272:. The three-jaw chuck is used to hold round or hex workpieces because the work is automatically centered. On these chucks the runout faces limitations; on late-model CNCs, it can be quite low if all conditions are excellent, but traditionally it is usually at least .001-.003 in (0.025-0.075 mm). The four-jaw chuck is used either to hold irregular shapes or to hold round or hex to extremely low runout (with time spent indicating and clamping each piece), in both cases because of its independent action on each jaw. The face plate is also used for irregular shapes. Collets combine self-centering chucking with low runout, but they involve higher costs.
141:
133:
290:). For highest-precision applications, tolerances can generally be held within ±0.0005 in (±0.013 mm) only for shallow holes. In some cases tolerances as tight as ±0.0001 in (±0.0038 mm) can be held in shallow holes, but it is expensive, with 100% inspection and loss of nonconforming parts adding to the cost. Grinding, honing, and lapping are the recourse for when the limits of boring repeatability and accuracy have been met.
43:
31:
326:
compensate for, the fact that no actual workpiece is ideally rigid and immobile. Each time a cut is taken (no matter how small), or a temperature change of a few hundred degrees takes place (no matter how temporary), the workpiece, or a portion of it, is likely to spring into a new shape, even if the movement is extremely small. In some cases a movement of a fraction of a micrometre in one area is amplified in
201:
as 20 m (66 ft). Power requirements can be as much as 200 horsepower (150 kW). Cooling of the bores is done through a hollow passageway through the boring bar where coolant can flow freely. Tungsten-alloy disks are sealed in the bar to counteract vibration and chatter during boring. The control systems can be computer-based, allowing for automation and increased consistency.
305:(.0001 inches, "a tenth"), and it may easily be 5 to 20 micrometre (.0002-.0008 inches, "2 to 8 tenths"). Taper, roundness error, and cylindricity error of such a hole, although they would be considered negligible in most other parts, may be unacceptable for a few applications. For such parts, internal
200:
Boring machines come in a large variety of sizes and styles. Boring operations on small workpieces can be carried out on a lathe while larger workpieces are machined on boring mills. Workpieces are commonly 1 to 4 metres (3 ft 3 in to 13 ft 1 in) in diameter, but can be as large
144:
Boring head on Morse taper shank. A small boring bar is inserted into one of the holes. The head can be shifted left or right with fine gradation by a screw, adjusting the diameter of the circle that the cutting tip swings through, thus controlling the hole size, even down to within 10 micrometres if
252:
or a boring head to produce conical or cylindrical surfaces by enlarging an existing opening in a workpiece. For nontapered holes, the cutting tool moves parallel to the axis of rotation. For tapered holes, the cutting tool moves at an angle to the axis of rotation. Geometries ranging from simple to
285:
constraint as the size constraint. In other words, it may be easy to hold the diameter within .002" at any diametrical measurement point, but difficult to hold the cylindricity of the hole to within a zone delimited by the .002" constraint, across more than 5 diameters of hole depth (depth measured
280:
For most lathe boring applications, tolerances greater than ±0.010 in (±0.25 mm) are easily held. Tolerances from there down to ±0.005 in (±0.13 mm) are usually held without especial difficulty or expense, even in deep holes. Tolerances between ±0.004 in (±0.10 mm) and
260:
The geometry produced by lathe boring is usually of two types: straight holes and tapered holes. Several diameters can also be added to each shape hole if required. To produce a taper, the tool may be fed at an angle to the axis of rotation or both feed and axial motions may be concurrent. Straight
256:
Lathe boring usually requires that the workpiece be held in the chuck and rotated. As the workpiece is rotated, a boring bar with an insert attached to the tip of the bar is fed into an existing hole. When the cutting tool engages the workpiece, a chip is formed. Depending on the type of tool used,
204:
Because boring is meant to decrease the product tolerances on pre-existing holes, several design considerations apply. First, large length-to-bore-diameters are not preferred due to cutting tool deflection. Next, through holes are preferred over blind holes (holes that do not traverse the thickness
212:
and deep-hole boring are inherently challenging areas of practice that demand special tooling and techniques. Nevertheless, technologies have been developed that produce deep holes with impressive accuracy. In most cases they involve multiple cutting points, diametrically opposed, whose deflection
101:
Because of the limitations on tooling design imposed by the fact that the workpiece mostly surrounds the tool, boring is inherently somewhat more challenging than turning, in terms of decreased toolholding rigidity, increased clearance angle requirements (limiting the amount of support that can be
325:
have increased the accuracy and surface quality that can be achieved without grinding, and have increased the range of workpiece hardness values that are workable. However, working to tolerances of only a few micrometres (a few tenths) forces the manufacturing process to rationally confront, and
338:
as opposed to internal and external cylindrical grinding. At the extreme, no perfection of machining or grinding may be enough when, despite the part being within tolerance when it is made, it warps out of tolerance in following days or months. When engineers are confronted with such a case, it
205:
of the work piece). Interrupted internal working surfaces—where the cutting tool and surface have discontinuous contact—are preferably avoided. The boring bar is the protruding arm of the machine that holds the cutting tool(s), and must be very rigid.
106:). These are the reasons why boring is viewed as an area of machining practice in its own right, separate from turning, with its own tips, tricks, challenges, and body of expertise, despite the fact that they are in some ways identical.
300:
Sometimes a part may require higher accuracy of form and size than can be provided by boring. For example, even in optimized boring, the amount that the diameter varies on different portions of the bore is seldom less than 3
316:
The limitations of boring in terms of its geometric accuracy (form, position) and the hardness of the workpiece have been shrinking in recent decades as machining technology continues to advance. For example, new grades of
85:
There are various types of boring. The boring bar may be supported on both ends (which only works if the existing hole is a through hole), or it may be supported at one end (which works for both, through holes and
98:(back boring, back-boring) is the process of reaching through an existing hole and then boring on the "back" side of the workpiece (relative to the machine headstock).
78:. Boring is used to achieve greater accuracy of the diameter of a hole, and can be used to cut a tapered hole. Boring can be viewed as the internal-diameter counterpart to
339:
drives the quest to find other workpiece materials, or alternate designs that avoid relying so heavily on the immobility of part features on the micro or nano scales.
253:
extremely complex in a variety of diameters can be produced using boring applications. Boring is one of the most basic lathe operations next to turning and drilling.
236:
that move the tool through successive passes of cut, retract, advance, cut again, retract again, return to the initial position, and so on. These are called using
189:
can be changed about two axes to cut both vertically and horizontally into the internal surface. The cutting tool is usually single point, made of M2 and M3
281:±0.001 in (±0.025 mm) are where the challenge begins rising. In deep holes with tolerances this tight, the limiting factor is just as often the
387:
173:, which include vertical boring mills (workpiece rotates around a vertical axis while boring bar/head moves linearly; essentially a vertical lathe) and
240:
such as G76, G85, G86, G87, G88, G89; and also by other less common codes specific to particular control builders or machine tool builders.
177:(workpiece sits on a table while the boring bar rotates around a horizontal axis; essentially a specialized horizontal milling machine).
282:
17:
197:. A tapered hole can be made by simultaneously feeding the cutting edge in both the radial and axial directions.
309:
is a typical follow-up operation. Often a part will be roughed and semifinished in the machining operation, then
257:
the material, and the feed rate, the chip may be continuous or segmented. The surface produced is called a bore.
225:
of firearms and artillery, these machining techniques find wide use today for manufacturing in many industries.
114:
368:
161:(/machining centers), and (2) machines designed to specialize in boring as a primary function, such as
297:) in boring may range from 8 to 250 microinches, with a typical range between 32 and 125 microinches.
358:
249:
174:
124:. Each process is chosen based on the requirements and parameter values of a particular application.
330:
fashion to create a positional error of several micrometres for a feature of the workpiece several
261:
holes and counterbores are produced by moving the tool parallel to the axis of workpiece rotation.
140:
264:
The four most commonly used workholding devices are the three-jaw chuck, the four-jaw chuck, the
388:
Pictorial
History of England: Being a History of the People, as Well as a History of the Kingdom
136:
A horizontal boring mill, showing the large boring head and the workpiece sitting on the table.
102:
given to the cutting edge), and difficulty of inspection of the resulting surface (size, form,
453:
132:
8:
306:
121:
458:
209:
294:
103:
75:
318:
194:
190:
334:
away. It is factors such as these that sometimes preclude finishing by boring and
269:
158:
353:
46:
Hole types: Blind hole (left), through hole (middle), interrupted hole (right).
447:
310:
214:
27:
Process of enlarging an already-drilled hole with a single-point cutting tool
287:
217:
pumped under pressure through the tool to orifices near the cutting edges.
150:
110:
322:
70:(or of a boring head containing several such tools), such as in boring a
302:
233:
222:
120:
Boring and turning have abrasive counterparts in internal and external
87:
71:
35:
363:
331:
218:
162:
51:
42:
221:
and cannon boring are classic examples. First developed to make the
213:
forces cancel each other out. They also usually involve delivery of
348:
186:
67:
335:
79:
63:
30:
265:
237:
153:, including (1) general-purpose or universal machines, such as
327:
154:
59:
313:, and finally, finished by internal cylindrical grinding.
229:
58:
is the process of enlarging a hole that has already been
390:, Volume 1, By George Lillie Craik, Charles MacFarlane
180:
94:(line boring, line-boring) implies the former.
228:Various fixed cycles for boring are available in
445:
248:Lathe boring is a cutting operation that uses a
149:The boring process can be executed on various
393:
430:, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Prentice Hall
425:
399:
434:
410:
185:The dimensions between the piece and the
435:Todd, Robert H.; Allen, Dell K. (1994),
428:Manufacturing Engineering and Technology
139:
131:
41:
29:
437:Manufacturing Processes Reference Guide
404:
208:Because of the factors just mentioned,
14:
446:
439:, New York, NY, USA: Industrial Press
127:
24:
232:controls. These are preprogrammed
145:all machining conditions are good.
82:, which cuts external diameters.
25:
470:
181:Boring mills and milling machines
419:
381:
275:
13:
1:
374:
7:
426:Kalpakjian, Schmid (2001),
342:
286:in terms of diameter:depth
10:
475:
369:Single-pass bore finishing
359:Horizontal boring machine
250:single-point cutting tool
243:
68:single-point cutting tool
175:horizontal boring mills
34:A part's-eye view of a
157:(/turning centers) or
146:
137:
47:
39:
411:Todd & Allen 1994
143:
135:
45:
33:
307:cylindrical grinding
122:cylindrical grinding
18:Boring (mechanical)
210:deep-hole drilling
147:
138:
128:Machine tools used
48:
40:
109:The first boring
104:surface roughness
16:(Redirected from
466:
440:
431:
413:
408:
402:
397:
391:
385:
293:Surface finish (
191:high-speed steel
159:milling machines
113:was invented by
66:) by means of a
21:
474:
473:
469:
468:
467:
465:
464:
463:
444:
443:
422:
417:
416:
409:
405:
400:Kalpakjian 2001
398:
394:
386:
382:
377:
345:
323:cutting inserts
278:
246:
193:or P10 and P01
183:
167:boring machines
130:
76:engine cylinder
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
472:
462:
461:
456:
442:
441:
432:
421:
418:
415:
414:
403:
392:
379:
378:
376:
373:
372:
371:
366:
361:
356:
354:Laser drilling
351:
344:
341:
277:
274:
245:
242:
182:
179:
129:
126:
115:John Wilkinson
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
471:
460:
457:
455:
452:
451:
449:
438:
433:
429:
424:
423:
412:
407:
401:
396:
389:
384:
380:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
346:
340:
337:
333:
329:
324:
320:
314:
312:
308:
304:
298:
296:
291:
289:
284:
273:
271:
267:
262:
258:
254:
251:
241:
239:
235:
231:
226:
224:
220:
216:
215:cutting fluid
211:
206:
202:
198:
196:
192:
188:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
151:machine tools
142:
134:
125:
123:
118:
116:
112:
107:
105:
99:
97:
93:
89:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
44:
37:
32:
19:
436:
427:
420:Bibliography
406:
395:
383:
321:and ceramic
315:
311:heat treated
299:
292:
288:aspect ratio
279:
263:
259:
255:
247:
227:
219:Gun drilling
207:
203:
199:
184:
171:boring mills
170:
166:
148:
119:
111:machine tool
108:
100:
95:
91:
84:
55:
49:
454:Hole making
276:Limitations
234:subroutines
88:blind holes
448:Categories
375:References
332:decimetres
303:micrometre
268:, and the
163:jig borers
96:Backboring
92:Lineboring
72:gun barrel
36:boring bar
459:Machining
364:Jig borer
295:roughness
283:geometric
270:faceplate
117:in 1775.
52:machining
349:Drilling
343:See also
187:tool bit
336:turning
319:carbide
238:G-codes
223:barrels
195:carbide
80:turning
60:drilled
266:collet
244:Lathes
155:lathes
74:or an
56:boring
328:lever
165:and
64:cast
62:(or
230:CNC
169:or
90:).
50:In
450::
54:,
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
