2728:—were characterised by the absence of money, capital, the market, and so on, the difference between them being that earlier in the first stage rationing would be done in a way in which "a given amount of labor in one form is exchanged for an equal amount of labor in another form", with deductions being made from said labor to fund public projects, and difference in interests between the rural and urban proletariat would exist, whilst in communism "bourgeoisie law" would be no more, hence the equal standard applied to all peoples no longer would apply, and the alienated man "will not aim to win back his person" but rather become a new "Social Man". Arguing against what Bordiga saw as the bourgeois idea of "free producer economies", he instead declared that under communism, whether it be the lower stage or higher stage, production and consumption are both enslaved to society.
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According to nineteenth-century socialist views, socialism would function without capitalist economic categories – such as money, prices, interest, profits and rent – and thus would function according to laws other than those described by current economic science. While some socialists recognized the
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By 1888, the term 'socialism' was in general use among
Marxists, who had dropped 'communism', now considered an old fashioned term meaning the same as 'socialism'. ... At the turn of the century, Marxists called themselves socialists. ... The definition of socialism and communism as successive stages
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and never polemicised against Lenin directly; his totally different appreciation of the 1921 conjuncture, its consequences for the
Comintern and his opposition to Lenin and Trotsky on the united front issue illuminates a turning point that is generally obscured by the heirs of the Trotskyist wing of
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ebb he saw setting in. This was the base of his critique of democracy, for it was in the name of conquering the masses that the
Comintern seemed to be making all kinds of programmatic concessions to left-wing social democrats. For Bordiga, program was everything, a gate-receipt notion of numbers was
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This view distinguished
Bordiga from other Leninists and especially the Trotskyists, who tended and still tend to telescope the first two stages and so have money and the other exchange categories surviving into socialism; Bordiga would have none of this. For him, no society in which money, buying,
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opposition" and been organisationally disruptive. With his expulsion, Bordiga left political activity until 1943 and he was to refuse to comment on political affairs even when asked by trusted friends; many of his former supporters in the PCdI went into exile and founded a political tendency often
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and he did consider himself a
Leninist, Bordiga did not distinguish between the two in the same way Leninists do. Bordiga did not see socialism as a separate mode of production from communism but rather just as how communism looks as it emerges from capitalism before it has "developed on its own
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for allying with the western Allies against the Axis in April 1943.. Other sources cast doubt on the analysis that
Bordiga supported Nazi Germany or Fascist Italy, citing ‘contradictory’ testimony on the issue. He supported the ‘proletarian’ partisan movements, as well as the anti-fascist Warsaw
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and the dictatorship of the party, and argued that establishing its own dictatorship should be the party's immediate and direct aim. This position was accepted by the majority of the members of the PCdI but was to bring them into conflict with the
Comintern when in 1921 the latter adopted a new
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In 1928, its members in exile in France and
Belgium formed themselves into the Left Fraction of the Communist Party of Italy, which became in 1935 the Italian Fraction of the Communist Left. This change of name was a reflection of the Italian communist left's view that the PCdI and the other
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began corresponding with
Bordiga from the age of 19 in 1954, and Bordiga developed a long-standing relationship with Camatte and ideological influence over him. Camatte's early work very much reads in line with the Bordigist current, and Bordiga frequently contributed to Camatte's journal
2304:, where he met with Gramsci and they renewed their friendship and worked alongside each other despite their political differences. Bordiga was concerned about Gramsci's ill health but nothing came of a plan to help him escape the island. In 1928, Bordiga was moved to the Isle of
2448:, one a cooperative farm and the other a wage-labor state farm. In particular, he emphasized how much of the national agrarian produce came from small privately owned plots (writing in 1950) and predicted the rates at which the Soviet Union would start importing wheat after
2524:. Followers of Bordiga often state that there is no functional difference between democracy and dictatorship, as one class will inevitably establish control. To Bordiga, democracy meant above all the manipulation of society as a formless mass. To this, he counterposed the
2690:) without simply calling for more democracy. The abstract formal perspective of bureaucracy/democracy, with which the Trotskyist tradition treats this crucial period in Comintern history, became separated from any content. Bordiga throughout his life called himself a
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The Amadeo
Bordiga Foundation was established in 1998 in Formia, in the house where Bordiga spent the last several months of his life. The foundation organizes publications of Bordiga's works and encourages further expansions upon his ideas. In August 2020,
2344:. According to Alliotta, Bordiga believed Nazi Germany was weakening the "English giant", which to him was "the greatest exponent of capitalism", and thus the defeat of Britain would bring about revolutionary conditions in Europe. Bordiga also criticised
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need for money and prices at least during the transition from capitalism to socialism, socialists more commonly believed that the socialist economy would soon administratively mobilize the economy in physical units without the use of prices or money.
2094:, he wrote: "Thus if there is a complete negation of the theory of democratic action it is to be found in socialism." Bordiga opposed the parliamentary faction of the PSI being autonomous from central control. In common with most socialists in
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After the congress, Bordiga emerged as leader of the newly formed Communist Party of Italy. He was one of five members of the executive but was "the actual director of all party activity". For Bordiga, the party was the social brain of the
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nature of prior revolutions that degenerated as all had in common a policy of expropriation and agrarian and productive development, which he considered negations of previous conditions and not the genuine construction of socialism.
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in June. In March 1925, Bordiga refused to go to Moscow to attend a plenum of Comintern's executive, and in his absence was accused of taking up a "hostile position against Comintern by declaring his complete solidarity with
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is above all about the expression of programmatic content. This enforces the fact that, for Marxists, communism is not an ideal to be achieved but a real movement born from the old society with a set of programmatic tasks.
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was introduced into Marxist theory by Lenin in 1917 ... , the new distinction was helpful to Lenin in defending his party against the traditional Marxist criticism that Russia was too backward for a socialist revolution.
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and selling and the rest survived could be regarded as either socialist or communist—these exchange categories would die out before the socialist rather than the communist stage was reached. Within the Marxist movement,
2169:, who witnessed the 2nd Comintern Congress, remembered Bordiga as "exuberant and energetic, features blunt, hair thick, black and bristly, a man quivering under his encumbrance of ideas, experiences and dark forecasts."
2200:, who advised delaying the split. Bordiga advocated an immediate break with both Serrati and Turati, and hence with the majority of the PSI, and prevailed against the opposition of the leading Comintern representative
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who opposed any cooperation with socialist parties in favour of a "united front from below, not from above", which received support except within the Italian delegation. He argued that the rise of Mussolini and the
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without Bolsheviks—or soviet workers councils not dominated by Bolsheviks. As such, Bordiga opposed the idea of revolutionary theory being the product of a democratic process of pluralist views, believing that the
2256:, he had to give up his post as a member of the Central Committee of the PCdI. On his acquittal later that year, Bordiga decided not to reclaim it, therefore implicitly accepting that he was now an oppositionist.
2538:(1848). He often referred to the spirit of Engels' remark that "on the eve of the revolution all the forces of reaction will be against us under the banner of 'pure democracy'" as every factional opponent of the
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nothing. The role of the party in the period of ebb was to preserve the program and to carry on the propaganda work possible until the next turn of the tide, not to dilute it while chasing ephemeral popularity.
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approach to political work and developed a "theory of the Party", whereby the organization was meant to display non-immediate goals as a rally of similarly minded people and not necessarily a body of the
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was only "a change in the governing personnel of the bourgeois class." Also in 1924, the Italian communist left lost control of the PCdI to a pro-Moscow group whose leader Gramsci became the party's
2308:, where he built several houses, returning after his detention in 1929 to finish them. Bordiga was released in 1931 on the occasion of his niece's marriage to a fascist. He also posed in a group of
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According to the reports of Angelo Alliotta, a secret informant of the fascist police in Italy who visited Bordiga's home in Formia where he holidayed with his wife, Bordiga showed support for the
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At the Third Congress of the PCdI held in exile in Lyons in January 1926, the manoeuvre of the pro-Moscow group was completed. Without the support of the Communist International to escape from
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from which it had just broken away. Bordiga had a completely different view of the party from the Comintern, which was adapting to the revolutionary ebb that was announced in 1921 by the
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in 1912. Bordiga married De Meo in 1914. They had two children, Alma and Oreste. Ortensia died in 1955, and Bordiga married Ortensia's sister, Antonietta De Meo, ten years later in 1965.
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Following his release, Bordiga did not resume his activities in the PCdI and was in fact expelled in March 1930, accused of having "supported, defended and endorsed the positions of the
2252:) accepted the Comintern decision but were in an increasingly difficult position. When Bordiga was arrested in February 1923 on a trumped-up charge by the new government of
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whose task was not to seek majority support but to concentrate on working for an armed insurrection in the course of which it would seize power and then use it to abolish
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teacher in 1910. Bordiga eventually founded the Karl Marx Circle in 1912, where he would meet his first wife, Ortensia De Meo. Bordiga graduated with a degree in
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control, few members of the Italian communist left were able to arrive at the Congress, so the theses drawn up by Bordiga were rejected. Those of the
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Communist parties had now become counter-revolutionary. A faction of the party, with their theory of the party and their opposition to any form of
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Bordiga's analysis provided a way of seeing a fundamental degeneration in the world communist movement in 1921 (instead of in 1927 with the
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near the end of his life. Even after Camatte's break with Marxism following Bordiga's death, Camatte's preoccupation within the subject of
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in Germany. For Bordiga, the Western European Communist parties' strategy of fighting this ebb by absorbing a mass of left-wing
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wing. In the course of the conflict, Bordiga attended the 2nd Comintern Congress in 1920, where he added two points to the
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Ortensia De Meo (m. 1914; died 1955)
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and even to form a workers' government. Bordiga regarded this as a reversion to the failed tactics which the pre-war
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in January 1921, representatives sent by Comintern, all insisted that the party must expel its reformist wing led by
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Bordiga's upbringing, while being thoroughly radical, was also of a highly scientific nature. An opponent of the
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strategy of the Third Congress. He also refused to fuse the newly formed party with the left-wing of the
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At the Fifth Congress of Comintern in Moscow held in June–July 1924, Bordiga was the sole voice of the
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by Lenin. This view is consistent with and helped to inform early concepts of socialism in which the
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family and his maternal grandfather Count Michele Amadei was a conspirator in the struggles of the
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2361:-based Fraction of Socialists and Communists. When this grouping was dissolved into the
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The Science and Passion of Communism: Selected Writings of Amadeo Bordiga (1912-1965)
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From Marx to Mises: Post-Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation
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3430:"Amadeo Bordiga, the agrarian question and the international revolutionary movement"
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2720:. Sticking to Marx's concept of communism, for Bordiga both stages of socialist or
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Out of a regard for discipline, Bordiga and his comrades (who became known as the
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In December 1926, Bordiga was again arrested by Mussolini and sent to prison in
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Loren Goldner, Communism is the Material Human Community: Amadeo Bordiga Today
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Earlene Craver The Third Generation: The Young Socialists in Italy, 1907–1915
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3018:"An important book on the unknown Bordiga (1926-1946) - Philippe Bourrinet"
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faction within the PSI, abstentionist in that it opposed participation in
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Markets in the name of Socialism: The Left-Wing origins of Neoliberalism
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Archives of "Sinistra comunista 'italiana'" – Hundreds texts of Bordiga
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no longer directs economic activity. Monetary relations in the form of
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2974:"Делегаты из стран Западной и Южной Европы на II конгрессе Коминтерна"
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through the united front was a complete capitulation to the period of
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On the theoretical level, Bordiga developed an understanding of the
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Hunan Provincial Proletarian Revolutionary Great Alliance Committee
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external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
3164:[Immutable tablets of the communist theory of the party].
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perspective has the merit of underscoring the fact that, like all
2165:(1920) over a disagreement regarding parliamentary abstentionism.
1979:. Bordiga is viewed as one of the most notable representatives of
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Italian communist politician and Marxist theoretician (1889–1970)
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After 1944, Bordiga first returned to political activity in the
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elections. The group would form with the addition of the former
2007:. His mother, Zaira degli Amadei, was descended from an ancient
1999:
in 1889. His father, Oreste Bordiga, was an esteemed scholar of
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would be the first to refuse on principle any participation in
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The International Library of the Communist Left – Bordiga Page
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Within the newly founded Karl Marx Circle, Bordiga rejected a
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3137:. Vol. 3. Moscow: Progress Publishers. pp. 13–30.
3413:. Houndsmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
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had adopted and which had led to them becoming reformists.
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2804:, an anthology of English translations of Bordiga's work.
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2860:. London: Writers and Readers Co-operative. p. 105.
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and the photograph was published in a fascist newspaper.
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Philippe Bourrinet, The "Bordigist" Current, (1912–1952)
2915:. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin. pp. 78–80, 84.
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that came into existence after 1945 were extending the
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had been such a large exporter from the 1880s to 1914.
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but were divided over whether to continue to work with
2159:. Nevertheless, he was criticised by Lenin in his work
3544:
Immutable tablets of the communist theory of the party
3162:"Tavole immutabili della teoria comunista del partito"
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also focused on the agrarian sector. In analyzing the
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2988:"Storia. Bordiga, il leninista che sperava nell'Asse"
2500:, believing himself to be following the tradition of
2428:. Bordiga's writings on the capitalist nature of the
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Libertarian Communist Library Amadeo Bordiga archive
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Milorad M. Drachkovitch, and Branko Lazitch (1966).
1986:
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Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist) Red Line
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101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4118:Executive Committee of the Communist International
3411:Beyond Post-Socialism: Dialogues With the Far-left
2885:. New York: Frederick A. Praeger. pp. 275–81.
2760:would not operate and apply to Marxist socialism.
2532:based on the principles and program enunciated in
3252:. Open Court Publishing Company. pp. 44–45.
2943:
192:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
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2841:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2823:. Archived from the original on 15 November 2016
2695:the international left opposition of the 1920s.
2352:
2642:'s turn to the right in 1921. As leader of the
2204:but also with the backing of others, including
1971:(Comintern), and later a leading figure of the
3538:"Left Wing" Communism – an infantile disorder?
3394:. Translated by Giacomo Donis. Leiden: Brill.
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3206:"The Fundamentals of Revolutionary Communism"
1955:(13 June 1889 – 25 July 1970) was an Italian
1933:
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2944:Peregalli, Arturo; Saggioir, Sandro (1998).
2703:Although most Leninists distinguish between
2349:uprisings of 1943 (Warsaw ghetto) and 1944.
2181:Bordiga in a 1920 drawing by Soviet painter
2162:"Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder
4173:People from the Metropolitan City of Naples
4003:Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist)
3588:
3554:The Fundamentals of Revolutionary Communism
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2937:
2913:Socialism in One Country, 1924-26, volume 3
2172:
1642:Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist)
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4012:Italian (Marxist–Leninist) Communist Party
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2237:with reformist organisations to fight for
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287:General Secretary Communist Party of Italy
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3281:. Stanford University Press. p. 20.
3131:"Critique of the Gotha Programme, Part I"
3128:
2947:La sconfitta e gli anni oscuri (1926-1945
2790:currents of the 20th and 21st centuries.
2626:Learn how and when to remove this message
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246:Learn how and when to remove this message
228:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
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2552:Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine
2404:espoused by Bordiga. Bordigists in the
2392:
2325:referred to as Italian communist left.
1579:Italian General Confederation of Labour
690:Anti-Parliamentary Communist Federation
14:
4070:
3247:
2575:
2415:
2228:by force. Bordiga identified with the
3562:
3438:Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory
3330:from the original on 28 November 2020
3122:
2954:from the original on 28 November 2020
2883:The Comintern - Historical Highlights
2855:
2432:in contrast to those produced by the
2086:, which he associated with bourgeois
3160:Bordiga, Amadeo (11–25 March 1960).
2910:
2802:The Science and Passion of Communism
2608:adding citations to reliable sources
2579:
299:January 1921 – January 1924
172:
99:adding citations to reliable sources
70:
29:
4148:Italian Socialist Party politicians
4143:Italian Communist Party politicians
3549:Critique of the Gotha Programme – I
3046:. International Communist Current.
2998:from the original on 5 October 2023
2813:
2786:, and had great influence over the
2063:
727:International Socialists of Germany
710:Communist Workers' Party of Germany
24:
3962:Italian Communist Youth Federation
3356:from the original on 22 April 2021
3050:from the original on 10 March 2006
2928:Socialism in One Country, volume 3
2542:in 1921 from the monarchists (the
2188:When the PSI held its congress at
2117:movement and formed the communist
25:
4184:
3826:Leader in the European Parliament
3718:Leader in the Chamber of Deputies
3465:
3229:from the original on 14 June 2024
3185:from the original on 16 June 2024
3141:from the original on 11 June 2019
1987:Early life, family, and education
1963:, Bordiga was the founder of the
45:This article has multiple issues.
4103:20th-century Italian politicians
4098:20th-century Italian journalists
3223:Internationalist Communist Party
3179:Internationalist Communist Party
2925:
2584:
2363:Internationalist Communist Party
2082:. Bordiga was deeply opposed to
2058:University of Naples Federico II
2044:, Bordiga was introduced to the
1973:Internationalist Communist Party
1909:
1684:Movement of Unitarian Communists
1627:Armed Proletarians for Communism
1604:Unified Communist Party of Italy
1250:Portella della Ginestra massacre
938:
870:
858:
846:
705:Communist Workers' International
673:Internationalist Communist Party
430:
177:
75:
34:
3383:
3342:
3311:
3270:
3241:
3036:
3010:
2698:
2638:Bordiga resolutely opposed the
2595:needs additional citations for
2526:dictatorship of the proletariat
2491:
2438:agriculture in the Soviet Union
2291:
2230:dictatorship of the proletariat
2102:, which he identified as a non-
1637:Communist Party of Italy (2014)
1280:Assassination of Sergio Ramelli
663:International Communist Current
658:Communist Workers' Organisation
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
4093:20th-century Italian engineers
4007:Italian Marxist–Leninist Party
2980:
2966:
2919:
2904:
2889:
2874:
2849:
2646:, he refused to implement the
2040:as an Italian colonial war in
1584:Italian Marxist–Leninist Party
1574:Italian Communist Party (2016)
732:League for Proletarian Culture
13:
1:
3998:International Communist Party
3942:National Liberation Committee
3522:International Communist Party
3352:. Fondazione Amadeo Bordiga.
2994:(in Italian). 9 August 2016.
2807:
2716:to mean what Marx called the
2379:International Communist Party
2353:International Communist Party
2315:
2147:but had refused to purge its
2098:, Bordiga campaigned against
777:Workers' Socialist Federation
752:Revolutionary Workers Ferment
747:Revolutionary Socialist Party
668:International Communist Party
4030:Communist Refoundation Party
4017:Democratic Party of the Left
2662:, the implementation of the
2656:Anglo-Soviet Trade Agreement
1552:Communist Refoundation Party
1492:Proletarian internationalism
483:Proletarian internationalism
7:
4034:Party of Italian Communists
3937:Italian resistance movement
2950:. Milan: Edizioni Colibri.
2896:Drachkovitch, and Lazitch.
2736:was popularised during the
2712:foundations". Bordiga used
2528:, to be implemented by the
2496:Bordiga defined himself as
2455:In Bordiga's conception of
2300:, an Italian island in the
1699:Party of Italian Communists
1694:Party of the Christian Left
1537:Communist Alternative Party
1245:Third De Gasperi government
10:
4189:
3496:Antagonism Bordiga Archive
3409:El-Ojeili, Chamsy (2015).
3135:Marx/Engels Selected Works
2858:Memoirs of a Revolutionary
2724:—with stages referring to
2155:of membership proposed by
2019:, another militant of the
1599:Trotskyist League of Italy
533:Situationist International
4042:
3990:
3927:XII International Brigade
3909:
3866:
3823:
3778:
3715:
3686:
3605:
3598:
3451:10.1080/03017609508413387
3277:Bockman, Johanna (2011).
3149:– via marxists.org.
2763:
2477:bourgeois revolutionaries
2288:minority group accepted.
2233:tactic, i.e. that of the
2113:, Bordiga rallied to the
2048:(PSI) by his high-school
1350:Italian road to socialism
405:
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315:
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292:
285:
281:
269:
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4133:Italian male journalists
4123:Italian anti-capitalists
4050:Popular Democratic Front
3390:Bordiga, Amadeo (2020).
3320:"Re-collecting our past"
3204:Bordiga, Amadeo (1957).
2670:, and the defeat of the
2644:Communist Party of Italy
2471:, and so on, were great
2198:Giacinto Menotti Serrati
2173:Communist Party of Italy
2141:Communist Party of Italy
2084:representative democracy
1965:Communist Party of Italy
1711:Popular Democratic Front
1609:Workers' Communist Party
1240:Red Republic of Caulonia
1213:XVII Congress of the PSI
695:Communist Bulletin Group
3917:Italian Socialist Party
3853:Luigi Alberto Colajanni
3591:Italian Communist Party
3506:Bordigism – Adam Buick
3428:Goldner, Loren (1995).
2652:Italian Socialist Party
2535:The Communist Manifesto
2481:Marxist–Leninist states
2410:parliamentary elections
2406:Italian Socialist Party
2069:Italian Socialist Party
2046:Italian Socialist Party
1969:Communist International
1961:revolutionary socialist
1721:Proletarian Unity Party
1662:Italian Communist Party
1218:I Congress of the PCd'I
1085:Giangiacomo Feltrinelli
678:The Invisible Committee
3248:Steele, David (1992).
3211:Il programma comunista
3167:Il programma comunista
2856:Serge, Victor (1984).
2797:Historical Materialism
2726:historical materialism
2520:as the culmination of
2475:revolutionaries, i.e.
2383:Il Programma Comunista
2250:Italian communist left
2212:dictator of Hungary.
2185:
2015:. His paternal uncle,
1967:(PCdI), member of the
1674:The Left – The Rainbow
757:Socialism or Barbarism
4021:Democrats of the Left
3177:(in Italian). Milan:
2898:Historical Highlights
2718:lower-phase communism
2680:counter-revolutionary
2180:
2153:Twenty-one Conditions
2090:. In a 1914 issue of
2029:and professor at the
1716:Proletarian Democracy
1621:Defunct organisations
1589:Network of Communists
1521:Current organisations
742:Marxist Working Group
3781:Leader in the Senate
2604:improve this article
2393:Theories and beliefs
2139:the backbone of the
2001:agricultural science
1991:Bordiga was born at
1916:Communism portal
1854:Democratic socialism
1260:Manifesto of the 101
1005:Giuseppe Di Vittorio
865:Socialism portal
853:Communism portal
310:Position established
198:improve this article
95:improve this article
4113:Anti-Stalinist left
4056:Historic Compromise
3931:Garibaldi Battalion
3808:Gerardo Chiaromonte
3623:Executive Committee
3129:Karl Marx (1970) .
2911:Carr, E.H. (1972).
2668:banning of factions
2664:New Economic Policy
2660:Kronstadt rebellion
2576:On the united front
2522:bourgeois democracy
2479:. He felt that the
2416:On Marxism–Leninism
2367:Battaglia Comunista
2031:University of Padua
1849:Christian socialism
1786:Quaderni piacentini
1527:Anticapitalist Left
1335:Christian communism
1320:Anarchist communism
1302:Historic Compromise
1290:Mitterrand doctrine
1060:Pier Paolo Pasolini
1025:Galvano Della Volpe
877:Politics portal
822:Industrial unionism
772:Workers' Opposition
458:Class consciousness
453:Anti-Stalinist left
210:footnote references
4168:People from Formia
4153:Italian socialists
3757:Giorgio Napolitano
3751:Fernando Di Giulio
3095:, pp. 73–100.
3024:. 26 December 2010
2738:Russian Revolution
2510:single-party state
2426:capitalist society
2186:
2111:October Revolution
1997:province of Naples
1891:Socialism in Italy
1874:Italian neorealism
1829:Anarchism in Italy
1564:Communist Struggle
1487:Passive revolution
1482:Organic centralism
1235:Italian Resistance
1230:Aventine Secession
1225:Proština rebellion
1170:Oliviero Diliberto
1080:Giorgio Napolitano
970:Costantino Lazzari
653:Communist Struggle
478:Organic centralism
4163:Marxist theorists
4065:
4064:
3862:
3861:
3847:Giovanni Cervetti
3796:Umberto Terracini
3790:Mauro Scoccimarro
3733:Palmiro Togliatti
3665:Enrico Berlinguer
3653:Palmiro Togliatti
3641:Palmiro Togliatti
3608:General Secretary
3502:25 October 2009).
3420:978-1-349-50157-1
3288:978-0-8047-7566-3
3259:978-0-87548-449-5
2821:"Avanti Barbari!"
2722:communist society
2688:defeat of Trotsky
2636:
2635:
2628:
2565:social formations
2381:, publishing its
2270:General Secretary
2226:communist society
2038:Italo-Turkish War
1950:
1949:
1879:Politics of Italy
1632:Autonomia Operaia
1460:Cultural hegemony
1340:Council communism
1145:Ernesto Screpanti
1120:Fausto Bertinotti
1065:Enrico Berlinguer
1010:Palmiro Togliatti
1000:Bruno Fortichiari
913:
912:
812:Classical Marxism
608:Antonie Pannekoek
578:Bruno Fortichiari
528:Council communism
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16:(Redirected from
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4138:Italian Marxists
4128:Italian atheists
4025:Democratic Party
3967:Marxism–Leninism
3910:Related articles
3835:Giorgio Amendola
3827:
3782:
3745:Alessandro Natta
3719:
3700:Alessandro Natta
3677:Achille Occhetto
3671:Alessandro Natta
3609:
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3560:
3559:
3512:25 October 2009.
3486:at "n+1" Review.
3480:at Marxists.org.
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2611:
2588:
2580:
2506:Friedrich Engels
2457:Marxism–Leninism
2400:is a variant of
2375:personality cult
2266:Italian fascists
2254:Benito Mussolini
2243:social democrats
2064:Political career
2017:Giovanni Bordiga
1942:
1935:
1928:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1885:Prison Notebooks
1869:History of Italy
1864:Fischia il vento
1689:October 22 Group
1445:Anti-imperialism
1435:Anti-clericalism
1392:Neo-Gramscianism
1382:Marxist humanism
1365:Marxism–Leninism
1297:Movement of 1977
1140:Margherita Cagol
1130:Domenico Losurdo
1115:Achille Occhetto
1105:Giovanni Scuderi
1090:Armando Cossutta
1050:Raniero Panzieri
1040:Alessandro Natta
1035:Altiero Spinelli
965:Errico Malatesta
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603:Sylvia Pankhurst
598:Gavril Myasnikov
493:World revolution
488:Workers' council
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3769:Giulio Quercini
3763:Renato Zangheri
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3478:Bordiga Archive
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2769:Jacques Camatte
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2530:Communist party
2498:anti-democratic
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2137:Antonio Gramsci
2096:Latin countries
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1946:
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1859:Fasci Siciliani
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1547:Communist Party
1542:Communist Front
1522:
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1465:Counterhegemony
1430:
1422:
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1412:Western Marxism
1315:
1307:
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1275:Primavalle fire
1255:May 1947 crises
1203:Fasci Siciliani
1198:
1190:
1189:
1185:Alberto Toscano
1165:Cesare Battisti
1135:Silvia Federici
995:Antonio Gramsci
985:Nicola Bombacci
950:
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563:Arrigo Cervetto
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3647:Ruggero Grieco
3644:
3638:
3635:Camilla Ravera
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3617:Amadeo Bordiga
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3466:External links
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2157:Vladimir Lenin
2128:L'Ordine Nuovo
2109:Following the
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1472:Euroscepticism
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1468:
1467:
1457:
1455:Class conflict
1452:
1450:Antimilitarism
1447:
1442:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
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1384:
1379:
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1377:
1372:
1362:
1357:
1355:Left communism
1352:
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1332:
1327:
1322:
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1199:
1196:
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1191:
1188:
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1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1160:Marco Ferrando
1157:
1152:
1150:Franco Berardi
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1110:Gianni Vattimo
1107:
1102:
1097:
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1077:
1075:Lucio Colletti
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
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1042:
1037:
1032:
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1017:
1015:Ruggero Grieco
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
990:Amadeo Bordiga
987:
982:
980:Egidio Gennari
977:
975:Luigi Galleani
972:
967:
962:
957:
955:Emilio Covelli
951:
948:
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824:
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814:
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803:
802:
800:Related topics
799:
798:
795:
794:
790:
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784:
782:Workers' Truth
779:
774:
769:
767:Workers' Group
764:
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754:
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734:
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724:
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636:
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631:
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613:Lorenzo Parodi
610:
605:
600:
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593:Grandizo Munis
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
558:Amadeo Bordiga
555:
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541:
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470:
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463:Class struggle
460:
455:
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444:
443:
440:
439:
436:
435:
427:
426:
424:Left communism
420:
419:
407:
406:
403:
402:
399:
395:
394:
378:
374:
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367:(aged 81)
361:
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313:
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190:external links
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4008:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3977:Eurocommunism
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
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3814:Ugo Pecchioli
3812:
3809:
3806:
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3800:
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3739:Pietro Ingrao
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3507:
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3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3452:
3448:
3445:(1): 73–100.
3444:
3440:
3439:
3431:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3403:
3401:9789004234505
3397:
3393:
3388:
3387:
3376:
3371:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3318:La Banquise.
3314:
3308:, p. 93.
3307:
3302:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3266:
3261:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3200:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3156:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3119:, p. 81.
3118:
3113:
3107:, p. 78.
3106:
3101:
3094:
3089:
3083:, p. 77.
3082:
3077:
3071:, p. 76.
3070:
3065:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3023:
3019:
3013:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2983:
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2899:
2892:
2884:
2877:
2869:
2867:0-86316-070-0
2863:
2859:
2852:
2844:
2838:
2822:
2816:
2812:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2791:
2789:
2788:ultra-leftist
2785:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2770:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
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2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2630:
2627:
2619:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2593:This section
2591:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2554:, called for
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2461:Joseph Stalin
2458:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2347:
2346:Joseph Stalin
2343:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2224:and impose a
2223:
2219:
2213:
2211:
2208:, the future
2207:
2206:Matyas Rakosi
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2183:Isaak Brodsky
2179:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2119:abstentionist
2116:
2112:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2092:Il Socialista
2089:
2085:
2081:
2080:working class
2076:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2027:mathematician
2024:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1907:
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1897:
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1734:
1733:
1732:Volante Rossa
1729:
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1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
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1709:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1697:
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1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1652:Critical Left
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1618:
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1610:
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1510:
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1480:
1478:
1475:
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1470:
1466:
1463:
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1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
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1432:
1426:
1425:
1418:
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1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
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1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1345:Eurocommunism
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1265:Years of Lead
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1208:Biennio Rosso
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1180:Paolo Ferrero
1178:
1176:
1175:Nichi Vendola
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1125:Renato Curcio
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1100:Antonio Negri
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1020:Onorato Damen
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
960:Carlo Cafiero
958:
956:
953:
952:
946:
945:
941:
937:
936:
933:
929:
926:
925:
921:
917:
916:
906:
901:
899:
894:
892:
887:
886:
884:
883:
878:
873:
868:
866:
861:
856:
854:
844:
843:
842:
841:
833:
830:
828:
827:Ultra-leftism
825:
823:
820:
818:
817:Impossibilism
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
804:
797:
796:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
722:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
686:
685:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
650:
649:
648:
641:Organizations
638:
637:
629:
628:Julien Coupat
626:
624:
623:Karl Schröder
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
583:Herman Gorter
581:
579:
576:
574:
573:Onorato Damen
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
550:
543:
542:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
523:Communization
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
510:
503:
502:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
448:Anti-Leninism
446:
445:
438:
437:
433:
429:
428:
425:
422:
421:
417:
413:
412:
404:
400:
396:
392:
387:
382:
379:
375:
371:
362:
358:
355:
351:
339:
335:
330:
326:
323:
320:
314:
311:
308:
302:
296:
291:
288:
284:
280:
273:
268:
261:
258:
250:
247:
232:
229:
221:
218:December 2023
211:
207:
206:inappropriate
203:
199:
193:
191:
184:
175:
174:
165:
162:
154:
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112: –
111:
107:
106:Find sources:
100:
96:
90:
89:
84:This article
82:
78:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
4108:Anti-Masonry
3922:Culturalists
3897:
3889:
3881:
3873:
3867:Publications
3802:Edoardo Pema
3622:
3616:
3454:. Retrieved
3442:
3436:
3410:
3391:
3384:Bibliography
3375:Bordiga 2020
3370:
3358:. Retrieved
3344:
3332:. Retrieved
3323:
3313:
3301:
3292:
3278:
3272:
3263:
3249:
3243:
3231:. Retrieved
3209:
3199:
3187:. Retrieved
3165:
3155:
3143:. Retrieved
3134:
3124:
3117:Goldner 1995
3112:
3105:Goldner 1995
3100:
3093:Goldner 1995
3088:
3081:Goldner 1995
3076:
3069:Goldner 1995
3064:
3052:. Retrieved
3038:
3026:. Retrieved
3021:
3012:
3000:. Retrieved
2991:
2982:
2968:
2956:. Retrieved
2946:
2927:
2921:
2912:
2906:
2897:
2891:
2882:
2876:
2857:
2851:
2825:. Retrieved
2815:
2801:
2795:
2792:
2784:Gilles Dauvé
2779:
2773:
2767:
2742:law of value
2733:
2730:
2713:
2702:
2699:On communism
2685:
2672:March Action
2648:united front
2637:
2622:
2613:
2602:Please help
2597:verification
2594:
2533:
2512:, as he saw
2495:
2492:On democracy
2463:, and later
2454:
2422:Soviet Union
2419:
2397:
2396:
2382:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2339:
2335:World War II
2327:
2319:
2295:
2292:Under arrest
2279:
2258:
2247:
2235:united front
2214:
2187:
2167:Victor Serge
2160:
2131:grouping in
2126:
2108:
2091:
2088:electoralism
2072:
2035:
2022:Risorgimento
2020:
2013:Risorgimento
1990:
1959:theorist. A
1952:
1951:
1883:
1761:il manifesto
1730:
1726:Red Brigades
1506:
1440:Anti-fascism
1402:Post-Marxism
1095:Mario Tronti
1070:Livio Maitan
1055:Luciano Lama
989:
683:
682:
645:
588:Paul Mattick
557:
365:(1970-07-23)
363:23 July 1970
347:13 June 1889
317:Succeeded by
309:
294:
257:
242:
224:
215:
200:by removing
187:
157:
148:
138:
131:
124:
117:
105:
93:Please help
88:verification
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
4088:1970 deaths
4083:1889 births
4058:(1976–1980)
4052:(1947–1948)
3991:Derivatives
3982:Migliorismo
3902:(1944–1991)
3894:(1948–1953)
3886:(1946–1978)
3878:(1924–1991)
3855:(1989–1991)
3849:(1984–1989)
3843:(1980–1984)
3841:Guido Fanti
3837:(1979–1980)
3816:(1986–1991)
3810:(1983–1986)
3804:(1973–1986)
3798:(1958–1973)
3792:(1948–1958)
3771:(1990–1991)
3765:(1986–1990)
3759:(1981–1986)
3753:(1979–1981)
3747:(1972–1979)
3741:(1964–1972)
3735:(1947–1964)
3729:(1946–1947)
3727:Luigi Longo
3708:(1990–1991)
3702:(1989–1990)
3696:(1972–1980)
3694:Luigi Longo
3679:(1988–1991)
3673:(1984–1988)
3667:(1972–1984)
3661:(1964–1972)
3659:Luigi Longo
3655:(1938–1964)
3649:(1934–1938)
3643:(1930–1934)
3637:(1927–1930)
3631:(1924–1927)
3625:(1923–1924)
3619:(1922–1923)
3360:14 December
3350:"Chi Siamo"
3334:14 December
3214: [
3170: [
3044:"Bordigism"
2827:15 December
2780:Gemeinwesen
2758:wage labour
2469:Ho Chi Minh
2434:Trotskyists
2342:Axis powers
2310:Blackshirts
2218:proletariat
2100:Freemasonry
2075:pedagogical
2054:engineering
1983:in Europe.
1771:Il Pioniere
1756:Liberazione
1397:Neo-Marxism
1387:Migliorismo
1155:Paolo Virno
1045:Nilde Iotti
1030:Luigi Longo
568:Marc Chirik
473:Mass strike
393:(1952–1970)
388:(1921–1930)
383:(1910–1921)
305:Preceded by
4072:Categories
3599:Leadership
3054:5 November
2808:References
2800:published
2775:Invariance
2548:anarchists
2540:Bolsheviks
2465:Mao Zedong
2322:Trotskyist
2316:Opposition
2261:ultra-left
2222:capitalism
2009:Florentine
1977:Trotskyism
1839:Bella ciao
1657:Front Line
1532:CARC Party
1508:Subalterns
1502:Solidarity
1497:Secularism
1429:Principles
1407:Trotskyism
1325:Autonomism
1314:Ideologies
1270:Hot Autumn
807:Autonomism
762:Solidarity
618:Otto Rühle
343:1889-06-13
151:April 2014
121:newspapers
50:improve it
4078:Bordigism
4043:Alliances
3972:Bordigism
3899:Rinascita
3891:Pattuglia
3883:Vie Nuove
3687:President
3221:. Milan:
3028:26 August
3002:4 October
2734:socialism
2714:socialism
2709:communism
2705:socialism
2640:Comintern
2616:July 2024
2569:communism
2546:) to the
2518:Stalinism
2502:Karl Marx
2485:bourgeois
2398:Bordigism
2389:in 1970.
2286:Stalinist
2210:Stalinist
2202:Paul Levi
2149:reformist
2145:Comintern
2123:bourgeois
2115:communist
1811:Vie Nuove
1796:Rinascita
1766:Pattuglia
1417:Workerism
1375:Stalinism
1330:Bordigism
1285:Moro case
928:Communism
832:Workerism
553:Jan Appel
513:Bordigism
506:Movements
468:Communism
295:In office
202:excessive
56:talk page
18:Bordigism
3957:Tolyatti
3510:Archived
3500:Archived
3456:1 August
3354:Archived
3328:Archived
3227:Archived
3183:Archived
3139:Archived
3048:Archived
2996:Archived
2992:Avvenire
2958:12 April
2952:Archived
2837:cite web
2754:interest
2692:Leninist
2473:Romantic
2371:Prometeo
2331:frontism
2025:, was a
1781:La Plebe
1477:Feminism
1360:Leninism
920:a series
918:Part of
518:In China
441:Concepts
416:a series
414:Part of
3952:AvtoVAZ
3875:l'Unità
3233:11 June
3189:11 June
3145:11 June
2561:Marxist
2556:soviets
2514:fascism
2446:sovkhoz
2442:kolkhoz
2282:Fascist
2275:Trotsky
2190:Livorno
2135:around
2106:group.
2104:secular
2050:physics
1995:in the
1957:Marxist
1896:Craxism
1806:l'Unità
1801:Società
1197:History
715:Forward
684:Defunct
372:, Italy
196:Please
188:use of
135:scholar
3417:
3398:
3324:Libcom
3285:
3256:
3022:Libcom
2926:Carr.
2864:
2764:Legacy
2756:, and
2750:profit
2666:, the
2658:, the
2387:Formia
2359:Naples
2298:Ustica
1993:Resina
1370:Maoism
949:People
787:Tiqqun
647:Extant
546:People
398:Spouse
370:Formia
350:Resina
137:
130:
123:
116:
108:
3433:(PDF)
3218:]
3174:]
2424:as a
2306:Ponza
2133:Turin
2056:from
2042:Libya
1750:Media
932:Italy
391:PCInt
142:JSTOR
128:books
3458:2018
3415:ISBN
3396:ISBN
3362:2020
3336:2020
3283:ISBN
3254:ISBN
3235:2024
3191:2024
3147:2024
3056:2016
3030:2024
3004:2023
2960:2014
2862:ISBN
2843:link
2829:2020
2707:and
2516:and
2504:and
2444:and
2369:and
1704:FGCI
1667:FGCI
386:PCdI
360:Died
337:Born
114:news
3536:at
3447:doi
2606:by
2277:".
930:in
381:PSI
204:or
97:by
4074::
4032:/
4023:/
4019:/
4005:/
3508:.
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3441:.
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3322:.
3291:.
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