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713:. Economou notes that, "Theophano had in mind a 'family of kings,' in parallel to Byzantine tradition: The emperor was the 'father' of other kings, who were his 'sons' and 'friends' (amici) in a kind of family hierarchy. She also adopted the Byzantine model of relations between the emperor and patriarch in her relations to the pope (Ostrogorsky 1956b). The 'family' of the western empire included the duke of Poland,
399:
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diversity. Her power as queen, empress and regent was based on the basis of Saxon tradition (which assigned the women an equal role in the family), Byzantine influence (which presented a model of a female counterpart to the emperor) and her mother-in-law
Adelaide's legacy. Theophanu and her mother-in-law, Adelaide, are known during the empress' regency to have butted heads frequentlyâ
677:
was in securing her son, Otto III, as the heir to the Holy Roman Empire. Theophanu also placed her daughters in power by giving them high positions in influential nunneries all around the
Ottonian-ruled west, securing power for all her children. She welcomed ambassadors, declaring herself "imperator" or "imperatrix", as did her relative contemporaries
852:
prominent female
Ottonian rulers were extraordinarily talented as individuals or not but it is clear that the Ottonian society (which basically treated women and men as equals, except in physical prowess) allowed women the chance to succeed. Her personal role or non-role in the contact or merging between the
667:
Theophanu ruled the Holy Roman Empire as regent for a span of five years, from May 985 to her death in 991, despite early opposition by the
Ottonian court. In fact, many queens in the tenth century, on an account of male rulers dying early deaths, found themselves in power, creating an age of greater
676:
Theophanu did not remain merely as an image of the
Ottonian empire, but as an influence within the Holy Roman Empire. She intervened within the governing of the empire a total of seventy-six times during the reign of her husband Otto IIâperhaps a foreshadowing of her regency. Her first act as regent
534:
According to Laura
Wangerin, her father-in-law Otto the Great played an instrumental role in establishing her position as a future ruler. But despite his support, she met a lot of opposition and envy due to her foreign origins and education. After his death in 973, she lost her greatest support at
851:
sees the general trend as leaning towards the positive. Some see her as passive, reactive and conservative while the others see her as extremely future-oriented and energetic; still others like
Jestice opine that current evidences are not enough to definitely conclude that Theophanu and the other
717:, Bohemia and Hungary". Her model of imperial rulership, influenced by Byzantine and Ancient Roman ideas, was taken over by Otto II and especially Otto III who developed it further (although his abrupt death at a very young age prevented it from becoming an established foundation for the future).
515:, was at the Byzantine court, had destroyed the first round of marriage negotiations. With the ascension of John I Tzimiskes, who had not been personally referred to other than as Roman Emperor, the treaty negotiations were able to resume. However, not until a third delegation led by Archbishop
672:
is even quoted as referring to her as "that Greek empress." However, according to historian and author Simon
Maclean, Theophanu's rivalry with her mother-in-law is overstated. Theophanu's "Greekness" was not an overall issue. Moreover, there was a grand fascination with the culture surrounding
559:
Nevertheless, the imperial couple were able to secure the trust of their allies at the 973 Reichstag in Worms, after which they traveled the country together, searching for new alliances and strengthening old ties. The young
Theophanu showed diplomatic skills and displayed herself as an active
543:
Otto II succeeded his father on 8 May 973. Theophanu accompanied her husband on all his journeys, and she is mentioned in approximately one quarter of the emperor's formal documents â evidence of her privileged position, influence and interest in affairs of the empire. It is known that she was
724:, Theophanu's prowess in diplomacy could be exaggerated. Royal charters present evidence that magnates were at the core of governing the empire. Althoff highlights this as unusual, since kings or emperors in the middle ages rarely shared such a large beacon of power with nobility.
727:
Theophanu introduced
Byzantine protocol, "which influenced dress, crowns and jewelry, eating habits and utensils, even furniture". Her retinue of scholars brought to the empire Byzantine lawyers' procedures. The cult of Saint Nicholas in the empire traces its origin from her too.
762:
As with many Byzantine monarchs, Theophanu preferred diplomacy, but she did wage wars when necessary and accepted personal risk. She carried out at least one (successful) military expedition herself, in 987, when she marched with an imperial army to assist the Prince-Bishop
796:
Though was of the weak sex she possessed moderation, trustworthiness, and good manners. In this way she protected with male vigilance the royal power for her son, friendly with all those who were honest, but with terrifying superiority against
508:, a member of the Macedonian dynasty and sister to Emperor Romanos II. John was therefore a Macedonian, by marriage if not by birth. Otto I must have been convinced, because Theophanu and Otto's heir, Otto II, were married on 14 April 972.
1489:
386:. Theophanu was known to be a forceful and capable ruler, and her status in the history of the Empire was in many ways exceptional. According to Wilson, "She became the only consort to receive the title 'co-empress' (
1322:
500:, as had been assumed, Otto I was told by some to send Theophanu away. His advisors believed that Theophanu's relation to the usurper John Tzimiskes would invalidate the marriage as a confirmation of Otto I as
531:
Otto I's choice was not "to be searched for in the parlance of high politics" as his decision was ultimately made on the basis of securing his dynasty with the birth of the next Ottonian emperor.
685:; the starting date for her reign being 972, the year of her marriage to the late Otto II. Theophanu's regency is a time of considerable peace, as the years 985-991 passed without major crises.
571:
describes Theophanu as being an unpleasant and chattery woman. Theophanu was also criticized for having introduced new luxurious garments and jewelry into France and Germany. The theologian
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in 969. Theophanu was escorted back to Rome for her wedding by a delegation of German and Italian churchmen and nobles. When the Ottonian court discovered Theophanu was not a scion of the
1314:
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915:
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Kaiserin Theophano's: The political, economic and cultural deeds of a Byzantine princess who became empress of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation
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693:
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2412:
841:
960:". G. S. Henrich, "Theophanu oder Theophano? Zur Geschichte eines 'gespaltenen' griechischen Frauennamensuffixes' in: Euw and Schreiner (eds.),
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441:. Recent research tends to concur that she was most probably the daughter of Tzimiskes' brother-in-law (from his first marriage) Constantine
638:. Nevertheless he was forced to surrender the child to his mother, who was backed by Archbishop Willigis of Mainz and Bishop Hildebald of
2742:
1962:
Die Ahnen der hochmitteralterlichen deutschen Konige, Kaiser und ihrer Gemahlinnen, Ein kommentiertes Tafelwerk, Band I: 911â1137, Teil 2
705:, which promoted an alliance against Slavic tribes as well as reinforced trade and cultural connections. In the East, she sent envoys to
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On the occasion of the millennial commemoration of her death, multiple events in Germany and the Netherlands were organized.
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548:. The young couple and Adelaide collided with each other in several matters, including Adelaide's early association with
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and its traders were granted various privileges. Historical evidences show strong commercial activities in regions from
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A reference by the Pope to Emperor Nikephoros II as "Emperor of the Greeks" in a letter while Otto's ambassador, Bishop
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2437:
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68:
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523:, were they successfully completed. After the marriage negotiations completed, Theophanu and Otto II were married by
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367:
2009:
Continuité des élites à Byzance durant les siÚcles obscurs. Les princes caucasiens et l'Empire du VI au IX siÚcle,
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Conference, State University of New York at Binghamton Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies (1996).
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75:
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Theophanu has always attracted considerable controversy from chroniclers and historiographers. While praised by
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in April 972 and she was crowned as Holy Roman Empress the same day in Rome. According to Karl Leysers' book
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even asserts that Theophanu had a love affair with John Philagathos, a Greek monk who briefly reigned as
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49:
20:
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Wangerin, Laura (December 2014). "Empress Theophanu, Sanctity, and Memory in Early Medieval Saxony".
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Empress Theophanu: The Politics of Power at the Intersection of Byzantium and the Ottonian Empire
779:
736:
614:, with herself ruling as Empress Regent on his behalf. Upon the death of Emperor Otto II, Bishop
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42:
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853:
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2507:
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The Birth of the West: Rome, Germany, France, and the creation of Europe in the tenth century
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Sotiriades, Moses, "Theophanu, die Prinzessin aus Ost-Rom" in: von Steinitz, Peter (Editor),
1869:
1799:"Review of The Empress Theophano: Byzantium and the West at the Turn of the First Millennium"
1770:
1597:
1439:
1435:
1275:
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1255:
1233:
1109:
The Birth of the West: Rome, Germany, France, and the creation of Europe in the tenth century
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504:. He was persuaded to allow her to stay when it was pointed out that John Tzimiskes had wed
477:
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8:
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descent. She was of distinguished noble heritage: the Vita Mahthildis identifies her as
390:), and it was envisaged she would succeed as sole ruler if Otto II died without a son."
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Weinfurter, S. (31 December 1999). "Kaiserin Adelheid und das ottonische Kaisertum".
1415:
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The Profession of Widowhood: Widows, Pastoral Care, and Medieval Models of Holiness
1471:
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1205:
1143:
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619:
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489:
430:
422:
383:
379:
375:
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1903:
1315:"Imperial Ladies of the Ottonian Dynasty (reviewed by Knut Görich) â recensio.net"
1064:
Communication and Power in Medieval Europe: The Carolingian and Ottonian Centuries
883:
The Empress Theophano Prize, awarded by the Empress Theophano Foundation based in
142:
Christ blessing Otto (left) and Theophano (right), ivory book cover, dated 982/3,
3211:
3193:
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1948:
The Empress Theophano: Byzantium and the West at the turn of the first millennium
1871:
The Empress Theophano: Byzantium and the West at the Turn of the First Millennium
1755:
1645:
678:
371:
1723:
Imperial Ladies of the Ottonian Dynasty: Women and Rule in Tenth-Century Germany
731:
406:
2687:
1691:"Theophanu: Von einer byzantinischen Prinzessin zur römisch-deutschen Kaiserin"
1519:. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. pp.
1175:"Theophanu: Von einer byzantinischen Prinzessin zur römisch-deutschen Kaiserin"
923:
829:
688:
673:
Byzantine court in the west that slighted most criticisms to her Greek origin.
568:
553:
524:
520:
354:
210:
1475:
1371:"Ottonian intellectual culture in the tenth century and the role of Theophanu"
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2717:
2422:
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1814:
756:
137:
1513:
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2554:
2515:
884:
806:
took over the regency until Otto III became old enough to rule on his own.
721:
709:
of Kiev, who was married to the Byzantine princess Anna, sister of Emperor
630:
and seized his nephew Otto III in spring 984, while Theophanu was still in
572:
650:
3022:
1843:
927:
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451:
244:
1822:
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752:
582:
Otto II died suddenly on 7 December 983 at the age of 28, probably from
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186:
529:
Communications and Power in Medieval Europe: Carolingian and Ottonian,
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957:
877:
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714:
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426:
868:
31:
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775:
710:
655:
607:
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as the Ottonians would have preferred. The Saxon chronicler Bishop
239:
215:
2947:
3130:
2578:
787:
759:. There are traces of Byzantine, Slavic as well as Arab traders.
747:
As she and her husband and her son promoted trade in the Empire,
740:
583:
442:
300:
2049:
Althoff, Gerd. ' 'Otto III' ', trans. Phyllis G. Jestice, 2003.
1991:
Theophanu: eine oströmische Prinzessin als weströmische Kaiserin
783:
599:
439:
Grecam illustrem imperatoriae stirpi proximam, ingenio facundam
219:
1650:. Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies. p. 70.
840:. Her modern historiographers are similarly divided, although
774:
Due to illness beginning in 988, Theophanu eventually died at
2529:
1756:"Abbess Uta of Regensburg: Patterns of Patronage Around 1000"
1115:, translation by F.A. Wright, London: George Routledge, 1930.
836:. Odilo even blamed her for the failed Italian expedition of
635:
374:, and regent of the Empire during the minority of their son,
147:
689:
Internal peace, diplomacy, warfare and cultural achievements
398:
378:, from 983 until her death in 991. She was the niece of the
977:
The Holy Roman Empire: A Thousand Years of Europe's History
939:
A daughter, a twin to Otto, who died before October 8, 980.
1569:
1204:
University, Center for Teaching and Learning at Columbia.
828:, she was also criticized by some other scholars, notably
809:
556:, Adelaide was very happy when "that Greek woman" died.
2230:
1266:
1264:
1557:
417:
issued on 14 April 972 Theophanu is identified as the
1445:
1428:
1261:
802:
Because Otto III was still a child, his grandmother
2506:
1414:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
1228:
1226:
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1671:
1512:
1061:
832:, the hagiographer of her mother-in-law and rival
425:(925–976, reigned 969–976) who was of
2071:, contains several letters received by Theophanu.
602:. At Christmas, Theophanu had him crowned by the
3345:
1590:
1350:. University of Central Florida. pp. 27, 29
1223:
626:from custody. Duke Henry allied with Archbishop
437:and the Annales Magdeburgenses describe her as
2963:
2883:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-WolfenbĂŒttel
2492:
2413:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-WolfenbĂŒttel
2139:
2023:Theophanu, Regierende Kaiserin des Westreichs
16:10th-century empress of the Holy Roman Empire
3434:Byzantine EmpireâHoly Roman Empire relations
956:ÎΔοÏÎ±ÎœÏ is a Greek diminutive of ÎΔοÏÎŹÎœÎ”Îčα "
480:writes that the Ottonian preference was for
3409:Queens consort of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)
1544:Economou, Emmanouel/Marios/Lazaros (2021).
1368:
544:frequently at odds with her mother-in-law,
357:
2970:
2956:
2499:
2485:
2146:
2132:
1697:(in German). 26 March 2021. Archived from
1643:
1463:
1181:(in German). 26 March 2021. Archived from
1169:
1167:
1165:
918:, born summer 978, died 1025; who married
701:In the North, she made a treaty with King
366:AD 955 – 15 June 991) was
270:
136:
1976:Die Heiratsurkunde der Kaiserin Theophanu
1369:Mckitterick, Rosamond (30 January 2007).
1111:. p. 264, citing Liutprand of Cremona in
902:and Gandersheim, born 973/974, died 1045.
662:
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
2153:
1575:
1563:
1543:
1451:
1133:
1068:. London: The Hambledon Press. pp.
867:
730:
692:
649:
397:
1901:
1719:
1510:
1409:
1162:
1092:
980:. Penguin Books Limited. p. PR17.
286:Mathilde, Countess Palatine of Lorraine
3346:
2937:Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein
1988:
1910:Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
1867:
1796:
1677:
1609:
1343:
1312:
1203:
1059:
973:
654:Modern statue at St Dionysius Church,
3109:Anna of Constantinople (900â905)
2951:
2480:
2127:
2068:Women's Biography: Theophanu, empress
1908:(in German). Historische Kommission,
1753:
1405:
1403:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
810:Historiography and depictions in arts
445:(c. 920–989) and cousin Sophia
403:Marriage Charter of Empress Theophanu
336:
2025:, Freundeskreis St. Pantaleon 2000.
1467:FrĂŒhmittelalterliche Studien Band 33
974:Wilson, Peter H. (28 January 2016).
421:(niece or granddaughter) of Emperor
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
2977:
1844:"Theophano Foundation â Prize 2021"
560:partner in political negotiations.
13:
2908:Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily
2438:Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily
1400:
1387:10.1111/j.1468-0254.1993.tb00010.x
1046:
860:inspires a lot of debate as well.
735:Sarcophagus of Empress Theophanu,
181:14 April 972 â 7 December 983
14:
3465:
2060:
1492:from the original on 15 July 2022
1325:from the original on 15 July 2022
1113:The Works of Liutprand of Cremona
900:Adelaide I, Abbess of Quedlinburg
278:Adelaide I, Abbess of Quedlinburg
2763:Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut
2678:Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy
2461:
2460:
2328:Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut
2229:
1610:Walter, Katherine Clark (2018).
863:
816:Cultural depictions of Theophanu
368:empress of the Holy Roman Empire
30:
3118:Anna of Provence (915â924)
2927:Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
2508:Queens and empresses of Germany
2423:Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungary
1895:
1861:
1836:
1790:
1747:
1713:
1683:
1637:
1603:
1581:
1537:
1504:
1457:
1362:
1337:
1306:
1281:
1248:
1239:
1197:
1127:
1118:
1101:
1097:. London: Penguin. p. 220.
936:, born end June/early July 980.
906:Sophia I, Abbess of Gandersheim
492:had overthrown his predecessor
282:Sophia I, Abbess of Gandersheim
166:7 May 973 â 7 December 983
41:needs additional citations for
3444:Mothers of Holy Roman Emperors
2932:Victoria of the United Kingdom
2878:Wilhelmine Amalie of Brunswick
2450:For Empresses after 1806, see
2408:Wilhelmine Amalie of Brunswick
2293:Beatrice, Countess of Burgundy
1874:. Cambridge University Press.
1647:Saints: Studies in Hagiography
1086:
1037:
1028:
1019:
1010:
1001:
967:
950:
912:, born October 975, died 1039.
1:
3384:10th-century Byzantine people
2873:Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg
2403:Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg
1470:. De Gruyter. pp. 1â19.
1093:Norwich, John Julius (1993).
943:
590:, had already been appointed
484:, a daughter of late Emperor
393:
363:
203:
3389:10th-century Byzantine women
3374:10th-century German nobility
3172:Berta di Luni (1002â14)
3167:Theophanu of Constantinople
2868:Claudia Felicitas of Austria
2398:Claudia Felicitas of Austria
1720:Jestice, Phyllis G. (2018).
934:Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor
290:Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor
7:
3449:Mothers of Italian monarchs
2853:Maria Leopoldine of Austria
2828:Anne of Bohemia and Hungary
2738:Imagina of Isenburg-Limburg
2383:Maria Leopoldine of Austria
2318:Yolande, Queen of Jerusalem
2253:Theophanu of Constantinople
893:
794:eulogized her as follows: "
465:
256:Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor
10:
3470:
3454:Mothers of German monarchs
3419:People from Constantinople
3369:10th-century women regents
3064:Cunigunda of Laon (?)
3061:Bertha of Gellone (?)
2683:Constance, Queen of Sicily
2456:the corresponding template
2298:Constance, Queen of Sicily
2196:Saint Richardis of Nordgau
1993:(in German). GRIN Verlag.
1940:
1902:Seibert, Hubertus (1998).
1616:. CUA Press. p. 119.
1344:Norris, Harper J. (2020).
813:
697:Theophanu, mural, Nijmegen
645:
586:. His three-year-old son,
538:
21:Theophano (disambiguation)
18:
3379:10th-century German women
3028:Gundiberga (626â652)
2985:
2916:
2863:Margaret Theresa of Spain
2592:
2553:
2514:
2446:
2393:Margaret Theresa of Spain
2238:
2227:
2161:
2109:
2099:
2090:
2082:
2077:
1912:(BAdW). pp. 660â662.
1868:Davids, Adelbert (2002).
1553:. University of Thessaly.
1476:10.1515/9783112422021-002
1293:Monasteri Imperiali Pavia
1148:10.1017/S0008938914001927
1016:Hlawitschka, pp. 145â153.
618:released his cousin, the
358:
322:Chalcedonian Christianity
317:
306:
295:
263:
251:
226:
199:
195:
185:
177:
170:
162:
155:
135:
130:
3308:Joséphine de Beauharnais
3248:Isabella II of Jerusalem
3236:Beatrice of Hohenstaufen
2898:Maria Josepha of Bavaria
2708:Isabella II of Jerusalem
2428:Maria Josepha of Bavaria
2093:Queen consort of Germany
2039:. Public Affairs, 2013.
1797:Graham, Mark W. (1996).
1136:Central European History
1034:Davids (2002), pp. 79â80
872:Theophanu's name on the
172:Queen consort of Germany
3314:Marie Louise of Austria
3176:Cunigunde of Luxembourg
3031:Guntrude (712â744)
3007:Berthora (549â552)
2808:Elizabeth of Luxembourg
2618:Cunigunde of Luxembourg
2418:Maria Amalia of Austria
2258:Cunigunde of Luxembourg
2103:Cunigunde of Luxembourg
1989:Schwab, Sandra (2009).
1410:Maclean, Simon (2017).
1043:Settipani, pp. 244â245.
964:II (1991), 88–99.
790:in 991. The chronicler
780:Church of St. Pantaleon
720:According to historian
634:in the royal palace of
3284:Elizabeth of Pomerania
3272:Margaret II of Hainaut
3224:Beatrice I of Burgundy
3098:Ageltrude of Benevento
2798:Elisabeth of Nuremberg
2783:Elizabeth of Pomerania
2743:Elisabeth of Carinthia
2338:Elizabeth of Pomerania
2211:Anna of Constantinople
2201:Ageltrude of Benevento
2007:Settipani, Christian,
1803:Medieval Prosopography
1778:Cite journal requires
1511:Althoff, Gerd (2003).
880:
854:Macedonian Renaissance
778:and was buried in the
744:
698:
663:Consolidation of power
659:
594:during a diet held on
410:
338:[te.o.fa.ËnuË]
3394:German female regents
3332:Marie-José of Belgium
3050:Fastrada of Franconia
3034:Tassia (744â749)
2728:Gertrude of Hohenberg
2574:Matilda of Ringelheim
2353:Bianca Maria of Milan
2171:Ermengarde of Hesbaye
2114:the Holy Roman Empire
2011:Boccard, Paris 2006.
1960:Hlawitschka, Eduard,
1375:Early Medieval Europe
1313:Görich, Knut (2021).
1245:Davids (2002), p. 54.
1095:Byzantium: The Apogee
1060:Leyser, Karl (1994).
871:
822:Thietmar of Merseburg
769:Odo I, Count of Blois
734:
696:
653:
624:Henry the Quarrelsome
552:. According to Abbot
550:Henry the Quarrelsome
488:. Theophanu's uncle
478:Thietmar of Merseburg
458:, brother of Emperor
401:
334:German pronunciation:
3439:10th-century regents
3404:Holy Roman Empresses
3302:Isabella of Portugal
3218:Richenza of Northeim
3080:Richilde of Provence
2903:Maria Luisa of Spain
2823:Isabella of Portugal
2778:Anna von Schweidnitz
2733:Isabella of Burgundy
2723:Elisabeth of Bavaria
2668:Gertrude of Sulzbach
2658:Richenza of Northeim
2452:Empresses of Austria
2358:Isabella of Portugal
2288:Richenza of Northeim
2191:Richilde of Provence
2155:Holy Roman Empresses
1754:Cohen, Adam (2003).
1206:"Theophanu, empress"
1025:Schwab (2009), p. 14
858:Ottonian Renaissance
513:Liutprand of Cremona
494:Nikephoros II Phokas
462:(c. 912–969).
415:marriage certificate
388:coimperatrix augusta
50:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
3326:Elena of Montenegro
3320:Margherita of Savoy
3296:Eleanor of Portugal
3266:Margaret of Brabant
3254:Isabella of England
3242:Constance of Aragon
3230:Constance of Sicily
3206:Constance of Sicily
3131:Marozia of Tusculum
3127:Alda (924â932)
3086:Richardis of Swabia
3074:Engelberga of Parma
3068:Ermengarde of Tours
3056:Luitgard of Sundgau
2848:Maria Anna of Spain
2818:Bianca Maria Sforza
2813:Eleanor of Portugal
2753:Beatrice of Silesia
2748:Margaret of Brabant
2713:Isabella of England
2703:Margaret of Austria
2698:Constance of Aragon
2673:Adelaide of Vohburg
2663:Gertrude of Comburg
2648:Constance of Sicily
2628:Gunhilda of Denmark
2569:Cunigunde of Swabia
2521:Carolingian dynasty
2378:Maria Anna of Spain
2348:Eleanor of Portugal
2323:Isabella of England
2313:Constance of Aragon
2186:Engelberga of Parma
2181:Ermengarde of Tours
1695:Mein Weg ins Museum
1434:Davids (2002), pp.
1270:Davids (2002), pp.
1179:Mein Weg ins Museum
1007:Hlawitschka, p. 146
703:Eric the Victorious
482:Anna Porphyrogenita
3414:Regents of Germany
3212:Matilda of England
3113:Bertila of Spoleto
3092:Bertila of Spoleto
2758:Isabella of Aragon
2693:Beatrice of Swabia
2653:Matilda of England
2594:Kingdom of Germany
2560:Kingdom of Germany
2535:Liutgard of Saxony
2388:Eleonora of Mantua
2373:Eleonora of Mantua
2303:Beatrice of Swabia
2283:Matilda of England
2163:Carolingian Empire
2112:Empress consort of
1946:Davids, Adelbert.
1596:Davids (2002), p.
1578:, pp. 10, 11.
1412:Ottonian Queenship
1289:"Pavia Royal town"
1254:Davids (2002), p.
1232:Davids (2002), p.
962:Kaiserin Theophanu
881:
745:
737:St. Pantaleon
707:Vladimir the Great
699:
660:
616:Folcmar of Utrecht
592:King of the Romans
502:Holy Roman Emperor
498:Macedonian dynasty
473:born in the purple
470:Theophanu was not
449:, the daughter of
435:augusti de palatio
411:
259:(m. 972; died 983)
157:Holy Roman Empress
3341:
3340:
3322: (1878â1900)
3161:Adelaide of Italy
3143:Adelaide of Italy
2945:
2944:
2793:Sophia of Bavaria
2788:Joanna of Bavaria
2768:Blanche of Valois
2608:Adelaide of Italy
2599:Holy Roman Empire
2584:Adelaide of Italy
2474:
2473:
2433:Ludovica of Spain
2248:Adelaide of Italy
2240:Holy Roman Empire
2176:Judith of Bavaria
2122:
2121:
2100:Succeeded by
2086:Adelaide of Italy
2055:978-0-271-02401-1
2045:978-1-61039-013-2
2017:978-2-7018-0226-8
2000:978-3-640-27041-5
1984:978-3-7752-6124-1
1974:Hans K. Schulze,
1970:978-3-7752-1132-1
1964:, Hannover 2006.
1881:978-0-521-52467-4
1733:978-3-319-77306-3
1701:on 15 August 2022
1657:978-0-86698-179-8
1623:978-0-8132-3019-1
1485:978-3-11-242202-1
1421:978-0-19-880010-1
1185:on 15 August 2022
987:978-0-14-195691-6
826:Bruno of Querfurt
804:Adelaide of Italy
670:Adelaide of Italy
577:Antipope John XVI
546:Adelaide of Italy
413:According to the
405:, State Archive,
327:
326:
126:
125:
118:
100:
3461:
3399:Ottonian dynasty
3290:Barbara of Cilli
3278:Anna of Ćwidnica
3200:Eupraxia of Kiev
3182:Gisela of Swabia
3149:Willa of Tuscany
3137:Bertha of Swabia
3122:Bertha of Swabia
2972:
2965:
2958:
2949:
2948:
2858:Eleonora Gonzaga
2843:Eleonora Gonzaga
2833:Maria of Austria
2803:Barbara of Cilli
2643:Eupraxia of Kiev
2623:Gisela of Swabia
2501:
2494:
2487:
2478:
2477:
2464:
2463:
2343:Barbara of Cilli
2333:Anna of Ćwidnica
2308:Maria of Brabant
2278:Eupraxia of Kiev
2263:Gisela of Swabia
2233:
2232:
2221:Anna of Provence
2216:Bertila of Parma
2148:
2141:
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1978:, Hannover 2007
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850:
628:Warin of Cologne
612:Aachen Cathedral
598:of that year at
490:John I Tzimiskes
423:John I Tzimiskes
384:John I Tzimiskes
376:Emperor Otto III
365:
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3458:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3328: (1900â46)
3316: (1810â14)
3310: (1805â10)
3304: (1530â39)
3298: (1452â67)
3292: (1431â37)
3286: (1363â78)
3280: (1355â62)
3274: (1327â47)
3256: (1235â41)
3250: (1225â28)
3244: (1212â22)
3232: (1191â97)
3226: (1156â84)
3220: (1128â37)
3214: (1114â25)
3208: (1095â98)
3202: (1089â93)
3196: (1080â87)
3194:Bertha of Savoy
3190: (1043â56)
3188:Agnes of Poitou
3184: (1026â39)
3178: (1004â24)
3169: (972â983)
3163: (951â973)
3157: (957â963)
3151: (950â953)
3145: (948â950)
3139: (937â948)
3133: (932â933)
3124: (922â926)
3115: (905â915)
3106: (896â899)
3104:Ota of Neustria
3100: (889â894)
3094: (888â889)
3088: (879â888)
3082: (875â877)
3076: (851â875)
3070: (821â851)
3058: (794â800)
3052: (784â794)
3046: (774â783)
3040: (756â774)
3025: (589â616)
3019: (567â573)
3004: (536â540)
2998: (526â534)
2992: (493â526)
2981:
2979:Queens of Italy
2976:
2946:
2941:
2912:
2773:Anne of Bavaria
2638:Bertha of Savoy
2633:Agnes of Poitou
2597:
2588:
2558:
2549:
2519:
2510:
2505:
2475:
2470:
2442:
2273:Bertha of Savoy
2268:Agnes of Poitou
2234:
2225:
2206:Ota of Neustria
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1587:Althoff, p. 50.
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874:Weg der Ottonen
866:
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765:Notker of LiĂšge
691:
679:Irene of Athens
665:
648:
541:
517:Gero of Cologne
468:
431:Byzantine Greek
396:
372:Emperor Otto II
370:by marriage to
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2035:Paul Collins.
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2019:
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2893:Maria Theresa
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2078:Royal titles
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2014:
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2002:
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1981:
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1971:
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1963:
1959:
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1956:0-521-52467-9
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1577:
1576:Economou 2021
1572:
1566:, p. 10.
1565:
1564:Economou 2021
1560:
1549:
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1532:
1530:0-271-02232-9
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1453:
1452:Economou 2021
1448:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1423:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1404:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1349:
1348:
1340:
1324:
1321:: 89, 91â93.
1320:
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1273:
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1079:1-85285-013-2
1075:
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989:
983:
979:
978:
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917:
914:
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875:
870:
864:Commemoration
861:
859:
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843:
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823:
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460:Nikephoros II
457:
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66:
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61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
3334: (1946)
3268: (1311)
3238: (1212)
3166:
3013: (560s)
2996:Amalasuintha
2888:Maria Amalia
2612:
2555:East Francia
2516:East Francia
2252:
2110:
2091:
2067:
2036:
2022:
2008:
1990:
1975:
1961:
1947:
1904:
1897:
1885:. Retrieved
1870:
1863:
1851:. Retrieved
1848:theophano.eu
1847:
1838:
1826:. Retrieved
1806:
1802:
1792:
1771:cite journal
1759:. Retrieved
1749:
1737:. Retrieved
1726:. Springer.
1722:
1715:
1703:. Retrieved
1699:the original
1694:
1685:
1673:
1661:. Retrieved
1646:
1639:
1627:. Retrieved
1612:
1605:
1592:
1583:
1571:
1559:
1546:
1539:
1514:
1506:
1494:. Retrieved
1466:
1459:
1454:, p. 9.
1447:
1430:
1411:
1390:. Retrieved
1381:(1): 53â74.
1378:
1374:
1364:
1352:. Retrieved
1346:
1339:
1327:. Retrieved
1318:
1308:
1296:. Retrieved
1292:
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1250:
1241:
1213:. Retrieved
1209:
1199:
1187:. Retrieved
1183:the original
1178:
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1129:
1120:
1112:
1108:
1103:
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1063:
1039:
1030:
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991:. Retrieved
976:
969:
961:
952:
889:
885:Thessaloniki
882:
873:
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801:
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773:
761:
746:
726:
722:Gerd Althoff
719:
700:
675:
666:
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573:Peter Damian
562:
558:
542:
533:
528:
510:
471:
469:
452:KouropalatÄs
450:
438:
434:
418:
412:
407:WolfenbĂŒttel
387:
350:
346:
342:
329:
328:
299:Constantine
269:
243:(modern-day
214:(modern-day
191:14 April 972
112:
106:October 2017
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
3359:950s births
3023:Theodelinda
2920:(1871â1918)
1926:|work=
1678:Görich 2021
928:Lotharingia
845: [
842:Knut Görich
606:archbishop
567:chronicler
565:Benedictine
519:arrived in
245:Netherlands
237:15 June 991
65:"Theophanu"
3364:991 deaths
3348:Categories
3011:Chlothsind
3002:Matasuntha
2601:(962â1806)
2596:within the
2518:during the
2031:3980519716
944:References
486:Romanos II
456:Leo Phokas
394:Early life
343:Theophania
207: 955
187:Coronation
76:newspapers
3354:Theophanu
3044:Hildegard
2990:Audofleda
2613:Theophanu
2562:(919â962)
2557:(911â919)
2540:Richardis
2523:(843â911)
1928:ignored (
1918:cite book
1828:21 August
1815:0198-9405
1761:22 August
1739:22 August
1705:22 August
1663:22 August
1629:22 August
1215:15 August
1210:Epistolae
1189:15 August
1156:144928369
958:Theophany
878:Magdeburg
782:near her
749:Magdeburg
715:Mieszko I
596:Pentecost
380:Byzantine
351:Theophano
347:Theophana
330:Theophanu
233:991-06-15
131:Theophanu
3155:Gerberga
3017:Rosamund
2466:Category
2118:973â983
2097:972â983
1950:, 2002.
1823:44946221
1515:Otto III
1490:Archived
1323:Archived
916:Mathilde
894:Children
834:Adelaide
792:Thietmar
776:Nijmegen
767:against
753:LĂŒneburg
711:Basil II
683:Theodora
656:Eschwege
620:Bavarian
608:Willigis
588:Otto III
506:Theodora
466:Marriage
427:Armenian
382:Emperor
318:Religion
312:Phokaina
240:Nijmegen
216:Istanbul
2579:Eadgyth
1941:Sources
1905:Otto II
1887:23 July
1853:23 July
1496:10 July
1392:31 July
1354:31 July
1298:29 July
838:Otto II
788:Cologne
741:Cologne
646:Regency
584:malaria
539:Empress
535:court.
443:Skleros
359:ÎΔοÏαΜÏ
341:; also
310:Sophia
301:Skleros
271:more...
90:scholar
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784:wittum
600:Verona
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419:neptis
307:Mother
296:Father
252:Spouse
220:Turkey
178:Tenure
163:Tenure
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2530:Hemma
1819:JSTOR
1551:(PDF)
1523:â42.
1152:S2CID
910:Essen
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757:Halle
640:Worms
636:Pavia
632:Italy
622:duke
604:Mainz
349:, or
265:Issue
148:Paris
97:JSTOR
83:books
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2454:and
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1980:ISBN
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1952:ISBN
1930:help
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1830:2022
1811:ISSN
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