of his death. In 1668, the feast was moved to 15 July as a

2259: 2226: 1980: 1936: 1769:. Whereas Otto III had promoted a policy of "Restoration of the Roman Empire" ( 1726: 1624: 1601: 1501: 1296: 1200:. Furthermore, the Polish Duke was connected by kinship to numerous princes of 978: 891: 887: 835:

Shortly after gaining the support of the Saxons, Henry arranged for Archbishop

821: 600: 596: 549: 406: 3227: 2417: 1550:

under the command of Mieszko II in a diversionary attack against the Empire's

777:, just north of the Alps. To legitimise his claims, Henry demanded Archbishop 6098: 5721: 5465: 5059: 4549: 4488: 3596: 3139:

Conrad II, 990–1039: Emperor of Three Kingdoms – The Dispute over Gandersheim

2665:. Sons of Holy Mary Immaculate – Quality Catholic Publications. p. 148. 2642: 2481: 2462: 2338: 1675: 1451: 1396: 1208: 1021: 966: 494: 442: 120: 3493: 2270: 4033: 3984: 2361: 2319: 2303: 2283: 1972: 1928: 1694: 1689:, delivering a devastating defeat to the joint Lombard-Norman force at the 1432: 1247: 1005: 56: 3492:

showing the Emperor's seal, 25.6.1011 . Taken from the collections of the

2714: 2222: 301: 4996: 4902: 4198: 3696: 3502: 2975:

Thietmar of Merseburg, Thietmari merseburgiensis episcopi chronicon, 1018

2736: 2567:

The Right of Succession to the Empire of Germany, hereditary and elective

2018: 2014: 1994: 1983:. A key element of this policy was to grant land and bestow the title of 1940: 1932: 1671: 1578: 1303: 1201: 1101: 2250:

and began negotiations for selecting a new king. The nobles elected the

696:. In return for his submission to the child king, Henry was restored as 4881: 4857: 4833: 4507: 3200:

Wetterau, Bruce. World history. New York: Henry Holt and company. 1994.

1838: 1742: 1532: 1447: 1353: 1193: 1181: 786: 670: 658:

in April 978. As a consequence of his revolt, the Emperor stripped the

272: 85: 3945: 3654: 1900:

Sincerely religious, Henry II supported service to the Church (he was

1775:), Henry II sought a policy of "Restoration of the Frankish Kingdom" ( 599:, to succeed him after his death in 1024. Conrad was the first of the 501:

in his struggle against the Poles, thus effectively incorporating the

50: 5076: 4926: 4825: 4785: 4761: 4745: 4610: 4602: 4577: 3706: 3520:

Emperor Henry II – Diplomata, Urkunden Monumenta Germaniae Historica

3514: 3370:

Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 1969), pp. 97 and 130

2251: 2247: 2210: 2098: 2039: 2002: 1890: 1886: 1861: 1574: 1555: 1528: 1497: 1384: 1123: 895: 844: 693: 647: 572: 2613:"Heinrich II. und Kunigunde Das heilige Kaiserpaar des Mittelalters" 2221:. After celebrating Easter, Henry retired to his imperial palace in 1519:

Henry II returned to Germany in 1015 after being crowned Emperor by

1243: 1175:

tribe. As a consequence of their military alliance, Henry II halted

5513: 5300: 5046: 5010: 4841: 4817: 4809: 4793: 4777: 4753: 4713: 4394: 2856:

Cathedra Petri: A Political History of the Great Latin Patriarchate

2829: 2302:

were carried on campaigns against heretics in the 1160s. He is the

2240: 2107: 1924: 1904:) and promoted various monastic reforms. He also strongly enforced 1901: 1718: 1635: 1628: 1380: 1373: 1001: 836: 805: 689: 437:("Rex Romanorum") following the sudden death of his second cousin, 3515:

Gospel Book from the Bamberg Cathedral (Reichenau Gospel) PDF 67MB

1947:, dispute over this doctrine was one of the primary causes of the 1212: 485:

on 9 July 1002 as the first in a line of kings to adopt the title

4873: 4865: 4737: 4729: 4721: 4705: 4697: 4626: 4618: 4564: 2218: 2067: 1864:, the Gandersheim Conflict, centering around the jurisdiction of 1699: 1668: 1582: 1563: 1547: 1544: 1263: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1153: 1017: 922: 879: 685: 338: 1395:

other bishops and abbots joined him. Henry's forces trapped the

5881:(1347–1349; Lower: 1349–1353; Landshut: 1353–1375; Upper: 1363) 4801: 4671: 4642: 4634: 2882:"Feldzüge Heinrichs II. gegen den Polenherzog Boleslaw Chrobry" 2830:"Representing Royal Authority at San Michele Maggiore in Pavia" 2511: 2450: 2353: 2315: 2299: 2214: 1912: 1885:

became seriously ill, while staying at the imperial estates in

1679: 1623:

in which both Eastern and Western Empires would jointly-govern

1593: 1566:

in 1017, then under the command of Mieszko II's brother-in-law

1424: 1272: 1224: 1172: 1009: 883: 875: 662:

of its southeastern territories bordering Italy and formed the

591:. As the union produced no children, the German nobles elected 2005:, which demanded absolute dedication to the universal Church. 1091: 673:. As a child he was educated in the Christian faith by Bishop 544:): twice to suppress secessionist revolts and once to address 4679: 2458: 2307: 2094: 2075: 1842: 1827: 1573:

Henry II and Bolesław I then opened peace negotiations and a

1428: 1415: 1400: 1392: 1169: 1166: 1025: 970: 813: 580: 195: 140: 2985:

Bryce, James (1871). "The Emperors Henry II and Conrad II".

2926:

The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 3, c. 900–c. 1024

2258:

as Henry II's successor, who became the first member of the

2001:

for themselves and commanded loyalty, but this contradicted

1215:

and wiped out the Polish army left there. At the same time,

4650: 2527: 2102:

Henry II also assigned a portion of the territory from the

1721:

coast for southern Italy commanding a large force. He sent

1443: 1284: 1139: 1127: 521: 1749:

and extracted oaths of allegiance from both Capua and the

1344:

reigned as pope from 1003 until 1009. He was succeeded by

1072: 828:

in mid-July in full regal apparel. There, Henry convinced

497:("Rex Italiae"). In that same year, Henry II joined Duke 2660: 1741:

to join Henry II in besieging the Byzantine fortress of

1678:

led a successful rebellion against Byzantine control of

1414:. Then, under the presidency of the Emperor and Pope, a 762:, strongly contested Henry's right to succeed Otto III. 4548: 3445:. UTB M (in German). Vol. 2105 (2 ed.). UTB. 3016: 2246:

In early September 1024, the German nobles gathered in

1845:, the Diocese was all but abandoned in 983 following a 1616:. In 969, Emperor Otto I entered into an alliance with 460:, Emperor Henry II was a great-grandson of German king 1604:, daughter of the Saxon Margrave Eckard I of Meissen. 985:. This allowed Arduin's enemies in the Church, led by 669:

During his father's exile, the younger Henry lived in

1211:

in northern Bohemia. He then conquered the castle at

3309: 1733:. A third army, smaller still, under the command of 1450:. He died on 14 December 1015. His brief "reign" as 1379:

Near the end of 1013, Henry II gathered his army at

1368:, however, Benedict VIII was forced to flee Rome by 6051:(Munich: 1460–1508; Landshut: 1503–1508; 1508–1550) 5899:(1347–1349; Lower: 1349–1353; Straubing: 1353–1404) 5890:(1347–1349; Lower: 1349–1353; Straubing: 1353–1388) 3312:"Thietmar of Merseburg's Views on Clerical Warfare" 638:The elder Henry came into conflict with his cousin 516:, Henry spent most of his reign concerned with the 5846:(1347–1349; Upper: 1349–1351; Landshut: 1373–1379) 2590:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 45–. 2186:, grandson of Emperor Otto I's trusted lieutenant 734:12th-century stained glass depiction of Henry II, 619:. Through his father, he was the grandson of Duke 1822:The Diocese of Merseburg had been established by 1682:. The Byzantine Empire struck back in 1018 under 1188:'s mission to Poland, so he set out for Hungary. 6096: 3073: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2859:United Kingdom, Thickbroom Brothers, 1861. p. 14 2762: 2610: 1860:In 987, during the regency of Otto III's mother 445:("Rex Italiae") in 1004, and crowned emperor by 3344: 3012: 3010: 2758: 2756: 2754: 1729:littoral with the objective of subjugating the 1223:. Forcing Bolesław I to flee, Jaromír occupied 973:soon after the Emperor's death. Accompanied by 3289:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 16–. 3282: 3255: 3209: 2661:Fr. Paolo O. Pirlo, SHMI (1997). "St. Henry". 2535:The Middle Ages: Dictionary of World Biography 2325:Henry's feast day was inserted in 1631 in the 2137: 1826:in 968 to commemorate his victory against the 1364:was elected to succeed him. Upon assuming the 773:in February 1002, Henry met the procession in 413:; 6 May 973 – 13 July 1024 AD), also known as 5316: 4534: 3961: 3670: 3259:Germany in the High Middle Ages: c. 1050–1200 3194: 3037: 2971: 2969: 2909: 2906:K. Jasiński, Rodowód pierwszych Piastów, 1992 2574: 2367:Henry II is also venerated as a saint in the 1931:. The addition of the term provided that the 1725:ahead with a slightly smaller army along the 1554:. The Imperial army retreated from Poland to 1032:. Unlike his predecessors, after gaining the 627:. By his mother, he was the grandson of King 5995:(Landshut: 1393–1450; Ingolstadt: 1447–1450) 3276: 3249: 3007: 2868:S.Rosik, Bolesław Chrobry i jego czasy, 2001 2751: 2070:, even giving his estates there to his wife 489:as an antedate to his coronation in Rome as 3382:Feast of St. Henry: Patron Saint of Oblates 3286:Kingship and Justice in the Ottonian Empire 3129: 2954:, University of Michigan Press, 1967, p. 93 2371:(either on 13 July or on 15 July). and the 2213:, Germany from southern Italy to celebrate 1484:in order to persuade the new Bohemian Duke 949: 611:Henry was born in May 973, the son of Duke 464:and a member of the Bavarian branch of the 5323: 5309: 4541: 4527: 3968: 3954: 3677: 3663: 3440: 3395:"О почитании святых, просиявших на западе" 3326: 3156: 2966: 2689:, (Cambridge University Press, 1979), 433. 2580: 2557: 1954: 1659:, and was soundly defeated in the ensuing 1607: 1080:Manuscript of St. Gregory's Moralia in Job 606: 476:in Hildesheim. He succeeded his father as 49: 5947:(Munich: 1397–1438; Straubing: 1429–1438) 5939:(Munich: 1397–1435; Straubing: 1429–1435) 3459: 2922: 2834:Zeitschrift fur Kunstgeschichte 77 (2014) 2637: 2635: 2633: 1799: 1391:, and a number of clerics. Upon reaching 850: 843:as Queen of Germany on 10 August 1002 in 520:of the imperial territories north of the 3494:Lichtbildarchiv älterer Originalurkunden 2884:. Landesausstellung 2002. Archived from 2416: 2269: 2197: 2038: 1958: 1781:). Compared to the other members of the 1322: 1287:. To seal their peace, Bolesław I's son 729: 583:. Henry II's wife was the equally pious 27:11th century Ottonian Holy Roman Emperor 3975: 3684: 3135: 3087: 3085: 2876: 2874: 2563: 1492:At the same time, Henry II entertained 1051: 14: 6097: 6019:(Munich: 1460–1467; Dachau: 1467–1501) 3509:Die Chronik des Thietmar von Merseburg 3310:Benjamin Joseph Wand (6 August 2018). 3162: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2630: 2193: 2155:formed the core imperial support, the 1804:Henry II inherited several unresolved 1318: 719: 472:and later during his education at the 5304: 4522: 3949: 3658: 3216:The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 3055: 2984: 2643:"Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Henry II" 2546: 2235:arranged for Henry to be interred at 2024: 5330: 3338: 3082: 3020:History of the Middle Ages: 300–1500 2871: 2717:. Catholic Saints Info. 2 March 2019 2537:, Volume 2, Routledge, 2012, p. 449. 1760: 1745:. Though Patriarch Pilgrim captured 1253: 524:, a policy summed up on his seal as 3046: 2952:Death and Life in the Tenth Century 2827: 2702:, Saints.SQPN.com, 7 October 2012, 2649: 2312:St Henry's Marist Brothers' College 2163:had grown increasingly rebellious. 1717:In 1022, Henry II set out down the 1461: 1313: 1160: 1062: 24: 6185:German Christian religious leaders 5971:(1375–1392; Ingolstadt: 1392–1413) 2453:during the reigns of the emperors 2294:was canonised on 29 March 1200 by 1975:. The dukes have always preferred 1024:("Rex Italiae") on 14 May 1004 in 548:attempts to obtain dominance over 493:. On 15 May 1004, he was anointed 25: 6216: 3479: 3335:, entry for St. Henry on 13 July. 2492:Saint Henry, patron saint archive 1919:Henry II succeeded in persuading 1145:Prior to open rebellion in 1004, 631:, and the great-grandson of King 623:, and the great-grandson of King 433:, appointed in 995, Henry became 6120:11th-century Holy Roman Emperors 5955:(1375–1392; Landshut: 1392–1393) 4576: 3930: 3929: 3210:Timothy Reuter (25 March 2011). 3142:. Penn State Press. p. 95. 3117:. Merseburger Dom. 6 August 2018 3095:. Merseburger Dom. 6 August 2018 3017:James Westfall Thompson (2016). 2570:. the Booksellers. pp. 11–. 2475: 1403:, where he remained until 1015. 1090: 1071: 1030:Basilica of San Michele Maggiore 714: 3503:Henry II at Patron Saints Index 3464:(in Polish). Proszynski Media. 3413: 3399:Православная церковь в Гамбурге 3387: 3373: 3364: 3303: 3203: 3107: 3064: 2978: 2943: 2900: 2862: 2847: 2821: 2809:. Monumenta Germaniae Historica 2799: 2783: 2729: 2707: 2692: 2401:, first-cousin once removed of 2202:Tomb of Henry and Cunigunde by 1943:. Together with the concept of 1837:in 955. Established to conduct 987:Archbishop Frederick of Ravenna 587:, who was canonized in 1200 by 80:14 February 1014 – 13 July 1024 6043:(Munich: 1465–1505; 1505–1508) 5963:(1375–1392; Munich: 1392–1397) 3486:Charter given by Emperor Henry 3262:. Cambridge University Press. 3169:. Paulist Press. p. 188. 2929:. Cambridge University Press. 2679: 2604: 2540: 2504: 1634:Under Otto I and Otto II, the 1147:Boleslaus III, Duke of Bohemia 650:. After escaping, Henry again 13: 1: 6180:11th-century Christian saints 6175:10th-century Christian saints 6130:11th-century dukes of Bavaria 6125:10th-century dukes of Bavaria 5855:(1347–1349; Upper: 1349–1361) 5837:(Upper: 1301–1340; 1340–1347) 5749:(1253–1255; Upper: 1255–1294) 3529:Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor 3434: 3222:(3). Cambridge Org: 347–374. 2769:. De Gruyter. pp. 245–. 2389:Henry II was a member of the 2278:, as depicted in 15th century 2265: 2177:series of wars against Poland 1723:Archbishop Pilgrim of Cologne 1504:. A son of Kievan Grand Duke 1468:German–Polish War (1003–1018) 1058:German–Polish War (1003–1018) 981:in 997 for the murder of the 975:Archbishop Arnulf II of Milan 958:to fall from German control. 785:, chief among them being the 236:28 August 995 – 21 March 1004 59: 6190:German Roman Catholic saints 6170:Burials at Bamberg Cathedral 6105:Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor 3023:. Routledge. pp. 458–. 2487:Kings of Germany family tree 2421:Page of Thietmar's Chronicle 2341:in 1955 to a simple, and by 1889:. Henry II vowed to found a 1868:, first flared up. Both the 1508:, he was vice-regent of the 1117:Margrave Eckard I of Meissen 595:, a great-great-grandson of 7: 6195:Roman Catholic royal saints 5968:Stephen III the Magnificent 3441:Knefelkamp, Ulrich (2002). 3314:. Portland State University 2468: 2337:. This rank was changed by 2138:Policy towards the nobility 2035:Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg 1997:of bishops of the empire's 1995:appointment and investiture 1772:Renovatio imperii Romanorum 1735:Patriarch Poppo of Aquileia 1410:("Romanorum Imperator") in 1078:Emperor Henry II, from the 1020:, Arnulf II crowned him as 530:Renovatio imperii Romanorum 10: 6221: 5802:Henry XV the Natternberger 5789:(Upper: Regent: 1294–1302) 4470:North German Confederation 4386:Confederation of the Rhine 2950:Duckett, Eleanor Shipley. 2412: 2382: 2373:Antiochian Orthodox Church 2173:Count Frederick of Moselle 2028: 1949:Great Schism of the Church 1812:and the settlement of the 1465: 1260:Archbishopric of Magdeburg 1055: 847:, in present-day Germany. 726:1002 German royal election 723: 677:, and then studied at the 640:Holy Roman Emperor Otto II 185:7 June 1002 – 13 July 1024 130:15 May 1004 – 13 July 1024 5851:Louis V the Brandenburger 5381: 5338: 5101: 4986: 4893: 4662: 4585: 4574: 4557: 4487: 4468: 4449: 4427: 4403: 4384: 4073: 4032: 3983: 3925: 3692: 3642: 3631: 3618: 3603: 3594: 3586: 3576: 3567: 3559: 3554: 3527: 3460:Jasienica, Pawel (2007). 3421:"A Western Rite Calendar" 3228:10.1017/S0022046900026245 3043:Knefelkamp (2002), p. 125 2807:"Heinrich II. und Arduin" 2763:Michael Borgolte (2014). 2737:"St. Cunegundes, Empress" 2405:, and a second-cousin to 2378: 2184:Duke Bernard II of Saxony 1981:protectors of Christendom 1778:Renovatio regni Francorum 1537:Duke Bernard II of Saxony 1399:Arduin in his capital of 857:Herman II, Duke of Swabia 830:Bernard I, Duke of Saxony 526:Renovatio regni Francorum 454:Henry II, Duke of Bavaria 374:Chalcedonian Christianity 369: 359: 354:Henry II, Duke of Bavaria 349: 337: 327: 315: 290: 266: 262: 252: 242: 232: 225: 215: 205: 189: 181: 174: 164: 150: 134: 126: 119: 109: 99: 84: 76: 69: 48: 39: 34: 6065:Albert V the Magnanimous 6048:William IV the Steadfast 5984:Louis VIII the Hunchback 5562:Henry II the Quarrelsome 4989:(title disputed 887–933) 4438:Archduke John of Austria 3136:Wolfram, Herwig (2010). 3115:"Thietmar von Merseburg" 2991:. Macmillan. p. 150 2794:Liber gestorum recentium 2497: 2447:Annales Quedlinburgenses 2364:of Benedictine oblates. 2360:and is venerated as the 2182:In 1019, the once loyal 1510:Principality of Novgorod 1004:and marched through the 991:Duke Otto I of Carinthia 950:First Italian expedition 652:revolted against Otto II 528:, which replaced Otto's 93:Old St. Peter's Basilica 5987:(Ingolstadt: 1443–1445) 5979:(Ingolstadt: 1413–1443) 3283:Laura Wangerin (2019). 3256:Horst Fuhrmann (1986). 3163:Kasper, Walter (2006). 3061:Jasienica (2007), p. 86 2700:New Catholic Dictionary 2663:My First Book of Saints 2533:Frank N. Magill (ed.), 2516:Order of Saint Benedict 2369:Eastern Orthodox Church 2217:, Henry II fell ill in 2169:Duke Henry V of Bavaria 2080:Imperial Abbey at Fulda 2072:Cunigunde of Luxembourg 2066:, Henry II was fond of 2055:Margrave of the Nordgau 1977:political particularism 1963:Gospel Book of Henry II 1955:Empire–Church relations 1751:Principality of Salerno 1608:Conflict with Byzantium 1122:Bolesław I traveled to 841:Cunigunde of Luxembourg 709:Siegfried of Luxembourg 705:Cunigunde of Luxembourg 607:Early life and marriage 552:. On 14 February 1014, 332:Cunigunde of Luxembourg 6165:People from Hildesheim 6155:Christian royal saints 6150:Medieval German saints 5931:(Straubing: 1417-1425) 5923:(Straubing: 1417-1429) 5915:(Straubing: 1404–1417) 5907:(Straubing: 1389–1397) 5653:(1070–1077, 1096–1101) 5629:(1053–1054, 1055–1061) 5597:(1004–1009, 1017–1026) 2611:Bernd Schneidemüller. 2582:Blumenthal, Uta-Renate 2425:Between 1012 and 1018 2422: 2327:General Roman Calendar 2310:, Switzerland, and of 2279: 2206: 2204:Tilman Riemenschneider 2046: 1969:Imperial Church System 1964: 1800:Ecclesiastical affairs 1338: 1293:Richeza of Lotharingia 1016:. Joining Henry II in 851:Consolidation of power 738: 707:, a daughter of Count 675:Wolfgang of Regensburg 410: 402: 394: 6035:(Landshut: 1479–1503) 6027:(Landshut: 1450–1479) 5976:Louis VII the Bearded 5928:John III the Pitiless 5589:(995–1004, 1009–1017) 5578:Henry III the Younger 5498:Louis III the Younger 3345:Bernd Schneidmüller. 3333:Martyrologium Romanum 3052:Previte-orton, p. 451 2988:The Holy Roman Empire 2685:C. W. Previté-Orton, 2550:The Holy Roman Empire 2547:Bryce, James (1871). 2427:Thietmar of Merseburg 2420: 2358:Order of St. Benedict 2273: 2201: 2042: 2011:Thietmar of Merseburg 1962: 1923:to include the word " 1881:In May 1017, Empress 1851:Thietmar of Merseburg 1841:work among the pagan 1731:Principality of Capua 1500:to the throne of the 1326: 1084:Bamberg State Library 935:Henry I of Luxembourg 804:("Rex Romanorum") by 733: 703:In 999 Henry married 633:Rudolf II of Burgundy 42:Emperor of the Romans 5952:Frederick I the Wise 5738:Otto the Illustrious 5698:Henry XI Jasomirgott 5199:Lothair III (or II) 4552:between 476 and 1556 4451:German Confederation 4405:German Confederation 2766:Stiftung und Memoria 2443:Res gestae Saxonicae 2104:Diocese of Eichstätt 2062:. Growing up in the 2051:Henry of Schweinfurt 1999:proprietary churches 1986:Prince of the Empire 1874:Bishop of Hildesheim 1815:Gandersheim Conflict 1810:Diocese of Merseburg 1693:. Melus fled to the 1674:, the Lombard noble 1514:Sviatopolk I of Kiev 1412:St. Peter's Basilica 1327:Henry II crowned as 1198:Carpathian Mountains 1098:Bolesław I of Poland 1052:Conflict with Poland 1014:Archbishop Arnulf II 915:Henry of Schweinfurt 736:Strasbourg Cathedral 679:Hildesheim Cathedral 629:Conrad I of Burgundy 238:1009 – December 1017 6160:German Benedictines 6140:Benedictine oblates 6073:William V the Pious 6011:(Munich: 1460–1463) 6003:(Munich: 1438–1460) 5746:Louis II the Strict 5725:(Regent: 1183–1191) 5525:(Margrave: 895–907) 5517:(Margrave: 890–895) 5482:Louis II the German 3990:Carolingian dynasty 3977:Monarchs of Germany 3686:Holy Roman emperors 3490:Niederaltaich Abbey 2854:Greenwood, Thomas. 2698:"Saint Kunigunde", 2194:Death and successor 2112:Archbishop of Mainz 2084:Diocese of Würzburg 1935:emanated from both 1870:Archbishop of Mainz 1847:major Slavic revolt 1747:Pandulf IV of Capua 1352:. As leader of the 1319:Imperial coronation 1306:, granddaughter of 965:proclaimed himself 919:Margrave of Nordgau 839:to crown his wife, 810:Archbishop of Mainz 779:Heribert of Cologne 760:Herman II of Swabia 756:Eckard I of Meissen 752:Ezzo of Lotharingia 720:Disputed succession 613:Henry II of Bavaria 534:series of conflicts 491:Imperator Romanorum 6200:Christian monarchs 6145:Benedictine saints 6040:Albert IV the Wise 5992:Henry XVI the Rich 5863:(Upper: 1361–1363) 5829:(Lower: 1339–1340) 5821:(Lower: 1310–1339) 5813:(Lower: 1310–1334) 5805:(Lower: 1312–1333) 5797:(Upper: 1294–1317) 5781:(Lower: 1290–1312) 5773:(Lower: 1290–1310) 5765:(Lower: 1290–1296) 5757:(Lower: 1253–1290) 5706:Henry XII the Lion 5674:Henry IX the Black 5565:(955–976, 985–995) 5358:Bavaria-Ingolstadt 4075:Kingdom of Germany 4039:Kingdom of Germany 3645:Holy Roman Emperor 3623:Title last held by 3608:Title next held by 3498:Marburg University 3380:Being Benedictine 2923:Cambridge (1995). 2828:Elliott, Gillian. 2715:"Saint Cunegundes" 2423: 2397:, great-nephew of 2290:; Henry's spouse, 2280: 2207: 2149:Duchy of Franconia 2128:Duchy of Carinthia 2120:Duchy of Franconia 2116:Primate of Germany 2088:Bishop of Würzburg 2060:Diocese of Bamberg 2047: 2031:Diocese of Bamberg 2025:Diocese of Bamberg 1965: 1921:Pope Benedict VIII 1835:Battle of Lechfeld 1667:In 1017, aided by 1598:expedition to Kiev 1521:Pope Benedict VIII 1506:Vladimir the Great 1478:Mieszko II Lambert 1456:Victor Emmanuel II 1446:in a monastery at 1408:Holy Roman Emperor 1366:chair of St. Peter 1339: 1335:Pope Benedict VIII 1295:, daughter of the 983:Bishop of Vercelli 944:Diocese of Bamberg 812:on 9 July 1002 at 791:Bishop of Würzburg 769:moved through the 767:funeral procession 739: 664:Duchy of Carinthia 625:Henry I of Germany 621:Henry I of Bavaria 617:Gisela of Burgundy 558:Holy Roman Emperor 554:Pope Benedict VIII 499:Jaromír of Bohemia 470:Bishop of Freising 458:Gisela of Burgundy 447:Pope Benedict VIII 441:in 1002, was made 435:King of the Romans 423:Holy Roman Emperor 364:Gisela of Burgundy 200:Kingdom of Germany 71:Holy Roman Emperor 6092: 6091: 6032:George I the Rich 6024:Louis IX the Rich 5373:Bavaria-Straubing 5298: 5297: 5109:Holy Roman Empire 4516: 4515: 4442: 4441:(Imperial Regent) 4080:Holy Roman Empire 4009:Louis the Younger 3943: 3942: 3653: 3652: 3577:Succeeded by 3471:978-83-7648-284-2 3401:. 13 January 2012 3296:978-0-472-13139-6 3269:978-0-521-31980-5 3176:978-0-8091-4334-4 3149:978-0-271-04818-5 3030:978-1-317-21700-8 3001:Project Gutenberg 2936:978-0-521-36447-8 2776:978-3-05-006048-4 2482:Saints portal 2347:optional memorial 2296:Pope Innocent III 2288:Pope Eugenius III 2237:Bamberg Cathedral 2233:Empress Cunigunde 2044:Bamberg Cathedral 1906:clerical celibacy 1866:Gandersheim Abbey 1761:Imperial Policies 1737:went through the 1618:Byzantine Emperor 1568:Margrave Herman I 1440:Margrave of Ivrea 1421:Diocese of Bobbio 1358:Patrician of Rome 1268:counter-offensive 1254:Second Polish War 1221:Holy Roman Empire 1186:Bruno of Querfurt 656:Bishop of Utrecht 589:Pope Innocent III 585:Empress Cunigunde 565:Holy Roman Empire 507:Holy Roman Empire 379: 378: 321:Bamberg Cathedral 310:Holy Roman Empire 285:Holy Roman Empire 16:(Redirected from 6212: 6135:Ottonian dynasty 5826:John I the Child 5714:Otto the Redhead 5642:Otto of Nordheim 5363:Bavaria-Landshut 5343:Duchy of Bavaria 5332:Dukes of Bavaria 5325: 5318: 5311: 5302: 5301: 5290: 5282: 5274: 5266: 5258: 5250: 5242: 5234: 5226: 5218: 5210: 5202: 5194: 5186: 5178: 5170: 5162: 5154: 5146: 5138: 5130: 5122: 5103:Kingdom of Italy 5093: 5085: 5071: 5063: 5055: 5041: 5027: 5019: 5005: 4978: 4970: 4962: 4954: 4946: 4938: 4930: 4922: 4914: 4906: 4885: 4877: 4869: 4861: 4853: 4845: 4837: 4829: 4821: 4813: 4805: 4797: 4789: 4781: 4773: 4765: 4757: 4749: 4741: 4733: 4725: 4717: 4709: 4701: 4693: 4683: 4675: 4654: 4646: 4638: 4630: 4622: 4614: 4606: 4598: 4580: 4568: 4543: 4536: 4529: 4520: 4519: 4440: 3999:Louis the German 3970: 3963: 3956: 3947: 3946: 3933: 3932: 3679: 3672: 3665: 3656: 3655: 3587:Preceded by 3560:Preceded by 3550: 3543: 3525: 3524: 3475: 3456: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3391: 3385: 3377: 3371: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3352:. Uni Heidelberg 3351: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3207: 3201: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3185: 3183: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3089: 3080: 3077: 3071: 3068: 3062: 3059: 3053: 3050: 3044: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3014: 3005: 3004: 2998: 2996: 2982: 2976: 2973: 2964: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2920: 2907: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2878: 2869: 2866: 2860: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2803: 2797: 2787: 2781: 2780: 2760: 2749: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2739:. Garden Of Mary 2733: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2711: 2705: 2696: 2690: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2658: 2647: 2646: 2639: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2617: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2564:Germany (1740). 2561: 2555: 2554: 2544: 2538: 2531: 2519: 2508: 2480: 2479: 2478: 2391:Ottonian dynasty 2385:Ottonian dynasty 2352:Henry II was an 2286:in July 1147 by 2161:Duchy of Bavaria 2093:Henry II held a 2064:Duchy of Bavaria 1853:to serve as its 1783:Ottonian dynasty 1767:Emperor Otto III 1691:Battle of Cannae 1684:Catepan of Italy 1640:Pandulf Ironhead 1621:John I Tzimiskes 1614:Byzantine Empire 1590:Peace of Bautzen 1482:Duchy of Bohemia 1472:Peace of Bautzen 1462:Third Polish War 1350:John Crescentius 1314:Reign as emperor 1281:March of Meissen 1277:March of Lusatia 1177:Christianization 1161:First Polish War 1136:March of Lusatia 1132:March of Meissen 1100:in a drawing by 1094: 1075: 1063:Polish relations 1034:Kingdom of Italy 927:Duchy of Bavaria 900:Ottonian dynasty 863:, eldest son of 818:Aachen Cathedral 795:Aachen Cathedral 783:Imperial Regalia 771:Duchy of Bavaria 748:Ottonian dynasty 743:Emperor Otto III 660:Duchy of Bavaria 536:with the Polish 503:Duchy of Bohemia 474:cathedral school 466:Ottonian dynasty 462:Henry the Fowler 439:Emperor Otto III 389: 297: 145:Kingdom of Italy 90:14 February 1014 64: 63: 1002–1014 61: 53: 32: 31: 21: 18:Emperor Henry II 6220: 6219: 6215: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6205:Military saints 6095: 6094: 6093: 6088: 5509:(King: 882–887) 5506:Charles the Fat 5501:(King: 880–882) 5493:(King: 876–880) 5485:(King: 817–843) 5377: 5334: 5329: 5299: 5294: 5288: 5280: 5272: 5264: 5256: 5248: 5240: 5232: 5224: 5216: 5208: 5200: 5192: 5184: 5176: 5168: 5160: 5152: 5144: 5136: 5128: 5120: 5111: 5106: 5097: 5091: 5083: 5069: 5061: 5053: 5039: 5025: 5017: 5003: 4988: 4982: 4976: 4968: 4960: 4952: 4944: 4936: 4928: 4920: 4912: 4904: 4889: 4883: 4875: 4867: 4859: 4851: 4843: 4835: 4827: 4819: 4811: 4803: 4795: 4787: 4779: 4771: 4763: 4755: 4747: 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Verona 963:Arduin of Ivrea 952: 939:Duke of Bavaria 853: 802:King of Germany 728: 722: 717: 698:Duke of Bavaria 644:Duchy of Swabia 609: 577:Pope Eugene III 569:Catholic Church 538:Duke Bolesław I 483:King of Germany 478:Duke of Bavaria 456:, and his wife 431:Duke of Bavaria 385: 323: 299: 295: 271: 237: 227:Duke of Bavaria 194: 176:King of Germany 159:Arduin of Ivrea 157: 139: 91: 65: 62: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6218: 6208: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6086: 6078: 6070: 6062: 6053: 6045: 6037: 6029: 6021: 6013: 6005: 5997: 5989: 5981: 5973: 5965: 5957: 5949: 5941: 5933: 5925: 5917: 5909: 5901: 5892: 5883: 5874: 5865: 5857: 5848: 5839: 5831: 5823: 5815: 5807: 5799: 5791: 5783: 5775: 5767: 5759: 5751: 5743: 5735: 5727: 5719: 5711: 5703: 5695: 5687: 5679: 5671: 5663: 5655: 5647: 5639: 5631: 5623: 5615: 5607: 5599: 5591: 5583: 5575: 5567: 5559: 5551: 5543: 5535: 5527: 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4500: 4494: 4492: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4481: 4475: 4473: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4462: 4460:Franz Joseph I 4456: 4454: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4443: 4434: 4432: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4421: 4416: 4410: 4408: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4397: 4391: 4389: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4148:Lothair II/III 4145: 4140: 4135: 4128: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4085: 4083: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4067: 4062: 4055: 4050: 4044: 4042: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3995: 3993: 3981: 3980: 3973: 3972: 3965: 3958: 3950: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3937: 3926: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 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Henry and 2267: 2264: 2260:Salian dynasty 2227:Church council 2195: 2192: 2139: 2136: 2026: 2023: 1956: 1953: 1937:God the Father 1879: 1878: 1858: 1824:Emperor Otto I 1806:ecclesiastical 1801: 1798: 1762: 1759: 1704:Duke of Apulia 1657:Emir of Sicily 1625:southern Italy 1609: 1606: 1602:Oda of Meissen 1463: 1460: 1423:. Celebrating 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1297:Count Palatine 1255: 1252: 1162: 1159: 1096: 1089: 1088: 1077: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1056:Main article: 1053: 1050: 979:excommunicated 951: 948: 892:Lower Lorraine 888:Upper Lorraine 865:Emperor Otto I 852: 849: 822:Emperor Otto I 724:Main article: 721: 718: 716: 713: 608: 605: 601:Salian dynasty 597:Emperor Otto I 556:crowned Henry 550:southern Italy 377: 376: 371: 367: 366: 361: 357: 356: 351: 347: 346: 341: 335: 334: 329: 325: 324: 319: 317: 313: 312: 298:(aged 51) 292: 288: 287: 268: 264: 263: 260: 259: 254: 250: 249: 244: 240: 239: 234: 230: 229: 223: 222: 217: 213: 212: 207: 203: 202: 191: 187: 186: 183: 179: 178: 172: 171: 166: 162: 161: 152: 148: 147: 136: 132: 131: 128: 124: 123: 117: 116: 111: 107: 106: 101: 97: 96: 88: 82: 81: 78: 74: 73: 67: 66: 55:Henry II in a 54: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6217: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 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5712: 5710: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5437:(c.716–c.719) 5435: 5432: 5430: 5429:(c.716–c.719) 5427: 5424: 5422: 5421:(c.716–c.719) 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5384: 5383: 5380: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5353:Lower Bavaria 5351: 5349: 5348:Upper Bavaria 5346: 5344: 5341: 5340: 5337: 5333: 5326: 5321: 5319: 5314: 5312: 5307: 5306: 5303: 5291: 5285: 5283: 5277: 5275: 5269: 5267: 5261: 5259: 5253: 5251: 5245: 5243: 5239:Frederick II 5237: 5235: 5229: 5227: 5221: 5219: 5213: 5211: 5205: 5203: 5197: 5195: 5189: 5187: 5181: 5179: 5173: 5171: 5165: 5163: 5157: 5155: 5149: 5147: 5141: 5139: 5133: 5131: 5125: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5110: 5104: 5100: 5094: 5088: 5086: 5079: 5078: 5074: 5072: 5066: 5064: 5058: 5056: 5049: 5048: 5044: 5042: 5035: 5034: 5030: 5028: 5022: 5020: 5013: 5012: 5008: 5006: 4999: 4998: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4971: 4965: 4963: 4957: 4955: 4949: 4947: 4941: 4939: 4933: 4931: 4925: 4923: 4917: 4915: 4909: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4892: 4886: 4880: 4878: 4872: 4870: 4864: 4862: 4856: 4854: 4848: 4846: 4840: 4838: 4832: 4830: 4824: 4822: 4816: 4814: 4808: 4806: 4800: 4798: 4792: 4790: 4784: 4782: 4776: 4774: 4768: 4766: 4760: 4758: 4752: 4750: 4744: 4742: 4736: 4734: 4728: 4726: 4720: 4718: 4712: 4710: 4704: 4702: 4696: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4684: 4678: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4647: 4641: 4639: 4633: 4631: 4625: 4623: 4617: 4615: 4609: 4607: 4601: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4556: 4551: 4544: 4539: 4537: 4532: 4530: 4525: 4524: 4521: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4503:Frederick III 4501: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4489:German Empire 4486: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4467: 4461: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4448: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4429:German Empire 4426: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4402: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4383: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4331:Ferdinand III 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4311:Maximilian II 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4291:Frederick III 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4276: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4259: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4217: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4127: 4126: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4076: 4072: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4060: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3971: 3966: 3964: 3959: 3957: 3952: 3951: 3948: 3936: 3928: 3927: 3924: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3877:Ferdinand III 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3857:Maximilian II 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3837:Frederick III 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3694: 3691: 3687: 3680: 3675: 3673: 3668: 3666: 3661: 3660: 3657: 3647: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3621: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3606: 3599: 3598: 3597:King of Italy 3591: 3585: 3581: 3572: 3571: 3564: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3541: 3536: 3535: 3534:House of Otto 3526: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3510: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3484: 3483: 3473: 3467: 3463: 3458: 3454: 3452:3-8252-2105-9 3448: 3444: 3439: 3438: 3422: 3416: 3400: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3376: 3367: 3348: 3341: 3334: 3329: 3313: 3306: 3298: 3292: 3288: 3287: 3279: 3271: 3265: 3261: 3260: 3252: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3206: 3197: 3190: 3178: 3172: 3168: 3167: 3159: 3151: 3145: 3141: 3140: 3132: 3116: 3110: 3094: 3093:"Heinrich II" 3088: 3086: 3076: 3067: 3058: 3049: 3040: 3032: 3026: 3022: 3021: 3013: 3011: 3002: 2990: 2989: 2981: 2972: 2970: 2963: 2962:9780472061723 2959: 2955: 2953: 2946: 2938: 2932: 2928: 2927: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2903: 2887: 2883: 2877: 2875: 2865: 2858: 2857: 2850: 2835: 2831: 2824: 2808: 2802: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2778: 2772: 2768: 2767: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2738: 2732: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2701: 2695: 2688: 2682: 2674: 2672:971-91595-4-5 2668: 2664: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2644: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2614: 2607: 2599: 2597:0-8122-1386-6 2593: 2589: 2588: 2583: 2577: 2569: 2568: 2560: 2552: 2551: 2543: 2536: 2530: 2526: 2517: 2513: 2507: 2503: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2473: 2472: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2419: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2386: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2339:Pope Pius XII 2336: 2332: 2331:commemoration 2328: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2282:Henry II was 2277: 2272: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2209:Returning to 2205: 2200: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2144: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2052: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1987: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1961: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1945:Papal primacy 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1914: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1820: 1819: 1817: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1797: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1779: 1774: 1773: 1768: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1676:Melus of Bari 1673: 1670: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1619: 1615: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1552:Eastern March 1549: 1546: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1531:to cross the 1530: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1473: 1469: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1452:King of Italy 1449: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1397:King of Italy 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1362:Benedict VIII 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1336: 1332: 1331: 1325: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1266:. The German 1265: 1261: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1209:Ore Mountains 1205: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1158: 1155: 1150: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1118: 1113: 1103: 1099: 1093: 1085: 1081: 1074: 1059: 1049: 1047: 1041: 1040:were killed. 1037: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1022:King of Italy 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 998: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 967:King of Italy 964: 961: 957: 947: 945: 940: 936: 933: 928: 924: 920: 916: 911: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 872: 870: 866: 862: 858: 848: 846: 842: 838: 833: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 798: 796: 792: 788: 784: 781:give him the 780: 776: 772: 768: 763: 761: 757: 753: 749: 744: 737: 732: 727: 715:Reign as king 712: 710: 706: 701: 699: 695: 691: 687: 682: 680: 676: 672: 667: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 636: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 604: 603:of emperors. 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 561: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 542:Honor Imperii 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 510: 508: 504: 500: 496: 495:King of Italy 492: 488: 487:Rex Romanorum 484: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 450: 448: 444: 443:King of Italy 440: 436: 432: 428: 427:Ottonian line 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 383: 375: 372: 368: 365: 362: 358: 355: 352: 348: 345: 342: 340: 336: 333: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 311: 307: 303: 293: 289: 286: 282: 278: 274: 269: 265: 261: 258: 255: 251: 248: 245: 241: 235: 231: 228: 224: 221: 218: 214: 211: 208: 204: 201: 197: 192: 188: 184: 180: 177: 173: 170: 167: 163: 160: 156: 153: 149: 146: 142: 137: 133: 129: 125: 122: 121:King of Italy 118: 115: 112: 108: 105: 102: 98: 94: 89: 87: 83: 79: 75: 72: 68: 58: 52: 47: 44: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 6083: 6081:Maximilian I 6075: 6067: 6059: 6050: 6042: 6034: 6026: 6018: 6010: 6002: 5994: 5986: 5978: 5970: 5962: 5954: 5946: 5938: 5930: 5922: 5914: 5906: 5898: 5889: 5880: 5871: 5862: 5854: 5845: 5836: 5828: 5820: 5812: 5804: 5796: 5788: 5780: 5772: 5764: 5756: 5748: 5740: 5732: 5724: 5716: 5708: 5700: 5692: 5684: 5676: 5668: 5660: 5652: 5644: 5636: 5628: 5620: 5612: 5604: 5596: 5588: 5585: 5580: 5572: 5564: 5556: 5548: 5540: 5532: 5524: 5516: 5508: 5500: 5492: 5484: 5476: 5468: 5460: 5452: 5444: 5436: 5428: 5420: 5412: 5404: 5396: 5388: 5215:Frederick I 5150: 5082:Berengar II 5075: 5045: 5031: 5009: 4995: 4987:Non-dynastic 4959:Charles III 4903:Charlemagne 4895:Carolingians 4688: 4558:Non-dynastic 4336:Ferdinand IV 4326:Ferdinand II 4296:Maximilian I 4273: 4256: 4214: 4199:Henry (VIII) 4197: 4183:Frederick II 4138:Conrad (III) 4130: 4123: 4103: 4057: 4034:East Francia 3985:East Francia 3872:Ferdinand II 3842:Maximilian I 3812:Frederick II 3766: 3643: 3632: 3625: 3619: 3610: 3604: 3595: 3568: 3546: 3539: 3532: 3508: 3461: 3442: 3415: 3403:. Retrieved 3398: 3389: 3381: 3375: 3366: 3354:. Retrieved 3340: 3328: 3316:. Retrieved 3305: 3285: 3278: 3258: 3251: 3239:. Retrieved 3219: 3215: 3205: 3196: 3187: 3180:. Retrieved 3165: 3158: 3138: 3131: 3119:. Retrieved 3109: 3097:. Retrieved 3075: 3066: 3057: 3048: 3039: 3019: 2999:– via 2993:. Retrieved 2987: 2980: 2951: 2945: 2925: 2902: 2890:. Retrieved 2886:the original 2864: 2855: 2849: 2837:. Retrieved 2833: 2823: 2811:. Retrieved 2801: 2793: 2785: 2765: 2741:. Retrieved 2731: 2719:. Retrieved 2709: 2699: 2694: 2686: 2681: 2662: 2620:. Retrieved 2606: 2586: 2576: 2566: 2559: 2549: 2542: 2534: 2529: 2506: 2446: 2442: 2434: 2430: 2424: 2388: 2366: 2362:patron saint 2351: 2324: 2320:South Africa 2304:patron saint 2281: 2245: 2231: 2208: 2181: 2165: 2145: 2141: 2092: 2048: 2007: 1990: 1984: 1973:Stem duchies 1966: 1929:Nicene Creed 1918: 1910: 1899: 1880: 1813: 1803: 1794: 1776: 1770: 1764: 1716: 1703: 1695:Papal States 1666: 1653:Abu al-Qasim 1633: 1611: 1587: 1572: 1541: 1518: 1491: 1475: 1442:to become a 1437: 1433:Papal States 1405: 1378: 1357: 1340: 1328: 1257: 1248:peace treaty 1241: 1239:until 1018. 1206: 1190: 1164: 1151: 1144: 1121: 1111: 1109: 1079: 1042: 1038: 1006:Brenner Pass 999: 953: 912: 873: 854: 834: 799: 764: 740: 702: 683: 668: 637: 610: 562: 541: 529: 525: 517: 511: 490: 486: 451: 414: 381: 380: 296:(1024-07-13) 294:13 July 1024 193:7 June 1002 138:15 May 1004 57:sacramentary 40: 29: 6115:1024 deaths 6084:(1597–1623) 6076:(1579–1597) 6068:(1550–1579) 6060:(1516–1545) 5936:William III 5872:(1347–1365) 5741:(1231–1253) 5733:(1183–1231) 5717:(1180–1183) 5709:(1156–1180) 5701:(1143–1156) 5693:(1139–1141) 5685:(1126–1138) 5677:(1120–1126) 5669:(1101–1120) 5661:(1077–1096) 5645:(1061–1070) 5637:(1054–1055) 5621:(1049–1053) 5613:(1042–1047) 5605:(1026–1042) 5474:Tassilo III 5413:(c.680–716) 5402:Garibald II 5289:(1530–1556) 5281:(1452–1493) 5273:(1431–1437) 5265:(1355–1378) 5263:Charles IV 5257:(1327–1347) 5249:(1311–1313) 5241:(1212–1250) 5233:(1209–1212) 5225:(1186–1197) 5217:(1154–1186) 5209:(1138–1152) 5207:Conrad III 5201:(1125–1137) 5193:(1106–1125) 5185:(1093–1101) 5177:(1056–1105) 5169:(1039–1056) 5161:(1026–1039) 5153:(1004–1024) 5145:(1002–1014) 5068:Lothair II 5002:Berengar I 4997:Unruochings 4943:Charles II 4882:Desiderius 4858:Hildeprand 4834:Aripert II 4689:Interregnum 4491:(1871–1918) 4472:(1867–1871) 4453:(1850–1866) 4431:(1848/1849) 4419:Ferdinand I 4407:(1815–1848) 4388:(1806–1813) 4356:Charles VII 4306:Ferdinand I 4188:Henry (VII) 4163:Frederick I 3897:Charles VII 3852:Ferdinand I 3797:Frederick I 3792:Lothair III 3722:Charles III 3697:Charlemagne 3182:22 December 2019:feudal lord 2015:Middle Ages 1991:Reichsfürst 1941:God the Son 1933:Holy Spirit 1672:mercenaries 1502:Kievan Rus' 1304:Lotharingia 1202:Scandinavia 1102:Jan Matejko 993:, over the 937:became the 908:Hermann III 758:, and Duke 754:, Margrave 452:The son of 415:Saint Henry 395:Heinrich II 243:Predecessor 206:Predecessor 151:Predecessor 100:Predecessor 6110:973 births 6099:Categories 6000:Albert III 5920:Jacqueline 5912:William II 5877:Stephen II 5860:Meinhard I 5754:Henry XIII 5658:Henry VIII 5626:Henry VIII 5434:Tassilo II 5386:Garibald I 5287:Charles V 5271:Sigismund 5247:Henry VII 5183:Conrad II 5167:Henry III 5159:Conrad II 5137:(996–1002) 5112:(962–1556) 4927:Lothair I 4850:Liutprand 4826:Raginpert 4786:Perctarit 4762:Perctarit 4746:Aripert I 4611:Theodahad 4603:Athalaric 4595:Theodoric 4587:Ostrogoths 4508:William II 4395:Napoleon I 4376:Francis II 4371:Leopold II 4351:Charles VI 4264:Wenceslaus 4252:Charles IV 4158:Henry (VI) 4153:Conrad III 4082:(962–1806) 4077:within the 3987:during the 3917:Francis II 3912:Leopold II 3892:Charles VI 3862:Rudolph II 3827:Charles IV 3717:Charles II 3649:1014–1024 3638:1002–1024 3601:1004–1024 3435:References 3356:19 January 3318:29 January 3241:27 January 3121:29 January 3099:29 January 2995:29 January 2892:29 January 2813:29 January 2743:29 January 2721:29 January 2622:28 January 2335:semidouble 2298:. Henry's 2266:Veneration 2252:Franconian 2130:, and the 1839:missionary 1831:Hungarians 1727:Tyrrhenian 1533:Oder river 1448:Fruttuaria 1370:Gregory VI 1354:Crescentii 1346:Sergius IV 1342:John XVIII 1289:Mieszko II 1194:Baltic Sea 1182:Elbe Slavs 1128:Oder River 787:Holy Lance 671:Hildesheim 518:renovation 419:Obl. S. B. 190:Coronation 135:Coronation 86:Coronation 6016:Sigismund 5904:Albert II 5886:William I 5818:Henry XIV 5794:Rudolph I 5770:Stephen I 5762:Louis III 5690:Leopold I 5634:Conrad II 5610:Henry VII 5581:(983–985) 5573:(976–982) 5557:(947–955) 5549:(938–947) 5541:(937–938) 5533:(907–937) 5477:(748–788) 5461:(736–748) 5453:(725–736) 5445:(715–725) 5418:Theodbert 5405:(610–625) 5397:(591–610) 5394:Tassilo I 5389:(555–591) 5255:Louis IV 5223:Henry VI 5175:Henry IV 5151:Henry II 5143:Arduin I 5135:Otto III 5129:(980–983) 5121:(962–973) 5092:(950–963) 5090:Adalbert 5084:(950–963) 5077:Anscarids 5070:(945–950) 5062:(926–947) 5054:(900–905) 5052:Louis II 5040:(922–933) 5026:(891–897) 5018:(889–894) 5011:Guideschi 5004:(887–924) 4969:(896–899) 4961:(879–887) 4953:(877–879) 4951:Carloman 4945:(875–877) 4937:(855–875) 4929:(818–855) 4921:(810–818) 4913:(781–810) 4905:(774–814) 4884:(756–774) 4876:(749–756) 4868:(744–749) 4852:(712–744) 4842:Ansprand 4836:(702–712) 4820:(700–702) 4818:Liutpert 4812:(689–700) 4810:Cunipert 4796:(688–689) 4794:Cunipert 4788:(671–688) 4778:Garibald 4772:(662–671) 4770:Grimoald 4764:(661–662) 4756:(661–662) 4754:Godepert 4748:(653–661) 4740:(652–653) 4732:(636-652) 4724:(626–636) 4716:(616–626) 4714:Adaloald 4708:(590–616) 4700:(584–590) 4692:(574–584) 4682:(572–574) 4674:(568–572) 4653:(552–553) 4645:(541–552) 4629:(540–541) 4621:(536–540) 4613:(534–536) 4605:(526–534) 4597:(493–526) 4567:(476–493) 4498:William I 4479:William I 4414:Francis I 4366:Joseph II 4361:Francis I 4341:Leopold I 4316:Rudolf II 4301:Charles V 4286:Albert II 4281:Sigismund 4237:Henry VII 4193:Conrad IV 4114:Henry III 4109:Conrad II 4041:(919–962) 4036:(911–919) 3992:(843–911) 3907:Joseph II 3902:Francis I 3882:Leopold I 3847:Charles V 3832:Sigismund 3817:Henry VII 3777:Henry III 3772:Conrad II 3742:Louis III 3707:Lothair I 3612:Conrad II 3574:995–1004 3236:159994750 2435:Chronicle 2431:Chronicon 2292:Cunigunde 2284:canonised 2276:Cunigunde 2256:Conrad II 2223:Göttingen 2211:Magdeburg 2099:Frankfurt 2049:In 1003, 2003:canon law 1951:in 1054. 1927:" in the 1891:monastery 1887:Kaufungen 1883:Cunigunde 1862:Theophanu 1755:Pandulf V 1739:Apennines 1644:Benevento 1594:vassalage 1575:ceasefire 1556:Merseburg 1529:Magdeburg 1498:pretender 1385:Merseburg 1356:clan and 1124:Merseburg 1112:renovatio 1028:, in the 904:Strasburg 896:Franconia 845:Paderborn 741:In 1001, 694:Theophanu 648:Ingelheim 593:Conrad II 573:canonized 560:in Rome. 546:Byzantine 505:into the 449:in 1014. 403:Enrico II 387:‹See Tfd› 302:Göttingen 270:6 May 973 253:Successor 220:Conrad II 216:Successor 169:Conrad II 165:Successor 114:Conrad II 110:Successor 5895:Albert I 5868:Louis VI 5834:Louis IV 5778:Otto III 5618:Conrad I 5602:Henry VI 5586:Henry IV 5546:Berthold 5538:Eberhard 5522:Luitpold 5514:Engeldeo 5490:Carloman 5442:Grimoald 5426:Theobald 5231:Otto IV 5191:Henry V 5127:Otto II 5047:Bosonids 5038:Rudolph 5024:Lambert 4935:Louis I 4919:Bernard 4874:Aistulf 4866:Ratchis 4738:Rodoald 4730:Rothari 4722:Arioald 4706:Agilulf 4698:Authari 4664:Lombards 4627:Ildibad 4619:Vitiges 4565:Odoacer 4346:Joseph I 4321:Matthias 4242:Louis IV 4232:Albert I 4222:Rudolf I 4168:Henry VI 4119:Henry IV 4104:Henry II 4099:Otto III 4048:Conrad I 4004:Carloman 3935:Category 3887:Joseph I 3867:Matthias 3822:Louis IV 3802:Henry VI 3782:Henry IV 3767:Henry II 3762:Otto III 3747:Berengar 3712:Louis II 3627:Otto III 3563:Henry II 2584:(1988). 2469:See also 2461:and the 2455:Otto III 2439:Widukind 2429:wrote a 2407:Otto III 2241:chastity 2159:and the 2151:and the 2108:Willigis 1925:Filioque 1902:celibate 1872:and the 1787:Margrave 1719:Adriatic 1712:Würzburg 1629:Basil II 1545:Moravian 1494:Yaroslav 1381:Augsburg 1374:antipope 1337:in 1014. 1291:married 1279:and the 1134:and the 1002:Augsburg 960:Margrave 913:In 1003 871:nobles. 837:Willigis 806:Willigis 690:Otto III 481:crowned 411:Henricus 382:Henry II 370:Religion 344:Ottonian 247:Henry II 210:Otto III 155:Otto III 104:Otto III 35:Henry II 6058:, Duke 6056:Louis X 6008:John IV 5960:John II 5810:Otto VI 5786:Matilda 5730:Louis I 5682:Henry X 5666:Welf II 5594:Henry V 5554:Henry I 5450:Hugbert 5119:Otto I 5105:within 4975:Ratold 4967:Arnulf 4802:Alahis 4672:Alboin 4643:Totila 4635:Eraric 4258:Günther 4216:Alfonso 4210:Richard 4205:William 4178:Otto IV 4143:Henry V 4132:Hermann 4094:Otto II 4053:Henry I 3807:Otto IV 3787:Henry V 3757:Otto II 3732:Lambert 3702:Louis I 3580:Henry V 3405:22 June 2839:30 July 2514:of the 2413:Sources 2403:Otto II 2395:Henry I 2356:of the 2219:Bamberg 2074:as her 2068:Bamberg 1833:at the 1700:Bamberg 1638:leader 1636:Lombard 1583:Niemcza 1564:Meissen 1560:Gero II 1548:knights 1486:Oldřich 1480:to the 1330:Emperor 1264:Bautzen 1237:Lusatia 1233:Silesia 1229:Moravia 1217:Jaromir 1196:to the 1154:Meissen 1018:Bergamo 923:Bavaria 880:Bavaria 869:Swabian 775:Polling 765:As the 686:regency 399:Italian 306:Germany 281:Germany 277:Bavaria 257:Henry V 5944:Ernest 5842:Otto V 5650:Welf I 5570:Otto I 5530:Arnulf 5410:Theodo 4911:Pepin 4680:Cleph 4269:Rupert 4173:Philip 4125:Rudolf 4089:Otto I 4065:Otto I 4059:Arnulf 4019:Arnulf 3752:Otto I 3737:Arnulf 3620:Vacant 3605:Vacant 3590:Arduin 3545: 3468: 3449: 3293: 3266: 3234: 3189:union. 3173: 3146: 3027: 2960: 2933: 2773: 2669: 2618:. CORE 2594: 2512:Oblate 2451:Saxony 2445:, the 2399:Otto I 2379:Family 2354:oblate 2316:Durban 2300:relics 2254:noble 2215:Easter 2171:, and 2126:, the 2122:, the 2110:, the 1913:Verdun 1855:bishop 1680:Apulia 1669:Norman 1579:Głogów 1496:, the 1425:Easter 1273:Lubusz 1244:Poznań 1235:, and 1225:Prague 1173:Lutici 1170:Slavic 1130:: the 1010:Trento 884:Swabia 876:Saxony 861:Liudof 826:Saxons 820:since 615:, and 421:, was 391:German 360:Mother 350:Father 328:Spouse 316:Burial 273:Abbach 95:, Rome 5469:(748) 5466:Grifo 5458:Odilo 5060:Hugh 5033:Welfs 4977:(896) 4860:(744) 4844:(712) 4828:(701) 4804:(689) 4780:(671) 4651:Teia 4637:(541) 4275:Jobst 4227:Adolf 3547:Died: 3540:Born: 3424:(PDF) 3350:(PDF) 3232:S2CID 2616:(PDF) 2498:Notes 2463:Poles 2459:Wends 2433:, or 2329:as a 2308:Basel 2248:Kamba 2095:synod 2076:dower 1843:Slavs 1828:pagan 1743:Troia 1708:Mainz 1648:Capua 1429:Pavia 1416:synod 1401:Ivrea 1393:Pavia 1372:, an 1285:fiefs 1213:Žatec 1167:pagan 1026:Pavia 971:Pavia 956:Italy 932:Count 814:Mainz 688:over 581:saint 514:Italy 429:. As 407:Latin 339:House 300:near 233:Reign 196:Mainz 182:Reign 141:Pavia 127:Reign 77:Reign 5107:the 5016:Guy 3549:1024 3488:for 3466:ISBN 3447:ISBN 3407:2021 3358:2020 3320:2020 3291:ISBN 3264:ISBN 3243:2020 3184:2011 3171:ISBN 3144:ISBN 3123:2020 3101:2020 3025:ISBN 2997:2020 2958:ISBN 2931:ISBN 2894:2020 2841:2022 2815:2020 2796:I.14 2771:ISBN 2745:2020 2723:2020 2667:ISBN 2624:2020 2592:ISBN 2114:and 2033:and 1939:and 1710:and 1646:and 1470:and 1444:monk 1300:Ezzo 1140:fief 532:. A 522:Alps 291:Died 267:Born 5897:, 5888:, 5879:, 5870:, 5853:, 5844:, 3727:Guy 3542:973 3496:at 3224:doi 2441:'s 2314:in 2097:in 1427:in 1333:by 1302:of 1283:as 1271:of 1008:to 969:at 921:in 575:by 6101:: 5080:: 5050:: 5036:: 5014:: 5000:: 3397:. 3230:. 3220:33 3218:. 3214:. 3186:. 3084:^ 3009:^ 2968:^ 2956:, 2911:^ 2873:^ 2832:. 2792:, 2753:^ 2651:^ 2632:^ 2465:. 2409:. 2375:. 2349:. 2322:. 2318:, 2262:. 2134:. 2053:, 1818:. 1655:, 1539:. 1435:. 1310:. 1231:, 1204:. 1082:, 917:, 894:, 890:, 886:, 882:, 878:, 808:, 666:. 635:. 509:. 417:, 409:: 405:; 401:: 397:; 393:: 308:, 304:, 283:, 279:, 275:, 198:, 143:, 60:c. 5324:e 5317:t 5310:v 4542:e 4535:t 4528:v 3969:e 3962:t 3955:v 3678:e 3671:t 3664:v 3474:. 3455:. 3426:. 3409:. 3360:. 3322:. 3299:. 3272:. 3245:. 3226:: 3152:. 3125:. 3103:. 3033:. 3003:. 2939:. 2896:. 2843:. 2817:. 2779:. 2747:. 2725:. 2675:. 2645:. 2626:. 2600:. 2518:" 2510:" 1989:( 1857:. 384:( 20:)

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