Book of Kells - Knowledge

871:. These tables, which predate the text of the Vulgate, were developed to cross-reference the Gospels. Eusebius divided the Gospel into chapters and then created tables that allowed readers to find where a given episode in the life of Christ was located in each of the Gospels. The canon tables were traditionally included in the prefatory material in most medieval copies of the Vulgate text of the Gospels. The tables in the Book of Kells are however unusable, first because the scribe condensed the tables in such a way as to make them confused. Second and more importantly, the corresponding chapter numbers were never inserted into the margins of the text, making it impossible to find the sections to which the canon tables refer. The reason for the omission remains unclear: the scribe may have planned to add the references upon the manuscript's completion, or he may have deliberately left them out so as not to spoil the appearance of pages. 784:. On occasion, a folio is not part of a bifolium but is instead a single sheet inserted within a quire. The extant folios are gathered into 38 quires. There are between four and twelve folios (two to six bifolia) per quire; the folios are commonly, but not invariably, bound in groups of ten. Some folios are single sheets, as is frequently the case with the important decorated pages. The folios had lines drawn for the text, sometimes on both sides, after the bifolia were folded. Prick marks and guidelines can still be seen on some pages. The vellum is of high quality, although the folios have an uneven thickness, with some being close to leather while others are so thin as to be almost translucent. As many as twelve individuals may have collaborated on the book's production, of whom four scribes and three painters have been distinguished. 788:

remarkably good condition considering its age, though many pages have suffered some damage to the delicate artwork due to rubbing. The book must have been the product of a major scriptorium over several years, yet was apparently never finished, the projected decoration of some pages appearing only in outline. It is believed that the original manuscript consisted of about 370 folios, based on gaps in the text and the absence of key illustrations. The bulk of the missing material (or, about 30 folios) was perhaps lost when the book was stolen in the early 11th century. In 1621 the prominent Anglican clergyman

1668:, "was clearly no primitive backwater but a civilization which could now read Latin, although never occupied by the Romans, and which was somehow familiar with texts and artistic designs which have unambiguous parallels in the Coptic and Greek churches, such as carpet pages and Canon tables. Although the Book of Kells itself is as uniquely Irish as anything imaginable, it is a Mediterranean text and the pigments used in making it include orpiment, a yellow made from arsenic sulphide, exported from Italy, where it is found in volcanoes. There are clearly lines of trade and communication unknown to us." 1108:

here reach their most extreme realisation: "the initials ... are conceived as elastic forms expanding and contracting with a pulsating rhythm. The kinetic energy of their contours escapes into freely drawn appendices, a spiral line which in turn generates new curvilinear motifs...". The illustrations feature a broad range of colours, with purple, lilac, red, pink, green, and yellow being the colours most often used. Earlier manuscripts tend toward more narrow palettes: the Book of Durrow, for example, uses only four colours. As is usual with insular work, there was no use of

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page. The letter rho is snuggled underneath the arms of the chi. Both letters are divided into compartments which are lavishly decorated with knotwork and other patterns. The background is likewise awash in a mass of swirling and knotted decoration. Within this mass of decoration are hidden animals and insects. Three angels arise from one of the cross arms of the chi. This miniature is the largest and most lavish extant Chi Rho monogram in any Insular Gospel book, the culmination of a tradition that started with the Book of Durrow.

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gentle suction to straighten a page so that it could be photographed without touching it and so won permission to publish a new facsimile. After each page was photographed, a single-page facsimile was prepared so the colours could be carefully compared to the original and adjustments made where necessary. The completed work was published in 1990 in a two-volume set containing the full facsimile and scholarly commentary. One copy is held by the Anglican Church in Kells, on the site of the original monastery.

3755: 1009: 302: 1224: 45: 1385: 1311: 1191: 852: 939:. This anomalous order mirrors that found in the Book of Durrow, although in the latter instance, the misplaced sections appear at the very end of the manuscript rather than as part of a continuous preliminary. In other insular manuscripts, such as the Lindisfarne Gospels, the Book of Armagh, and the Echternach Gospels, each Gospel is treated as a separate work and has its preliminaries immediately preceding it. The slavish repetition in Kells of the order of the 864:

Matthew would require an additional two folios. The second list fragment, on folio 26, contains about a fourth of the list for Luke. The list for Luke would require an additional three folios. The structure of the quire in which folio 26 occurs is such that it is unlikely that there are three folios missing between folios 26 and 27, so that it is almost certain that folio 26 is not now in its original location. There is no trace of the lists for Mark and John.

287: 1506: 1479: 1283: 590:, where for almost every page there are different designs... and other forms almost infinite... Fine craftsmanship is all about you, but you might not notice it. Look more keenly at it and you will penetrate to the very shrine of art. You will make out intricacies, so delicate and subtle, so exact and compact, so full of knots and links, with colours so fresh and vivid, that you might say that all this was the work of an angel, and not of a man. 534: 875: 1187:

having produced the Temptation and the Arrest of Christ. The "Portrait Painter" executed the portraits of Christ and the Evangelists. Almost every page contains a decorative element incorporating colour; throughout the text pages, these are commonly stylized capitals. Only two pages—folios 29v and 301v—are devoid of pigment colouration or overt pictorial elements, but even they contain trace decorations in ink.

972: 1178:. Twelve fully decorated text pages embellish the book's verses, of which the most extreme examples are the four incipits beginning each Gospel, together with the Chi Rho monogram, a page receiving comparable treatment which heralds a "second beginning" of Matthew, the narrative of Christ's life following his genealogy. Another six fully decorated text pages emphasize various points in the 1207:

manuscript planned for twelve pages (folios 1v through 7r) but for unknown reasons, condensed them into ten, leaving folios 6v and 7r blank. This condensation rendered the canon tables unusable. The decoration of the first eight pages of the canon tables is heavily influenced by early Gospel Books from the Mediterranean, where it was traditional to enclose the tables within an

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charters in his collected works, and they were later translated into English. A blank page at the end of Luke (folio 289v) contains a poem complaining of taxation upon church land, dated to the 14th or 15th century. In the early 17th century one Richardus Whit recorded several recent events on the same page in "clumsy" Latin, including a famine in 1586, the

674:, Australia, for an exhibition of illuminated manuscripts. This was only the fourth time the Book of Kells had been sent abroad for exhibition. The volume suffered what has been called "minor pigment damage" while en route to Canberra. It is thought that the vibrations from the aeroplane's engines during the long flight may have caused the damage. 1529:) gives a description of the Crucifixion (Mark 15:25), while the final (and decorated) page of Mark (folio 187v) describes Christ's Resurrection and Ascension (Mark 16:19–20). In the Gospel of Luke, folio 203r faces the illustration of the Temptation, itself an illumination of the text (Luke 4:1) beginning the Temptation narrative. Finally, 1090:

the book as of 1621. The bifolium 335-336 was lost and subsequently restored in 1741, recorded in two notes on folio 337r. Plunket's accretions were varied and significant. He inscribed transcriptions in the margins of the major illuminated folios 8r, 29r, 203r and 292r. On folio 32v, he added the annotation "Jesus Christus" in the

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about the specific pages as well as the history of the book. Users were given the option to search by specific illuminated categories including animals, capitols and angels. It retailed for approximately €30 but has since been discontinued. The Faksimile-Verlag images are now online at Trinity College's Digital Collections portal.

1045:("sword"), thus translating as "I came not (only) to send peace, but joy." The lavishly decorated opening page of the Gospel according to John had been deciphered by George Bain as: "In principio erat verbum verum" (In the beginning was the True Word). Therefore, the incipit is a free translation into Latin of the 1576:

The book had a sacramental rather than educational purpose. Such a large, lavish Gospel would have been left on the high altar of the church and removed only for the reading of the Gospel during Mass, with the reader probably reciting from memory more than reading the text. It is significant that the

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story, while a seventh corresponds to the Temptation. The first eleven pages of the extant manuscript begin with a decorated list of Hebrew names, followed by ten pages of Eusebian canon tables framed by architectural elements. Additionally, fourteen pages feature large decorative elements which do

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There are at least four competing theories about the manuscript's place of origin and time of completion. First, the book, or perhaps just the text, may have been created at Iona and then completed in Kells. Second, the book may have been produced entirely at Iona. Third, the manuscript may have been

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A digital copy of the manuscript was produced by Trinity College in 2006 and made available for purchase through Trinity College on DVD-ROM. It included the ability to leaf through each page, view two pages at a time, or look at a single page in a magnified setting. There were also commentary tracks

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in 1992, included a replica of the Book of Kells. It cost approximately £18,000 to produce. In 1994, Bernard Meehan, Keeper of Manuscripts at Trinity College Dublin, produced an introductory booklet on the Book of Kells, with 110 colour images of the manuscript. His 2012 book contained more than 80

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produced a partial facsimile edition in 1974, which included a scholarly treatment of the work by Françoise Henry. This edition included all the full-page illustrations in the manuscript and a representative selection of the ornamentation of the text pages, together with some enlarged details of the

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beginning each line are linked into an ornate chain along the left margin of the page. Folio 127v has an embellished line beginning the final chapter of Matthew, which gives an account of the Resurrection. A similar treatment is given to a line in folio 188v (Luke 1:5), which begins an account of

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in an Insular spirit, where the arcades are not seen as architectural elements but rather become stylised geometric patterns with Insular ornamentation. The four evangelist symbols occupy the spaces under and above the arches. The last two canon tables are presented within a grid. This presentation

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The unity of the Gospels is further emphasised by the decoration of the Eusebian canon tables. The canon tables illustrate the unity of the Gospels by organising corresponding passages from the Gospels. The Eusebian canon tables normally require twelve pages. In the Book of Kells, the makers of the

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common throughout the West. Hand B is found on folios 19r through 26 and folios 124 through 128. Hand B has a somewhat greater tendency to use minuscule and uses red, purple and black ink and a variable number of lines per page. Hand C is found throughout the majority of the text. Hand C also has a

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In 1979, Swiss publisher Faksimile-Verlag Luzern requested permission to produce a full-colour facsimile of the book. Permission was initially denied because Trinity College officials felt that the risk of damage to the book was too high. By 1986, Faksimile-Verlag had developed a process that used

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were stored, rather than from the monastic library. Its design seems to take this purpose in mind; that is, the book was produced with appearance taking precedence over practicality. There are numerous uncorrected mistakes in the text. Lines were often completed in a blank space in the line above.

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The book was designed so that each of the Gospels would have an elaborate introductory decorative programme. Each Gospel was originally prefaced by a full-page miniature containing the four evangelist symbols, followed by a blank page. Then came a portrait of the evangelist which faced the opening

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It is highly probable that there were other pages of miniature and decorated text that are now lost. Henry identified at least three distinct artists. The "Goldsmith" was responsible for the Chi Rho page, using colour to convey metallic hues. The "Illustrator" was given to idiosyncratic portraits,

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illustrations, while smaller painted decorations appear throughout the text in unprecedented quantities. The decoration of the book is famous for combining intricate detail with bold and energetic compositions. The characteristics of the insular manuscript initial, as described by Carl Nordenfalk,

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Three notes concerning the book's pagination are found together on a single page (folio 334v): in 1568 one Geralde Plunket noted his annotations of the Gospel's chapter numbers throughout the book. A second note from 1588 gave a folio count, and a third note by James Ussher reported 344 folios in

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Scotland, though there is no actual evidence for this theory, especially considering the absence of any surviving manuscript from Pictland. Although the question of the exact location of the book's production will probably never be answered conclusively, the first theory, that it was begun at Iona

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Scholars place these manuscripts together based on similarities in artistic style, script, and textual traditions. The fully developed style of the ornamentation of the Book of Kells places it late in this series, either from the late 8th or early 9th century. The Book of Kells follows many of the

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monogram was enlarged and decorated. In the Book of Kells, this second beginning was given a decorative programme equal to those prefacing the Gospels, its Chi Rho monogram having grown to consume the entire page. The letter chi dominates the page with one arm swooping across the majority of the

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is the only carpet page in the Book of Kells, which is rather anomalous; the Lindisfarne Gospels have five extant carpet pages and the Book of Durrow has six. The blank verso of folio 33 faces the single most lavish miniature of the early medieval period, the Book of Kells Chi Rho monogram, which

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numbered the book's folios at recto, bottom left. On several of the blank pages among the preliminaries (folios 5v-7r and 27r) are found land charters pertaining to the Abbey of Kells; recording charters in important books was a common custom in the medieval period. James Ussher transcribed the

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several times. During a 19th-century rebinding, the pages were badly cropped, with small parts of some illustrations being lost. The book was also rebound in 1895, but that rebinding broke down quickly. By the late 1920s, several folios had detached completely and were kept separate from the main

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The extant folios of the manuscript start with the fragment of the glossary of Hebrew names. This fragment occupies the left-hand column of folio 1r. A miniature of the four evangelist symbols, now much abraded, occupies the right-hand column. The miniature is oriented so that the volume must be

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translations are used in lieu of Jerome's text. Although such variants are common in all the insular Gospels, there does not seem to be a consistent pattern of variation amongst the various insular texts. Evidence suggests that when the scribes were writing the text they often depended on memory

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There are two fragments of the lists of Hebrew names; one on the recto of the first surviving folio and one on folio 26, which is currently inserted at the end of the prefatory matter for John. The first list fragment contains the end of the list for the Gospel of Matthew. The missing names from

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is a fully decorated page corresponding to another moment of the Passion, (Luke 23:56-Luke 24:1) between the Crucifixion and the Resurrection. Since the missing folios of John contain another Passion narrative, it is likely that John contained full pages of decorated text that have been lost.

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Regardless, the book was certainly at Kells in the 12th century, when land charters pertaining to the Abbey of Kells were copied onto some of its blank pages. The practice of copying charters into important books was widespread in the medieval period, and such inscriptions in the Book of Kells

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The illustrations and ornamentation of the Book of Kells surpass those of other Insular Gospel books in extravagance and complexity. The decoration combines traditional Christian iconography with the ornate swirling motifs typical of Insular art. Figures of humans, animals and mythical beasts,

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identified at least three scribes in the manuscript, whom she named Hand A, Hand B, and Hand C. Hand A is found on folios 1 through 19v, folios 276 through 289, and folios 307 through the end of the manuscript. Hand A, for the most part, writes eighteen or nineteen lines per page in the brown

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The book's current dimensions are 330 by 250 mm. Originally, the folios were of no standard size, but they were cropped to the current size during a 19th-century rebinding. The text area is approximately 250 by 170 mm. Each text page has 16 to 18 lines of text. The manuscript is in

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of the Gospels and are divided into numbered chapters. These chapter numbers, like the numbers for the canon tables, are not used on the text pages of the Gospels. It is unlikely that these numbers would have been used, even if the manuscript had been completed, because the chapter numbers

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is decorated and contained within an elaborate frame. The two-page spread of the miniature and the text makes a vivid introductory statement for the prefatory material. The opening lines of six of the other seven pieces of preliminary matter are enlarged and decorated (see above for the

518:". It is generally assumed that the "great Gospel of Columkille" is the Book of Kells. If this is correct, then the book was in Kells by 1007 and had been there long enough for thieves to learn of its presence. The force of ripping the manuscript free from its cover may account for the 847:

explains the purpose of his translation. It is also possible, though less likely, that the lost material included the letter of Eusebius to Carpianus, in which he explains the use of the canon tables. Of all the insular Gospels, only the Lindisfarne manuscript contains this letter.

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into Ireland and Scotland. There is another tradition, with some traction among Irish scholars, that suggests the manuscript was created for the 200th anniversary of the saint's death. Alternatively, as is thought possible for the Northumbrian Lindisfarne Gospels and also the

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The ornamentation of the opening few words of each Gospel is lavish; their decoration is so elaborate that the text itself is almost illegible. The opening page (folio 29r) of Matthew may stand as an example. (See illustration at left.) The page consists of only two words:

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of John without a comparable device. Five pages (folios 200r-202v) give an organized decoration of Luke's genealogy of Christ, just before the Temptation narrative. Another three pages contain large illuminated elements not extending throughout the entire page.

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The lavish illumination programme is far greater than any other surviving Insular Gospel book. Thirty-three of the surviving pages contain decorative elements which dominate the entire page. These include ten full-page miniature illustrations: a portrait of the

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of the composition's architecture, identifying the portrait's subject as Christ; in the 19th century, this annotation was covered by white paint, altering the composition. Plunket also wrote his name on multiple pages, and added small animal embellishments.

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of the Book of Kells. The majority of the pages were reproduced in black-and-white photographs, but the edition also featured forty-eight colour reproductions, including all the full-page decorations. Under licence from the Board of Trinity College Dublin,

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missing from the beginning and end of the Book of Kells. The description in the Annals of the book as "of Columkille"—that is, having belonged to, and perhaps being made by Columba—suggests that the book was believed at that time to have been made on Iona.

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greater tendency to use minuscule than Hand A. Hand C uses the same brownish gall ink used by hand A and wrote, almost always, seventeen lines per page. Additionally a fourth scribe named Hand D has been hypothesized, to whom folio 104r was attributed.

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Kells Abbey was pillaged by Vikings many times at the beginning of the 9th century, and how the book survived is not known. The earliest historical reference to the book, and indeed to the book's presence at Kells, can be found in a 1007 entry in the

426:, construction taking from 807 until the consecration of the church in 814. The manuscript's date and place of production have been subjects of considerable debate. Traditionally, the book was thought to have been created in the time of 650:; several Victorian picture books of medieval illuminations featured designs from the book which were in turn extensively copied and adapted, patterns appearing in metalwork, embroidery, furniture and pottery among other crafts. 637:

brought Christianity and literacy to Canterbury from Rome, was used to demonstrate Ireland's cultural primacy, seemingly providing "irrefutable precedence in the debate on the relative authority of the Irish and Roman churches".

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The chapter headings that were necessary to make the canon tables usable were not inserted into the margins of the page. In general, nothing was done to disrupt the look of the page: aesthetics were given priority over utility.

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turned ninety degrees to view it properly. The four evangelist symbols are a visual theme that runs throughout the book. They are almost always shown together to emphasise the doctrine of the four Gospels' unity of message.

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tells a fictional story of the creation of the Book of Kells by an elderly monk Aidan and his young apprentice Brendan, who struggle to work on the manuscript in the face of destructive Viking raids. It was directed by

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rebound the manuscript in four volumes and stretched several pages that had developed bulges. One volume is always on display at Trinity, opened at either a major decorated page or a text page with smaller decorations.

1303:). The Gospel of Luke is missing both the portrait and the Evangelist symbols page. The Gospel of John, like the Gospel of Matthew, retains both its portrait (folio 291v, see at right) and its Evangelist symbols page ( 510:. This entry records that "the great Gospel of Columkille , the chief relic of the Western World, was wickedly stolen during the night from the western sacristy of the great stone church at Cenannas on account of its 1355:

is broken into three lines and contained within an elaborate frame in the right lower quadrant of the page. The entire assemblage is contained within an elaborate border, further decorated with elaborate spirals and

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The Age of Migrating Ideas: Early Medieval Art in Northern Britain and Ireland. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Insular Art held in the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh, 3–6 January

1381:("In the beginning was the True Word"), are all given similar treatments. Although the decoration of these pages was most extensive in the Book of Kells, they are all decorated in the other Insular Gospel books. 1525:) is found a very similar decoration of the phrase "Tunc crucifixerant Xpi cum eo duos latrones" (Matthew 27:38), Christ's crucifixion together with two thieves. In the Gospel of Mark, another decorated page ( 1537:

Apart from the thirty-three fully illuminated pages, fourteen receive substantial decoration not extending over the entire page. Among the Preliminaries and apart from the fully decorated page beginning the

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in the 19th century. She used vellum and reproduced the pigments used in the original manuscript. Photographs of her drawings were included in Sullivan's study of the Book of Kells, first printed in 1913.

1138:. Though the presence of lapis lazuli has long been considered evidence of the great cost required to create the manuscript, recent examination of the pigments has shown that lapis lazuli was not used. 1521:) has a full page of decorated text which reads "Tunc dicit illis Iesus omnes vos scan(dalum)" (Matthew 26:31), where Jesus addresses his disciples immediately before his arrest. A few pages later ( 1486:

The Book of Kells contains two other full-page illustrations, which depict episodes from the Passion story. The text of Matthew is illustrated with a full-page illumination of the Arrest of Christ (

1454:. This "second beginning" to Matthew was given emphasis in many early Gospel Books, so much so that the two sections were often treated as separate works. The second beginning starts with the word 1851:

Kennedy, Brian. "Celtic Ireland." The Book of Kells and the Art of Illumination. Ed. Pauline Green. Canberra, Australia: Publications Department of the National Gallery of Australia. 2000. Print.

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and continued at Kells, is widely accepted. Regardless of which theory is true, it is certain that the Book of Kells was produced by Columban monks closely associated with the community at Iona.

487:, a work which describes and recommends several texts—both religious and secular—for study by monks. Vivarium included a scriptorium for the reproduction of books in both genres. Later, the 411:, both of which feature intricate decorative knotwork patterns inside the outlines formed by the enlarged initial letters of the text. (For a more complete list of related manuscripts, see: 2416:

The compilers of the late seventh century manuscript, The Book of Kells, refused to adopt St. Jerome's phrase "I come not to bring peace but a sword." (" . . . non-pacem sed gladium.") ...

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counted just 344 folios; presently another four or five are missing from the body of the text, after folios 177, 239, and 330. The missing bifolium 335-36 was found and restored in 1741.

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The Abbey of Kells was dissolved because of the ecclesiastical reforms of the 12th century. The abbey church was converted to a parish church in which the Book of Kells remained.

1498:). Christ is shown from the waist up on top of the Temple. To his right is a crowd of people, perhaps representing his disciples. To his left and below him is a black figure of 1243:

in a Western manuscript. Mary is shown in an odd mixture of frontal and three-quarter pose. This miniature also bears a stylistic similarity to the carved image on the lid of

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Since Gerald claims to have seen this book in Kildare, he may have seen another, now lost, book equal in quality to the Book of Kells, or he may have misstated his location.

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Over the centuries multiple annotations have been written in the book, recording page information and historical events. During the 19th century, former Trinity Librarian

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De Hamel, p.134. They in fact signed a modern flyleaf which was then bound with the book. The page bearing their signatures was removed when the book was rebound in 1953.

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of the entire book is reckoned thus: folio 1r — 36v, 36*r — 36*v (the double-counted folio), and 37r — 339v. The majority of the folios are part of larger sheets, called

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monastery in either Ireland or Scotland, and may have had contributions from various Columban institutions from each of these areas. It is believed to have been created

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leaves, or folios, totalling 680 pages. Almost all folios are numbered at recto, bottom left. One folio number, 36, was mistakenly double-counted. As a result, the

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of each leaf total 680 pages. Since 1953, it has been bound in four volumes, 330 mm by 250 mm (13 inches by 9.8 inches). The leaves are high-quality calf

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of Matthew. Of these, five correspond to episodes in the Passion story, and one refers to the Temptation. The verso of the folio containing the Arrest of Christ (

357: 3639:, 1978, an exhibition catalogue from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on the Book of Kells (cat. no. 37–38) 2070: 1299:) and its page of Evangelist symbols (folio 27v, see above). The Gospel of Mark is missing the Evangelist portrait but retains its Evangelist symbols page ( 626:

in Dublin in 1661, and it has remained there ever since, except for brief loans to other libraries and museums. It has been on display to the public in the

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to which many ancient writings had been committed. Gradually, these traditions spread throughout the European continent and finally to the British Isles.

3073: 455:, it may have been produced to mark the "translation" or moving of Columba's remains into a shrine reliquary, which probably had taken place by the 750s. 1490:). Jesus is shown beneath a stylised arcade while being held by two much smaller figures. In the text of Luke, there is a full-sized miniature of the 254:; the unprecedentedly elaborate ornamentation that covers them includes ten full-page illustrations and text pages that are vibrant with decorated 3479:

Farr, Carol, "Cosmological and Eschatological Images in the Book of Kells: Folios 32v and 114r.," in Elizabeth Mullins and Diarmuid Scully (eds),

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Folio 34r, detail. The decorations of the Book of Kells can be stunningly complex, as seen in this small detail of the Chi Rho monogram page.

412: 4078: 835:. It is probable that, like the Lindisfarne Gospels and the Books of Durrow and Armagh, part of the lost preliminary material included the 3077: 619: 4269: 1975: 780:, which are folded in half to form two folios. The bifolia are nested inside of each other and sewn together to form gatherings called 396:

iconographic and stylistic traditions found in these earlier manuscripts. For example, the form of the decorated letters found in the

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The Book of Kells is one of the finest and most famous, and also one of the latest, of a group of manuscripts in what is known as the

273:, and shows two pages at any one time, rotated every 12 weeks. A digitised version of the entire manuscript may also be seen online. 4234: 3009: 231:

and interlacing patterns in vibrant colours, enliven the manuscript's pages. Many of these minor decorative elements are imbued with

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Henderson, Isabel, "Pictish art and the Book of Kells", in: Whitelock, Dorothy, Rosamund McKitterick, and David N. Dumville (eds.),

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Throughout the body of the Gospels, six fully decorated text pages receive treatment comparable to that of the page which began the

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Fuchs, Robert; Oltrogge, Doris (1994). "Colour material and painting technique in the Book of Kells". In O'Mahony, Felicity (ed.).

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Folio 183r from the 1990 facsimile of the Book of Kells contains the text "Erat autem hora tertia" ("now it was the third hour").

1495: 1304: 1300: 1307:). It can be assumed that the portraits for Mark and Luke and the symbols page for Luke at one time existed but have been lost. 1295:

text of the Gospel, itself given an elaborate decorative treatment. The Gospel of Matthew retains both its Evangelist portrait (

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The historical circumstances which informed the Book of Kells' production were the preservation of the Latin language after the

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The manuscript's rise to worldwide fame began in the 19th century. The association with St. Columba, who died the same year

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and interlinear miniatures, marking the furthest extension of the anti-classical and energetic qualities of Insular art. The

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The Book of Kells contains the four Gospels of the Christian scriptures written in black, red, purple, and yellow ink in an

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Folio 74r, detail. Almost all of the folios of the Book of Kells contain small illuminations like this decorated initial.

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in particular advocated both practices, having founded the monastery Vivarium in the sixth century and having written

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pages for the Gospels is surprisingly consistent in Insular Gospels. Compare, for example, the incipit pages of the

4254: 4224: 4033: 2806: 2794: 1365: 1130:. These would have been imported from the Mediterranean region and, in the case of the lapis lazuli (also known as 963:. It does not, however, contain a pure copy of the Vulgate. There are numerous differences from the Vulgate, where 836: 3648:

Parallel presentation of the Vulgate and English translations of the Bible, which can be used to identify passages

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Powell, Roger. "The Book of Kells, the Book of Durrow, Comments on the Vellum and the Make-up and Other Aspects".

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illustrations. The reproductions were all in full colour, with photography by John Kennedy, Green Studio, Dublin.

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of Luke), but no other section of the preliminaries is given the same full-page treatment as the beginning of the

305: 4051: 4021: 3979: 2899: 2163:

Hoops, Johannes (ed.) "Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde". Walter De Gruyter Inc, September 2001, 346.

1708: 1556: 1443: 361: 270: 3081: 1526: 1518: 1377: 1075: 4039: 2866: 2842: 2830: 2818: 1530: 1296: 1037:, a common English translation reads "I came not to send peace, but a sword". However, the manuscript reads 903:

corresponded to old Latin translations and would have been difficult to harmonise with the Vulgate text. The

2878: 1606:

Some of the first faithful reproductions made of pages and elements of the Book of Kells were by the artist

4274: 2923: 2854: 1371: 4125: 4114: 4083: 3811: 3127:

The Book of Kells: Forty-Eight Pages and Details in Color from The Manuscript in Trinity College, Dublin

1876:

In Search of Ancient Ireland: The Origins of the Irish from Neolithic Times to the Coming of the English

1416:, followed by his portrait. Folio 32v (top of article) has a miniature of Christ enthroned, flanked by 768:

script, preceded by prefaces, summaries, and concordances of Gospel passages. Today, it consists of 340

438: 800, long after St. Columba's death in 597. The proposed dating in the 9th century coincides with 4259: 2457: 2091:

Dodwell, p. 84. As mentioned above, Columba in fact lived before any plausible date for the manuscript.

1420:. Peacocks function as symbols of Christ throughout the book. According to earlier accounts given by 203:, although it also includes several passages drawn from the earlier versions of the Bible known as the 3949: 3669: 1607: 659: 491:

period introduced the innovation of copying texts onto vellum, a material much more durable than the

3619: 1762: 1067: 3497:, ed. W. R. K. Koehler. Vol. 2, pp. 611–641. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1939. 3163: 2062:"Let there be light: The enduring fascination of Ireland's monastic masterpiece, the Book of Kells" 1244: 476: 341: 262:

script of the text appears to be the work of at least three different scribes. The lettering is in

3554:, eds. R. Michael Spearman and John Higgit, 106–114. Edinburgh: National Museum of Scotland, 1993. 514:". The manuscript was recovered a few months later—minus its golden and bejewelled cover—"under a 3985: 3865: 2029: 634: 4003: 3719: 3466:

The Book of Kells: Its Function and Audience (British Library Studies in Mediaeval Culture, 4).

951:

to conclude that the scribes of Kells had either the Book of Durrow or a common model in hand.

643: 623: 606:'s cavalry was quartered in the church at Kells, and the governor of the town sent the book to 542: 349: 169: 3189:

The Book of Kells: Proceedings of a conference at Trinity College, Dublin, September 6–9, 1992

1550:

with embellished names. The exception is folio 24v which introduces the final section of the

578:

which many have since assumed was the Book of Kells. The description certainly matches Kells:

4244: 4239: 3544:

The Book of Kells: Proceedings of a conference at Trinity College Dublin, 6–9 September 1992.

3401:

Werner, Martin (June 1972). "The Madonna and Child Miniature in the Book of Kells, Part II".

1439: 1240: 1208: 442:

on Lindisfarne and Iona, which began c. 793-794 and eventually dispersed the monks and their

3521:

McGurk, P. "Two Notes on the Book of Kells and Its Relation to Other Insular Gospel Books".

2744: 1979: 1120:

for the illustrations included red and yellow ochre, green copper pigment (sometimes called

4009: 3907: 3859: 3779: 3662: 3625: 3481:

Listen, O Isles, unto me: Studies in Medieval Word and Image in honour of Jennifer O'Reilly

3227: 1665: 1598: 1491: 1175: 1034: 868: 829: 611: 385: 4099: 3549:

O’Reilly, Jennifer. "The Book of Kells, Folio 114r: A Mystery Revealed yet Concealed." In

3293:

The Book of Kells: An Illustrated Introduction to the Manuscript in Trinity College Dublin

1734: 816:

through John 17:13. The remaining preliminary matter consists of two fragmentary lists of

430:, possibly even as the work of his own hands. This tradition has long been discredited on 8: 4163: 4015: 3913: 3841: 3734: 2218: 1678: 1287: 1254:

The miniature of the Virgin and Child faces the first page of the text, which begins the

1216: 1212: 1163: 1062: 554: 550: 546: 419: 377: 345: 309: 232: 208: 3973: 3631: 3943: 3889: 3883: 3805: 3744: 3709: 3418: 3330: 3215: 2991: 2983: 2740: 1421: 1413: 1159: 1030: 1013: 448: 373: 353: 3268: 996: 3997: 3961: 3925: 3901: 3835: 3817: 3599: 3569: 3469: 3455: 3387: 3368: 3349: 3343: 3297: 3291: 3276: 3254: 3235: 3192: 3173: 3167: 3149: 3130: 3111: 2995: 2750: 2649: 2435: 2429: 2388: 2382: 2164: 1945: 1880: 1874: 1620: 1451: 1315: 1247:

of 698. The iconography of the miniature seems to derive from Byzantine, Armenian or

1147: 832: 801: 765: 615: 464: 401: 381: 317: 259: 3528:

Mussetter, Sally. "An Animal Miniature on the Monogram Page of the Book of Kells".

3410: 3322: 3313: 2975: 1870: 1815:

Calkins discusses the major manuscripts in turn pp. 30–92, as does Nordenfalk.

1648: 1228: 1179: 1143: 1083: 583: 538: 506: 439: 4119: 3991: 3206:

Gwynn, Aubrey (September 1954). "Some Notes on the History of the Book of Kells".

3040: 983:

The manuscript is written primarily in insular majuscule with some occurrences of

646:

were invited to sign the book in 1849. The book's artistry was influential on the

4153: 4131: 4027: 3784: 3724: 3591: 1430: 1195: 1171: 1155: 1109: 856: 817: 800:

The extant book contains preliminary matter, the complete text of the Gospels of

603: 567: 247: 479:

and the establishment of monastic life which entailed the production of texts.

4148: 4109: 4104: 4068: 3937: 3919: 3877: 3823: 3754: 3384:

Codices Illustres: The World's Most Famous Illuminated Manuscripts, 400 to 1600

3345:

Celtic and Anglo-Saxon Painting: Book Illumination in the British Isles 600–800

3273:

The Book of Kells: Reproductions from the Manuscript in Trinity College, Dublin

1586: 1405: 1008: 976: 813: 809: 805: 667: 647: 639: 452: 389: 369: 368:(from the second half of the 7th century). From the early 8th century come the 365: 301: 295: 216: 157: 149: 2979: 1223: 44: 4219: 4213: 4045: 3955: 3871: 3853: 3739: 3704: 3581: 3507:

Lewis, Susanne. "Sacred Calligraphy: The Chi Rho Page in the Book of Kells".

2196: 2034: 2001: 1384: 1310: 1231:. This is the oldest extant image of the Virgin Mary in a Western manuscript. 1050: 1001: 263: 188: 3452:

Ireland and early Europe: essays and occasional writings on art and culture.

1664:

The Ireland in which the Book of Kells was crafted and manufactured, writes

1220:

is limited to Insular manuscripts and was first seen in the Book of Durrow.

320:. Compare this page with the corresponding page from the Book of Kells (see 291: 4193: 4168: 3895: 3847: 3642: 1917:

Meyvaert, 12, note 26; Sharpe, Richard. "In quest of Pictish manuscripts."

1463: 1459: 1435: 1397: 1393: 1127: 1026: 948: 899: 874: 789: 777: 654: 239: 220: 204: 136: 122: 3468:

London: British Library & Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997.

1239:

image of the Virgin and Child (folio 7v), the first representation of the

4173: 3829: 3774: 3769: 3699: 3685: 3041:"World's Most Famous Medieval Illuminated Manuscript Now Viewable Online" 1357: 1190: 1167: 1135: 1131: 1046: 851: 781: 519: 488: 480: 460: 431: 333: 228: 212: 176: 107: 3219: 1505: 1478: 286: 4198: 4158: 3967: 3789: 3729: 3422: 3334: 2987: 1684: 1560: 1282: 1151: 1113: 984: 773: 427: 423: 3502:

Ireland in early medieval Europe: studies in memory of Kathleen Hughes

1973:

Columkille is the name by which St. Columba is best known in Ireland.

191:

together with various prefatory texts and tables. It was created in a

4183: 1640: 1615: 1614:

In 1951, the Swiss publisher Urs Graf Verlag Bern produced the first

1425: 1335:

is turned into a giant monogram which dominates the entire page. The

1122: 964: 959:

The Book of Kells contains the text of the four Gospels based on the

533: 340:

in Ireland, Scotland and England and in continental monasteries with

337: 164:; Dublin, Trinity College Library, MS A. I. , sometimes known as the 3414: 3326: 1652:

pages from the manuscript reproduced full-size and in full colour.

1582: 1091: 1086:, author of an early modern account of the book, is found on 339r. 1079: 671: 1466:

were normally used in medieval manuscripts to abbreviate the word

434:

and stylistic grounds: most evidence points to a composition date

4188: 3714: 1644: 1471: 1417: 1389: 1117: 995:). The text is usually written in one long line across the page. 960: 575: 511: 492: 397: 255: 200: 192: 132: 86: 1033:, which starts at Luke 3:23, Kells names an extra ancestor. At 336:, produced from the late 6th through the early 9th centuries in 235:

and so further emphasise the themes of the major illustrations.

199: 800 AD. The text of the Gospels is largely drawn from the 3647: 3596:

Anglo-Saxon Art from the Seventh Century to the Norman Conquest

3493:

Friend, A. M., Jr. "The Canon Tables of the Book of Kells". In

971: 844: 769: 607: 587: 251: 184: 3654: 1438:; the animals therefore became associated with Christ via the 602:

The Book of Kells remained in Kells until 1654. In that year,

1499: 1248: 468: 443: 243: 180: 173: 118: 68: 1627: 4178: 3311:

Meyvaert, Paul (March 1989). "The Book of Kells and Iona".

1797:

All manuscripts and dates discussed in Henry 1974, 150–151.

1447:

serves as incipit for the narrative of the life of Christ.

1236: 979:

written in Insular majuscule by the scribe known as Hand B.

867:

The first list fragment is followed by the canon tables of

3535:

Nordenfalk, Carl. "Another Look at the Book of Kells". In

527:

provide concrete evidence about its location at the time.

2407: 1542:

of Matthew, six pages begin six of the eight sections of

515: 2408:

Nathan, George Jean Nathan; Henry Louis Mencken (1951).

1262:(the birth of Christ in Bethlehem). The beginning page ( 294:

800, showing the lavishly decorated text that opens the

3546:

Dublin: Trinity College Library and Scolar Press, 1994.

3251:

From Durrow to Kells: The Insular Gospel-books, 650–800

1369:("The beginning of the Gospel of Jesus Christ"), Luke, 1070:, and plague in Ireland during 1604. The signature of 3626:

Trinity College, summary information on the manuscript

907:

are collections of legends about the Evangelists. The

894:

belong to a pre-Vulgate tradition of manuscripts. The

3074:"The 82nd Academy Awards (2010) Nominees and Winners" 1450:

At Matthew 1:18 (folio 34r), the actual narrative of

3637:

Treasures of early Irish art, 1500 B.C. to 1500 A.D.

3579: 3450:

De Paor, Liam. "The world of the Book of Kells," in

3518:. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum. (2011). 43–44. 3191:. Brookfield, Vt.: Scolar Press. pp. 133–171. 2648:. Los Angeles, CA: Getty Publications. p. 43. 1585:, where the vessels and other accoutrements of the 463:at Kells. Finally, it may have been the product of 3620:Trinity College Digital Collections, Book of Kells 3443:Brown, T. J. "Northumbria and the Book of Kells". 2060: 1343:is presented as an interlaced ornament within the 1029:between the text and the accepted Gospels. In the 3490:. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN: B00AN4JVI0 1944:. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 43. 915:are arranged in a strange order: first, come the 4211: 3495:Mediæval Studies in Memory of A. Kingsley Porter 2618: 2616: 2508:Fuchs and Oltrogge in O'Mahoney 1994, 134–135. 1869: 1563:in Matthew (Matthew 5:3–10) where the letters 1053:rather than a mere copy of the Roman version. 89:monasteries in Ireland, Scotland & England 3670: 3643:More information at Earlier Latin Manuscripts 3186: 3016:, 2 June 1987. Retrieved on 28 February 2008. 2504: 2502: 2462:Miscellany of the Irish Archeological Society 2455: 1602:Folio 32v, as reproduced by Faksimile-Verlag. 413:List of Hiberno-Saxon illustrated manuscripts 392:(dated to 807–809) to the early 9th century. 3539:, pp. 275–279. Tübingen: Wasmuth, 1977. 2699: 2697: 2695: 2667: 2665: 1964:Sir Edward Sullivan, p.4. Book of Kells 1920 828:(short biographies of the Evangelists), and 269:The manuscript is on display to visitors in 3504:, 1982, Cambridge University Press, 79–105. 3440:. 3 vols. Bern: Urs Graf Verlag, 1950–1951. 3381: 3108:Insular Manuscripts: Sixth to Ninth Century 3078:Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences 2613: 2606: 2604: 2358: 2356: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 1235:The preliminary matter is introduced by an 620:Vice-Chancellor of the University of Dublin 348:foundations. These manuscripts include the 3677: 3663: 3341: 2935: 2926:King James Version (Oxford Standard, 1769) 2914:King James Version (Oxford Standard, 1769) 2902:King James Version (Oxford Standard, 1769) 2881:King James Version (Oxford Standard, 1769) 2869:King James Version (Oxford Standard, 1769) 2857:King James Version (Oxford Standard, 1769) 2845:King James Version (Oxford Standard, 1769) 2833:King James Version (Oxford Standard, 1769) 2821:King James Version (Oxford Standard, 1769) 2809:King James Version (Oxford Standard, 1769) 2797:King James Version (Oxford Standard, 1769) 2767:King James Version (Oxford Standard, 1769) 2499: 1103:The text is accompanied by many full-page 574:, described seeing a great Gospel Book in 364:(all from the early 7th century), and the 3248: 3105: 3025:John Murray, Tony Wheeler, Sean Sheehan. 2692: 2662: 2458:"The Irish Charters in the Book of Kells" 2278: 2276: 2118:Sullivan, The Book of Kells 1920, Page 5. 2025:"The Irish Charters in the Book of Kells" 2022: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1757: 1755: 1363:The opening words of the gospel of Mark, 935:of both Luke and John, followed by their 215:. The manuscript takes its name from the 3632:Book of Kells at Trinity College Library 3382:Walther, Ingo F.; Wolk, Norbert (2001). 3362: 3310: 3226: 3169:The pictorial arts of the West, 800–1200 3148:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 3057: 2950: 2601: 2520: 2380: 2353: 2312: 2173: 2058: 1626: 1597: 1504: 1477: 1383: 1309: 1281: 1222: 1189: 1020: 1007: 970: 878:Folio 19v contains the beginning of the 873: 850: 532: 388:belongs to the late 8th century and the 300: 285: 3409:(2). College Art Association: 129–139. 3162: 3143: 3038: 2940:. Dublin and London: Maunsell & Co. 2431:Celtic Art: The Methods of Construction 1902: 1689:Academy Award for Best Animated Feature 1470:. In Insular Gospel books, the initial 1183:not extend throughout the entire page. 1078:, is extant on folio 31v, and the 1853 422:, had been founded, or refounded, from 4280:Vetus Latina New Testament manuscripts 4212: 3590: 3486:Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (2012). 3438:Evangeliorum quattuor Codex Cenannensi 3400: 3289: 3010:Irelands's Book of Kells is Facsimiled 2273: 1769: 1752: 1400:are the first two letters of the word 1314:Folio 29r contains the incipit to the 1215:). The Kells manuscript presents this 931:for Mark, then, quite oddly, come the 685:Summary Contents of the Book of Kells 653:Over the centuries, the book has been 582:This book contains the harmony of the 537:Folio 27v contains the symbols of the 3658: 3267: 3205: 3124: 2739: 2643: 2630: 2628: 2073:from the original on 10 December 2022 2054: 2052: 1939: 1732: 1671: 541:(clockwise from top left): an angel ( 380:(see illustration at right), and the 3321:(1). College Art Association: 6–19. 3232:Meetings with Remarkable Manuscripts 3172:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 3146:Illuminated Books of the Middle Ages 2427: 1763:"Digital Collections: Book of Kells" 1442:. Facing the portrait of Christ on 1412:The Gospel of Matthew begins with a 1327:("The book of the generation"). The 1166:, a portrait of Christ enthroned, a 223:, which was its home for centuries. 207:. It is regarded as a masterwork of 3568:. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2006. 3566:Word and Image in the Book of Kells 2955:. "The Studio" Limited. p. 46. 2059:Banville, John (23 November 2012). 1581:state the book was stolen from the 666:In 2000, the volume containing the 238:The manuscript today comprises 340 16:Illuminated 9th-century Gospel book 13: 3430: 3060:Meetings with Medieval Manuscripts 2625: 2049: 2004:. CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts 1286:Folio 291v contains a portrait of 1227:Folio 7v contains an image of the 975:Folio 309r contains text from the 954: 837:letter of Jerome to Pope Damasus I 561: 498: 21:The Book of Kells (disambiguation) 14: 4291: 4270:Library of Trinity College Dublin 4074:Library of Trinity College Dublin 3613: 3598:. London, UK: Thames and Hudson. 3454:Dublin: Four Courts Press, 1997. 3039:Stewart, Jessica (1 April 2019). 1978:. Library Ireland. Archived from 1643:heritage centre, which opened in 290:The Book of Kells, (folio 292r), 4235:Christianity in medieval Ireland 3753: 3066: 3051: 3032: 1879:. Chicago: New Amsterdam Books. 1706: 1593: 1360:, many of which are zoomorphic. 855:Folio 5r contains a page of the 820:names contained in the Gospels, 597: 43: 3980:Clonmacnoise Crucifixion Plaque 3814:(late 7th or early 8th century) 3684: 3367:. London: Studio Publications. 3296:. New York: Thames and Hudson. 3253:. New York: Thames and Hudson. 3027:Ireland: a travel survival kit. 3019: 3002: 2959: 2944: 2929: 2917: 2905: 2893: 2884: 2872: 2860: 2848: 2836: 2824: 2812: 2800: 2788: 2779: 2770: 2758: 2733: 2724: 2715: 2706: 2683: 2674: 2637: 2592: 2583: 2574: 2565: 2556: 2547: 2538: 2529: 2511: 2490: 2481: 2472: 2449: 2421: 2401: 2374: 2365: 2344: 2335: 2326: 2303: 2294: 2285: 2264: 2255: 2246: 2237: 2211: 2189: 2157: 2148: 2139: 2130: 2121: 2112: 2103: 2094: 2085: 2016: 1994: 1967: 1958: 1933: 1924: 1911: 1893: 1863: 1854: 1845: 1836: 1733:Lesso, Rosie (3 October 2022). 1709:"Brief History - Book of Kells" 1659: 1434:, the peacocks' flesh does not 968:rather than on their exemplar. 362:Durham Dean and Chapter Library 271:Trinity College Library, Dublin 3537:Festschrift Wolfgang Braunfels 3348:. New York: George Braziller. 3058:de Hamel, Christopher (2017). 3029:Page 198. Lonely Planet, 1994. 1827: 1818: 1809: 1800: 1791: 1726: 1700: 1502:. Above him hover two angels. 1378:In principio erat verbum verum 1366:Initium evangelii Iesu Christi 1056: 677: 622:, presented the manuscript to 324:), especially the form of the 1: 4034:Shrine of Saint Lachtin's Arm 3946:, (late 9th or early 10th c.) 3630:Exhibition information about 3622:(full collection with images) 3580:Sullivan, Sir Edward (1920). 2938:A dictionary of Irish artists 1194:Folio 2r contains one of the 1098: 1041:("joy") where it should read 923:for Matthew, followed by the 435: 196: 4052:Shrine of St Patrick's Tooth 4022:Shrine of St. Patrick's Bell 3982:(late 10th or early 11th c.) 3488:Pages from the Book of Kells 3275:. New York: Alfred A Knopf. 3129:. New York: Alfred A Knopf. 3062:. Penguin. pp. 124–125. 2197:"Library: The Book of Kells" 1735:"What Is the Book of Kells?" 1260:Nativitas Christi in Bethlem 1016:, which runs for five pages. 947:found in Durrow led scholar 658:volume. In 1953, bookbinder 7: 4084:National Museum of Scotland 4040:Bell Shrine of St. Cuileáin 3812:Rinnegan Crucifixion Plaque 3436:Alton, E. H. and P. Meyer. 3144:Calkins, Robert G. (1983). 2936:Strickland, Walter (1913). 2434:. Dover Publications, Inc. 2387:. The Studio. p. 120. 1258:of Matthew with the phrase 795: 10: 4296: 4230:9th-century books in Latin 4079:National Museum of Ireland 3928:(late 8th or early 9th c.) 3249:Henderson, George (1987). 3106:Alexander, J.J.G. (1978). 3099: 2300:Brown 1980, 7, 83, 92, 95. 2219:"Book of Kells is damaged" 1571: 405:in the Lindisfarne Gospels 276: 18: 4250:Hiberno-Saxon manuscripts 4141: 4092: 4061: 4054:(12th & late 14th c.) 3808:(late 6th or early 7th c) 3798: 3762: 3751: 3692: 3363:Sullivan, Edward (1952). 3342:Nordenfalk, Carl (1977). 3164:Dodwell, Charles Reginald 3110:. London: Harvey Miller. 2980:10.1017/S003871340020153X 2951:Sullivan, Edward (1920). 2580:Henry 1974, 163, 194-198. 2381:Sullivan, Edward (1920). 1765:. Trinity College Dublin. 1375:("Forasmuch"), and John, 1012:Folio 200r begins Luke's 684: 459:produced entirely in the 281: 128: 113: 103: 93: 82: 74: 64: 54: 42: 35: 30: 4265:Religion in County Meath 3922:(8th or 9th & 14 c.) 3542:O'Mahony, Felicity, ed. 3290:Meehan, Bernard (1994). 3208:Irish Historical Studies 2487:Meehan 1994, 19, 76, 92. 2199:. Trinity College Dublin 1694: 1126:), indigo, and possibly 630:since the 19th century. 566:The 12th-century writer 477:fall of the Roman Empire 467:or another monastery in 4255:History of County Meath 4225:9th century in Scotland 3986:Bell Shrine of St. Mura 3586:. "The Studio" Limited. 3516:Books: A Living History 2646:Books: a Living History 2030:University College Cork 1942:Books: A Living History 1921:. 59.2 (2008): 145–146. 1676:The 2009 animated film 1388:Folio 34r contains the 1116:in the manuscript. The 4093:Notable art historians 4006:(shrine: late 11th c.) 4004:Cathach of St. Columba 3950:Muiredach's High Cross 3720:Illuminated manuscript 3483:(Cork, 2011), 291–301. 2644:Lyons, Martyn (2011). 2332:Henry 1974, 153, n.28. 2002:"The Annals of Ulster" 1940:Lyons, Martyn (2011). 1687:and nominated for the 1632: 1608:Helen Campbell D'Olier 1603: 1510: 1483: 1409: 1319: 1291: 1232: 1199: 1017: 980: 900:Old Latin translations 883: 860: 628:Old Library at Trinity 592: 558: 418:The Abbey of Kells in 350:Cathach of St. Columba 329: 298: 170:illuminated manuscript 161: 153: 3228:de Hamel, Christopher 3125:Brown, Peter (1980). 2785:Nordenfalk 1977, 123. 2776:Nordenfalk 1977, 124. 2634:Werner 1972, 129–139. 2571:Nordenfalk 1977, 108. 2456:O'Donovan, J (1846). 2428:Bain, George (1973). 2291:Henry 1974, 150, 152. 1873:; Eaton, Leo (2002). 1833:Sullivan 1952, 19–20. 1630: 1601: 1559:contains text of the 1508: 1481: 1387: 1313: 1285: 1266:) of the text of the 1245:St. Cuthbert's coffin 1226: 1193: 1021:Errors and deviations 1011: 974: 898:are summaries of the 877: 854: 580: 572:Topographia Hibernica 536: 312:contains the incipit 304: 289: 4010:Clonmacnoise Crozier 3908:Londesborough Brooch 3866:St. Fillan's Crozier 3860:Moylough Belt-Shrine 3780:Insular illumination 2974:(3): 555–558. 1948. 2755:Book XXI, Section 4. 2712:Calkins 1983, 82–85. 2689:Henry 1974, 172–173. 2622:Calkins 1983, 79–82. 2553:Henry 1974, 211-212. 2496:Nordenfalk 1977, 13. 2446:, page 95, Plate 14. 2411:The American Mercury 2270:Henry 1974, 217-218. 2261:Henry 1974, 223-225. 2127:Gwynn (1954), p. 132 1666:Christopher de Hamel 1579:Chronicles of Ulster 1492:Temptation of Christ 1458:. The Greek letters 1452:Christ's life starts 1176:Temptation of Christ 1170:, and scenes of the 1164:evangelist portraits 1076:Treasurer of Ireland 1068:accession of James I 869:Eusebius of Caesarea 824:(Gospel summaries), 409:in the Book of Kells 386:St. Gall Gospel Book 384:. Among others, the 213:Insular illumination 211:and the pinnacle of 19:For other uses, see 4275:Vulgate manuscripts 4164:Celtic Christianity 4016:River Laune Crozier 3914:Derrynaflan Chalice 3842:Lindisfarne Gospels 3735:House-shaped shrine 3511:36 (1980): 139–159. 3445:Anglo-Saxon England 2544:Meehan 1994, 22-24. 2282:Meehan 1994, 78-80. 1899:Meyvaert, 12-13, 18 1679:The Secret of Kells 1288:John the Evangelist 1213:London Canon Tables 420:Kells, County Meath 378:Lindisfarne Gospels 310:Lindisfarne Gospels 233:Christian symbolism 209:Western calligraphy 162:Leabhar Cheanannais 38:Leabhar Cheanannais 3970:(10th and 15th c.) 3944:Prosperous Crozier 3890:Monymusk Reliquary 3884:Breadalbane Brooch 3806:Ballinderry Brooch 3745:Processional cross 3710:Crucifixion plaque 3564:Pulliam, Heather. 3532:3 (1977): 119–120. 3525:9 (1955): 105–107. 3447:I (1972): 219–246. 3008:McGill, Douglas. " 2589:Brown 1980, 7, 84. 2535:Brown 1980, 83-91. 2478:Brown 1980, 92-95. 1982:on 2 February 2009 1930:Brown 1980, 17-23. 1713:www.people.vcu.edu 1672:In popular culture 1633: 1604: 1511: 1484: 1422:Isidore of Seville 1414:genealogy of Jesus 1410: 1325:Liber generationis 1320: 1292: 1233: 1200: 1148:evangelist symbols 1134:), from northeast 1031:genealogy of Jesus 1025:There are several 1018: 1014:genealogy of Jesus 981: 884: 861: 755:Folio 290v — 339v 741:Folio 188r — 290r 730:Folio 129v — 187v 559: 449:St Cuthbert Gospel 374:Echternach Gospels 358:fragmentary Gospel 354:Ambrosiana Orosius 330: 314:Liber generationis 299: 4260:Irish manuscripts 4207: 4206: 4100:Raghnall Ó Floinn 3998:Shrine of Miosach 3962:Ardboe High Cross 3926:Kilmainham Brooch 3902:Tully Lough Cross 3836:Lichfield Gospels 3818:Hunterston Brooch 3605:978-0-500-23392-4 3583:The Book of Kells 3561:10 (1956), 12–21. 3464:Farr, Carol Ann. 3386:. Köln: Taschen. 3365:The Book of Kells 3241:978-0-241-00304-6 3084:on 6 October 2014 2966:"Announcements". 2953:The Book of Kells 2890:Calkins 1983, 92. 2703:Calkins 1983, 85. 2671:Calkins 1983, 82. 2384:The Book of Kells 2350:Calkins 1983, 79. 2154:De Hamel, 134-135 2023:O'Donovan, John. 1951:978-1-60606-083-4 1919:The Innes Review 1871:McCaffrey, Carmel 1621:Thames and Hudson 1316:Gospel of Matthew 1146:, three pages of 987:letters (usually 766:insular majuscule 762: 761: 752: 616:Bishop of Clogher 610:for safekeeping. 402:Gospel of Matthew 382:Lichfield Gospels 318:Gospel of Matthew 260:Insular majuscule 183:, containing the 154:Codex Cenannensis 142: 141: 49:Christ enthroned. 36:Codex Cenannensis 31:The Book of Kells 4287: 3974:Soiscél Molaisse 3952:(9th or 10th c.) 3757: 3679: 3672: 3665: 3656: 3655: 3609: 3587: 3426: 3403:The Art Bulletin 3397: 3378: 3359: 3338: 3314:The Art Bulletin 3307: 3286: 3269:Henry, Françoise 3264: 3245: 3223: 3202: 3183: 3159: 3140: 3121: 3094: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3080:. Archived from 3070: 3064: 3063: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3036: 3030: 3023: 3017: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2783: 2777: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2756: 2754: 2737: 2731: 2730:Meehan 1994, 57. 2728: 2722: 2721:Henry 1974, 208. 2719: 2713: 2710: 2704: 2701: 2690: 2687: 2681: 2680:Henry 1974, 172. 2678: 2672: 2669: 2660: 2659: 2641: 2635: 2632: 2623: 2620: 2611: 2610:Henry 1974, 167. 2608: 2599: 2598:Meehan 1994, 22. 2596: 2590: 2587: 2581: 2578: 2572: 2569: 2563: 2560: 2554: 2551: 2545: 2542: 2536: 2533: 2527: 2526:Henry 1974, 158. 2524: 2518: 2517:Meehan 1994, 88. 2515: 2509: 2506: 2497: 2494: 2488: 2485: 2479: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2453: 2447: 2445: 2425: 2419: 2418: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2378: 2372: 2371:Henry 1974, 155. 2369: 2363: 2362:Henry 1974, 154. 2360: 2351: 2348: 2342: 2339: 2333: 2330: 2324: 2323:Henry 1974, 153. 2321: 2310: 2309:Henry 1974, 176. 2307: 2301: 2298: 2292: 2289: 2283: 2280: 2271: 2268: 2262: 2259: 2253: 2250: 2244: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2215: 2209: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2193: 2187: 2186:Henry 1974, 152. 2184: 2171: 2161: 2155: 2152: 2146: 2143: 2137: 2134: 2128: 2125: 2119: 2116: 2110: 2107: 2101: 2100:Henry 1974, 165. 2098: 2092: 2089: 2083: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2064: 2056: 2047: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2033:. Archived from 2020: 2014: 2013: 2011: 2009: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1976:"St. Columkille" 1971: 1965: 1962: 1956: 1955: 1937: 1931: 1928: 1922: 1915: 1909: 1906: 1900: 1897: 1891: 1890: 1867: 1861: 1858: 1852: 1849: 1843: 1842:Meehan 1994, 91. 1840: 1834: 1831: 1825: 1822: 1816: 1813: 1807: 1804: 1798: 1795: 1789: 1788:Henry 1974, 150. 1786: 1767: 1766: 1759: 1750: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1730: 1724: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1704: 1649:County Waterford 1229:Virgin and Child 1211:(as seen in the 1150:informed by the 1144:Virgin and Child 1084:John O. Westwood 750: 715:Folio 27v — 36v 682: 681: 584:Four Evangelists 539:Four Evangelists 507:Annals of Ulster 437: 342:Hiberno-Scottish 198: 96: 47: 28: 27: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4285: 4284: 4210: 4209: 4208: 4203: 4154:Anglo-Saxon art 4137: 4132:Margaret Stokes 4088: 4057: 4048:(early 12th c.) 4028:Lismore Crozier 3916:(8th or 9th c.) 3910:(8th or 9th c.) 3904:(8th or 9th c.) 3794: 3758: 3749: 3725:Insular crozier 3688: 3683: 3616: 3606: 3514:Lyons, Martyn. 3433: 3431:Further reading 3415:10.2307/3048962 3394: 3375: 3356: 3327:10.2307/3051211 3304: 3283: 3261: 3242: 3214:(34): 131–161. 3199: 3180: 3156: 3137: 3118: 3102: 3097: 3087: 3085: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3056: 3052: 3037: 3033: 3024: 3020: 3007: 3003: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2949: 2945: 2934: 2930: 2922: 2918: 2910: 2906: 2898: 2894: 2889: 2885: 2877: 2873: 2865: 2861: 2853: 2849: 2841: 2837: 2829: 2825: 2817: 2813: 2805: 2801: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2771: 2763: 2759: 2746:The City of God 2738: 2734: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2693: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2663: 2656: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2626: 2621: 2614: 2609: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2566: 2562:Brown 1980, 91. 2561: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2500: 2495: 2491: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2473: 2454: 2450: 2442: 2426: 2422: 2414:. p. 572. 2406: 2402: 2395: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2354: 2349: 2345: 2341:Brown 1980, 75. 2340: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2313: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2243:Meehan 1994, 9. 2242: 2238: 2228: 2226: 2225:. 14 April 2000 2217: 2216: 2212: 2202: 2200: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2174: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2140: 2136:De Hamel, p.133 2135: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2109:Brown 1980, 83. 2108: 2104: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2076: 2074: 2057: 2050: 2040: 2038: 2037:on 26 June 2009 2021: 2017: 2007: 2005: 2000: 1999: 1995: 1985: 1983: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1959: 1952: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1925: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1887: 1868: 1864: 1860:Brown 1980, 32. 1859: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1810: 1806:Brown 1980, 74. 1805: 1801: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1770: 1761: 1760: 1753: 1743: 1741: 1731: 1727: 1717: 1715: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1674: 1662: 1596: 1574: 1431:The City of God 1196:Eusebian Canons 1172:Arrest of Jesus 1101: 1074:, 17th century 1072:Thomas Ridgeway 1059: 1023: 997:Françoise Henry 957: 955:Text and script 857:Eusebian Canons 798: 751:(through 17:13) 718: 716: 704:Folio 1r — 27r 680: 624:Trinity College 600: 568:Gerald of Wales 564: 562:Book of Kildare 501: 499:Medieval period 284: 279: 248:recto and verso 166:Book of Columba 94: 59:Book of Columba 50: 37: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4293: 4283: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4149:Abbey of Kells 4145: 4143: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4112: 4110:Griffin Murray 4107: 4105:Peter Harbison 4102: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4069:British Museum 4065: 4063: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4042:(late-11th c.) 4037: 4031: 4025: 4024:(c. 1094–1105) 4019: 4018:(late 11th c.) 4013: 4012:(late 11th c.) 4007: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3976:(c. 1001–1011) 3971: 3965: 3959: 3958:(c. 9–11th c.) 3953: 3947: 3941: 3938:Book of Armagh 3935: 3929: 3923: 3920:Domnach Airgid 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3878:Ruthwell Cross 3875: 3869: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3848:Ardagh Chalice 3845: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3824:Book of Durrow 3821: 3815: 3809: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3766: 3764: 3760: 3759: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3696: 3694: 3690: 3689: 3682: 3681: 3674: 3667: 3659: 3651: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3623: 3615: 3614:External links 3612: 3611: 3610: 3604: 3588: 3577: 3562: 3555: 3547: 3540: 3533: 3526: 3519: 3512: 3505: 3498: 3491: 3484: 3477: 3462: 3448: 3441: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3427: 3398: 3392: 3379: 3373: 3360: 3354: 3339: 3308: 3302: 3287: 3281: 3265: 3259: 3246: 3240: 3234:. Allen Lane. 3224: 3203: 3197: 3184: 3178: 3160: 3154: 3141: 3135: 3122: 3116: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3095: 3065: 3050: 3031: 3018: 3014:New York Times 3001: 2958: 2943: 2928: 2916: 2904: 2892: 2883: 2871: 2859: 2847: 2835: 2823: 2811: 2799: 2787: 2778: 2769: 2757: 2732: 2723: 2714: 2705: 2691: 2682: 2673: 2661: 2654: 2636: 2624: 2612: 2600: 2591: 2582: 2573: 2564: 2555: 2546: 2537: 2528: 2519: 2510: 2498: 2489: 2480: 2471: 2448: 2440: 2420: 2400: 2393: 2373: 2364: 2352: 2343: 2334: 2325: 2311: 2302: 2293: 2284: 2272: 2263: 2254: 2252:Brown 1980, 7. 2245: 2236: 2210: 2188: 2172: 2156: 2147: 2138: 2129: 2120: 2111: 2102: 2093: 2084: 2048: 2015: 1993: 1966: 1957: 1950: 1932: 1923: 1910: 1908:Dodwell, p. 84 1901: 1892: 1885: 1862: 1853: 1844: 1835: 1826: 1817: 1808: 1799: 1790: 1768: 1751: 1725: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1673: 1670: 1661: 1658: 1639:The ill-fated 1595: 1592: 1573: 1570: 1568:the Nativity. 1100: 1097: 1058: 1055: 1022: 1019: 977:Gospel of John 956: 953: 814:Gospel of John 797: 794: 760: 759: 756: 753: 746: 745: 742: 739: 735: 734: 731: 728: 724: 723: 720: 713: 709: 708: 705: 702: 701:Preliminaries 698: 697: 694: 691: 687: 686: 679: 676: 668:Gospel of Mark 648:Celtic Revival 640:Queen Victoria 599: 596: 563: 560: 512:wrought shrine 500: 497: 453:Saint Cuthbert 390:Book of Armagh 370:Durham Gospels 366:Book of Durrow 296:Gospel of John 283: 280: 278: 275: 227:together with 217:Abbey of Kells 140: 139: 130: 126: 125: 115: 111: 110: 105: 101: 100: 97: 91: 90: 84: 80: 79: 76: 72: 71: 66: 62: 61: 56: 52: 51: 48: 40: 39: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4292: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4140: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4126:George Petrie 4124: 4121: 4120:Máire de Paor 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4091: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4060: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4046:Cross of Cong 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4008: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3992:Breac Maodhóg 3990: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3956:Kells Crozier 3954: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3932:Book of Kells 3930: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3872:Book of Dimma 3870: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3854:Rogart Brooch 3852: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3797: 3791: 3790:Triple spiral 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3767: 3765: 3761: 3756: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3740:Pictish stone 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3705:Celtic brooch 3703: 3701: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3680: 3675: 3673: 3668: 3666: 3661: 3660: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3617: 3607: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3592:Wilson, David 3589: 3585: 3584: 3578: 3575: 3574:1-85182-925-3 3571: 3567: 3563: 3560: 3556: 3553: 3548: 3545: 3541: 3538: 3534: 3531: 3527: 3524: 3520: 3517: 3513: 3510: 3506: 3503: 3499: 3496: 3492: 3489: 3485: 3482: 3478: 3475: 3474:0-7123-0499-1 3471: 3467: 3463: 3461: 3460:1-85182-298-4 3457: 3453: 3449: 3446: 3442: 3439: 3435: 3434: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3393:3-8228-5852-8 3389: 3385: 3380: 3376: 3374:1-85170-196-6 3370: 3366: 3361: 3357: 3355:0-8076-0825-4 3351: 3347: 3346: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3315: 3309: 3305: 3303:0-500-27790-7 3299: 3295: 3294: 3288: 3284: 3282:0-394-49475-X 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3260:0-500-23474-4 3256: 3252: 3247: 3243: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3200: 3198:0-85967-967-5 3194: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3179:0-300-06493-4 3175: 3171: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3155:0-8014-1506-3 3151: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3136:0-394-73960-4 3132: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3117:0-905203-01-1 3113: 3109: 3104: 3103: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3069: 3061: 3054: 3046: 3045:My Modern Net 3042: 3035: 3028: 3022: 3015: 3011: 3005: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2962: 2954: 2947: 2939: 2932: 2925: 2920: 2913: 2908: 2901: 2896: 2887: 2880: 2875: 2868: 2863: 2856: 2851: 2844: 2839: 2832: 2827: 2820: 2815: 2808: 2807:Matthew 27:38 2803: 2796: 2795:Matthew 26:31 2791: 2782: 2773: 2766: 2761: 2752: 2751:gutenberg.org 2748: 2747: 2742: 2736: 2727: 2718: 2709: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2686: 2677: 2668: 2666: 2657: 2655:9781606060834 2651: 2647: 2640: 2631: 2629: 2619: 2617: 2607: 2605: 2595: 2586: 2577: 2568: 2559: 2550: 2541: 2532: 2523: 2514: 2505: 2503: 2493: 2484: 2475: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2452: 2443: 2441:0-486-22923-8 2437: 2433: 2432: 2424: 2417: 2413: 2412: 2404: 2396: 2394:1-85170-196-6 2390: 2386: 2385: 2377: 2368: 2359: 2357: 2347: 2338: 2329: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2306: 2297: 2288: 2279: 2277: 2267: 2258: 2249: 2240: 2224: 2220: 2214: 2198: 2192: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2170: 2169:3-11-016950-9 2166: 2160: 2151: 2142: 2133: 2124: 2115: 2106: 2097: 2088: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2055: 2053: 2036: 2032: 2031: 2026: 2019: 2003: 1997: 1981: 1977: 1970: 1961: 1953: 1947: 1943: 1936: 1927: 1920: 1914: 1905: 1896: 1888: 1886:1-56131-072-7 1882: 1878: 1877: 1872: 1866: 1857: 1848: 1839: 1830: 1821: 1812: 1803: 1794: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1764: 1758: 1756: 1740: 1736: 1729: 1714: 1710: 1707:King, Laura. 1703: 1699: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1680: 1669: 1667: 1657: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1629: 1625: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1609: 1600: 1594:Reproductions 1591: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1552:Breves causae 1549: 1545: 1544:Breves causae 1541: 1540:Breves causae 1535: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1515:Breves causae 1507: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1480: 1476: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1380: 1379: 1374: 1373: 1368: 1367: 1361: 1359: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1289: 1284: 1280: 1278: 1277:Breves causae 1274: 1273:Breves causae 1269: 1268:Breves causae 1265: 1261: 1257: 1256:Breves causae 1252: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1230: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1204: 1197: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1154:described in 1153: 1149: 1145: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1124: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1096: 1093: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1035:Matthew 10:34 1032: 1028: 1015: 1010: 1006: 1003: 998: 994: 990: 986: 978: 973: 969: 966: 962: 952: 950: 946: 942: 941:Breves causae 938: 937:Breves causae 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 917:Breves causae 914: 910: 909:Breves causae 906: 901: 897: 896:Breves causae 893: 889: 888:Breves causae 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