705:). On the east coast of North America, the inclusion of sea lettuce is a recent change to their diet, brought about by a blight on eelgrass in 1931. This resulted in the near-extirpation of the brant. The few that survived changed their diet to include sea lettuce until the eelgrass eventually began to return. Brants have maintained this diet ever since as a survival strategy. A similar collapse in eelgrass in Ireland in the 1930s also negatively impacted the population. In recent decades, it has started using agricultural land a short distance inland, feeding extensively on
673:
34:
665:
518:
157:
94:
533:
132:
506:
283:
615:
appears blackish-brown and white in colour. This form is a very contrastingly black and white bird, with a uniformly dark sooty-brown back, similarly coloured underparts (with the dark colour extending furthest back of the three forms) and a prominent white flank patch; it also has larger white neck
454:
claimed to have seen the birds emerging from their shells. This myth arose because in the 1100s the migration of birds was unknown, but it was known that none of these birds was ever seen nesting, nor were eggs found, nor were goslings seen. The legend persisted until the end of the 18th century. In
554:
is fairly uniformly dark grey-brown all over, the flanks and belly not significantly paler than the back. The head and neck are black, with a small white patch on either side of the neck. With a population of about 250000, it breeds on the Arctic coasts of central and western
Siberia and winters in
103:
651:
on the
American west coast around the U.S./Canada border. These birds are intermediate in appearance between black brant and pale-bellied brant, having brown upperparts and grey underparts which give less of a contrast with the white flank patch. It has also been proposed that, rather than being a
562:
appears blackish-brown and light grey in colour. The body is different shades of grey-brown all over, the flanks and belly are significantly paler than the back and present a marked contrast. The head and neck are black, with a small white patch on either side of the neck. The total population is
104:
543:
The brant is a small goose with a short, stubby bill. It measures 55–66 cm (22–26 in) long, 106–121 cm (42–48 in) across the wings and weighs 0.88–2.2 kg (1.9–4.9 lb). The under-tail is pure white, and the tail black and very short (the shortest of any goose).
655:
Individual birds when wintering generally remain in loose family-groups, together with others of the same sub-species, but there is overlap in some areas (for example
Western Europe, see above); and this is also true in the breeding colonies. Outside the breeding season, individuals with
713:. It has been suggested that they learnt this behaviour by following other species of geese. Food resource pressure may also be important in forcing this change, as the world population increased over 10-fold to 400,000-500,000 by the mid-1980s, possibly reaching the
587:
and wintering in
Denmark, northeast England, and Scotland, and the other breeding in the far-northeastern Canadian islands and wintering in Ireland, southwest England, and in a small but significant area, le havre de Regnéville, centered on the Sienne Estuary in
1590:
656:
characteristics of any subspecies may occasionally turn up with regular migrants, and there has been debate as to whether this is related to migration routing accidents, or to breeding range overlap, or even interbreeding.
105:
642:
A fourth form (sometimes known as the 'gray-bellied brant) has been proposed, although no formal subspecies description has been made as yet, for a population of birds breeding in central Arctic Canada (mainly
803:
Lewis, Tyler L.; Ward, David H.; Sedinger, James S.; Reed, Austin; Derksen, Dirk V.; Carboneras, Carles; Christie, David; Kirwan, Guy M. (4 March 2020). Billerman, Shawn M (ed.). "Brant (Branta bernicla)".
734:
1767:
1403:
644:
628:, but also some in east Asia, mainly Japan, also Korea and China. The population has been as high as 200,000 in 1981, and as low as 100,000 in 1987.
1907:
555:
coastal areas of western Europe, with over half the population in southern
England, the rest between northern Germany and south-western France.
2016:
730:
1972:
652:
separate subspecies, it is actually a result of interbreeding between these two forms, given that this population exhibits mixed characters.
965:
961:
827:
2210:
635:
based on purported paler upperparts coloration; however, it is generally now believed that this is not correct, and they are assigned to
1465:
1573:(the Brent goose has also featured on stamps from Eire, Finland, and Oman; these can easily be found via any internet search-engine).
859:
Systema
Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
721:
for both breeding and feeding. The nest is bowl-shaped, lined with grass and down, in an elevated location, often near a small pond.
2156:
1858:
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1920:
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1485:(this paper presented claims that Black Brant and Dark-bellied Brent Goose were interbreeding extensively in the Russian Arctic)
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1998:
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2011:
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354:. There are three subspecies, all of which winter along temperate-zone sea-coasts and breed on the high-Arctic tundra.
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272:
1528:(5). Dutch Birding Association: 232–236 (highlights the differences in belly colour between the various forms.
1959:
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were previously considered to be the same species and believed to be the same creature as the barnacle. That
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1655:
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The Asian populations of the black brant populations had previously been regarded as a separate subspecies
1715:
1570:
447:
1720:
885:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. pp. 444–445.
616:
patches, forming a near-complete collar. The population of about 125,000 breeds in northwestern Canada,
1064:
919:
398:
as Europe but in 1761 restricted it to Sweden. The brant is now one of six species placed in the genus
2187:
1886:
781:
2081:
1684:
1646:
1596:
988:
2250:
1582:
459:, until relatively recently, Catholics could eat this bird on a Friday because it counted as fish.
405:
156:
42:
2055:
1951:
1280:
1143:
905:(in Latin) (2nd ed.). Stockholmiae: Sumtu & Literis Direct. Laurentii Salvii. p. 41.
490:
1377:
831:
470:
395:
1503:
91(12):565–572 (a critical re-evaluation of the claims made in the above paper by
Syroechkovski
563:
about 250,000, with the main population breeding in northeastern Canada and wintering along the
2042:
1912:
1702:
1608:
1178:
1938:
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Fauna svecica, sistens animalia sveciae regni mammalia, aves amphibia, pisces, insecta, vermes
2037:
388:
251:
2029:
1203:
862:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 124.
2063:
1793:
1707:
1666:
1512:
1295:
572:
20:
8:
1545:
1435:(1997). Separation of Black Brant, Dark-bellied Brent Goose and Pale-bellied Brent Goose
923:
672:
605:
548:
439:
370:
121:
1671:
1445:
Shields, Gerald F. (July 1990). "Analysis of mitochondrial DNA of
Pacific Black Brant".
1299:
758:
592:(Northern France). In Ireland it is recorded in winter from a number of areas including
1728:
1432:
1409:. Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbird. 10 August 2023
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307:
151:
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1985:
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1337:
880:
443:
383:
1964:
1733:
1550:
1281:"Seagrass (Zostera spp.) as food for brent geese (Branta bernicla): an overview"
1031:
624:, and winters mostly on the west coast of North America from southern Alaska to
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1144:"The Brent Geese of France, with special reference to the Golfe du Morbihan"
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208:
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The brant goose was strictly coastal bird in winter, rarely leaving tidal
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813:
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451:
110:
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of the estuaries. In the breeding season, it uses low-lying wet coastal
2161:
2089:
1990:
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1241:
876:
625:
601:
510:
735:
Agreement on the
Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds
1806:
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505:
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claimed to have seen these birds hanging down from pieces of timber,
413:
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1899:
1602:
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218:
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2003:
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473:, 1846) – breeds northeast Siberia, Alaska and northwest Canada
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228:
178:
1327:(subspecies, breeding/wintering ranges with flyway maps, diet)
54:
You can help by providing page numbers for existing citations.
1780:
1466:"Status of Brent Goose in northwestern Yakutia, East Siberia"
1464:
Syroechkovski, E.E.; Zöckler, C.; Lappo, E. (December 1998).
706:
568:
346:
342:
729:
The brant is listed as a species of "Least
Concern" by the
198:
1239:
Lewis, T.L.; Ward, D.H. (2020). Billerman, S.M. (ed.).
404:
that was introduced in 1769 by the Austrian naturalist
756:
802:
918:
1113:(2nd ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 38.
1240:
820:
19:"Black Brant" redirects here. For the rocket, see
782:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22679946A85966135.en
493:, 1776) – breeds northeast Canada, Greenland and
2202:
1204:"Branta bernicla hrota Pale-bellied Brent Goose"
1166:Ireland's Birds their Distribution and Migration
483:, 1758) – breeds northwest, central north Russia
442:can be dated back to at least the 12th century.
1253:. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
1005:. London: Chatto & Windus. pp. 78–80.
575:, and two smaller populations, one breeding in
1513:"Identification of brent geese: a new feature"
733:(IUCN). It is one of the species to which the
731:International Union for Conservation of Nature
419:, "burnt (black) goose". The specific epithet
958:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
875:
1000:
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92:
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70:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1546:Brent Goose at RSPB: Birds and Wildlife
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830:. One Financial Markets. Archived from
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1001:Cocker, Mark; Mabey, Richard (2005).
989:Goose Barnacles: Undulating Creatures
960:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
951:
949:
934:. International Ornithologists' Union
928:"Screamers, ducks, geese & swans"
914:
912:
879:; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979).
1851:939d725d-5925-4de8-bf31-892a4726a78a
1441:10(1):11–15; an identification paper
27:
2211:IUCN Red List least concern species
1232:
1049:
982:
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768:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
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13:
1425:
1019:
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909:
373:in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist
14:
2262:
1534:
1404:"AEWA Agreement and Text Annexes"
1110:CRC handbook of avian body masses
462:Three subspecies are recognised:
1481:British Birds Rarities Committee
932:IOC World Bird List Version 14.1
882:Check-List of Birds of the World
155:
32:
1599:, B.C. Outdoor Wilderness Guide
1396:
1370:
1356:
1330:
1221:
1196:
1171:
1158:
1135:
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757:BirdLife International (2016).
295: Winter non-breeding range
1457:American Ornithologists' Union
1107:Dunning, John Barnard (2007).
889:
846:
500:
1:
1179:"Brent Goose (Light-bellied)"
740:
547:The body of the dark-bellied
361:was named after the species.
1593:at VIREO (Drexel University)
1491:(2000). Taxonomic status of
1364:Book of North American Birds
1168:. H.F. & G. Witherby Ltd
7:
2246:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1887:brent-goose-branta-bernicla
1541:BirdGuides Brent Goose Page
1510:
364:
301: Summer breeding range
10:
2267:
2231:Natural monuments of Japan
1565:from Canada, Germany, and
1065:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
956:Jobling, James A. (2010).
659:
434:The brant and the similar
18:
2105:
1615:
1288:Helgoland Marine Research
450:accepted the theory, and
394:. Linnaeus specified the
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306:
289:
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257:
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152:Scientific classification
150:
128:
119:
100:
91:
86:
1583:Internet Bird Collection
1556:9 September 2018 at the
1551:BBC Nature – Brent Goose
1279:Ganter, Barbara (2000).
926:, eds. (December 2023).
775:: e.T22679946A85966135.
406:Giovanni Antonio Scopoli
2241:Birds described in 1758
1228:Slimbridge: Black Brant
668:In a defensive position
567:coast of the U.S. from
412:is a Latinised form of
41:This article cites its
2236:Native birds of Alaska
1378:"Where wild geese fly"
1032:"Norsk Polarinstitutt"
676:
669:
558:The pale-bellied form
540:
529:
514:
114:
2038:Paleobiology Database
1308:10.1007/s101520050003
1164:Ruttledge, R.F. 1966
1142:Maheo, Roger (1976).
991:Retrieved 2011-11-28.
675:
667:
535:
520:
508:
108:
1846:Fauna Europaea (new)
1511:Ebels, E.B. (1997).
1259:10.2173/bow.brant.01
1036:Norsk Polarinstitutt
814:10.2173/bow.brant.01
683:, where it feeds on
647:), and wintering on
290:Global map of range
21:Black Brant (rocket)
2226:Birds of the Arctic
1591:Brant photo gallery
1578:"Brent Goose media"
1433:Millington, Richard
1300:2000HMR....54...63G
1088:. Oiseaux-birds.com
834:on 15 February 2016
725:Conservation status
606:Castlemaine Harbour
583:, and northeastern
549:nominate subspecies
319:Linnaeus, 1758
122:Conservation status
1344:. 13 November 2014
1251:Birds of the World
922:; Donsker, David;
806:Birds of the World
677:
670:
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530:
515:
371:formally described
115:
109:Calls recorded in
2198:
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2025:Open Tree of Life
1609:Taxon identifiers
1183:BirdWatch Ireland
1120:978-1-4200-6445-2
975:978-1-4081-2501-4
924:Rasmussen, Pamela
715:carrying capacity
536:Eggs, Collection
523:Long Island Sound
509:Wintering at the
408:. The genus name
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47:does not provide
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1384:. 17 August 2002
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737:(AEWA) applies.
709:and winter-sown
633:B. b. orientalis
598:Strangford Lough
577:Franz Josef Land
538:Museum Wiesbaden
320:
300:
294:
285:
263:
243:B. bernicla
160:
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139:
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61:
55:
36:
35:
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2095:Branta-bernicla
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1986:Observation.org
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1773:branta-bernicla
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1672:Branta_bernicla
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1647:Branta bernicla
1645:
1644:
1639:
1630:
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1624:
1617:Branta bernicla
1611:
1576:
1571:bird-stamps.org
1558:Wayback Machine
1537:
1532:
1515:
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1426:Further reading
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1382:The Irish Times
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1246:), version 1.0"
1244:Branta bernicla
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1061:All About Birds
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826:
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797:
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785:
761:Branta bernicla
755:
748:
743:
727:
662:
645:Melville Island
637:B. b. nigricans
613:B. b. nigricans
611:The black form
503:
467:B. b. nigricans
444:Gerald of Wales
384:Systema Naturae
367:
338:Branta bernicla
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261:Branta bernicla
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53:
49:page references
37:
33:
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16:Species of bird
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11:
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828:"UK Brent Oil"
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552:B. b. bernicla
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477:B. b. bernicla
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448:William Turner
436:barnacle goose
425:Medieval Latin
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1086:"Brent Goose"
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396:type locality
393:
392:Anas bernicla
390:
389:binomial name
386:
385:
380:
379:tenth edition
376:
375:Carl Linnaeus
372:
362:
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344:
341:) is a small
340:
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316:Anas bernicla
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1499:Brent Goose
1496:
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1436:
1411:. Retrieved
1398:
1388:17 September
1386:. Retrieved
1381:
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1348:17 September
1346:. Retrieved
1341:
1332:
1319:. Retrieved
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1262:. Retrieved
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1234:
1223:
1213:17 September
1211:. Retrieved
1207:
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1188:17 September
1186:. Retrieved
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1090:. Retrieved
1080:
1068:. Retrieved
1060:
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1041:17 September
1039:. Retrieved
1035:
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957:
936:. Retrieved
931:
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848:
836:. Retrieved
832:the original
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786:. Retrieved
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209:Anseriformes
81:
66:
57:
46:
25:
2051:SeaLifeBase
1947:NatureServe
1895:iNaturalist
1641:Wikispecies
1597:Brant Goose
920:Gill, Frank
877:Mayr, Ernst
788:12 November
699:sea lettuce
649:Puget Sound
594:Lough Foyle
560:B. b. hrota
527:Connecticut
521:Feeding in
501:Description
487:B. b. hrota
452:John Gerard
333:brent goose
111:West Sussex
2205:Categories
2122:Q107055479
2090:Xeno-canto
1483:: 565–572.
1459:: 620–623.
1321:8 December
1092:18 October
1070:18 October
741:References
693:) and the
626:California
602:Tralee Bay
511:Wadden Sea
491:Müller, OF
387:under the
1497:nigricans
1129:310154556
838:25 August
681:estuaries
585:Greenland
513:, Germany
414:Old Norse
237:Species:
175:Kingdom:
169:Eukaryota
113:, England
2116:Wikidata
1952:2.103759
1939:22679946
1913:11345921
1799:45510540
1708:22679946
1703:BirdLife
1692:BioLib:
1626:Wikidata
1554:Archived
1493:bernicla
1242:"Brant (
1154:: 45–53.
1148:Wildfowl
899:(1761).
856:(1758).
685:eelgrass
581:Svalbard
565:Atlantic
495:Svalbard
481:Linnaeus
471:Lawrence
429:barnacle
421:bernicla
417:brandgás
365:Taxonomy
308:Synonyms
269:Linnaeus
219:Anatidae
215:Family:
189:Chordata
185:Phylum:
179:Animalia
165:Domain:
142:IUCN 3.1
2188:1300848
2162:2498203
1864:5232446
1747:bob1680
1680:Avibase
1448:The Auk
1413:15 June
1366:. 1990.
1342:Audubon
1338:"Brant"
1316:3832705
1296:Bibcode
1264:15 June
1057:"Brant"
938:15 June
711:cereals
695:seaweed
660:Habitat
622:Siberia
573:Georgia
381:of his
377:in the
345:of the
225:Genus:
205:Order:
195:Class:
140: (
43:sources
2216:Branta
2175:714071
2082:159175
2056:155250
2030:135287
2004:159175
1978:184712
1926:175011
1871:GNAB:
1820:EURING
1812:BRNTBE
1632:Q27050
1567:Jersey
1563:Stamps
1505:et al.
1479:(12).
1314:
1127:
1117:
1009:
972:
719:tundra
618:Alaska
590:Manche
410:Branta
401:Branta
351:Branta
299:
293:
230:Branta
87:Brant
2221:Geese
2183:WoRMS
2149:15994
2144:EUNIS
2077:WoRMS
2043:83428
2017:brant
1908:IRMNG
1874:brant
1838:96485
1786:brant
1781:eBird
1734:brant
1721:17392
1660:brant
1516:(PDF)
1469:(PDF)
1455:(3).
1407:(PDF)
1312:S2CID
1284:(PDF)
707:grass
569:Maine
347:genus
343:goose
329:brant
2170:ITIS
2157:GBIF
2136:DGN5
2069:2821
2012:ODNR
1999:OBIS
1973:NCBI
1934:IUCN
1921:ITIS
1900:7087
1859:GBIF
1825:1680
1807:EPPO
1760:N749
1716:BOLD
1695:8443
1495:and
1415:2024
1390:2020
1350:2020
1323:2021
1266:2024
1215:2020
1190:2020
1125:OCLC
1115:ISBN
1094:2011
1072:2011
1043:2020
1007:ISBN
970:ISBN
940:2024
840:2014
790:2021
773:2016
703:Ulva
604:and
440:myth
427:for
357:The
327:The
273:1758
199:Aves
45:but
2131:CoL
2064:TSA
1991:172
1960:NBN
1882:IBC
1794:EoL
1768:CMS
1755:CoL
1742:BTO
1729:BOW
1667:ADW
1656:ABA
1569:at
1453:107
1304:doi
1255:doi
810:doi
777:doi
571:to
423:is
331:or
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