Book of the Dead - Knowledge

1214: 1077: 40: 1156: 1357: 428: 1248: 408: 1036: 687: 4911: 866: 4899: 4872: 620: 1112:, who embodied truth and justice. Maat was often represented by an ostrich feather, the hieroglyphic sign for her name. At this point, there was a risk that the deceased's heart would bear witness, owning up to sins committed in life; Spell 30B guarded against this eventuality. If the scales balanced, this meant the deceased had led a good life. Anubis would take them to Osiris and they would find their place in the afterlife, becoming 3310: 783: 1139:

the Afterlife. John Taylor points out the wording of Spells 30B and 125 suggests a pragmatic approach to morality; by preventing the heart from contradicting him with any inconvenient truths, it seems that the deceased could enter the afterlife even if their life had not been entirely pure. Ogden Goelet says "without an exemplary and moral existence, there was no hope for a successful afterlife", while

1069: 1283:, most often from left to right, but also sometimes from right to left. The hieroglyphs were in columns, which were separated by black lines – a similar arrangement to that used when hieroglyphs were carved on tomb walls or monuments. Illustrations were put in frames above, below, or between the columns of text. The largest illustrations took up a full page of papyrus. 746:. Others are incantations to ensure the different elements of the dead person's being were preserved and reunited, and to give the deceased control over the world around him. Still others protect the deceased from various hostile forces or guide him through the underworld past various obstacles. Famously, two spells also deal with the judgment of the deceased in the 767:) was also intimately linked with the spoken and written word. The act of speaking a ritual formula was an act of creation; there is a sense in which action and speech were one and the same thing. The magical power of words extended to the written word. Hieroglyphic script was held to have been invented by the god 1028:, requiring them to undertake any manual labour that might be the owner's duty in the afterlife. It is also clear that the dead not only went to a place where the gods lived, but that they acquired divine characteristics themselves. In many occasions, the deceased is mentioned as "The Osiris – " in the 1125:

This scene is remarkable not only for its vividness but as one of the few parts of the Book of the Dead with any explicit moral content. The judgment of the dead and the Negative Confession were a representation of the conventional moral code which governed Egyptian society. For every "I have not..."

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papyrus, these spells appeared on amulets wound into the wrappings of a mummy. Everyday magic made use of amulets in huge numbers. Other items in direct contact with the body in the tomb, such as headrests, were also considered to have amuletic value. A number of spells also refer to Egyptian beliefs

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At present, some 192 spells are known, though no single manuscript contains them all. They served a range of purposes. Some are intended to give the deceased mystical knowledge in the afterlife, or perhaps to identify them with the gods: for instance, Spell 17 is an obscure and lengthy description of

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were most commonly written on the inner surfaces of coffins, though they are occasionally found on tomb walls or on papyri. The Coffin Texts were available to wealthy private individuals, vastly increasing the number of people who could expect to participate in the afterlife; a process which has been

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ethics are rules of conduct laid down by a perceived divine revelation, the Negative Confession is more a divine enforcement of everyday morality. Views differ among Egyptologists about how far the Negative Confession represents a moral absolute, with ethical purity being necessary for progress to

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contained spells aimed at preserving the body of the deceased, which may have been recited during the process of mummification. The heart, which was regarded as the aspect of being which included intelligence and memory, was also protected with spells, and in case anything happened to the physical

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was a difficult one. The deceased was required to pass a series of gates, caverns and mounds guarded by supernatural creatures. These terrifying entities were armed with enormous knives and are illustrated in grotesque forms, typically as human figures with the heads of animals or combinations of

1485:. In the mid-19th century, hieroglyphic fonts became available and made lithographic reproduction of manuscripts more feasible. In the present day, hieroglyphics can be rendered in desktop publishing software and this, combined with digital print technology, means that the costs of publishing a 1205:

were evidently part of the social elite; they were initially reserved for the royal family, but later papyri are found in the tombs of scribes, priests and officials. Most owners were men, and generally the vignettes included the owner's wife as well. Towards the beginning of the history of the

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papyri were often the work of several different scribes and artists whose work was literally pasted together. It is usually possible to identify the style of more than one scribe used on a given manuscript, even when the manuscript is a shorter one. The text and illustrations were produced by

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Project, as it is called, maintains a database of documentation and photography covering 80% of extant copies and fragments from the corpus of Book of the Dead texts, and provides current services to Egyptologists. It is housed at the University of Bonn, with much material available online.

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were magical as well as religious. Magic was as legitimate an activity as praying to the gods, even when the magic was aimed at controlling the gods themselves. Indeed, there was little distinction for the Ancient Egyptians between magical and religious practice. The concept of magic

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script, as well as in the traditional hieroglyphics. The hieratic scrolls were a cheaper version, lacking illustration apart from a single vignette at the beginning, and were produced on smaller papyri. At the same time, many burials used additional funerary texts, for instance the

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script. The calligraphy is similar to that of other hieratic manuscripts of the New Kingdom; the text is written in horizontal lines across wide columns (often the column size corresponds to the size of the papyrus sheets of which a scroll is made up). Occasionally a hieratic

1269:, the name "Ani" appears at the top or bottom of a column, or immediately following a rubric introducing him as the speaker of a block of text; the name appears in a different handwriting to the rest of the manuscript, and in some places is mis-spelt or omitted entirely. 553:

had become widespread not only for members of the royal family, but courtiers and other officials as well. At this stage, the spells were typically inscribed on linen shrouds wrapped around the dead, though occasionally they are found written on coffins or on papyrus.

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suggests that the Negative Confession is essentially similar to the spells protecting from demons, and that the success of the Weighing of the Heart depended on the mystical knowledge of the true names of the judges rather than on the deceased's moral behavior.

1210:, there are roughly ten copies belonging to men for every one for a woman. However, during the Third Intermediate Period, two were for women for every one for a man; and women owned roughly a third of the hieratic papyri from the Late and Ptolemaic Periods. 534:, where the new spells were included amongst older texts known from the Pyramid Texts and Coffin Texts. Some of the spells introduced at this time claim an older provenance; for instance the rubric to spell 30B states that it was discovered by the 1418:, starting in 1875 and completed in 1886, producing a three-volume work including a selection of vignettes for every one of the 186 spells he worked with, the more significant variations of the text for every spell, and commentary. In 1867 234:, which were painted onto objects, not written on papyrus. Some of the spells included in the book were drawn from these older works and date to the 3rd millennium BC. Other spells were composed later in Egyptian history, dating to the 1231:

could vary widely; the longest is 40 m long while some are as short as 1 m. They are composed of sheets of papyrus joined together, the individual papyri varying in width from 15 cm to 45 cm. The scribes working on

1014:, a group of gods, as well as his or her own parents. While the depiction of the Field of Reeds is pleasant and plentiful, it is also clear that manual labour is required. For this reason burials included a number of statuettes named 1010:', a paradisiac likeness of the real world. The Field of Reeds is depicted as a lush, plentiful version of the Egyptian way of living. There are fields, crops, oxen, people and waterways. The deceased person is shown encountering the 819:

there was no defined order or structure. In fact, until Paul Barguet's 1967 "pioneering study" of common themes between texts, Egyptologists concluded there was no internal structure at all. It is only from the Saite period

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by name, while reciting the sins they did not commit during their lifetime. This process allowed the dead to demonstrate that they knew each of the judges' names or Ren and established that they were pure, and free of sin.

722:, which can mean "mouth", "speech", "spell", "utterance", "incantation", or "chapter of a book". This ambiguity reflects the similarity in Egyptian thought between ritual speech and magical power. In the context of the 1056:; once pacified they posed no further threat, and could even extend their protection to the dead person. Another breed of supernatural creatures was 'slaughterers' who killed the unrighteous on behalf of Osiris; the 1052:

different ferocious beasts. Their names—for instance, "He who lives on snakes" or "He who dances in blood"—are equally grotesque. These creatures had to be pacified by reciting the appropriate spells included in the

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texts. This later received sponsorship from the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the German Research Foundation, in 2004 coming under the auspices of the German Academies of Sciences and Arts. Today the

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was produced to order by scribes. They were commissioned by people in preparation for their own funerals, or by the relatives of someone recently deceased. They were expensive items; one source gives the price of a

950:, or shadow of the deceased, was preserved by spells 91, 92 and 188. If all these aspects of the person could be variously preserved, remembered, and satiated, then the dead person would live on in the form of an 926:, or life-force, remained in the tomb with the dead body, and required sustenance from offerings of food, water and incense. In case priests or relatives failed to provide these offerings, Spell 105 ensured the 643:

was updated, revised and standardized. Spells were ordered and numbered consistently for the first time. This standardized version is known today as the 'Saite recension', after the Saite (26th) Dynasty. In the

70:, scribe of the gods, records the result. If his heart equals exactly the weight of the feather, Hunefer is allowed to pass into the afterlife. If not, he is eaten by the waiting chimeric devouring creature 856:: Having been vindicated, the deceased assumes power in the universe as one of the gods. This section also includes assorted chapters on protective amulets, provision of food, and important places. 187:(around 1550 BC) to around 50 BC. "Book" is the closest term to describe the loose collection of texts consisting of a number of magic spells intended to assist a dead person's journey through the 1060:

equipped its owner to escape their attentions. As well as these supernatural entities, there were also threats from natural or supernatural animals, including crocodiles, snakes, and beetles.

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used for the titles of spells, opening and closing sections of spells, the instructions to perform spells correctly in rituals, and also for the names of dangerous creatures such as the demon

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papyri took more care over their work than those working on more mundane texts; care was taken to frame the text within margins, and to avoid writing on the joints between sheets. The words

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Two 'gate spells'. On the top register, Ani and his wife face the 'seven gates of the House of Osiris'. Below, they encounter ten of the 21 'mysterious portals of the House of Osiris in the

252:. The surviving papyri contain a varying selection of religious and magical texts and vary considerably in their illustration. Some people seem to have commissioned their own copies of the 1379:, well before its contents could be understood. Since it was found in tombs, it was evidently a document of a religious nature, and this led to the widespread but mistaken belief that the 771:, and the hieroglyphs themselves were powerful. Written words conveyed the full force of a spell. This was even true when the text was abbreviated or omitted, as often occurred in later 1569:

42–553 AD – Christianity spreads to Egypt, gradually replacing the native religion as successive emperors alternately tolerate or suppress them, culminating in the last temple at

491:. Towards the end of the Old Kingdom, the Pyramid Texts ceased to be an exclusively royal privilege, and were adopted by regional governors and other high-ranking officials. 1607:

announces the key to the decipherment of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic writing, subsequently developed in his later publications, the most extensive after his death in 1832

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was satisfied. The name of the dead person, which constituted their individuality and was required for their continued existence, was written in many places throughout the

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style; many of the hieroglyphs representing humans or animals were left incomplete or drawn mutilated, most likely to prevent them causing any harm to the dead pharaoh.

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has always posed technical difficulties thanks to the need to copy very long hieroglyphic texts. Initially, these were copied out by hand, with the assistance either of

3231: 3068: 1410:). He also introduced the spell numbering system which is still in use, identifying 165 different spells. Lepsius promoted the idea of a comparative edition of the 1190:

of silver, perhaps half the annual pay of a laborer. Papyrus itself was evidently costly, as there are many instances of its re-use in everyday documents, creating

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continued to be based on the Saite recension, though increasingly abbreviated towards the end of the Ptolemaic period. New funerary texts appeared, including the

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The nature of the afterlife which the dead people enjoyed is difficult to define, because of the differing traditions within Ancient Egyptian religion. In the

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Egyptian Book of the Dead, painted on a coffin fragment (c. 747–656 BC): Spell 79 (attaching the soul to the body); and Spell 80 (preventing incoherent speech)

468:, around 2400 BC. These texts were written on the walls of the burial chambers within pyramids, and were exclusively for the use of the pharaoh (and, from the 775:

scrolls, particularly if the accompanying images were present. The Egyptians also believed that knowing the name of something gave power over it; thus, the

2675: 2590: 1497: 1433:, Birch's successor at the British Museum, is still in wide circulation – including both his hieroglyphic editions and his English translations of the 1263:

Books were often prefabricated in funerary workshops, with spaces being left for the name of the deceased to be written in later. For instance, in the

907: 1437:, though the latter are now considered inaccurate and out-of-date. More recent translations in English have been published by T. G. Allen (1974) and 922: 944:, depicted as a human-headed bird, which could "go forth by day" from the tomb into the world; spells 61 and 89 acted to preserve it. Finally, the 389: 952: 840:: Explanation of the mythic origin of the gods and places. The deceased is made to live again so that he may arise, reborn, with the morning sun. 3224: 946: 1310:

was written in both black and red ink, regardless of whether it was in hieroglyphic or hieratic script. Most of the text was in black, with

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composed of the deadly crocodile, lion, and hippopotamus. Vignettes such as these were a common illustration in Egyptian books of the dead.

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In 2023, the Ministry of Antiquities announced the finding of sections of the Book of the Dead on a 16-foot papyrus in a coffin near the

380: 226:, which was placed in the coffin or burial chamber of the deceased, was part of a tradition of funerary texts which includes the earlier 1108:, reciting a text known as the "Negative Confession". Then the dead person's heart was weighed on a pair of scales, against the goddess 3110: 3217: 2533:

The Book of the Dead or Going Forth by Day. Ideas of the Ancient Egyptians Concerning the Hereafter as Expressed in Their Own Terms,

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may be considerably reduced. However, a very large amount of the source material in museums around the world remains unpublished.

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made use of several magical techniques which can also be seen in other areas of Egyptian life. A number of spells are for magical

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equips its owner with the mystical names of many of the entities he would encounter in the afterlife, giving him power over them.

193:, or underworld, and into the afterlife and written by many priests over a period of about 1,000 years. In 1842, the Egyptologist 94: 1573:(also site of the last known religious inscription in demotic, dating from 452) being closed by order of Emperor Justinian in 533 1213: 238:(11th to 7th centuries BC). A number of the spells which make up the Book continued to be separately inscribed on tomb walls and 120: 117: 112: 109: 104: 97: 90: 4951: 2460:

The Egyptian Book of the Dead, The Book of Going forth by Day. The First Authentic Presentation of the Complete Papyrus of Ani

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was unique, containing a different mixture of spells drawn from the corpus of texts available. For most of the history of the

4362: 3193: 2512: 125: 123: 115: 107: 102: 99: 92: 393: 4956: 3299: 1171:, except for hieroglyphics in the vignette. The use of red pigment, and the joins between papyrus sheets, are also visible. 4777: 3334: 2661: 1116:, meaning "vindicated" or "true of voice". If the heart was out of balance with Maat, then another fearsome beast called 343: 502:. The Coffin Texts used a newer version of the language, new spells, and included illustrations for the first time. The 397: 3254: 3179: 1644: 1426:

published the first extensive English translation. In 1876 he published a photographic copy of the Papyrus of Nebseny.

969: 834:: The deceased enters the tomb and descends to the underworld, and the body regains its powers of movement and speech. 4742: 4737: 4492: 3344: 2568: 2550: 2498: 2477: 2453: 1639: 31: 718:

is made up of a number of individual texts and their accompanying illustrations. Most sub-texts begin with the word

4785: 3689: 3172: 3117: 17: 4682: 3329: 3259: 3145: 1614:, begins the numbering of the spells or chapters, and brings the name "Book of the Dead" into general circulation 1122:, the Devourer, stood ready to eat it and put the dead person's afterlife to an early and rather unpleasant end. 681: 358: 180: 4936: 3724: 3054: 3014: 414: 2975: 1466:. Both are in print by Harrassowitz Verlag. Orientverlag has released another series of related monographs, 3349: 3284: 2884: 1448:

In the 1970s, Ursula Rößler-Köhler at the University of Bonn began a working group to develop the history of

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as one of the blessed dead. In the evening, the deceased travels to the underworld to appear before Osiris.

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A Reader of Ancient Near Eastern Texts: Sources for the Study of the Old Testament,"Negative Confessions"

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Such spells as 26–30, and sometimes spells 6 and 126, relate to the heart and were inscribed on scarabs.

664: 487:; at this period the afterlife was seen as being in the sky, rather than the underworld described in the 1513:

c. 3150 BC – First preserved hieroglyphs, on small labels in the tomb of a king buried (in tomb U-j) at

205:), translated to English as 'Book of the Dead'. The original Egyptian name for the text, transliterated 4961: 4889: 4752: 3264: 3163: 2894: 1399: 672:

was in the 1st century BC, though some artistic motifs drawn from it were still in use in Roman times.

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The Egyptian Book of the Dead: Documents in the Oriental Institute Museum at the University of Chicago

1076: 4931: 4795: 4767: 3240: 3124: 2982: 600: 589: 369: 256:, perhaps choosing the spells they thought most vital in their own progression to the afterlife. The 235: 39: 1155: 1105: 596:

in particular, the vignettes tended to be lavish, sometimes at the expense of the surrounding text.

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into the presence of Osiris. There, the dead person swore that he had not committed any sin from a

901:, or modes of existence. Funerary rituals served to re-integrate these different aspects of being. 480: 2642:, with many scenes and their formula English translations, from the copy now in the British Museum 4577: 2966: 2826: 2770: 495: 208: 4747: 4527: 4512: 4328: 4251: 3529: 3364: 3096: 1493: 261: 2996: 2595: 1559:

c. 1550 BC – From this time onward to the beginning of the New Kingdom, papyrus copies of the

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in the Negative Confession, it is possible to read an unexpressed "Thou shalt not". While the

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The Books of the Dead from the Saite period tend to organize the Chapters into four sections:

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1798 AD – Napoleon's invasion of Egypt encourages European interests in ancient Egypt; 1799,

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The Weighing of the Heart as depicted in the Papyrus of Hunefer (19th Dynasty, c. 1300 BC)

337: 8: 4482: 4298: 4286: 3138: 3131: 3075: 3061: 2951: 2645: 2573: 1438: 1280: 1256: 385: 2408: 4966: 4695: 4462: 3714: 3479: 3279: 2874: 2699: 1553: 1430: 936: 527: 288: 44: 1415: 479:

The purpose of the Pyramid Texts was to help the dead king take his place amongst the

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Studies on the Illustrated Theban Funerary Papyri of the 11th and 10th Centuries B.C.

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Papyrus of Ani: some of the 42 Judges of Maat are visible, seated and in small size.

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Spell For Not Letting Ani's Heart Create Opposition Against Him, in the Gods' Domain

798:, which would protect the deceased from harm. In addition to being represented on a 4542: 3931: 3639: 2903: 1356: 1127: 649: 148: 4915: 4700: 4522: 4176: 4136: 4081: 3739: 3704: 3416: 3359: 3339: 2684: 2639: 2617: 2033:

Spells 100–2, 129–131 and 133–136. Taylor 2010, p.239–241

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Müller-Roth, Marcus, "The Book of the Dead Project: Past, present and future."

2383:"52-foot-long Book of the Dead papyrus from ancient Egypt discovered at Saqqara" 1337:. Others contain only line drawings, or one simple illustration at the opening. 1244:

sometimes appear on the reverse of the outer margin, perhaps acting as a label.

3901: 3821: 3734: 3599: 3426: 3047: 3040: 2879: 2869: 2410:

Copie figurée d'un rouleau de papyrus trouvé à Thèbes, dans un tombeau des rois

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Copie figurée d'un rouleau de papyrus trouvé à Thèbes, dans un tombeau des rois

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developed from a tradition of funerary manuscripts dating back to the Egyptian

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c. 3000 BC – The beginning of the numbered dynasties of kings of ancient Egypt

522:, around 1700 BC. The earliest known occurrence of the spells included in the 4925: 4851: 4805: 4762: 4717: 4662: 4547: 4390: 4385: 4151: 3871: 3654: 3524: 3464: 2806: 2750: 2719: 2653: 1625: 1514: 1482: 1478: 902: 542:, many hundreds of years before it is attested in the archaeological record. 515: 457: 433: 227: 3209: 2446:

Middle Egyptian – An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs

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Das Altagyptische Totenbuch: Ein Digitales Textzeugenarchiv (external link)

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1805 AD – Jean-Marcel Cadet makes the first publication, on 18 plates, of a

4810: 4800: 4790: 4757: 4732: 4647: 4587: 4582: 4567: 4552: 4477: 4431: 4216: 4026: 3906: 3846: 3594: 3519: 3498: 2928: 2921: 2801: 2743: 2465: 1632: 1584: 1333:

varies widely. Some contain lavish color illustrations, even making use of

1287: 1186: 1135: 847: 821: 710:; and a human head rising from a coffin, guarded by the four Sons of Horus. 703: 699: 636: 632: 593: 574: 499: 333: 231: 1351: 4836: 4667: 3971: 3814: 3644: 3614: 3609: 3474: 3324: 3289: 2934: 2538: 1376: 1247: 1164: 1084:

The deceased's first task was to correctly address each of the forty-two

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was a blessed spirit with magical powers who would dwell among the gods.

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depict Egyptian beliefs about the nature of death and the afterlife. The

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was typically written on a papyrus scroll, and the text illustrated with

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The Papyrus of Nu (Catalogue of Books of the Dead in the British Museum)

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is shown on the far left, a vignette from the papyrus for Ankhefenkhonsu

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in 1888 by Egyptians trading in illegal antiquities. It was acquired by

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by Anonymous (2 Jun 2014) ...with an introduction by Paul Mirecki (VII)

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and for a time painted on the coffins of commoners. Many spells of the

1191: 1035: 934:, and spell 25 ensured the deceased would remember their own name. The 763: 686: 570: 473: 1566:

c. 600 BC – Approximately when the order of the spells became standard

1414:, drawing on all relevant manuscripts. This project was undertaken by 889:

is a vital source of information about Egyptian beliefs in this area.

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Affiliated scholars are authoring a series of monograph studies, the

1445:, more spells have been identified, and the total now stands at 192. 1388: 1334: 1024:. These statuettes were inscribed with a spell, also included in the 619: 535: 246: 1348:

where the text was completed but the illustrations were left empty.

4910: 4841: 4592: 4436: 4338: 4323: 4041: 4036: 3956: 3891: 3881: 3799: 3749: 3584: 3459: 2816: 2764: 2630:(with descriptions of the (c. 3000) objects and (c. 20,000) images) 1470:, focused on analysis, synoptic comparison, and textual criticism. 1295: 1168: 694:. The vignette at the top illustrates, from left to right, the god 608: 539: 265: 3309: 998:

as he travelled the sky in his sun-barque, and help him fight off

4856: 4826: 4657: 4627: 4617: 4532: 4441: 4380: 4266: 4261: 4196: 4191: 4161: 4106: 4056: 4031: 3896: 3866: 3861: 3759: 3624: 3559: 3534: 2841: 2831: 2775: 2737: 1131: 1100:" ritual, depicted in Spell 125. The deceased was led by the god 1020: 351: 315: 269: 55: 2623: 2505:

Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead: Journey through the afterlife

1462:, alongside a series that publishes the manuscripts themselves, 782: 183:

generally written on papyrus and used from the beginning of the

4690: 4637: 4562: 4467: 4410: 4405: 4348: 4333: 4318: 4241: 4226: 4206: 4201: 4146: 4131: 4111: 4076: 4006: 3981: 3961: 3951: 3941: 3926: 3916: 3911: 3779: 3754: 3744: 3679: 3664: 3649: 3579: 3574: 3549: 3544: 3484: 3469: 3436: 3421: 3411: 3401: 3396: 2811: 1649: 1570: 1563:

are used instead of inscribing spells on the walls of the tombs

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c. 2345 BC – First royal pyramid, of King Unas, to contain the

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The finest extant example of the Egyptian in antiquity is the

63: 1526:, carved precursors to the funerary literature from which the 1068: 206: 4612: 4602: 4597: 4572: 4281: 4246: 4236: 4186: 4156: 4101: 4086: 4061: 4051: 4011: 3986: 3976: 3966: 3921: 3876: 3831: 3809: 3804: 3789: 3784: 3774: 3699: 3669: 3569: 3564: 3539: 2821: 2796: 1654: 1384: 1323: 1118: 940:

was a free-ranging spirit aspect of the deceased. It was the

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depicting the deceased and their journey into the afterlife.

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Das altägyptische Totenbuch - ein digitales Textzeugenarchiv

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Faulkner, Raymond O (translator); von Dassow, Eva (editor),

242:, as the spells from which they originated always had been. 4652: 4607: 4537: 4507: 4502: 4472: 4457: 4426: 4375: 4370: 4308: 4271: 4211: 4091: 3946: 3629: 3604: 3589: 3554: 3514: 3454: 3444: 3391: 3269: 2836: 1580:

were produced, but it is a poorly documented era of history

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The style and nature of the vignettes used to illustrate a

1315: 1109: 1040: 1007: 999: 983: 860: 743: 472:, the queen). The Pyramid Texts were written in an unusual 461: 442: 189: 59: 2636:, with several images and reproductions of Egyptian papyri 1096:

could be negotiated, the deceased would be judged in the "

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One aspect of death was the disintegration of the various

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SAOC vol. 37; University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1974.

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1842 AD – Lepsius publishes the first major study of the

2545:. Translated by David Lorton. Cornell University Press. 905:

served to preserve and transform the physical body into

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Discovery, translation, interpretation and preservation

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develop and spread further. The famous Spell 125, the '

484: 2158: 2156: 2110:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 149–150. 1820: 1818: 1816: 483:, in particular to reunite him with his divine father 4887: 2561:

Mummies and Magic: the Funerary Arts of Ancient Egypt

2211: 2209: 2207: 2146: 2144: 2042:

Spells 109, 110 and 149. Taylor 2010, p.238–240

1398:

published a translation of a manuscript dated to the

507:

described as the "democratization of the afterlife".

2192: 1934: 1876: 1874: 1859: 1845: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1728: 2448:, first edition, Cambridge University Press, 2000. 2153: 1813: 978:, the dead were taken into the presence of the god 283:. Ani was an Egyptian scribe. It was discovered in 62:against the feather of truth, by the jackal-headed 2626:Complete digital archive of all witnesses for the 2604:. OBO vol. 86; Universitätsverlag, Freiburg, 1989. 2428:. New York: Granta Publications. pp. 112–113. 2204: 2141: 869:A vignette in The Papyrus of Ani, from Spell 30B: 417:The entire Papyrus of Ani. (Scroll left or right.) 2484:British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan 2308:"Egypt's Place in Universal History", Vol 5, 1867 1871: 1725: 1576:2nd century AD – Possibly the last copies of the 4923: 1220:of Sobekmose, the Goldworker of Amun, 31.1777e, 1889:Taylor 2010, p.32–3; Faulkner 1994, p.148 1147: 2683: 3239: 3225: 2669: 2646:Video: British Museum curator introduces the 1047:The path to the afterlife as laid out in the 911:, an idealized form with divine aspects; the 846:: The deceased travels across the sky in the 2528:. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1960. 1464:Handschriften des Altägyptischen Totenbuches 1043:'. All are guarded by unpleasant protectors. 400:), fragments, many destroyed in modern times 3104:Self-Portrait with Death Playing the Fiddle 2470:The Ancient Egyptian books of the Afterlife 1979:For instance, Spell 154. Taylor 2010, p.161 1556:, an ancestor of kings from the New Kingdom 803:about the magical healing power of saliva. 381:Book of the Dead (Art Institute of Chicago) 197:introduced for these texts the German name 3232: 3218: 3111:Skull of a Skeleton with Burning Cigarette 2676: 2662: 2580:. University of Texas Press, Austin, 1972. 2374: 1441:(1972). As more work has been done on the 920:with a body to provide a replacement. The 2426:How to Read the Egyptian Book of the Dead 1344:different scribes; there are a number of 824:) onwards that there is a defined order. 1928:Le Livre des morts des anciens Égyptiens 1355: 1246: 1212: 1154: 1075: 1067: 1034: 1006:also depicts the dead living on in the ' 864: 861:Egyptian concepts of death and afterlife 781: 702:; a gateway to the realm of Osiris; the 685: 618: 426: 38: 2462:. Chronicle Books, San Francisco, 1994. 2250: 2248: 1925: 1810:Faulkner 1994, p.145; Taylor 2010, p.29 982:, who was confined to the subterranean 726:, it is typically translated as either 325:, or "Campbell Papyrus", British Museum 58:'s heart being weighed on the scale of 14: 4924: 2507:. British Museum Press, London, 2010. 2493:. British Museum Press, London, 1994. 2105: 986:. There are also spells to enable the 302: 3213: 3194:Do not go gentle into that good night 2657: 2587:. British Museum Press, London, 1997. 2578:The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead 2563:. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 1989. 2413:. Paris: Levrault, Schoell & Cie. 2406: 2380: 1930:(in French). Paris: Éditions du Cerf. 916:heart, it was common to bury jeweled 2543:Death and Salvation in Ancient Egypt 2423: 2245: 1548:c. 1600 BC – Earliest spells of the 1460:Studien zum Altägyptischen Totenbuch 1198:was written on second-hand papyrus. 873:, which contains a depiction of the 569:', is first known from the reign of 460:, first used in the Pyramid of King 456:. The first funerary texts were the 291:, as described in his autobiography 1303:contains captions in hieroglyphic. 1002:. As well as joining the Gods, the 623:Deities with varying animal heads, 498:, a new funerary text emerged, the 344:Book of the Dead of Nehem-es-Rataui 272:scroll, and often illustrated with 24: 4942:Funerary texts in ancient Egyptian 3180:Because I could not stop for Death 2518: 2472:. Cornell University Press, 1999. 1645:Ghosts in ancient Egyptian culture 1496:. This scroll is now known as the 1326:, in both cases mixed with water. 1318:. The black ink used was based on 970:Ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs 25: 4978: 4743:Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld 4738:The Contendings of Horus and Seth 2608: 1640:List of papyri from ancient Egypt 1363:, first translator of a complete 32:Book of the Dead (disambiguation) 4909: 4897: 4870: 4786:Beautiful Festival of the Valley 3308: 3173:And death shall have no dominion 3118:Sleep and His Half-Brother Death 2381:Jarus, Owen (January 26, 2023). 2272:Taylor 2010, p. 267–8 2224:Taylor 2010, p. 62–63 1710:Utterances of Going Forth by Day 690:The mystical Spell 17, from the 406: 3146:The Three Ages of Man and Death 3069:Gather Ye Rosebuds While Ye May 2417: 2400: 2365: 2356: 2347: 2338: 2329: 2320: 2311: 2302: 2293: 2284: 2275: 2266: 2257: 2236: 2227: 2218: 2183: 2174: 2165: 2132: 2123: 2114: 2099: 2090: 2081: 2072: 2063: 2054: 2045: 2036: 2027: 2018: 2009: 2000: 1991: 1982: 1973: 1964: 1955: 1946: 1919: 1910: 1901: 1892: 1883: 1836: 1827: 1804: 1795: 1786: 1777: 1768: 892: 806: 682:List of Book of the Dead spells 359:Book of the Dead of Amen-em-hat 2435: 1759: 1750: 1741: 1716: 1707:Taylor 2010, p.55; or perhaps 1701: 1692: 1680: 1671: 584:. From this period onward the 422: 181:ancient Egyptian funerary text 43:This detailed scene, from the 27:Ancient Egyptian funerary text 13: 1: 4952:2nd millennium BC in religion 2885:Capuchin catacombs of palermo 1687:The Egyptian Book of the Dead 1660: 1545:are closely derived from them 1507: 578: 295:in 1888 and was taken to the 260:was most commonly written in 216:Spells of Coming Forth by Day 138:Spells of Coming Forth by Day 48: 2051:Taylor 2010, p.242–245 1665: 1092:If all the obstacles of the 963: 756:The texts and images of the 734:. In this article, the word 526:is from the coffin of Queen 518:toward the beginning of the 373:, Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, 207: 7: 4957:Works of unknown authorship 4728:Book of Traversing Eternity 2957:The Masque of the Red Death 2576:; Andrews, Carol (editor), 2407:Cadet, Jean-Marcel (1805). 2344:Müller-Roth 2010, p.190-191 2335:Hornung 1999, p.15–16 2106:Coogan, Michael D. (2013). 2096:Taylor 2010, p. 184–7 1618: 1290:onward, more copies of the 1063: 698:as a representation of the 665:Book of Traversing Eternity 441:, inscribed on the tomb of 10: 4983: 4753:Litany of the Eye of Horus 3306: 2503:Taylor, John H. (Editor), 2468:; Lorton, D (translator), 2371:Taylor 2010, p.292–7 2317:Taylor 2010, p.289 92 2201:Faulkner 1994, p. 142 2078:Taylor 2010, p.136–7 1970:Taylor 2010, p.17 & 20 1636:(Tibetan book of the dead) 1375:was known as early as the 967: 679: 520:Second Intermediate Period 82: 29: 4865: 4819: 4796:Coronation of the pharaoh 4776: 4768:Spell of the Twelve Caves 4681: 4491: 4450: 4419: 4361: 3505: 3493: 3435: 3382: 3373: 3317: 3247: 3241:Ancient Egyptian religion 3162: 3013: 2983:Death and Transfiguration 2965: 2913: 2893: 2862: 2855: 2784: 2771:Personifications of death 2692: 2171:Taylor 2010,p.204–5 1907:Pinch 1994, p.104–5 1898:Taylor 2010, p.30–1 1792:Taylor 2010, p.59 60 1783:Taylor 2010, p.57–8 1774:Taylor 2010, p.35–7 1605:Jean-François Champollion 1587:was handed a copy of the 1552:, on the coffin of Queen 1402:era and coined the name " 1279:was typically written in 675: 601:Third Intermediate Period 370:Book of the Dead of Qenna 328:Book of the Dead of Kha, 236:Third Intermediate Period 4877:Ancient Egypt portal 4723:Book of the Heavenly Cow 2758:Sic transit gloria mundi 2299:Taylor 210, p.288 9 2281:Taylor 2010, p. 268 2263:Taylor 2010, p. 277 2254:Taylor 2010, p. 270 2242:Taylor 2010, p. 266 2233:Taylor 2010, p. 267 2215:Taylor 2010, p. 264 1383:was the equivalent of a 179:is the name given to an 4578:Horus on the Crocodiles 2990:Der Tod und das Mädchen 2827:Post-mortem photography 2362:Müller-Roth 2010, p.191 2189:Taylor 2010, p. 62 245:There was no single or 4748:Great Hymn to the Aten 4528:Crown of justification 4252:Souls of Pe and Nekhen 3530:Amenhotep, son of Hapu 3365:Veneration of the dead 2531:Allen, Thomas George, 2524:Allen, Thomas George, 2491:Magic in Ancient Egypt 2006:Taylor 2010, p.17, 164 1926:Barguet, Paul (1967). 1713:, D'Auria 1988, p. 187 1494:Step Pyramid of Djoser 1368: 1260: 1224: 1172: 1081: 1073: 1044: 878: 787: 711: 668:. The last use of the 628: 445: 388:(Books of the Dead of 75: 4937:18th-century BC books 2733:Lamentation of Christ 1833:Taylor 2010, p.51, 56 1537:, developed from the 1473:Research work on the 1371:The existence of the 1359: 1322:, and the red ink on 1250: 1216: 1158: 1098:Weighing of the Heart 1079: 1071: 1038: 868: 785: 748:Weighing of the Heart 689: 622: 607:started to appear in 567:Weighing of the Heart 538:in the reign of King 437:, a precursor of the 430: 348:Museum August Kestner 330:Tomb of Kha and Merit 42: 3350:Opening of the mouth 3153:The Triumph of Death 3055:Death and the Maiden 2727:Death and the Maiden 2687:and mortality in art 2634:Online Readable Text 2486:15 (2010): 189–200. 2424:Kemp, Barry (2007). 1988:Taylor 2010, p.163-4 1961:Taylor 2010, p.16-17 1943:Faulkner 1994, p.141 1868:Faulkner 1994, p.145 1856:Faulkner 1994, p.146 1530:ultimately developed 1396:Karl Richard Lepsius 1361:Karl Richard Lepsius 1227:The dimensions of a 994:of the dead to join 706:; the celestial cow 364:Royal Ontario Museum 299:, where it remains. 195:Karl Richard Lepsius 54:), shows the scribe 30:For other uses, see 4483:The Indestructibles 4287:Hermes Trismegistus 3139:The Shadow of Death 3132:The Garden of Death 3076:La Calavera Catrina 3062:Death and the Miser 2574:Faulkner, Raymond O 2290:Faulkner 1994, p.13 2162:Faulkner 1994, p.14 2120:Taylor 2010, p. 208 2087:Taylor 2010, p. 188 1824:Faulkner 1994, p.18 1747:D'Auria et al p.187 1533:c. 2100 BC – First 1439:Raymond O. Faulkner 1281:cursive hieroglyphs 1257:cursive hieroglyphs 1242:coming forth by day 1201:Most owners of the 514:first developed in 386:Joseph Smith Papyri 303:Examples in museums 213:, is translated as 157:(1550–1069 BC) 4947:Egyptian mythology 4696:Books of Breathing 3715:Four sons of Horus 2952:Hamlet's soliloquy 2875:Catacombs of Paris 2700:All flesh is grass 2640:Papyrus of Hunefer 2489:Pinch, Geraldine, 2326:Taylor 2010, p.291 2150:Taylor 2010, p.212 2138:Taylor 2010, p.215 2129:Taylor 2010, p.209 2069:Taylor 2010, p.135 2060:Taylor 2010, p.143 2015:Taylor 2010, p.164 1997:Taylor 2010, p.163 1842:Hornung 1999, p.14 1765:Taylor 2010, p. 55 1738:Taylor 2010, p. 54 1698:Allen, 2000. p.316 1431:E. A. Wallis Budge 1369: 1261: 1251:A close-up of the 1225: 1173: 1082: 1074: 1045: 881:The spells in the 879: 790:The spells of the 788: 712: 629: 446: 336:, Torino, Italy, ( 293:By Nile and Tigris 289:E. A. Wallis Budge 76: 66:. The ibis-headed 45:Papyrus of Hunefer 4962:Books about death 4885: 4884: 4847:Mysteries of Isis 4820:Related religions 4713:Book of the Earth 4357: 4356: 3207: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3090:Pyramid of Skulls 3023:Et in Arcadia ego 2615:The Mummy Chamber 2591:Niwinski, Andrzej 2513:978-0-7141-1993-9 2180:Pinch 1994, p.155 2024:Taylor 2010, p.17 1916:Taylor 2010, p.55 1880:Taylor 2010, p.30 1801:Taylor 2010, p.51 1756:Taylor 2010, p.34 1677:Taylor 2010, p.54 1404:Book of The Dead" 1194:. In one case, a 1086:Assessors of Maat 659:Book of Breathing 201:(modern spelling 170: 169: 158: 133: 132: 129: 128: 16:(Redirected from 4974: 4932:Book of the Dead 4914: 4913: 4902: 4901: 4900: 4893: 4875: 4874: 4873: 4707:Book of the Dead 4543:Egyptian obelisk 3932:Kothar-wa-Khasis 3380: 3379: 3345:Offering formula 3340:Mortuary temples 3330:Embalming ritual 3312: 3234: 3227: 3220: 3211: 3210: 2941:Book of the Dead 2904:The Seventh Seal 2860: 2859: 2678: 2671: 2664: 2655: 2654: 2648:Book of the Dead 2628:Book of the Dead 2599: 2430: 2429: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2378: 2372: 2369: 2363: 2360: 2354: 2351: 2345: 2342: 2336: 2333: 2327: 2324: 2318: 2315: 2309: 2306: 2300: 2297: 2291: 2288: 2282: 2279: 2273: 2270: 2264: 2261: 2255: 2252: 2243: 2240: 2234: 2231: 2225: 2222: 2216: 2213: 2202: 2199: 2190: 2187: 2181: 2178: 2172: 2169: 2163: 2160: 2151: 2148: 2139: 2136: 2130: 2127: 2121: 2118: 2112: 2111: 2103: 2097: 2094: 2088: 2085: 2079: 2076: 2070: 2067: 2061: 2058: 2052: 2049: 2043: 2040: 2034: 2031: 2025: 2022: 2016: 2013: 2007: 2004: 1998: 1995: 1989: 1986: 1980: 1977: 1971: 1968: 1962: 1959: 1953: 1950: 1944: 1941: 1932: 1931: 1923: 1917: 1914: 1908: 1905: 1899: 1896: 1890: 1887: 1881: 1878: 1869: 1866: 1857: 1854: 1843: 1840: 1834: 1831: 1825: 1822: 1811: 1808: 1802: 1799: 1793: 1790: 1784: 1781: 1775: 1772: 1766: 1763: 1757: 1754: 1748: 1745: 1739: 1736: 1723: 1720: 1714: 1705: 1699: 1696: 1690: 1684: 1678: 1675: 1612:Book of the Dead 1595:Book of the Dead 1589:Book of the Dead 1578:Book of the Dead 1561:Book of the Dead 1550:Book of the Dead 1543:Book of the Dead 1528:Book of the Dead 1498:Waziri Papyrus I 1487:Book of the Dead 1475:Book of the Dead 1455:Book of the Dead 1450:Book of the Dead 1443:Book of the Dead 1412:Book of the Dead 1381:Book of the Dead 1373:Book of the Dead 1365:Book of the Dead 1341:Book of the Dead 1331:Book of the Dead 1308:Book of the Dead 1301:Book of the Dead 1292:Book of the Dead 1277:Book of the Dead 1234:Book of the Dead 1229:Book of the Dead 1218:Book of the Dead 1208:Book of the Dead 1203:Book of the Dead 1196:Book of the Dead 1182:Book of the Dead 1177:Book of the Dead 1161:Book of the Dead 1150:Book of the Dead 1128:Ten Commandments 1058:Book of the Dead 1054:Book of the Dead 1049:Book of the Dead 1030:Book of the Dead 1026:Book of the Dead 1004:Book of the Dead 976:Book of the Dead 913:Book of the Dead 887:Book of the Dead 883:Book of the Dead 854:Chapters 130–189 817:Book of the Dead 813:Book of the Dead 800:Book of the Dead 792:Book of the Dead 777:Book of the Dead 773:Book of the Dead 758:Book of the Dead 724:Book of the Dead 716:Book of the Dead 700:primordial ocean 670:Book of the Dead 654:Book of the Dead 650:Ptolemaic period 641:Book of the Dead 605:Book of the Dead 586:Book of the Dead 583: 580: 563:Book of the Dead 551:Book of the Dead 536:Prince Hordjedef 524:Book of the Dead 512:Book of the Dead 489:Book of the Dead 450:Book of the Dead 439:Book of the Dead 410: 318:, British Museum 311:, British Museum 258:Book of the Dead 254:Book of the Dead 250:Book of the Dead 224:Book of the Dead 212: 176:Book of the Dead 156: 87: 86: 83: 79: 78: 53: 50: 21: 18:Book of the dead 4982: 4981: 4977: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4972: 4971: 4922: 4921: 4920: 4908: 4898: 4896: 4888: 4886: 4881: 4871: 4869: 4861: 4815: 4772: 4701:Book of Caverns 4677: 4523:Crook and flail 4494: 4487: 4446: 4415: 4353: 3705:Dionysus-Osiris 3501: 3489: 3431: 3369: 3313: 3304: 3243: 3238: 3208: 3199: 3158: 3125:The Ambassadors 3009: 2961: 2909: 2889: 2851: 2780: 2688: 2682: 2618:Brooklyn Museum 2611: 2593: 2521: 2519:Further reading 2442:Allen, James P. 2438: 2433: 2422: 2418: 2405: 2401: 2391: 2389: 2387:livescience.com 2379: 2375: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2246: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2205: 2200: 2193: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2154: 2149: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2115: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2010: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1935: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1879: 1872: 1867: 1860: 1855: 1846: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1814: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1742: 1737: 1726: 1721: 1717: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1621: 1510: 1416:Édouard Naville 1354: 1222:Brooklyn Museum 1153: 1141:Geraldine Pinch 1106:list of 42 sins 1066: 972: 966: 895: 877:of the deceased 863: 844:Chapters 64–129 809: 684: 678: 581: 425: 420: 419: 418: 416: 411: 305: 209:rw nw prt m hrw 171: 155: 139: 124: 116: 108: 103: 98: 93: 91: 51: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4980: 4970: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4919: 4918: 4906: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4879: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4823: 4821: 4817: 4816: 4814: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4782: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4687: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4499: 4497: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4454: 4452: 4448: 4447: 4445: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4367: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4290: 4289: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3902:Khenti-Amentiu 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3818: 3817: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3690:Cavern deities 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3506: 3503: 3502: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3490: 3488: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3441: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3388: 3386: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3321: 3319: 3315: 3314: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3260:Creation myths 3257: 3251: 3249: 3245: 3244: 3237: 3236: 3229: 3222: 3214: 3205: 3204: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3197: 3190: 3183: 3176: 3168: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3156: 3149: 3142: 3135: 3128: 3121: 3114: 3107: 3100: 3093: 3086: 3079: 3072: 3065: 3058: 3051: 3048:Death and Life 3044: 3041:Death and Fire 3037: 3036: 3035: 3030: 3019: 3017: 3011: 3010: 3008: 3007: 3000: 2993: 2986: 2979: 2971: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2937: 2932: 2925: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2907: 2899: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2888: 2887: 2882: 2880:Sedlec Ossuary 2877: 2872: 2870:Capuchin Crypt 2866: 2864: 2857: 2853: 2852: 2850: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2761: 2754: 2747: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2723: 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Todtenbuch 1353: 1350: 1306:The text of a 1272:The text of a 1266:Papyrus of Ani 1255:, showing the 1253:Papyrus of Ani 1184:scroll as one 1167:. The text is 1152: 1146: 1065: 1062: 1041:Field of Reeds 1008:Field of Reeds 968:Main article: 965: 962: 894: 891: 862: 859: 858: 857: 851: 841: 838:Chapters 17–63 835: 808: 805: 692:Papyrus of Ani 677: 674: 637:26th Dynasties 582: 1475 BC 496:Middle Kingdom 424: 421: 413: 412: 405: 404: 403: 402: 401: 383: 378: 366: 355: 341: 326: 319: 312: 309:Papyrus of Ani 304: 301: 297:British Museum 281:Papyrus of Ani 168: 167: 164: 163: 160: 159: 145: 144: 135: 134: 131: 130: 127: 126: 121: 118: 113: 110: 105: 100: 95: 77: 52: 1275 BC 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4979: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4905: 4904:Ancient Egypt 4895: 4894: 4891: 4878: 4868: 4867: 4864: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4852:Temple of Set 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4818: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4806:Opet Festival 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4769: 4766: 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During the 591: 587: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 555: 552: 548: 543: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 508: 505: 501: 497: 492: 490: 486: 482: 477: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 458:Pyramid Texts 455: 451: 444: 440: 436: 435: 434:Pyramid Texts 429: 415: 409: 399: 395: 394:Nefer-ir-nebu 391: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377:, Netherlands 376: 372: 371: 367: 365: 361: 360: 356: 353: 349: 345: 342: 339: 338:Official site 335: 331: 327: 324: 320: 317: 313: 310: 307: 306: 300: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 277: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 248: 243: 241: 237: 233: 229: 228:Pyramid Texts 225: 220: 218: 217: 211: 210: 204: 200: 196: 192: 191: 186: 182: 178: 177: 166: 165: 162: 161: 154: 150: 147: 146: 143: 137: 136: 122: 119: 114: 111: 106: 101: 96: 89: 88: 85: 84: 81: 80: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 4811:Sed festival 4801:Min festival 4791:Cattle count 4758:Litany of Re 4733:Coffin Texts 4706: 4705: 4648:Solar barque 4588:Imiut fetish 4583:Hypocephalus 4568:Hemhem crown 4553:Eye of Horus 4478:Land of Manu 4432:Djadjaemankh 4313: 4303: 4256: 4166: 4116: 4096: 4071: 4027:Nebethetepet 4021: 3936: 3907:Khenti-kheti 3886: 3826: 3729: 3725:Gate deities 3719: 3709: 3694: 3684: 3634: 3509: 3499:Theban Triad 3325:Canopic jars 3151: 3144: 3137: 3130: 3123: 3116: 3109: 3102: 3095: 3088: 3081: 3074: 3067: 3060: 3053: 3046: 3039: 3022: 3002: 2995: 2988: 2981: 2974: 2940: 2939: 2929:Bardo Thodol 2927: 2922:Ars moriendi 2920: 2902: 2863:Architecture 2802:Funerary art 2763: 2756: 2749: 2744:Memento mori 2742: 2725: 2718: 2711: 2704: 2647: 2627: 2601: 2584: 2577: 2560: 2556: 2555:D'Auria, S ( 2542: 2539:Assmann, Jan 2532: 2525: 2504: 2490: 2483: 2469: 2459: 2445: 2425: 2419: 2409: 2402: 2392:February 24, 2390:. 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1377:Middle Ages 1274:New Kingdom 1259:of the text 1192:palimpsests 1165:Pinedjem II 1018:, or later 708:Mehet-Weret 646:Late period 631:During the 559:New Kingdom 470:6th Dynasty 466:5th Dynasty 454:Old Kingdom 423:Development 390:TaSheritMin 323:Pinedjem II 321:Papyrus of 314:Papyrus of 185:New Kingdom 153:New Kingdom 142:hieroglyphs 4926:Categories 4832:Gnosticism 4673:Winged sun 4518:Corn mummy 4420:Characters 4344:Werethekau 4182:Sebiumeker 3992:Meretseger 3857:Ikhemu-sek 3795:Hermanubis 3295:Philosophy 3285:Numerology 2947:Left Ginza 2914:Literature 2792:Death mask 2713:Consolatio 2706:Carpe diem 1661:References 1603:1822 AD – 1508:Chronology 1367:manuscript 848:sun barque 680:See also: 571:Hatshepsut 528:Mentuhotep 240:sarcophagi 199:Todtenbuch 4967:Katabasis 4778:Festivals 4643:Shen ring 4623:Ouroboros 4558:Eye of Ra 4513:Cartouche 4451:Locations 4396:Serpopard 4363:Creatures 4294:Tjenenyet 4277:Ta-Bitjet 4222:Shesmetet 4142:Renenutet 4127:Raet-Tawy 4047:Nehmetawy 3997:Meskhenet 3765:Hedjhotep 3620:Assessors 3318:Practices 3280:Mythology 3275:Maa Kheru 3255:Afterlife 3004:Totentanz 2583:Lapp, G, 2541:(2005) . 1666:Citations 1400:Ptolemaic 1335:gold leaf 1286:From the 1136:Christian 1114:maa-kheru 964:Afterlife 738:is used. 590:vignettes 530:, of the 398:Amenhotep 354:, Germany 274:vignettes 247:canonical 203:Totenbuch 4916:Religion 4842:Kemetism 4683:Writings 4593:Khepresh 4437:Rededjet 4339:Wepwawet 4324:Wadj-wer 4042:Nehebkau 4037:Nefertem 3957:Mandulis 3892:Kebechet 3882:Iusaaset 3800:Heryshaf 3750:Hatmehit 3585:Apedemak 3460:Nephthys 3355:Pyramids 3335:Funerals 3187:Erlkönig 3028:Guercino 3015:Painting 2997:Erlkönig 2817:Memorial 2765:Ubi sunt 1619:See also 1500:, after 1394:In 1842 1296:hieratic 1169:hieratic 1064:Judgment 750:ritual. 742:the god 609:hieratic 561:saw the 540:Menkaure 266:hieratic 4890:Portals 4857:Thelema 4827:Atenism 4658:Ushabti 4628:Pschent 4618:Neshmet 4533:Deshret 4493:Symbols 4442:Ubaoner 4381:Griffin 4267:Taweret 4262:Tatenen 4197:Serapis 4192:Sekhmet 4162:Resheph 4107:Qed-her 4057:Nekhbet 4032:Nebtuwi 3897:Khensit 3867:Imhotep 3862:Imentet 3760:Hedetet 3625:Astarte 3560:Andjety 3535:Amesemi 3375:Deities 3360:Temples 3248:Beliefs 3033:Poussin 2856:Artwork 2842:Tragedy 2832:Requiem 2776:Vanitas 2738:Macabre 2620:Exhibit 1422:of the 1312:red ink 1021:ushebti 899:kheperu 796:amulets 728:chapter 599:In the 545:By the 494:In the 464:of the 352:Hanover 316:Hunefer 270:papyrus 56:Hunefer 4691:Amduat 4638:Serekh 4633:Scarab 4563:Hedjet 4468:Benben 4411:Uraeus 4406:Sphinx 4391:Medjed 4349:Wosret 4334:Wepset 4319:Wadjet 4242:Sopdet 4227:Shezmu 4207:Seshat 4202:Serket 4147:Renpet 4132:Rekhyt 4112:Qetesh 4077:Pakhet 4007:Mnevis 3982:Menhit 3962:Medjed 3952:Mafdet 3942:Maahes 3927:Khonsu 3917:Kherty 3912:Khepri 3780:Hemsut 3755:Hauron 3745:Hathor 3680:Buchis 3665:Ba-Pef 3650:Bastet 3580:Anuket 3575:Anubis 3550:Amu-Aa 3545:Am-heh 3494:Triads 3485:Tefnut 3470:Osiris 3437:Ennead 3422:Naunet 3412:Kauket 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