Empire of Brazil - Knowledge

3680: 59: 9774: 1683:(councilmen), the number of which depended on the size of the town. Unlike the Provincial General Council, the Constitution gave town councils great autonomy. However, when the Provincial Assembly replaced the Provincial General Council in 1834, many of the powers of town councils (including the setting of municipal budgets, oversight of expenditures, creation of jobs, and the nomination of civil servants) were transferred to the provincial government. Additionally, any laws enacted by the town council had to be ratified by the Provincial Assembly—but not by Parliament. While the 1834 Additional Act granted greater autonomy to the provinces from the central government, it transferred the towns' remaining autonomy to the provincial governments. There was no office of mayor, and towns were governed by a town council and its president (who was the councilman who won the most votes during elections). 601: 1519:, respectively); he had the final say and held ultimate control over the national government. He was tasked with ensuring national independence and stability. The Constitution (Article 101) gave him very few avenues for imposing his will upon the General Assembly. His main recourse was the right to dissolve or extend legislative sessions. In the Senate, an emperor's authority to appoint senators did not necessarily give him added influence since senators held their offices for life and were thus freed from government pressure once confirmed. On those occasions when the Chamber of Deputies was dissolved, new elections were required to be held immediately and the new Chamber seated. "This power was effective when held in reserve as a threat. It could not be employed repeatedly, nor would its use work to the emperor's advantage." 2212: 2308:

1889). The "countryside echoed with the clang of iron track being laid as railroads were constructed at the most furious pace of the 19th century; indeed, building in 1880s was the second greatest in absolute terms in Brazil's entire history. Only eight countries in the entire world laid more track in the decade than Brazil." The first railroad line, with only 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) of track, was opened on 30 April 1854 at a time when some European countries still had no rail service. By 1868, there were 718 kilometres (446 mi) of railroad lines, and by the end of the empire in 1889 this had grown to 9,200 kilometres (5,700 mi) with another 9,000 kilometres (5,600 mi) under construction making it the country with "the largest rail network in Latin America".

1260: 2208:

triple that of Argentina which was in fourth place. Brazil would keep its high standing in exports and general economic growth until the end of the monarchy. Brazilian economic expansion, especially after 1850, compared well with that of the United States and European nations. The national tax revenue amounted to Rs 11.795:000$ 000 in 1831 and rose to Rs 160.840:000$ 000 in 1889. By 1858, national tax revenues ranked as the eighth-largest in the world. Imperial Brazil was, despite its progress, a country where wealth was very unequally distributed. However, for purposes of comparison, according to historian Steven C. Topik, in the United States, "by 1890, 80 percent of the population lived on the margin of subsistence, while 20 percent controlled almost all wealth."

3261: 3317: 2196: 3294:

4.2% respectively). Other, smaller groups also arrived, including Russians, Poles and Hungarians. Since nearly all European immigrants settled in the southeastern and southern areas of the Empire, ethnic distribution, already unequal before the mass immigration, became even more divergent between regions. For a nation that had a small, widely scattered population (4,000,000 in 1823 and 14,333,915 in 1890), the immigration of more than 1,380,000 Europeans had a tremendous effect upon the country's ethnic composition. In 1872, the year of the first reliable national census, white Brazilians represented just over a third (38.1%) of the total population; in 1890, they had increased to a little under half (44.0%) of all Brazilians.

156: 1710: 3309: 1810: 2274: 3396: 1126: 1500: 1450: 1108: 2958: 1335:(which would progress slowly over the next decades). By contrast, letters written by Pedro II reveal a man grown world-weary with age, increasingly alienated from current events and pessimistic in outlook. He remained diligent in performing his formal duties as Emperor, albeit often without enthusiasm, but he no longer actively intervened to maintain stability in the country. His increasing "indifference towards the fate of the regime" and his inaction to protect the imperial system once it came under threat have led historians to attribute the "prime, perhaps sole, responsibility" for the dissolution of the monarchy to the Emperor himself. 1602: 2099: 1835: 2254: 3825: 1692: 2081: 3377:

other roles. Many emancipated slaves went on to acquire slaves and there were even cases of slaves who had their own slaves. While slaves were usually black or mulatto there were reported cases of slaves who appeared to be of European descent—the product of generations of inter-ethnic sexual relations between male slave owners and their female mulatto slaves. Even the harshest slave owners adhered to a long-established practice of selling slaves along with their families, taking care not to separate individuals. Slaves were regarded by law as properties. The ones who were freed immediately became citizens with all

1251:

smaller and radical progressive wing would declare itself republican in 1870—an ominous signal for the monarchy. Nonetheless, the "ministry formed by the viscount of Itaboraí was a far abler body than the cabinet it replaced" and the conflict with Paraguay ended in March 1870 with total victory for Brazil and its allies. More than 50,000 Brazilian soldiers had died, and war costs were eleven times the government's annual budget. However, the country was so prosperous that the government was able to retire the war debt in only ten years. The conflict was also a stimulus to national production and economic growth.

976: 1209: 3665: 1197: 1044:

liberal-courtier cabinets. Their dominance, however, was short-lived. By 1846, Pedro II had matured physically and mentally. No longer an insecure 14-year-old swayed by gossip, suggestions of secret plots, and other manipulative tactics, the young emperor's weaknesses faded and his strength of character came to the fore. He successfully engineered the end of the courtiers' influence by removing them from his inner circle without causing any public disruption. He also dismissed the liberals, who had proved ineffective while in office, and called on the conservatives to form a government in 1848.

74: 3033: 1619: 2183: 918:, along with other Brazilian leaders, convinced Pedro to declare Brazil's independence from Portugal on 7 September 1822. On 12 October, the prince was acclaimed Pedro I, first Emperor of the newly created Empire of Brazil, a constitutional monarchy. The declaration of independence was opposed throughout Brazil by armed military units loyal to Portugal. The ensuing war of independence was fought across the country, with battles in the northern, northeastern, and southern regions. The last Portuguese soldiers to surrender did so in March 1824, and independence 146: 1346:, who had no interest in, nor expectation of, becoming the monarch. Even though the Constitution allowed female succession to the throne, Brazil was still a very traditional, male-dominated society, and the prevailing view was that only a male monarch would be capable as head of state. Pedro II, the ruling circles and the wider political establishment all considered a female successor to be inappropriate, and Pedro II himself believed that the death of his two sons and the lack of a male heir were a sign that the Empire was destined to be supplanted. 626: 1182:, the conservatives' hold on power became unsustainable due to the lack of a workable governing majority in the parliament. They resigned, and in May 1862 Pedro II named a progressive cabinet. The period since 1853 had been one of peace and prosperity for Brazil: "The political system functioned smoothly. Civil liberties were maintained. A start had been made on the introduction into Brazil of railroad, telegraph and steamship lines. The country was no longer troubled by the disputes and conflicts that had racked it during its first thirty years." 1378: 1818: 1577: 953:

executive powers and prerogatives. Others in parliament argued for a similar structure, only with a less influential role for the monarch and the legislative branch being dominant in policy and governance. The struggle over whether the government would be dominated by the emperor or by the parliament was carried over into debates from 1826 to 1831 on the establishment of the governmental and political structure. Unable to deal with the problems in both Brazil and Portugal simultaneously, the Emperor abdicated on behalf of his son,

640: 2361:

statistics in an 1829 decree with a mandate to hold a national census. The commission was a failure and was disbanded in 1834. In the ensuing years, provincial governments were tasked with collecting census information, but their census reports were often incomplete or not submitted at all. In 1851, another attempt at a nationwide census failed when rioting broke out. This was the result of the erroneous belief among Brazilians of mixed-race descent that the survey was a subterfuge designed to enslave anyone having African blood.

3526: 1791:

brought significant changes: they eliminated the two-stage electoral system, introduced direct and facultative voting, and allowed the votes of former slaves and enfranchised non-Catholics. Conversely, illiterate citizens were no longer allowed to vote. Participation in elections dropped from 13% to only 0.8% in 1886. In 1889, about 15% of the Brazilian population could read and write, so disenfranchising the illiterate does not solely explain the sudden fall in voting percentages. The discontinuation of mandatory voting and

3470:). The other titles granted were as follows: 47 marquises, 51 counts, 146 viscounts "with Greatness", 89 viscounts "without Greatness", 135 barons "with Greatness" and 740 barons "without Greatness" resulting in a total of 1,211 noble titles. There were fewer nobles than noble titles because many were elevated more than once during their lifetime, such as the Duke of Caxias who was first made a baron, then a count, then a marquis and finally was elevated to a duke. Grants of nobility were not limited to male Brazilians: 1661:(with due monetary compensation) for provincial or municipal interests was also a right of the Assembly. In effect, the Provincial Assembly could enact any kind of law—with no ratification by Parliament—so long as such local laws did not violate or encroach upon the Constitution. However, provinces were not permitted to legislate in the areas of criminal law, criminal procedure laws, civil rights and obligations, the armed forces, the national budget or matters concerning national interests, such as foreign relations. 1968: 1022: 1315: 863: 3977:. Brazilian plays staged by national companies competed for audiences alongside foreign plays and companies. Performing arts in Imperial Brazil also encompassed the staging of musical duets, dancing, gymnastics, comedy and farces. Less prestigious, but more popular with the working classes were puppeteers and magicians, as well as the circus, with its travelling companies of performers, including acrobats, trained animals, illusionists, and other stunt-oriented artists. 1401:, which completely abolished slavery in Brazil. Predictions of economic and labor disruption caused by the abolition of slavery proved to be unfounded. Nonetheless, the end of slavery was the final blow to any remaining belief in the crown's neutrality, and this resulted in an explicit shift of support to Republicanism by the ultraconservatives—themselves backed by rich and powerful coffee farmers who held great political, economic and social power in the country. 1657:

municipal expenditures; and providing for law enforcement and maintenance of police forces. The Assemblies also controlled the creation and abolishment of, and salaries for, positions within provincial and municipal civil services. The nomination, suspension and dismissal of civil servants was reserved for the president (governor) of the province, but how and under what circumstances he could exercise these prerogatives was delineated by the Assembly. The

3859:

foreign actors. Romanticism at that time was regarded as the literary style that best fitted Brazilian literature, which could reveal its uniqueness when compared to foreign literature. During the 1830s and 1840s, "a network of newspapers, journals, book publishers and printing houses emerged which together with the opening of theaters in the major towns brought into being what could be termed, but for the narrowness of its scope, a national culture".

1665:

Since the national government wanted to ensure their loyalty, presidents were, in most cases, sent to a province in which they had no political, familial or other ties. To prevent them from developing any strong local interests or support, presidents would be limited to terms of only a few months in office. As the president usually spent a great deal of time away from the province, often traveling to their native province or the imperial capital, the

1642:. This council was composed of either 21 or 13 elected members, depending on the size of a province's population. All "resolutions" (laws) created by the councils required approval by the General Assembly, with no right of appeal. Provincial Councils also had no authority to raise revenues, and their budgets had to be debated and ratified by the General Assembly. Provinces had no autonomy and were entirely subordinate to the national government. 1000:). Instead of ending the chaos, these new powers only fed local ambitions and rivalries. Violence erupted throughout the country. Local parties competed with renewed ferocity to dominate provincial and municipal governments, as whichever party dominated the provinces would also gain control over the electoral and political system. Those parties which lost elections rebelled and tried to assume power by force, resulting in several rebellions. 3989: 1491:

enjoyed immunity from prosecution for speeches made from the floor and in the discharge of their offices. Only their own chambers within the Assembly could order the arrest of a member during his tenure. "With no actual responsibility for the actual conduct of affairs, the legislators were free to propose sweeping reforms, advocate ideal solutions, and denounce compromising and opportunistic conduct by the government."

9658: 1538:, which was beyond what was required by the Constitution. A constitutional balance of power existed between the General Assembly and the executive branch under the emperor. The legislature could not operate alone and the monarch could not force his will upon the Assembly. In practice, the system functioned smoothly only when both Assembly and Emperor acted in a spirit of cooperation for the national good. 3550:. However, the clergy had long been understaffed, undisciplined and poorly educated, all of which led to a general loss of respect for the Catholic Church. During Pedro II's reign, the Imperial government embarked upon a program of reform designed to address these deficiencies. As Catholicism was the official religion, the emperor exercised a great deal of control over Church affairs and paid clerical 3918:. Brazilian Romanticism did not have the same success in theater as it had in literature, as most of the plays were either Neoclassic tragedies or Romantic works from Portugal or translations from Italian, French or Spanish. After the opening of the Brazilian Dramatic Conservatory in 1845, the government gave financial aid to national theater companies in exchange for staging plays in Portuguese. 1670:

bosses. Presidents could be used by the national government to influence, or even rig, elections, although to be effective the president had to rely on provincial and local politicians who belonged to his own political party. This interdependency created a complex relationship which was based upon exchanges of favors, private interests, party goals, negotiations, and other political maneuvering.

2937:

were between 41 and 50; 12.8% were between 51 and 70; and lastly, only 3.4% were over 71. The residents in the combined northeast and southeast regions comprised 87.2% of the nation's population. The second national census was held in 1890 when the Brazilian republic was only a few months old. Its results showed that the population had grown to 14,333,915 inhabitants since the 1872 census.

1295:

to the Progressives. The ultraconservatives led by Eusébio, Uruguai and Itaboraí who opposed conciliation in the 1850s had nonetheless believed that the Emperor was indispensable to the functioning of the political system: the Emperor was an ultimate and impartial arbiter when political deadlock threatened. By contrast, this new generation of ultraconservatives had not experienced the

2925:. The small number of people and small number of towns reported by the census reveal Brazil's enormous territory to have been sparsely populated. It showed Brazil as having a total population of 9,930,478 inhabitants. Estimates made by the government in prior decades showed 4,000,000 inhabitants in 1823 and gave a figure of 7,000,700 in 1854. The population was distributed across 20 945:: "a long, inglorious, and ultimately futile war in the south". In March 1826, John VI died and Pedro ;I inherited the Portuguese crown, briefly becoming King Pedro IV of Portugal before abdicating in favor of his eldest daughter, Maria II. The situation worsened in 1828 when the war in the south ended with Brazil's loss of Cisplatina, which would become the independent republic of 3281:) to attract immigrants. The scheme endured until the end of the 1850s, when the system collapsed and was abandoned. The failure was rooted in the large debts European settlers incurred to subsidize their travel and settlement expenses, leaving them as virtual slaves to their employers. Immigration suffered another decline during the Paraguayan War, which lasted from 1864 to 1870. 1653:(Provincial Legislative Assemblies). The new Assemblies enjoyed much greater autonomy from the national government. A Provincial Assembly was composed of 36, 28 or 20 elected deputies, the number depending on the size of the province's population. The election of provincial deputies followed the same procedure as used to elect general deputies to the national Chamber of Deputies. 1882:. During the Regency, two were named to the Senate and none to the Council of State (this body was dormant during the Regency). Pedro II chose four officers as senators during the 1840s, two in the 1850s and three others during the remaining years of his reign. He also appointed seven officers to be state councilors during the 1840s and 1850s, and three others after that. 1247:

apologized for the crisis between the empires. The Paraguayan invasion in 1864 led to a conflict far longer than expected, and faith in the progressive cabinet's ability to prosecute the war vanished. Also, from its inception, the Progressive League was plagued by internal conflict between factions formed by former moderate conservatives and by former liberals.

3427:. However, many ranks, traditions, and regulations in Brazil's system of nobility were co-opted directly from the Portuguese aristocracy. During Pedro I's reign there were no clear requisites for someone to be ennobled. During Pedro II's reign (apart from the Regency period during which the regent could not grant titles or honors) the nobility evolved into a 2050:

II's "quest for a trade treaty with the United States was part of a grander strategy to increase national sovereignty and autonomy." Unlike the circumstances of the previous pact, the Empire was in a strong position to insist on favorable trade terms, as negotiations occurred during a time of Brazilian domestic prosperity and international prestige.

1275:" of the Brazilian Empire. The Brazilian economy grew rapidly; railroad, shipping and other modernization projects were started; immigration flourished. The Empire became known internationally as a modern and progressive nation, second only to the United States in the Americas; it was a politically stable economy with a good investment potential. 3566:. In pursuing reform, the government selected bishops whose moral fitness, stance on education and support for reform met with their approval. However, as more capable men began to fill the clerical ranks, resentment of government control over the Church increased. Catholic clerics moved closer to the pope and his doctrines. This resulted in the 2241:

tons between 1827 and 1830 reaching 1,632 tons in 1852. By 1900 the country was exporting 24,301,452 tons of rubber. Brazil also exported around 3,377,000 tons of coffee between 1821 and 1860 while between 1861 and 1889 this reached 6,804,000 tons. Technological innovations also contributed to the growth of exports, in particular the adoption of

1778:, the poor were 87% of the electorate. Former slaves could not vote, but their children and grandchildren could, as could the illiterate (which few countries allowed). In 1872, 10.8% of the Brazilian population voted (13% of the non-slave population). By comparison, electoral participation in the UK in 1870 was 7% of the total population; in 1996:

securing recognized frontiers was complicated by the fact that, between 1777 and 1801, Portugal and Spain had annulled their previous treaties setting out the borders between their American colonial empires. However, the Empire was able to sign several bilateral treaties with neighbors, including Uruguay (1851), Peru (1851 and 1874), the

3277:

like their homeland. In the 1830s, due to the instability of the Regency, European immigration ground to a halt, only recovering after Pedro II took the reins of government and the country entered a period of peace and prosperity. Farmers in the southeast, enriched by lucrative coffee exports, created the "partnership system" (a form of

2027:, the US Secretary of State: "Next to the United States, Brazil is the most wealthy, the greatest and the most firmly established of all the American powers." By the early 1870s, the international reputation of the Empire of Brazil had improved considerably, and it remained well-regarded internationally until its end in 1889. 988:

and begin exercising authority as Emperor until 2 December 1843. A regency was elected to rule the country in the interim. Because the Regency held few of the powers exercised by an emperor and was completely subordinated to the General Assembly, it could not fill the vacuum at the apex of Brazil's government.

4036:

The matter of the contested regions were later settled peacefully in favor of Brazil's pretentions. The exception was the border with Argentina next to the Brazilian province of Santa Catarina, in which half of its territory were divided amicably between Brazil and its neighbor. The current-day state

3293:

From 1872 until 1879, the nationalities forming the bulk of the new settlers were composed of Portuguese (31.2%), Italians (25.8%), Germans (8.1%) and Spanish (1.9%). In the 1880s, Italians would surpass the Portuguese (61.8% to 23.3% respectively), and the Spanish would displace the Germans (6.7% to

3276:

The first to arrive in numbers were the Swiss, of whom some 2,000 settled in Rio de Janeiro province (the southeast) during 1818. They were followed by Germans and Irish, who immigrated to Brazil in the 1820s. German settlers gravitated mostly to the southern provinces, where the environment was more

2227:

14%. Twenty years later, coffee would reach 42%, sugar 27%, leather and skins 9%, and cotton 8% of the total exports. This did not mean a reduction in the production of any of these items and, in fact, the opposite occurred. Growth occurred in all sectors, some more than others. In the period between

2049:

The Brazilian government eventually felt confident enough to negotiate a trade deal with the United States in 1889, the first to be undertaken with any nation since the disastrous and exploitative trade treaty with Britain in 1826 (canceled in 1844). American historian Steven C. Topik said that Pedro

1294:

The "Law of Free Birth", and Pedro II's support for it, resulted in the loss of the ultraconservatives' unconditional loyalty to the monarchy. The Conservative Party had experienced serious divisions before, during the 1850s, when the Emperor's total support for the conciliation policy had given rise

987:

Following the hasty departure of Pedro I, Brazil was left with a five-year-old boy as head of state. With no precedent to follow, the Empire was faced with the prospect of a period of more than twelve years without a strong executive, as, under the constitution, Pedro II would not attain his majority

3735:

It was only following Pedro II's majority in 1840, however, that the academy became a powerhouse, part of the Emperor's greater scheme of fomenting a national culture and consequently uniting all Brazilians in a common sense of nationhood. Pedro II would sponsor the Brazilian culture through several

3376:

Most slaves worked as plantation laborers. Relatively few Brazilians owned slaves and most small and medium-sized farms employed free workers. Slaves could be found scattered throughout society in other capacities: some were used as house servants, farmers, miners, prostitutes, gardeners and in many

3324:

In 1823, a year after independence, slaves made up 29% of the population of Brazil, a figure which fell throughout the lifetime of the Empire: from 24% in 1854, to 15.2% in 1872, and finally to less than 5% in 1887—the year before slavery was completely abolished. Slaves were mostly adult males from

3241:

Because of the existence of distinct racial and cultural communities, 19th century Brazil developed as a multi-ethnic nation. However, there is no reliable information available for the years prior to 1872. The first official national census was compiled by the government in 1872 showing that out of

2007:

A number of conflicts occurred between the Empire and its neighbors. Brazil experienced no serious conflicts with its neighbors to the north and west, due to the buffer of the nearly impenetrable and sparsely populated Amazonian rainforest. In the south, however, the colonial disputes inherited from

1958:

ideology among young officers brought further complications, as positivism opposed the monarchy under the belief that a dictatorial republic would bring improvements. A coalition between a mutinous Army faction and the positivist camp was formed and directly led to the republican coup on 15 November

1921:

The Armada was constantly being modernized with the latest developments in naval warfare. It adopted steam navigation in the 1830s, ironclad plate armor in the 1860s, and torpedoes in the 1880s. By 1889, Brazil had the fifth or sixth most powerful navy in the world, and the most powerful battleships

1790:

was common, it was not ignored by the Emperor, politicians or observers of the time. The problem was considered a major issue and attempts were made to correct abuses, with legislation (including the electoral reforms of 1855, 1875 and 1881) repeatedly being enacted to combat fraud. The 1881 reforms

1486:

Regarding matters of foreign policy, the Constitution (under Article 102) required that the General Assembly be consulted about declarations of war, treaties and the conduct of international relations. A determined legislator could exploit these Constitutional provisions to block or limit government

1420:

on 15 November 1889. The few people who witnessed what occurred did not realize that it was a rebellion. Historian Lídia Besouchet noted that, "arely has a revolution been so minor." Throughout the coup Pedro II showed no emotion, as if unconcerned about the outcome. He dismissed all suggestions put

1282:

as the head of a cabinet whose main goal was to pass a law to immediately free all children born to female slaves. The controversial bill was introduced in the Chamber of Deputies in May and faced "a determined opposition, which commanded support from about one third of the deputies and which sought

1008:

in the 1840s) believed that a neutral figure was required—one who could stand above political factions and petty interests to address discontent and moderate disputes. They envisioned an emperor who was more dependent on the legislature than the constitutional monarch envisioned by Pedro I, yet with

747:

elected under comparatively democratic methods for the era, as were the provincial and local legislatures. This led to a long ideological conflict between Pedro I and a sizable parliamentary faction over the role of the monarch in the government. He also had to face other obstacles. The unsuccessful

746:

republics, Brazil had political stability, vibrant economic growth, constitutionally guaranteed freedom of speech, and respect for civil rights of its subjects, albeit with legal restrictions on women and slaves, the latter regarded as property and not citizens. The Empire's bicameral parliament was

3755:

had largely supplanted Neoclassicism, not only in painting, but also in sculpture and architecture. The academy did not resume its role of simply providing education: prizes, medals, scholarships in foreign countries and funding were used as incentives. Among its staff and students were some of the

3623:

Among African slaves, Catholicism was the religion of the majority. Most slaves came originally from the midwestern and southwestern portions of the African coast. For over four centuries this region had been the subject of Christian mission activities. Some Africans and their descendants, however,

3438:

It was the emperor's right, as head of the executive branch, to grant titles and honors. The titles of nobility were, in ascending order: baron, viscount, count, marquis, and duke. Apart from position in the hierarchy there were other distinctions between the ranks: counts, marquises and dukes were

2207:

reached a total value of Rs 79.000:000$ 000 between 1834 and 1839. This continued to increase every year until it reached Rs 472.000:000$ 000 between 1886 and 1887: an annual growth rate of 3.88% since 1839. The absolute value of exports from the Empire in 1850 was the highest in Latin America, and

1762:

was introduced only in 1848. It is probable that no European country at the time had such liberal legislation as Brazil. The income requirement was low enough that any employed male citizen could qualify to vote. As an illustration, the lowest paid civil employee in 1876 was a janitor who earned Rs

1664:

The provincial presidents were appointed by the national government and were, in theory, charged with governing the province. In practice, however, their power was intangible, varying from province to province based upon each president's relative degree of personal influence and personal character.

1490:

During its annual four-month sessions the Assembly conducted public debates. These were widely reported and formed a national forum for the expression of public concerns from all parts of the country. It was frequently a venue for expressing opposition to policies and airing grievances. Legislators

1469:

which in 1824 was composed of 50 senators and 102 general deputies, as the nation's representatives. The Constitution endowed the Assembly with both status and authority, and created legislative, moderating, executive and judicial branches as "delegations of the nation" with the separation of those

1246:

What had appeared at the outset to be a brief and straightforward military intervention led to a full-scale war in South America's southeast. However, the possibility of a two-front conflict (with Britain and Paraguay) faded when, in September 1865, the British government sent an envoy who publicly

1148:

Paraná invited several liberals to join the conservative ranks and went so far as to name some as ministers. The new cabinet, although highly successful, was plagued from the start by strong opposition from ultraconservative members of the Conservative Party who repudiated the new liberal recruits.

1865:

The military was organized along similar lines to the British and American armed forces of the time, in which a small standing army could quickly augment its strength during emergencies from a reserve militia force (in Brazil, the National Guard). Brazil's first line of defense relied upon a large

1482:

and was required to annually authorize expenditures and taxes. It alone approved and exercised oversight of government loans and debts. Other responsibilities entrusted to the Assembly included setting the size of the military's forces, the creation of offices within the government, monitoring the

1408:

The measures taken by the government alarmed civilian republicans and the positivists in the military. The republicans saw that it would undercut support for their own aims, and were emboldened to further action. The reorganization of the National Guard was begun by the cabinet in August 1889, and

1349:

A weary emperor who no longer cared for the throne, an heir who had no desire to assume the crown, an increasingly discontented ruling class who were dismissive of the Imperial role in national affairs: all these factors presaged the monarchy's impending doom. The means to achieve the overthrow of

1250:

The cabinet resigned and the Emperor named the aging Viscount of Itaboraí to head a new cabinet in July 1868, marking the return of the conservatives to power. This impelled both progressive wings to set aside their differences, leading them to rechristen their party as the Liberal Party. A third,

1047:

The abilities of the Emperor and the newly appointed conservative cabinet were tested by three crises between 1848 and 1852. The first crisis was a confrontation over the illegal importation of slaves. Importing slaves had been banned in 1826 as part of a treaty with Britain. Trafficking continued

991:

The hamstrung Regency proved unable to resolve disputes and rivalries between national and local political factions. Believing that granting provincial and local governments greater autonomy would quell the growing dissent, the General Assembly passed a constitutional amendment in 1834, called the

3289:

that 500,000 Europeans immigrated to Brazil between 1808 and 1883. The figure for European settlers arriving between 1884 and 1893 climbed to 883,668. The number of Europeans immigrating continued to rise in the following decades, with 862,100 between 1894 and 1903; and 1,006,617 between 1904 and

2936:

Among the free population 23.4% of males and 13.4% of females were considered literate. Men represented 52% (5,123,869) of the total population. Figures for the population by age showed 24.6% were children younger than 10 years old; 21.1% were between 11 and 20; 32.9% were between 21 and 40; 8.4%

2307:

of Rs 7.000:000$ 000. At the end of the Imperial period in 1889, Brazil had 636 factories representing an annual rate of increase of 6.74% over the number in 1850, and with a total capital of approximately Rs 401.630:600$ 000 (which represents an annual growth rate in value of 10.94% from 1850 to

2240:

and by 1880 this had increased to 73,500 tons. Between 1821 and 1825, 41,174 tons of sugar were exported, rising to 238,074 tons between 1881 and 1885. Until 1850, rubber production was insignificant, but between 1881 and 1890, it had reached third place among Brazilian exports. This was about 81

1656:

The responsibilities of the Provincial Assembly included defining provincial and municipal budgets and levying the taxes necessary to support them; providing primary and secondary schools (higher education was the responsibility of the national government); oversight and control of provincial and

1885:

The Brazilian Armed Forces were created in the aftermath of Independence. They were originally composed of Brazilian- and Portuguese-born officers and troops who had remained loyal to the government in Rio de Janeiro during the war of secession from Portugal. The Armed Forces were crucial to the

1873:

Military personnel were allowed to run for and serve in political office while remaining on active duty. However they did not represent the Army or the Armada, but were instead expected to serve the interests of the city or province which had elected them. Pedro I chose nine military officers as

1404:

To avert a republican backlash, the government exploited the credit readily available to Brazil as a result of its prosperity to fuel further development. The government extended massive loans at favorable interest rates to plantation owners and lavishly granted titles and lesser honors to curry

1177:

rebellion in 1849, took advantage of what seemed to be the Conservative Party's impending implosion to return to national politics with renewed strength. They delivered a powerful blow to the government when they managed to win several seats in the Chamber of Deputies in 1860. When many moderate

3858:

published the first work of Romanticism in Brazil, beginning a new era in the nation. The next year, 1838, saw the first play performed by Brazilians with a national theme, which marked the birth of Brazilian theater. Until then themes were often based on European works even if not performed by

3694:

According to historian Ronald Raminelli, "visual arts underwent huge innovations in the Empire in comparison to the colonial period." With independence in 1822, painting, sculpture and architecture were influenced by national symbols and the monarchy, as both surpassed religious themes in their

3272:

Prior to 1808, the Portuguese were the only European people to settle Brazil in significant numbers. Although Italians, British, Germans and Spanish had previously immigrated to Brazil, they had only done so as a small number of individuals or in very small groups. These earliest non-Portuguese

1669:

governor was the vice-president, who was chosen by the Provincial Assembly and was usually a local politician. With little power to undermine provincial autonomy, the president was an agent of the central government with little function beyond conveying its interests to the provincial political

1299:

of Pedro II's reign, when external and internal dangers had threatened the Empire's very existence; they had only known prosperity, peace and a stable administration. To them—and to the ruling classes in general—the presence of a neutral monarch who could settle political disputes was no longer

1153:

infested with converted liberals who did not genuinely share the party's ideals and were primarily interested in gaining public offices. Despite this mistrust, Paraná showed resilience in fending off threats and overcoming obstacles and setbacks. However, in September 1856, at the height of his

1093:

and the subsequent overthrow of the Argentine ruler in February 1852. The Empire's successful navigation of these crises considerably enhanced the nation's stability and prestige, and Brazil emerged as a hemispheric power. Internationally, Europeans came to see the country as embodying familiar

1003:

The politicians who had risen to power during the 1830s had by then become familiar with the difficulties and pitfalls of power. According to historian Roderick J. Barman, by 1840, "they had lost all faith in their ability to rule the country on their own. They accepted Pedro II as an authority

1995:

in July 1824. Other nations followed in establishing diplomatic relations over the next few years. Portugal recognized the separation in August 1825. The Brazilian government subsequently made it a priority to establish its international borders through treaties with its neighbors. The task of

1541:

A new element was added when the office of "president of the Council of Ministers" was formally created in 1847—although the role had existed informally since 1843. The president of the Council owed his position to both his party and to the Emperor and these could sometimes come into conflict.

1230:

As war with the British Empire loomed, Brazil had to turn its attention to its southern frontiers. Another civil war had begun in Uruguay which pitted its political parties against one another. The internal conflict led to the murder of Brazilians and the looting of their Uruguayan properties.

3640:

was also practiced among a small minority of African slaves, although it was harshly repressed and by the end of the 19th century had been completely extinguished. By the beginning of the 19th century, the Indians in most of eastern Brazil had been either assimilated or decimated. Some tribes

2360:

Since the second half of the 18th century, when Brazil was still a colony, the government had attempted to gather data regarding the population. However, few captaincies (later called provinces) collected the requested information. After independence the government instituted a commission for

2311:

Factories were constructed throughout the Empire in the 1880s, allowing Brazil's cities to be modernized and "receive the benefits of gas, electrical, sanitation, telegraph, and tram companies. Brazil was entering the modern world." It was the fifth country in the world to install modern city

1425:

on 17 November. Although there was significant monarchist reaction after the fall of the Empire, this was thoroughly suppressed, and neither Pedro II nor his daughter supported a restoration. Despite being unaware of the plans for a coup, once it occurred and in light of the Emperor's passive

1358:

ideals among the army's junior and mid-level officer ranks, however, began to form a serious threat to the monarchy. These officers favored a republican dictatorship, which they believed would be superior to the liberal democratic monarchy. Beginning with small acts of insubordination at the

952:

Other difficulties arose when the Empire's parliament, the General Assembly, opened in 1826. Pedro I, along with a significant percentage of the legislature, argued for an independent judiciary, a popularly elected legislature and a government which would be led by the emperor who held broad

1562:

of the Crown was to him as necessary and important as the delegation of the Chamber, and, to exert with safety his functions, he had to dominate the caprice, the oscillations and ambitions of the Parliament, as well as to preserve always unalterable the favor, the good will of the emperor."

4050:

The only exceptions regarding border disputes in the north and west were minor diplomatic disputes with France and Britain in the northern region. During the 1830s, both countries occupied and unsuccessfully attempted to claim some areas in the north as part of their colonial empires. See

3517:. The first three had grades of honor beyond the Grand Master (reserved for the Emperor only): knight, commander and grand cross. The latter three, however, had different ranks: the Order of the Southern Cross with four, the Order of the Rose with six, and the Order of Pedro I with three. 2320:

and one of the pioneers in the installation of a telephone service. In addition to the foregoing improvements to infrastructure, it was also the first South American nation to adopt public electric lighting (in 1883) and the second in the Americas (behind the United States) to establish a

1043:

To achieve their goals, the liberals allied themselves with a group of high-ranking palace servants and notable politicians: the "Courtier Faction". The courtiers were part of the Emperor's inner circle and had established influence over him, which enabled the appointment of successive

1170:—all former ministers in the 1848–1853 cabinet. These elder statesmen had taken control of the Conservative Party after Paraná's death. In the years following 1857, none of the cabinets survived long. They quickly collapsed due to the lack of a majority in the Chamber of Deputies. 4095:

A primeira estimativa oficial para a extensão superficial do território brasileiro data de 1889. O valor de 8,337,218 km (3,219,018 sq mi) foi obtido a partir de medições e cálculos efetuados sobre as folhas básicas da Carta do Império do Brasil, publicada em 1883.

1959:

1889. Battalions and even full regiments of soldiers loyal to the Empire, who shared the ideals of the older generation of leaders, attempted to restore the monarchy. Attempts at a restoration proved futile and supporters of the Empire were executed, arrested or forcibly retired.

129: 799:) under Pedro II's rule, and the Empire prevailed in several other international disputes and outbreaks of domestic strife. With prosperity and economic development came an influx of European immigration, including Protestants and Jews, although Brazil remained mostly Catholic. 1409:

the creation of a rival force caused the dissidents among the officer corps to consider desperate measures. For both groups, republicans and military, it had become a case of "now or never". Although there was no desire among the majority of Brazilians to change the country's

1060:

province (and one in which liberal and courtier supporters were involved), erupted on 6 November 1848, but was suppressed by March 1849. It was the last rebellion to occur during the monarchy, and its end marked the beginning of forty years of internal peace in Brazil. The

3731:

and the Neoclassical style to replace the prevalent baroque style. Plagued by a lack of funds since its inception, the school was later renamed as the Academy of Fine Arts in 1820, and in 1824 received its final name under the Empire: Imperial Academy of Fine Arts.

3414:

of Brazil differed markedly from its counterparts in Europe: noble titles were not hereditary, with the exception of members of the Imperial Family, and those who had received a noble title were not considered to belong to a separate social class, and received no

1069:

on 4 September 1850 giving the government broad authority to combat the illegal slave trade. With this new tool Brazil moved to eliminate the importation of slaves, and by 1852 this first crisis was over, with Britain accepting that the trade had been suppressed.

827:, but neither Pedro II nor the ruling classes considered a female monarch acceptable. Lacking any viable heir, the Empire's political leaders saw no reason to defend the monarchy. After a 58-year reign, on 15 November 1889 the Emperor was overthrown in a sudden 1145:, head of the Conservative Party, was charged with forming a new cabinet. Emperor Pedro II wanted to advance an ambitious plan, which became known as "the Conciliation", aimed at strengthening the parliament's role in settling the country's political disputes. 914:, to rule Brazil as his regent. The Portuguese government immediately moved to revoke the political autonomy that Brazil had been granted since 1808. The threat of losing their limited control over local affairs ignited widespread opposition among Brazilians. 1405:

favor with influential political figures who had become disaffected. The government also indirectly began to address the problem of the recalcitrant military by revitalizing the moribund National Guard, by then an entity which existed mostly only on paper.

1227:. Brazil prepared itself for the imminent conflict, and coastal defenses were given permission to fire upon any British warship that tried to capture Brazilian merchant ships. The Brazilian government then severed diplomatic ties with Britain in June 1863. 782:

was created. The power vacuum resulting from the absence of a ruling monarch as the ultimate arbiter in political disputes led to regional civil wars between local factions. Having inherited an empire on the verge of disintegration, Pedro II, once he was

3115:

descended from the original Portuguese settlers. From the 1870s onwards this ethnic group also included other European immigrants: mainly Italians and Germans. Although whites could be found throughout the country, they were the majority group in the

1300:

important. Furthermore, since Pedro II had clearly taken a political side on the slavery question, he had compromised his position as a neutral arbiter. The young ultraconservative politicians saw no reason to uphold or defend the Imperial office.

1929:

Dissension resulting from inadequate government attention to Army needs was restrained under the generation of officers who had begun their careers during the 1820s. These officers were loyal to the monarchy, believed the military should be under

1287:". Rio Branco's success, however, seriously damaged the long-term political stability of the Empire. The law "split the conservatives down the middle, one party faction backed the reforms of the Rio Branco cabinet, while the second—known as the 2232:

increased by over 40%. Brazil was not the only country where agriculture played an important role on exports. Around 1890, in the United States, by then the richest nation in the Americas, agricultural goods represented 80% of all its exports.

2031:, an American diplomat in the Brazilian capital in the 1880s, later recalled Brazil as an "important Empire" in his memoirs. In 1871, Brazil was invited to arbitrate the dispute between the United States and Britain which became known as the 3242:

9,930,479 inhabitants there were 38.1% whites, 38.3% browns, 19.7% blacks and 3.9% Indians. The second official national census in 1890 revealed that in a population of 14,333,915, 44% were whites, 32.4% browns, 14.6% blacks and 9% Indians.

3284:

Immigrant numbers soared during the 1870s in what came to be called the "great immigration". Up to that point, around 10,000 Europeans arrived in Brazil annually, but after 1872, their numbers increased dramatically. It is estimated by the

822:

were marked by continuous internal peace and economic prosperity, he had no desire to see the monarchy survive beyond his lifetime and made no effort to maintain support for the institution. The next in line to the throne was his daughter

3714:

in the 1820s played a pivotal role in influencing and expanding the visual arts in Brazil, mainly by educating generations of artists but also by serving as a stylistic guideline. The academy's origins lay in the foundation of the

874:

landed on its coast. Permanent settlement followed in 1532, and for the next 300 years the Portuguese slowly expanded westwards until they had reached nearly all of the borders of modern Brazil. In 1808, the army of French Emperor

1098:

and constitutional respect for civil liberties. Its representative parliamentary monarchy also stood in stark contrast to the mix of dictatorships and instability endemic in the other nations of South America during this period.

3356:

during the 19th century for the cultivation of coffee which became vital to the national economy. The prevalence of slavery was not geographically uniform across Brazil. Around 1870 only five provinces (Rio de Janeiro with 30%,

2008:

Portugal and Spain over the control of the navigable rivers and plains which formed the frontiers continued after independence. The lack of mutually agreed borders in this area led to several international conflicts, from the

1953:

Dissatisfaction became more evident during the 1880s, and some officers began to display open insubordination. The Emperor and the politicians did nothing to improve the military nor meet their demands. The dissemination of

128: 3325:

southwestern Africa. Slaves brought to Brazil differed ethnically, religiously and linguistically, each identifying primarily with his or her own nation of origin, rather than by a shared African ethnicity. Some of the

1926:. The Army, despite its highly experienced and battle-hardened officer corps, was plagued during peacetime by units which were badly paid, inadequately equipped, poorly trained and thinly spread across the vast Empire. 1782:

it was 2%; in Portugal 9%; and in the Netherlands 2.5%. In 1832, the year of the British electoral reform, 3% of the British voted. Further reforms in 1867 and 1884 expanded electoral participation in the UK to 15%.

3273:

settlers did not have a significant impact on the culture of Portugal's Brazilian colony. The situation changed after 1808 when King John VI began to encourage immigration from European countries outside Portugal.

1483:

national welfare and ensuring that the government was being run in conformity to the Constitution. This last provision allowed the legislature wide authority to examine and debate government policy and conduct.

3088:

regions. A large mulatto population inhabited the eastern coast of the northeastern region from Bahia to Paraíba and were also present in northern Maranhão, southern Minas Gerais, eastern Rio de Janeiro and in

1239:, took advantage of the Uruguayan situation in late 1864 by attempting to establish his nation as a regional power. In November of that year, he ordered a Brazilian civilian steamship seized, triggering the 3570:, a series of clashes during the 1870s between the clergy and the government, since the former wanted a more direct relationship with Rome and the latter sought to maintain its oversight of Church affairs. 1330:

The weaknesses in the monarchy took many years to become apparent. Brazil continued to prosper during the 1880s, with the economy and society both developing rapidly, including the first organized push for

155: 738:

and, after waging a successful war against his father's kingdom, was acclaimed on 12 October as Pedro I, the first Emperor of Brazil. The new country was huge, sparsely populated, and ethnically diverse.

10824: 3136:

provinces (the last four having the smallest percentages of whites in the whole country—less than 30% in each) were black or brown. The Indians, or the indigenous peoples of Brazil, were found mainly in

1473:

The prerogatives and authority granted to the legislature within the Constitution meant that it could and would play a major and indispensable role in the functioning of the government—it was not a mere

1157:

The Conservative Party had split down the middle: on one side were the ultraconservatives, and on the other, the moderate conservatives who supported the Conciliation. The ultraconservatives were led by

1743:) and councilmen (members of the town councils) without the involvement of the emperor in making a final selection. All men over the age of 25 with an annual income of at least Rs 100$ 000 (or 100,000 2042:. In 1884, Brazil was called upon to arbitrate between Chile and several other nations (namely France, Italy, Britain, Germany, Belgium, Austria-Hungary and Switzerland) over damages arising from the 1754:

The Brazilian system was relatively democratic for a period during which indirect elections were common in democracies. The income requirement was much higher in the United Kingdom, even after the

3792:. In the 1880s, after having been long regarded as the official style of the academy, Romanticism declined, and other styles were explored by a new generation of artists. Among the new genres was 3740:

and Imperial Academy of Music and National Opera. That sponsorship would pave the way not only for the careers of artists, but also for those engaged in other fields, including historians such as

1133:

At the beginning of the 1850s, Brazil was enjoying internal stability and economic prosperity. The nation's infrastructure was being developed, with progress in the construction of railroads, the

1271:

The diplomatic victory over the British Empire and the military victory over Uruguay in 1865, followed by the successful conclusion of the war with Paraguay in 1870, marked the beginning of the "

2000:(later Colombia, 1853), Venezuela (1859), Bolivia (1867) and Paraguay (1872). By 1889, most of its borders were firmly established. The remaining issues—including the purchase of the region of 1735:

in the General Assembly) from a list of the three candidates who had received the highest number of votes. The electors also chose the General Deputies (members of the Chamber of Deputies, the

1426:

acceptance of the situation, the political establishment supported the end of the monarchy in favor of a republic. They were unaware that the goal of the coup leaders was the creation of a

1338:

The lack of an heir who could feasibly provide a new direction for the nation also threatened the long-term prospects for the Brazilian monarchy. The Emperor's heir was his eldest daughter

126: 3585:

soon after its independence and settled mainly in the northeastern provinces of Bahia and Pernambuco and in the northern provinces of Amazonas and Pará. Other Jewish groups came from the

10831: 1216:

This period of calm came to an end in 1863, when the British consul in Rio de Janeiro nearly sparked a war by issuing an abusive ultimatum to Brazil in response to two minor incidents (

1862:(Navy)—although the president of the Council of Ministers usually exercised oversight of both branches in practice. The ministers of War and Navy were, with few exceptions, civilians. 10810: 7575: 3965:. Brazilian theater became influenced by Realism in 1855, decades earlier than the style's impact upon literature and poetry. Famous Realist playwrights included José de Alencar, 10817: 1089:

and Brazil. The Empire was unable to address the threat posed by Rosas until 1850, when an alliance was forged between Brazil, Uruguay and disaffected Argentines, leading to the

127: 1679:(town council) was the governing body in towns and cities and had existed in Brazil since the beginning of the colonial period in the 16th century. The Chamber was composed of 3443:

of the Empire" while the titles of barons and viscounts could be bestowed "with Greatness" or "without Greatness". All ranks of the Brazilian nobility were to be addressed as

1363:

in scope and audacity during the decade, as the Emperor was uninterested and the politicians proved incapable of re-establishing the government's authority over the military.

10843: 10640: 1052:

of 1845 authorized British warships to board Brazilian ships and seize anyone who was found to be involved in the slave trade. While Brazil grappled with this problem, the

1013:). The liberals, however, contrived to pass an initiative to lower Pedro II's age of majority from eighteen to fourteen. The Emperor was declared fit to rule in July 1840. 787:, managed to bring peace and stability to the country, which eventually became an emerging international power. Brazil was victorious in three international conflicts (the 12543: 1979:. There is no consensus about which countries were the first to recognize the independence of Brazil. According to historian Toby Green, they were the African states of 15034: 2303:

Development on an immense scale occurred during this period, anticipating similar advancements in European countries. In 1850, there were fifty factories with a total

10851: 3871: 3844: 3765: 3596:

church was opened in Rio de Janeiro in 1820. Others were established afterwards in São Paulo, Pernambuco and Bahia provinces. They were followed by German and Swiss

3854:

In the first years after independence, Brazilian literature was still heavily influenced by Portuguese literature and its predominant Neoclassical style. In 1837,

759:(later to become Uruguay). In 1826, despite his role in Brazilian independence, he became the king of Portugal; he abdicated the Portuguese throne in favor of his 7548: 3573:

The Constitution did allow followers of other, non-Catholic, faiths to practice their religious beliefs, albeit only in private. The construction of non-Catholic

1142: 305: 14716: 3462:(as Duke of Santa Cruz, brother-in-law to Pedro I), Dona Isabel Maria de Alcântara Brasileira (as Duchess of Goiás, illegitimate daughter of Pedro I) and lastly 1731:. In the first phase voters chose electors who then selected a slate of senatorial candidates. The emperor would choose a new senator (member of the Senate, the 1417: 15272: 1720:

gathered in the Rio de Janeiro province (Brazilian southeast), c. 1888. Brazil's 19th-century elections were very democratic for the time, but were plagued by

807:

in 1888. Brazilian visual arts, literature and theater developed during this time of progress. Although heavily influenced by European styles that ranged from

1751:

in the first phase. The voting age was lowered to 21 for married men. To become an elector it was necessary to have an annual income of at least Rs 200$ 000.

12548: 3381:

guaranteed—the only exception being that, until 1881, freed slaves were barred from voting in elections, although their children and descendants could vote.

2219:

As new technologies appeared, and with increases in internal productivity, exports increased considerably. This made it possible to reach equilibrium in the

1397:

in the international arena. While Pedro II was receiving medical treatment in Europe, the parliament passed, and Princess Isabel signed on 13 May 1888, the

12516: 1141:

lines uniting Brazil into a cohesive national entity. After five years in office, the successful conservative cabinet was dismissed and in September 1853,

15277: 10178: 3907: 903: 606: 4007: 3855: 3848: 2329:. By 1889, there were 18,925 kilometres (11,759 mi) of telegraph lines connecting the country's capital to distant Brazilian provinces such as 1354:

had never flourished in Brazil outside of certain elitist circles, and had little support in the provinces. A growing combination of republican and

1159: 3459: 1167: 58: 3592:

The Protestants were another group that began settling in Brazil at the beginning of the 19th century. The first Protestants were English, and an

1478:. The General Assembly alone could enact, revoke, interpret, and suspend laws under Article 13 of the Constitution. The legislature also held the 4083: 3286: 906:, which raised the status of Brazil from colony to kingdom. He ascended the Portuguese throne the following year, after the death of his mother, 3128:. Afro-Brazilians inhabited the same areas as mulattoes. The majority of the population of Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Bahia, 1938:(Hispanic American dictatorships) against which they had fought. However, by the early 1880s, this generation (including commanders such as the 8920: 3641:

resisted assimilation and either fled farther west, where they were able to maintain their diverse polytheistic beliefs, or were restricted to

1943: 321: 11319: 14824: 12521: 3463: 2175:

was written as "Rs 1:020$ 800". For millions, a period was used as a separator between millions, billions, trillions, etc. (e.g., 1 billion

1939: 14890: 13764: 13592: 13507: 13246: 10625: 3870:. The most influential literary style in 19th-century Brazil, many of the most renowned Brazilian writers were exponents of Romanticism: 3737: 2228:

1820 and 1840, Fausto says "Brazilian exports had doubled in volume and had tripled in nominal value" while the valuation denominated in

1627:, a metropolis and imperial capital, 1889 (Brazilian southeast). All provinces had great autonomy in relation to the national government. 1223:). The Brazilian government refused to yield, and the consul issued orders for British warships to capture Brazilian merchant vessels as 7582: 13163: 9703: 1758:. At the time the only nations not requiring a minimum level of income as a qualification for voting were France and Switzerland where 888: 723: 2799: 1988: 1231:

Brazil's progressive cabinet decided to intervene and dispatched an army, which invaded Uruguay in December 1864, beginning the brief

934: 752: 15237: 15158: 1947: 1705:

province (Brazilian northeast), 1880. In practice, any employed male citizen could qualify to vote, so most electors had low incomes

15257: 15188: 13661: 12629: 9920: 3589:

region of Germany and from Russia. By the 1880s, there were several Jewish communities and synagogues scattered throughout Brazil.

3120:

and in São Paulo province. Whites also comprised a significant proportion (40%) of the population in the northeastern provinces of

2179:

was written as "Rs 1.000:000$ 000"). A colon functioned to separate millions from thousands, and the $ sign (typically written as

2004:

from Bolivia which would give Brazil its present-day configuration—were only finally resolved after the country became a republic.

1279: 13979: 12855: 10134: 3471: 1534:(prime minister). There were eleven dissolutions during Pedro II's reign and, of these, ten occurred after consultation with the 3719:(Royal School of the Sciences, Arts and Crafts) in 1816 by the Portuguese King John VI. Its members—of whom the most famous was 3679: 3344:

province, slave labor was used in cotton and rice production in the 18th century. In this period, slaves were also exploited in

15242: 13251: 12777: 10329: 10284: 9944: 3711: 1555: 1309: 1296: 2038:. In 1880, the Empire acted as arbiter between the United States and France over the damage caused to US nationals during the 14031: 13586: 12462: 12272: 11654: 10650: 9619: 9591: 9572: 9553: 9534: 9515: 9496: 9442: 9404: 9367: 9348: 9329: 9310: 9234: 9178: 9157: 9138: 9119: 9100: 9081: 9062: 9043: 9015: 8996: 8977: 8958: 8910: 8888: 8866: 8810: 8791: 8772: 8744: 8725: 3483: 1422: 1372: 829: 485: 15173: 13996: 1886:

successful outcomes of international conflicts faced by the Empire, starting with Independence (1822–1824), followed by the

13216: 13137: 12563: 10319: 10208: 9897: 2039: 1804: 1551: 866:

The Empire of Brazil. The Neutral Municipality is Rio de Janeiro, the imperial capital within the province of the same name

337: 73: 12178: 14484: 12808: 10427: 10036: 9937: 9910: 9855: 9188:

Hahner, June E. (1978). "The nineteenth-century feminist press and women's rights in Brazil". In Lavrin, Asunción (ed.).

3862:

Romanticism reached its apogee between the late 1850s and the early 1870s as it divided into several branches, including

3593: 2223:. During the 1820s sugar constituted about 30% of total exports while cotton constituted 21%, coffee 18% and leather and 1508: 1386: 1339: 824: 784: 3265: 1283:

to organize public opinion against the measure." The bill was finally promulgated in September and became known as the "

14489: 13012: 12992: 12838: 12324: 11324: 7552: 1318:

The Empire of Brazil, c. 1889. Cisplatina had been lost since 1828 and two new provinces had been created since then (

14880: 14817: 13754: 12888: 10968: 9758: 9738: 9662: 9477: 9201: 3502: 3493:

The lesser nobility, who were untitled, were made up of members of the Imperial Orders. There were six of these: the

3097:

were the smallest and most difficult to distinguish from the two other mixed-race subgroups since the descendants of

970: 779: 443: 3577:

was officially forbidden. From the outset these restrictions were ignored by both the citizenry and authorities. In

15153: 15042: 14299: 10511: 10269: 9830: 3696: 1931: 1867: 1439: 1004:

figure whose presence was indispensable for the country's survival." Some of these politicians (who would form the

17: 1421:

forward by politicians and military leaders for quelling the rebellion. The Emperor and his family were sent into

870:

The territory which would come to be known as Brazil was claimed by Portugal on 22 April 1500, when the navigator

15247: 14850: 13697: 13241: 12982: 11950: 10203: 9748: 9742: 9726: 3498: 3400: 2059: 919: 846: 833:

led by a clique of military leaders whose goal was the formation of a republic headed by a dictator, forming the

819: 768: 259: 11112: 10061: 778:

Pedro I's successor in Brazil was his five-year-old son, Pedro II. As the latter was still a minor, a weak

14895: 14276: 13779: 12977: 12591: 10678: 10262: 9871: 9763: 9734: 9696: 4017: 3926: 3757: 3555: 3255: 1825: 1526:, the Chamber of Deputies was never dissolved and legislative sessions were never extended or postponed. Under 1462: 926: 915: 430: 244: 10791: 1393:

The nation enjoyed considerable international prestige during the final years of the Empire and had become an

14113: 13080: 12987: 12388: 10878: 10873: 10786: 10468: 10163: 9962: 9954: 4041:, formerly part of Bolivia, was purchased by Brazil in 1903 and had not been claimed during the imperial era. 3741: 3625: 3582: 3475: 3332:

Slaves and their descendants were usually found in regions devoted to producing exports for foreign markets.

1291:(English: slavocrats)—were unrelenting in their opposition", forming a new generation of ultraconservatives. 1009:

greater powers than had been advocated at the beginning of the Regency by their rivals (who later formed the

949:. During the same year in Lisbon, Maria II's throne was usurped by Prince Miguel, Pedro I's younger brother. 381: 3340:

during the 16th and 17th centuries are typical of economic activities dependent on slave labor. In northern

1971:

By 1889, most of Brazil's borders had been established by international treaties, with a few contested areas

15133: 14810: 14767: 13749: 13737: 13256: 13007: 12997: 12972: 12850: 12383: 12267: 10738: 10526: 10375: 10168: 9968: 3801: 3727:

who worked as painters, sculptors, musicians and engineers. The school's main goal was to encourage French

3061: 2990: 2946: 2684: 2028: 1903: 1173:

The remaining members of the Liberal Party, which had languished since its fall in 1848 and the disastrous

1010: 9211: 3903: 15052: 14907: 14630: 14544: 14439: 14354: 14271: 13769: 13641: 13496: 13002: 12533: 12393: 11430: 10615: 10422: 10395: 10385: 10370: 10289: 10127: 10087: 4075: 3867: 3506: 3085: 2325:

line connecting it directly to Europe in 1874. The first domestic telegraph line appeared during 1852 in

1332: 1179: 1062: 1005: 719: 1870:

to civilian governmental control and to remain at arm's length from involvement in political decisions.

15262: 14833: 14777: 14692: 14281: 14179: 13121: 12671: 10733: 10563: 10478: 10463: 4002: 3146: 2540: 2416: 1975:

Upon independence from Portugal, the immediate focus of Brazil's foreign policy was to gain widespread

1319: 228: 14469: 3608:

settled in São Paulo. Several American churches sponsored missionary activities, including Lutherans,

2468: 15252: 15232: 14747: 14434: 14369: 14359: 14344: 13679: 13626: 13536: 13063: 12661: 12455: 12351: 11499: 11063: 10804: 10758: 10748: 10488: 10412: 10299: 10279: 10198: 9850: 9820: 9810: 9805: 9689: 3329:

had been captured while fighting intertribal wars in Africa and had then been sold to slave dealers.

2564: 1851: 1466: 1343: 351: 193: 14569: 3974: 3970: 3789: 3600:

who settled in the South and Southwest regions and built their own houses of worship. Following the

1842:

Under Articles 102 and 148 of the Constitution, the Armed Forces were subordinate to the emperor as

1236: 15057: 14189: 14169: 14134: 14087: 14041: 13393: 13209: 12757: 12309: 12284: 12134: 11793: 11788: 10549: 10309: 10245: 10188: 9845: 9815: 3915: 3899: 3736:

public institutions funded by the government (not restricted to the Academy of Fine Arts), such as

3494: 3431:

with titles granted in recognition of an individual's outstanding service to the Empire or for the

3337: 3081: 2298: 1866:

and powerful navy to protect against foreign attack. As a matter of policy, the military was to be

1847: 1531: 1470:

powers envisaged as providing balances in support of the Constitution and the rights it enshrined.

1427: 1033: 834: 730:. John VI later returned to Portugal, leaving his eldest son and heir-apparent, Pedro, to rule the 681: 619: 276: 115: 15047: 14885: 14855: 14067: 13759: 13742: 13732: 13707: 13551: 13277: 12651: 12376: 12257: 11798: 11751: 11694: 11393: 11337: 11085: 10856: 10635: 10051: 9927: 9905: 9876: 3934: 3117: 3077: 2439: 1997: 1859: 1855: 1475: 1163: 1074: 687: 221: 3745: 3478:, and 29 women received grants of nobility in their own right. As well as being unrestricted by 3308: 871: 15168: 15111: 14977: 14957: 14787: 14702: 14549: 14261: 14194: 14062: 14011: 13943: 13843: 13833: 13631: 13566: 13373: 13302: 13097: 12792: 12553: 12398: 12299: 12294: 11982: 11930: 11850: 11783: 11687: 11672: 11565: 11332: 11286: 11127: 11014: 10645: 10595: 10473: 10417: 10380: 10360: 10355: 10120: 10077: 9730: 3659: 3349: 2775: 2703: 1976: 1775: 857: 735: 404: 3009:

which is still officially used, though some scholars prefer the term "mixed one" (Portuguese:

2159:

written before the value and by a dollar sign was written before any amounts lower than 1,000

1709: 711: 15126: 15101: 14772: 14752: 14732: 14595: 14559: 14514: 14459: 14251: 14246: 14021: 13968: 13793: 13702: 13671: 13611: 13561: 13343: 13333: 12900: 12867: 12818: 12735: 12581: 12329: 12289: 12102: 11977: 11041: 11031: 10990: 10961: 10683: 10610: 10458: 10390: 10257: 9932: 9915: 3251: 2922: 2823: 2355: 1771: 544: 13923: 12217: 3887: 3883: 3316: 2998: 2727: 2211: 15267: 15121: 15083: 15021: 14757: 14676: 14640: 14590: 14449: 14374: 14159: 14036: 13828: 13603: 13581: 13576: 13541: 13483: 13167: 12951: 12762: 12586: 12528: 12500: 12448: 12422: 12252: 12222: 12097: 12028: 11999: 11918: 11252: 11090: 11080: 10768: 10713: 10585: 10580: 10235: 8822: 3720: 3703:. New developments appeared, such as the use of iron in architecture and the appearance of 3326: 3278: 3260: 2930: 2871: 2396: 2070: 1987:

in 1822 and 1823 respectively while researcher Rodrigo Wiese Randig argues that it was the

1906:(1824) under Pedro I, followed by the uprisings during Pedro II's early reign, such as the 1590: 1516: 1095: 1082: 764: 760: 684: 572: 12202: 9630: 9170:

A Fistful of Shells: West Africa from the Rise of the Slave Trade to the Age of Revolution

3809: 3353: 2463: 1967: 1389:

is greeted from the central balcony of the City Palace by a huge crowd below in the street

803:, which had initially been widespread, was restricted by successive legislation until its 8: 14902: 14875: 14870: 14782: 14727: 14564: 14554: 14539: 14529: 14494: 14424: 14339: 14309: 14256: 13973: 13727: 13722: 13621: 13616: 13383: 13338: 13297: 13202: 13116: 12967: 12939: 12932: 12845: 12745: 12740: 12114: 11994: 11960: 11862: 11682: 11677: 11489: 11208: 11144: 11019: 11004: 10753: 10728: 10620: 10600: 10541: 10432: 10402: 10365: 10252: 10218: 10041: 7574:

Rodarte, Mario Marcos Sampaio; Paiva, Clotilde Andrade; Godoy, Marcelo Magalhães (2012).

3954: 3921:

By the 1880s, Romanticism was superseded by new literary styles. The first to appear was

3785: 3586: 3125: 2926: 2535: 2304: 2204: 1795:

may have been significant factors contributing to the reduction in the number of voters.

1646: 1639: 1547: 1212:

Brazilian soldiers kneeling before a religious procession during the Paraguayan War, 1868

997: 930: 907: 899: 703: 183: 98: 11830: 11820: 3950: 2957: 2273: 2023:, the US minister to Brazil, in 1867. The Empire's rise was noticed as early as 1844 by 15163: 15067: 14865: 14860: 14681: 14504: 14499: 14464: 14444: 14419: 14414: 14409: 14404: 14399: 14384: 14379: 14324: 14231: 14077: 13948: 13838: 13818: 13774: 13717: 13712: 13689: 13656: 13646: 13636: 13518: 13147: 13142: 12828: 12719: 12699: 12485: 12227: 12207: 12190: 12141: 12006: 11815: 11766: 11699: 11617: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11504: 11474: 11366: 11264: 11132: 11107: 10868: 10796: 10778: 10743: 10693: 10575: 10521: 10493: 10343: 10324: 9798: 9753: 9668: 9322:

The Late Victorian Navy: The Pre-Dreadnought Era and the Origins of the First World War

9190: 4113: 3941:, were both connected to the former's evolution. Among the best-known Naturalists were 3812:. Another style which gained popularity in the fields of painting and architecture was 3805: 3687: 3613: 3605: 3601: 3390: 2444: 2043: 1923: 1843: 1759: 1527: 1479: 1410: 1134: 954: 695: 458: 265: 145: 3942: 3879: 3395: 3365:

also with 7%) held 73% of the nation's total slave population. These were followed by

2952: 2751: 1323: 1078: 15062: 15016: 15006: 14967: 14707: 14697: 14660: 14534: 14519: 14394: 14364: 14334: 14329: 14304: 14241: 14236: 14226: 14097: 14046: 13933: 13928: 13651: 13287: 13272: 13035: 12944: 12752: 12619: 12612: 12336: 12232: 12168: 12163: 12092: 11989: 11704: 11632: 11627: 11469: 11398: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11171: 11122: 10921: 10914: 10708: 10670: 10531: 10446: 10304: 10274: 10240: 10155: 10147: 10019: 9793: 9788: 9615: 9587: 9568: 9549: 9530: 9511: 9492: 9473: 9466: 9438: 9432: 9419: 9400: 9363: 9344: 9325: 9306: 9230: 9224: 9197: 9174: 9153: 9134: 9115: 9096: 9077: 9058: 9039: 9011: 8992: 8973: 8954: 8937: 8906: 8884: 8862: 8845: 8806: 8787: 8768: 8740: 8721: 3966: 3891: 3574: 3514: 3362: 3303: 2020: 1728: 1523: 1499: 1360: 1284: 1219: 1150: 911: 892: 880: 800: 731: 707: 691: 417: 250: 10516: 3875: 3840: 3781: 3672: 3090: 2847: 2679: 2019:"Brazil is, next to ourselves, the great power on the American continent", affirmed 1107: 15106: 14989: 14723: 14687: 14605: 14429: 14199: 14144: 14107: 14082: 14072: 13958: 13888: 13883: 13878: 13873: 13868: 13858: 13853: 13546: 13292: 12922: 12624: 12558: 12185: 11972: 11967: 11923: 11840: 11808: 11803: 11667: 11662: 11644: 11605: 11538: 11521: 11462: 11452: 11447: 11388: 11344: 11314: 11274: 11257: 11240: 11203: 10954: 10703: 10698: 10605: 10498: 10483: 9773: 7608: 3958: 3922: 3863: 3773: 3510: 3112: 3037: 2317: 2242: 2220: 1992: 1984: 1875: 1822: 1809: 1779: 1740: 1713: 1449: 1259: 1125: 884: 743: 366: 10655: 3769: 2921:

The first true national census with exhaustive and broad coverage was carried out

2780: 980: 672:

was a 19th-century state that broadly comprised the territories which form modern

15093: 14962: 14930: 14600: 14349: 14319: 14314: 14174: 14164: 14129: 14119: 14102: 13938: 13893: 13808: 13526: 13501: 13348: 13171: 13075: 13053: 13030: 12905: 12883: 12862: 12833: 12823: 12813: 12495: 12490: 12403: 12371: 12244: 12212: 12195: 12151: 12146: 12124: 12119: 12077: 12070: 12045: 11905: 11900: 11741: 11622: 11516: 11511: 11479: 11304: 11294: 11188: 11181: 11176: 11161: 11117: 10999: 10985: 10930: 10863: 10763: 10723: 10660: 10590: 10173: 9461: 9168: 8835:(in Portuguese). Vol. 10. Rio de Janeiro: Encyclopædia Britannica do Brasil. 3637: 3567: 3543: 3065: 2982: 2660: 2237: 2229: 2132: 2024: 1787: 1774:

in 1876, the poor constituted 70% of the electorate. In Irajá in the province of

1755: 1721: 1717: 1607: 1503:

Emperor Pedro II surrounded by prominent politicians and national figures c. 1875

1178:

conservatives defected to unite with liberals to form a new political party, the

1053: 1037: 891:

in the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro, which became the unofficial seat of the

699: 11825: 8826:(in Portuguese). Vol. 4. Rio de Janeiro: Encyclopædia Britannica do Brasil. 3761: 3006: 1902:(1864–1870). They also played a part in quelling rebellions, beginning with the 1154:

career, he died unexpectedly, although the cabinet survived him until May 1857.

160:

Empire of Brazil at its largest territorial extent, 1822–1828, including former

15011: 14999: 14742: 14524: 14509: 14474: 14214: 14209: 14092: 14026: 13898: 13556: 13531: 13436: 13353: 13307: 13111: 12927: 12895: 12666: 12656: 12636: 12607: 12346: 12341: 12304: 12279: 12262: 12173: 12158: 12129: 12087: 11935: 11895: 11890: 11845: 11771: 11731: 11721: 11711: 11526: 11405: 11299: 11166: 11048: 10503: 10314: 10092: 10082: 10046: 10004: 9980: 9974: 9289: 8876: 3946: 3824: 3777: 3547: 3467: 2986: 2365: 2326: 2313: 2253: 2098: 2032: 2013: 2009: 1907: 1899: 1887: 1658: 1624: 1601: 1543: 1394: 1240: 1201: 1191: 942: 796: 748: 727: 173: 64: 2182: 2080: 1691: 1208: 680:

until the latter achieved independence in 1828. The empire's government was a

15226: 15203: 15190: 14952: 14935: 14802: 14389: 14154: 14149: 13571: 13429: 13388: 13368: 13092: 12772: 12709: 12704: 12683: 12427: 12314: 12109: 12082: 12055: 12033: 12011: 11778: 11761: 11746: 11590: 11543: 11531: 11457: 11349: 11223: 11218: 11193: 11075: 10935: 10688: 10407: 10028: 9998: 9565:

Nos trilhos do progresso: A ferrovia no Brasil imperial vista pela fotografia

8941: 6527: 3994: 3938: 3793: 3700: 1895: 1879: 1535: 1512: 1351: 1232: 808: 792: 218: 215: 13918: 11855: 11835: 9423: 8849: 3032: 815:, each concept was adapted to create a culture that was uniquely Brazilian. 14984: 14947: 14479: 14001: 13963: 13863: 13446: 13058: 12714: 12319: 12060: 12050: 12016: 11945: 11940: 11867: 11657: 11639: 11600: 11595: 11575: 11570: 11442: 11435: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11309: 11247: 11228: 11213: 11149: 10230: 4038: 4012: 3930: 3911: 3895: 3604:

in the 1860s, immigrants from the southern United States seeking to escape

3378: 3373:(with 4%). Among the remaining 13 provinces none individually had even 3%. 3345: 3101:

and mulattoes also fell into this category and were found in the northeast

2804: 2245:

and railroads allowed for faster and more convenient cargo transportation.

2001: 1792: 1767: 1264: 1196: 1066: 1049: 958: 772: 391: 10883: 10097: 10056: 3633: 3458:

Between 1822 and 1889, 986 people were ennobled. Only three became dukes:

2732: 1834: 1454: 1398: 1382: 1081:

and free navigation of that waterway. Since the 1830s, Argentine dictator

975: 910:. He returned to Portugal in April 1821, leaving behind his son and heir, 804: 472: 14994: 14711: 14220: 14016: 13908: 13903: 13823: 13414: 13398: 12910: 12787: 12782: 12767: 12676: 12646: 12471: 12038: 12023: 11872: 11585: 11494: 11484: 11410: 11058: 11053: 10718: 9992: 8898: 3962: 3836: 3813: 3797: 3752: 3724: 3704: 3432: 3428: 3404: 2487: 2119:

The unit of currency from the Empire's founding, and until 1942, was the

1891: 1736: 1732: 1618: 1487:

decisions, influence appointments and force reconsideration of policies.

1090: 812: 788: 375: 360: 8842:

José Maria Paranhos: Visconde do Rio Branco: ensaio histórico-biográfico

7576:"Publicação Crítica do Recenseamento Geral do Império do Brasil de 1872" 3525: 3341: 1610:, a large city and capital of Bahia province (Brazilian northeast), 1870 1530:, the Chamber of Deputies was only ever dissolved at the request of the 1413:, republicans began pressuring army officers to overthrow the monarchy. 14266: 14204: 14123: 13363: 13328: 13183: 13179: 13175: 13102: 13068: 12538: 12065: 11882: 11756: 11716: 11649: 10630: 10193: 9010:(in Portuguese) (10 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira. 3728: 3629: 3617: 3563: 3559: 3451: 3366: 3133: 3106: 2828: 2583: 1955: 1559: 1355: 1272: 1057: 1029: 876: 756: 205: 161: 14972: 9388:

Independência: Revolução e Contra-Revolução – A política internacional

3664: 3435:. Noble rank did not represent "recognition of illustrious ancestry." 2961:

This map shows where ethnic groups predominated within Brazil: purple—

2852: 2708: 2559: 2195: 1377: 14625: 14615: 14184: 13491: 13378: 13085: 12641: 11955: 11726: 11610: 11580: 11361: 11235: 11026: 10888: 9986: 9527:

Trade and Gunboats: The United States and Brazil in the Age of Empire

9218:(in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). São Paulo: Difusão Européia do Livro. 9216:

História Geral da Civilização Brasileira: Declínio e Queda do Império

9095:(in Portuguese). São Paulo: Fundação de Desenvolvimento da Educação. 3597: 3424: 3333: 2516: 2334: 2322: 1991:

around June 1823, followed by the United States in May 1824, and the

1911: 1224: 1138: 938: 767:. Unable to deal with both Brazilian and Portuguese affairs, Pedro I 9341:

A Catástrofe dos Erros: razões e emoções na guerra contra o Paraguai

4746: 2876: 2612: 14762: 14645: 14635: 14454: 13953: 13225: 11356: 11139: 11097: 11036: 10294: 9681: 9381:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Typographia Universal de Laemmert. 3628:

by merging them with Catholicism. This resulted in the creation of

3609: 3416: 3411: 2756: 2492: 2279:

A railroad station in Minas Gerais province (Brazilian southeast),

2224: 1935: 1915: 1748: 715: 10112: 3578: 3320:

Slaves and their free children on a coffee farm in Brazil, c. 1885

3138: 3121: 2511: 1702: 1582: 14655: 14610: 14585: 14139: 13848: 13466: 13419: 13358: 13282: 13236: 11269: 11198: 11154: 11009: 10893: 9631:"Argentina, primeiro país a reconhecer a independência do Brasil" 9437:(in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. 3551: 3440: 3420: 3370: 3129: 3056: 3045: 3020: 3015: 2636: 2631: 2607: 2338: 1980: 1950:) had died, were retired, or no longer exercised direct command. 1817: 1697: 1546:

said that the "president of the Council in Brazil was no Russian

1314: 1086: 1021: 946: 862: 677: 660: 633: 200: 11070: 8861:(in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira. 6767: 5811: 3645:(reservations), where they eventually converted to Catholicism. 3142: 2330: 1586: 1576: 763:. Two years later, she was usurped by Pedro I's younger brother 14940: 14737: 14650: 13913: 13813: 13456: 13312: 12915: 11102: 10977: 10143: 9657: 9112:

Brasil e Argentina: Um ensaio de história comparada (1850–2002)

8972:(in Portuguese) (3 ed.). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. 3479: 2588: 2421: 1048:

unabated, however, and the British government's passage of the

1025: 673: 12440: 9036:

Pacto imperial: origens do federalismo no Brasil do século XIX

7804: 7490: 6890: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6796: 6794: 6051: 6015: 3348:

province where gold was extracted. Slavery was also common in

2259:

Railroad station in São Paulo province (Brazilian southeast),

2187:) was inserted between thousands and hundreds (999 or fewer). 13194: 11736: 9296:(in Portuguese) (4th ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Nova Aguilar. 9076:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: G. Ermakoff Casa Editorial. 8927:(in Portuguese). Vol. 1–5. Rio de Janeiro: José Olímpio. 8803:

Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891

6467: 6320: 6063: 5993: 5991: 5937: 3530: 3358: 3050: 3041: 3025: 2994: 2655: 2139:(English: thousand royals) and written as 1$ 000. A thousand 1350:

the Imperial system would soon appear within the Army ranks.

1112: 9434:

As barbas do Imperador: D. Pedro II, um monarca nos trópicos

8970:

Os Bestializados: o Rio de Janeiro e a República que não foi

8435: 7965: 6960: 6755: 6515: 6503: 6491: 5954: 5952: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5910: 5908: 5192: 5190: 5188: 4888: 3109:). These groups may still be found in the same areas today. 1766:

Most voters in Brazil had a low income. For example, in the

1634:

When enacted in 1824, the Imperial Constitution created the

14620: 13461: 13451: 13441: 13424: 9614:(in Portuguese) (15th ed.). São Paulo: Melhoramentos. 9612:

História do Brasil: período colonial, monarquia e república

8651: 8564: 8500: 8498: 8340: 8316: 8277: 8226: 8224: 8222: 8172: 8170: 7876: 7780: 7768: 7756: 6881: 6791: 6743: 6731: 6623: 6431: 6419: 6371: 6347: 6337: 6335: 6238: 6236: 5710: 5550: 5420: 5333: 5047: 5023: 4970: 4657: 4574: 3910:. In theater, the most famous Romanticist playwrights were 3474:, a Scot, was made Marquis of Maranhão for his role in the 2333:

and even linking to other South American countries such as

710:

in 1808, when the Portuguese Prince regent, later King Dom

10946: 9264:

História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Declínio (1880–1891)

9255:

História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Fastígio (1870–1880)

9246:

História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Ascenção (1825–1870)

8683: 8681: 8668: 8666: 8641: 8639: 8637: 8624: 8622: 8620: 8595: 8593: 8591: 8554: 8552: 8306: 8304: 8267: 8265: 8263: 8248: 8095: 8017: 8015: 8013: 8011: 8009: 8007: 7994: 7992: 7917: 7895: 7893: 7891: 7717: 7715: 7713: 7519: 7517: 7468: 7466: 7311: 7309: 7307: 7305: 7303: 7301: 7299: 7248: 7164: 7032: 7022: 7020: 7018: 7016: 7003: 7001: 6999: 6823: 6821: 6707: 6296: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6173: 6171: 6158: 6156: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6027: 6003: 5988: 5976: 5838: 5627: 5493: 5466: 5464: 5256: 4161: 3268:

colony in Espírito Santo province (southeast region), 1875

879:

invaded Portugal, forcing the Portuguese royal family—the

9510:(in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Graphia. 9399:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira. 9343:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca do Exército. 8883:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 8527: 8525: 8510: 8425: 8423: 8408: 8398: 8396: 8383: 8381: 8379: 8352: 8209: 8207: 8205: 8203: 8201: 8199: 8197: 7977: 7905: 7828: 7674: 7478: 7369: 6671: 6539: 6407: 6109: 6107: 6039: 5964: 5949: 5920: 5905: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5828: 5826: 5722: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5357: 5309: 5185: 5113: 4794: 4770: 4647: 4645: 4521: 4392: 4368: 4308: 4245: 4221: 3581:, Pará's capital, the first synagogue was built in 1824. 898:

In 1815, the Portuguese crown prince Dom John (later Dom

9673: 9489:

Brazil and the United States: Convergence and Divergence

9114:(in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). São Paulo: Editoria 34. 8495: 8459: 8447: 8236: 8219: 8167: 8049: 8047: 8034: 8032: 8030: 7953: 7734: 7732: 7730: 7628: 7626: 6455: 6332: 6233: 5775: 5698: 5651: 5639: 5386: 5384: 5246: 5244: 5231: 5229: 5137: 5125: 5091: 5089: 5064: 5062: 4632: 4630: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4499: 4497: 4472: 4470: 4409: 4407: 4274: 4272: 4233: 4209: 4173: 9605:(in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional. 9390:(in Portuguese). Vol. 5. Rio de Janeiro: F. Alves. 9266:(in Portuguese). Vol. 3. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia. 9257:(in Portuguese). Vol. 2. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia. 9248:(in Portuguese). Vol. 1. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia. 8758:(in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional. 8693: 8678: 8663: 8634: 8617: 8605: 8588: 8549: 8537: 8483: 8471: 8364: 8301: 8289: 8260: 8182: 8004: 7989: 7929: 7888: 7744: 7710: 7514: 7463: 7347: 7345: 7343: 7341: 7339: 7326: 7324: 7296: 7013: 6996: 6972: 6869: 6833: 6818: 6611: 6575: 6551: 6383: 6359: 6308: 6284: 6272: 6260: 6248: 6183: 6168: 6153: 6136: 6119: 6087: 6075: 5881: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5461: 5011: 4586: 4443: 4320: 4185: 3361:

with 15%, Minas Gerais with 14%, São Paulo with 7% and

3312:

A Brazilian family and its female house slaves, c. 1860

2981:

Four ethnic groups were recognized in Imperial Brazil:

957:, on 7 April 1831 and immediately sailed for Europe to 771:

on 7 April 1831 and immediately departed for Europe to

8576: 8522: 8420: 8393: 8376: 8328: 8194: 8059: 7941: 7816: 7792: 7581:. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Archived from 7502: 7357: 7284: 7272: 7260: 7236: 7224: 7212: 7200: 7188: 7176: 7152: 7140: 7128: 7116: 7104: 7092: 7080: 7068: 7056: 7044: 6984: 6948: 6936: 6924: 6900: 6857: 6845: 6695: 6659: 6443: 6395: 6104: 5893: 5850: 5823: 5799: 5787: 5734: 5615: 5603: 5591: 5538: 5526: 5476: 4642: 4125: 2977:: over 80% of the population lived along the coastline 1430:

rather than a presidential or parliamentary republic.

8155: 8143: 8131: 8119: 8107: 8083: 8071: 8044: 8027: 7864: 7852: 7840: 7727: 7698: 7686: 7662: 7650: 7623: 6912: 6719: 6599: 6587: 6563: 6479: 5869: 5408: 5396: 5381: 5369: 5345: 5321: 5268: 5241: 5226: 5214: 5202: 5173: 5149: 5101: 5086: 5074: 5059: 5035: 4900: 4876: 4806: 4782: 4758: 4734: 4722: 4710: 4669: 4627: 4562: 4545: 4533: 4509: 4494: 4482: 4467: 4404: 4356: 4344: 4296: 4284: 4269: 4257: 4101: 1649:, Provincial General Councils were supplanted by the 1638:(Provincial General Council), the legislature of the 1056:, a conflict between local political factions within 9074:

Rio de Janeiro – 1840–1900 – Uma crônica fotográfica

8720:(in Portuguese) (4th ed.). São Paulo: Moderna. 7638: 7609:"Synopse do recenseamento de 31 de dezembro de 1890" 7529: 7336: 7321: 6806: 6779: 6683: 6647: 5505: 5161: 4455: 4431: 4419: 4380: 4332: 4197: 3984: 3707:

and photography, which revitalized the visual arts.

3490:, mulattoes, blacks and even Indians were ennobled. 3013:). The term denotes a broad category which includes 1645:

With the 1834 constitutional amendment known as the

983:, seat of the Brazilian Imperial government, in 1840 9150:

Patronage and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Brazil

9055:

Maldita Guerra: Nova história da Guerra do Paraguai

8953:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Ao Livro Técnico. 6635: 4149: 4137: 4122:, pp. 59, 65, 66, 78, 175, 181, 197, 213, 300. 3486:distinctions were made in conferring noble status. 1494: 904:

United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves

734:as regent. On 7 September 1822, Pedro declared the 607:

United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves

9586:(in Portuguese) (7th ed.). São Paulo: Ática. 9465: 9275:(in Portuguese) (18th ed.). São Paulo: Ática. 9189: 9057:(in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. 8991:(in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. 8905:(in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. 8767:(in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). São Paulo: Nobel. 8739:(in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. 3466:(as Duke of Caxias, commander-in-chief during the 1566: 925:Pedro I encountered a number of crises during his 9029:(in Portuguese) (4 ed.). São Paulo: Moderna. 8844:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira. 7573: 4008:List of titles and honours of the Brazilian Crown 15224: 9584:Brasil, sociedade e espaço – Geografia do Brasil 9491:. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. 9273:O Espaço Geográfico, geografia geral e do Brasil 3460:Auguste de Beauharnais, 2nd Duke of Leuchtenberg 3444: 2933:(the Empire's capital) with 641 municipalities. 2131:in modern Portuguese), and was derived from the 1674: 1168:Paulino Soares de Sousa, 1st Viscount of Uruguai 1143:Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, Marquis of Paraná 1129:A construction site in the docks of Recife, 1862 933:in early 1825 and the subsequent attempt by the 755:in 1828 led to the secession of the province of 90: 39: 4084:Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics 3287:Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics 1542:19th-century abolitionist leader and historian 1278:In March 1871, Pedro II named the conservative 1077:over ascendancy in territories adjacent to the 851: 14832: 8830: 7496: 1465:defined the roles of both the emperor and the 1160:Joaquim Rodrigues Torres, Viscount of Itaboraí 941:) to annex Cisplatina led the Empire into the 15273:States and territories disestablished in 1889 14818: 13210: 12456: 10962: 10128: 9697: 9397:Uma história diplomática do Brasil, 1531–1945 9192:Latin American Women: Historical Perspectives 8819: 7455: 7402: 3076:formed the majority of the population in the 2236:In the 1820s, Brazil exported 11,000 tons of 773:restore his daughter to the Portuguese throne 508:8,337,218 km (3,219,018 sq mi) 12419:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 9644:(31). Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão: 501–524. 9628: 9261: 9252: 9243: 9109: 7549:"Censo de 1872 é disponibilizado ao público" 6966: 6894: 6800: 6761: 6749: 6737: 6521: 6509: 6497: 6437: 6425: 6353: 5817: 5767: 5716: 5690: 5556: 5426: 5339: 5196: 5053: 5029: 5003: 4976: 4962: 4933: 4868: 4839: 4696: 4663: 3933:. Newer styles that coexisted with Realism, 3744:and musicians such as the operatic composer 1878:and appointed five (out of fourteen) to the 1457:in 1888 as spectators watch from the gallery 1149:They believed that the cabinet had become a 9548:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva. 9418:(in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Topbooks. 9128: 9110:Fausto, Boris; Devoto, Fernando J. (2005). 8936:(in Portuguese). Brasília: Senado Federal. 8737:História da vida privada no Brasil: Império 6713: 3925:, which had among its most notable writers 3756:most renowned Brazilian artists, including 3738:Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute 1511:and executive branches (being aided by the 1418:launched a coup and instituted the republic 1200:Brazilian artillery in position during the 15278:States and territories established in 1822 14825: 14811: 13217: 13203: 12463: 12449: 10969: 10955: 10135: 10121: 9704: 9690: 9379:Constituição política do Império do Brasil 9324:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press. 9229:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 9129:Graça Filho, Afonso de Alencastro (2004). 9033: 8784:Brazil: The Forging of a Nation, 1798–1852 8734: 7971: 6057: 6045: 6033: 6021: 6009: 5997: 5982: 5970: 5958: 5943: 5931: 5914: 3796:, the most famous exponents of which were 3542:Article five of the Constitution declared 1747:; the equivalent in 1824 to $ 98 US) were 154: 15159:List of the last monarchs in the Americas 9581: 9394: 9385: 9376: 9319: 9052: 8856: 8839: 7983: 7911: 7606: 7426: 7375: 6677: 6545: 6533: 6413: 6326: 6069: 5728: 5143: 5131: 4894: 3819: 3717:Escola Real das Ciências, Artes e Ofícios 2215:A coffee farm in São Paulo province, 1880 2123:("royal" in English, its plural form was 1073:The third crisis was a conflict with the 9567:(in Portuguese). São Paulo: Metalivros. 9460: 9430: 9300: 9071: 9005: 8986: 8967: 8948: 8504: 8465: 8453: 8441: 8242: 8230: 8176: 7959: 7935: 7607:Indústria, Brasil Ministério da (1898). 6461: 6341: 6314: 6302: 6290: 6278: 6266: 6254: 6242: 6219: 6213: 6177: 6162: 6130: 6081: 5887: 5781: 5761: 5704: 5684: 5657: 5645: 5583: 5577: 5470: 5447: 5441: 5017: 4997: 4956: 4927: 4862: 4833: 4619: 4580: 3823: 3678: 3663: 3524: 3394: 3336:plantations on the eastern coast of the 3315: 3307: 3259: 3031: 2956: 2210: 2194: 1966: 1838:Shipyard in Rio de Janeiro city, c. 1862 1833: 1816: 1808: 1708: 1690: 1498: 1448: 1376: 1313: 1258: 1207: 1195: 1124: 1106: 1020: 974: 861: 12243: 9562: 9543: 9529:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 9338: 9282:The Latin American Republics: A History 9270: 9210: 9173:. New York City: Penguin Random House. 9152:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 8875: 8805:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 8786:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 8753: 8699: 8687: 8672: 8657: 8645: 8628: 8611: 8599: 8570: 8558: 8543: 8531: 8516: 8489: 8477: 8429: 8414: 8402: 8387: 8370: 8358: 8346: 8334: 8322: 8310: 8295: 8283: 8271: 8188: 8021: 7998: 7899: 7882: 7822: 7798: 7786: 7774: 7762: 7750: 7721: 7523: 7508: 7484: 7472: 7449: 7414: 7396: 7315: 7026: 7007: 6978: 6906: 6875: 6839: 6827: 6629: 6617: 6581: 6557: 6389: 6377: 6365: 6225: 6198: 6147: 6098: 4651: 4607: 3472:Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald 3245: 3023:(descendants of whites and blacks) and 1989:United Provinces of the Río de la Plata 1739:), provincial deputies (members of the 935:United Provinces of the Río de la Plata 753:United Provinces of the Río de la Plata 14: 15225: 13252:List of current non-sovereign monarchs 9451: 9413: 9288: 9222: 9187: 9147: 9090: 9024: 8931: 8919: 8903:O império marítimo português 1415–1825 8881:Brazil: Empire and Republic, 1822–1930 8800: 8781: 8582: 8254: 8213: 8149: 8065: 8038: 7947: 7923: 7408: 7363: 7290: 7278: 7266: 7254: 7242: 7230: 7218: 7206: 7194: 7182: 7170: 7158: 7146: 7134: 7122: 7110: 7098: 7086: 7074: 7062: 7050: 7038: 6990: 6954: 6942: 6930: 6863: 6851: 6773: 6701: 6665: 6449: 6401: 6113: 5899: 5863: 5844: 5832: 5805: 5793: 5755: 5740: 5678: 5672: 5633: 5621: 5609: 5597: 5571: 5544: 5532: 5499: 5487: 5414: 5402: 5390: 5375: 5363: 5351: 5327: 5315: 5295: 5289: 5274: 5262: 5250: 5235: 5220: 5208: 5179: 5155: 5119: 5107: 5095: 5080: 5068: 5041: 4991: 4950: 4921: 4906: 4882: 4856: 4827: 4812: 4800: 4788: 4776: 4764: 4752: 4740: 4728: 4716: 4702: 4690: 4675: 4636: 4613: 4592: 4568: 4556: 4539: 4527: 4515: 4503: 4488: 4476: 4461: 4449: 4437: 4425: 4413: 4398: 4386: 4374: 4362: 4350: 4338: 4326: 4314: 4302: 4290: 4278: 4263: 4251: 4227: 4203: 4167: 4143: 4131: 3554:, appointed parish priests, nominated 3264:German and Luxembourger immigrants in 2364:Estimated population of Brazil in the 1310:Decline and fall of Pedro II of Brazil 724:established himself and his government 121:"Anthem of the Independence of Brazil" 14806: 13482: 13198: 12444: 10950: 10116: 9685: 9672: 9609: 9600: 9524: 9505: 9486: 9472:. New York: Oxford University Press. 9357: 9279: 9166: 8897: 8161: 8137: 8125: 8113: 8101: 8089: 8077: 8053: 7870: 7858: 7846: 7834: 7810: 7738: 7704: 7692: 7680: 7668: 7656: 7644: 7632: 7535: 7443: 7420: 7351: 6918: 6812: 6785: 6725: 6689: 6653: 6641: 6605: 6593: 6569: 6485: 6473: 5875: 5520: 5453: 5301: 5167: 4239: 4215: 4191: 4179: 4155: 4119: 4107: 4052: 3029:(descendants of blacks and Indians). 3019:(descendants of whites and Indians), 1727:Until 1881, voting was mandatory and 1585:, a medium-sized city and capital of 1532:president of the Council of Ministers 1507:The emperor was the head of both the 1373:Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil) 1280:José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco 818:Even though the last four decades of 9711: 9674:Articles related to Empire of Brazil 9305:(in Portuguese). São Paulo: Callis. 9196:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood. 9008:Cidadania no Brasil: o longo caminho 8762: 8715: 7390: 7330: 3695:importance. The previously dominant 1962: 1805:Armed Forces of the Empire of Brazil 1651:Assembleias Legislativas Provinciais 1263:Slaves on a farm in the province of 883:, a branch of the thousand-year-old 14847:Commonwealth of Nations monarchies 10209:Sixth (New) Republic (1985–present) 10142: 10037:Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil 9133:(in Portuguese). São Paulo: Atual. 9038:(in Portuguese). São Paulo: Globo. 8735:Alencastro, Luiz Felipe de (1997). 7600: 7567: 6536:, pp. 174, 177, 180, 181, 182. 4068: 1453:The Brazilian Senate voting on the 1235:. The dictator of nearby Paraguay, 24: 13247:List of current sovereign monarchs 8934:História da Civilização Brasileira 3036:19th-century Brazilians. 1st row: 1036:), two years after the end of the 959:restore his daughter to her throne 929:. A secessionist rebellion in the 124: 27:State in South America (1822–1889) 25: 15289: 10204:Military dictatorship (1964–1985) 9650: 9362:(in Portuguese). Maceió: EDUFAL. 9303:Dom Pedro II, Imperador do Brasil 9301:Olivieri, Antonio Carlos (1999). 9006:Carvalho, José Murilo de (2008). 8987:Carvalho, José Murilo de (2007). 8968:Carvalho, José Murilo de (2002). 8949:Carvalho, José Murilo de (1993). 3710:The government's creation of the 3626:polytheistic religious traditions 3503:Order of Saint James of the Sword 1659:expropriation of private property 1554:, made only by the trust of the 1185: 971:Regency period (Empire of Brazil) 902:), acting as regent, created the 15238:1889 disestablishments in Brazil 15154:List of monarchs in the Americas 14891:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 13765:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 10189:First (Old) Republic (1889–1930) 9772: 9656: 9582:Vesentini, José William (1988). 9468:Brazil: Five Centuries of Change 9456:. London: Trübner & Company. 9395:Rodrigues, José Honório (1995). 9386:Rodrigues, José Honório (1975). 9131:A economia do Império brasileiro 7541: 7434: 7381: 6204: 5746: 5663: 5562: 4044: 4030: 3987: 3835:, showing three major Brazilian 3064:of different tribes followed by 2940: 2272: 2252: 2181: 2097: 2079: 1729:elections occurred in two stages 1617: 1600: 1575: 1495:Emperor and council of ministers 1440:Politics of the Empire of Brazil 1381:A few moments after signing the 1115:province (Brazilian northeast), 1085:had supported rebellions within 1016: 706:, Brazil became the seat of the 638: 624: 599: 144: 72: 57: 15258:Former empires in South America 13242:Imperial, royal and noble ranks 12470: 9431:Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz (1998). 9377:Rodrigues, José Carlos (1863). 7551:. Portal Brasil. Archived from 5432: 5280: 4982: 4941: 4912: 4847: 4818: 4681: 4598: 3499:Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz 3401:Old Cathedral of Rio de Janeiro 2349: 2167:was written as "Rs 350"; 1,712 2060:Economy of the Empire of Brazil 1798: 1567:Provincial and local government 847:History of the Empire of Brazil 742:Unlike most of the neighboring 13224: 9629:Wiese Randig, Rodrigo (2017). 9506:Sodré, Nelson Werneck (2004). 9025:Coelho, Marcos Amorim (1996). 4755:, pp. 346, 370, 373, 376. 3927:Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis 3653: 3327:slaves brought to the Americas 3256:European immigration to Brazil 3060:girl and man). 3rd row: three 2800:São Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul 2292: 2171:as "Rs 1$ 712"; and 1,020,800 2155:was represented by the symbol 1898:(1864–1865), and finally, the 1550:, Sovereign's creature, nor a 769:abdicated his Brazilian throne 116:Hino da Indepedência do Brasil 13: 1: 15243:1822 establishments in Brazil 15134:Trinidad and Tobago (1962–76) 12729:Eastern and Southeastern Asia 9546:Dicionário do Brasil Imperial 9053:Doratioto, Francisco (2002). 8718:Panorama geográfico do Brasil 8708: 7458:, pp. 254–255, 258, 265. 4076:"Área Territorial Brasileira" 3872:Manuel de Araújo Porto Alegre 3845:Manuel de Araújo Porto Alegre 3839:writers. From left to right: 3829: 3766:Manuel de Araújo Porto-alegre 3742:Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen 3712:Imperial Academy of Fine Arts 3533: 3476:Brazilian War of Independence 3068:of distinct ethnic background 2280: 2260: 2040:French intervention in Mexico 1813:Brazilian Army officers, 1886 1444: 1433: 1116: 13257:List of monarchy referendums 10062:Francisco José do Nascimento 9969:Confederation of the Equator 9563:Vasquez, Pedro Karp (2007). 9339:Pedrosa, J. F. Maya (2004). 9280:Munro, Dana Gardner (1942). 9271:Moreira, Igor A. G. (1981). 8801:Barman, Roderick J. (1999). 8782:Barman, Roderick J. (1988). 4062: 3969:, Joaquim Manuel de Macedo, 3908:Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay 3802:Giovanni Battista Castagneto 3403:; the attendees are wearing 2973:; white—sparsely populated. 2953:Multiracialism § Brazil 2947:Race and ethnicity in Brazil 2143:(1:000$ 000)—or one million 2029:Christopher Columbus Andrews 1904:Confederation of the Equator 1686: 922:by Portugal in August 1825. 852:Independence and early years 7: 10976: 10651:Water supply and sanitation 10199:Fourth Republic (1946–1964) 10174:Colonial Brazil (1500–1815) 9508:Panorama do Segundo Império 9034:Dolhnikoff, Miriam (2005). 8989:D. Pedro II: ser ou não ser 4023: 3980: 3949:. Notable Parnassians were 3520: 3507:Order of the Southern Cross 3384: 3044:(left to right: two female 2190: 2064: 1918:(1838–1841), among others. 1636:Conselho Geral de Província 1361:discontent in the army grew 1243:, and then invaded Brazil. 1217: 690:under the rule of Emperors 10: 15294: 14834:Monarchies in the Americas 12802:Central and Eastern Europe 10179:United Kingdom (1815–1822) 9223:Levine, Robert M. (1999). 9212:Holanda, Sérgio Buarque de 8840:Besouchet, Lídia (1985) . 4003:Monarchies in the Americas 3878:, Gonçalves de Magalhães, 3657: 3648: 3464:Luís Alves de Lima e Silva 3388: 3301: 3297: 3249: 2950: 2944: 2353: 2344: 2296: 2068: 2057: 2053: 1854:in matters concerning the 1802: 1467:General Assembly of Brazil 1437: 1370: 1307: 1303: 1189: 968: 964: 855: 844: 840: 15146: 15076: 15030: 14923: 14916: 14840: 14669: 14578: 14292: 14055: 13989: 13801: 13792: 13688: 13670: 13602: 13517: 13475: 13407: 13321: 13265: 13232: 13164:Border changes since 1914 13156: 13130: 13046: 13023: 12960: 12876: 12801: 12728: 12692: 12600: 12574: 12509: 12478: 12412: 12364: 11881: 11285: 10984: 10908: 10777: 10669: 10571: 10562: 10540: 10454: 10445: 10433:President of the Republic 10351: 10342: 10226: 10217: 10154: 10070: 10027: 10018: 9953: 9896: 9889: 9864: 9838: 9829: 9811:Prince Imperial of Brazil 9806:Brazilian imperial family 9781: 9770: 9719: 9679: 9544:Vainfas, Ronaldo (2002). 9525:Topik, Steven C. (2000). 9320:Parkinson, Roger (2008). 9072:Ermakoff, George (2006). 8857:Besouchet, Lídia (1993). 6776:, pp. 218, 236, 237. 3904:Manuel Antônio de Almeida 3828:A photograph dating from 3758:Simplício Rodrigues de Sá 2199:A Brazilian factory, 1880 2108:(royals) or Rs 1$ 000 or 1977:international recognition 1254: 1102: 916:José Bonifácio de Andrada 889:re-established themselves 726:in the Brazilian city of 654: 578: 568: 564: 554: 541: 531: 521: 517: 512: 504: 499: 495: 482: 469: 453: 440: 427: 414: 401: 397: 387: 372: 357: 347: 343: 328: 322:2nd Viscount of Caravelas 311: 289: 285: 275: 271: 256: 241: 237: 227: 211: 199: 189: 179: 169: 153: 138: 109: 86: 53: 48: 34: 15035:colonies in the Americas 13394:Self-proclaimed monarchy 12839:unification with Moldova 12522:Turks and Caicos Islands 10356:Administrative divisions 9452:Scully, William (1868). 9414:Salles, Ricardo (1996). 9284:. New York: D. Appleton. 9148:Graham, Richard (1994). 8754:Azevedo, Aroldo (1971). 7813:, pp. 113–114, 116. 6801:Fausto & Devoto 2005 6750:Fausto & Devoto 2005 6738:Fausto & Devoto 2005 3916:Joaquim Manuel de Macedo 3900:Joaquim Manuel de Macedo 3399:A state ceremony in the 3005:) was a designation for 2299:Rail transport in Brazil 2135:. It was usually called 1359:beginning of the 1880s, 1094:liberal ideals, such as 835:First Brazilian Republic 751:against the neighboring 620:First Brazilian Republic 15174:Araucania and Patagonia 15043:Courland and Semigallia 13662:Vatican City (Holy See) 12889:unification with Kosovo 9928:Imperial Brazilian Navy 9906:Imperial Brazilian Army 9877:Reverse parliamentarism 9294:Um Estadista do Império 8925:História de D. Pedro II 8859:Pedro II e o Século XIX 8756:O Brasil e suas regiões 6476:, pp. 64, 66, 235. 3671:(The model's rest), by 3583:Jews migrated to Brazil 3154:Ethnic groups in Brazil 2685:Vitória, Espírito Santo 1998:Republic of New Granada 1366: 1297:Regency and early years 1075:Argentine Confederation 785:legally declared of age 688:constitutional monarchy 222:constitutional monarchy 92:Independência ou Morte! 15248:19th century in Brazil 15169:Afro-Bolivian monarchy 13944:Islands of Refreshment 13374:Legitimacy (political) 13098:Greater Germanic Reich 12896:Bosnia and Herzegovina 10512:Science and technology 10194:Vargas Era (1930–1946) 10088:Eusébio de Queirós Law 10078:Abolitionism in Brazil 9731:Independence of Brazil 9487:Smith, Joseph (2010). 9360:A mestiçagem no Brasil 9358:Ramos, Arthur (2003). 9091:Fausto, Boris (1995). 8951:A Monarquia brasileira 8932:Calmon, Pedro (2002). 3975:Maria Angélica Ribeiro 3971:Júlia Lopes de Almeida 3856:Gonçalves de Magalhães 3851: 3849:Gonçalves de Magalhães 3820:Literature and theater 3790:João Zeferino da Costa 3691: 3676: 3660:Brazilian academic art 3624:held onto elements of 3539: 3445: 3407: 3321: 3313: 3269: 3156:(1835, 1872 and 1890) 3069: 3007:multiracial Brazilians 2978: 2216: 2200: 1972: 1890:(1825–1828), then the 1846:. He was aided by the 1839: 1831: 1814: 1724: 1706: 1695:A very poor family of 1675: 1552:British prime minister 1504: 1461:Article 2 of Brazil's 1458: 1390: 1327: 1268: 1237:Francisco Solano López 1213: 1205: 1130: 1122: 1063:Eusébio de Queirós Law 1040: 984: 867: 858:Independence of Brazil 736:independence of Brazil 338:Viscount of Ouro Preto 133: 104:Independence or Death! 91: 40: 15204:22.90833°S 53.18528°W 14924:Indigenous monarchies 14881:Saint Kitts and Nevis 13755:Saint Kitts and Nevis 13344:Criticism of monarchy 13334:Abolition of monarchy 13086:Annexation of Austria 12389:Medieval great powers 9916:Fatherland Volunteers 9610:Viana, Hélio (1994). 9601:Viana, Hélio (1968). 9262:Lira, Heitor (1977). 9253:Lira, Heitor (1977). 9244:Lira, Heitor (1977). 9226:The History of Brazil 8765:A Economia Brasileira 8763:Baer, Werner (2002). 8716:Adas, Melhem (2004). 5758:, pp. 1603–1604; 4170:, pp. 75, 81–82. 3827: 3682: 3667: 3528: 3398: 3319: 3311: 3263: 3252:Immigration to Brazil 3035: 2960: 2356:1872 Brazilian census 2297:Further information: 2214: 2198: 1970: 1944:Count of Porto Alegre 1837: 1820: 1812: 1741:Provincial Assemblies 1712: 1694: 1502: 1452: 1380: 1317: 1262: 1211: 1199: 1128: 1110: 1024: 978: 865: 431:Imperial Constitution 180:Common languages 132: 15209:-22.90833; -53.18528 15084:Barbados (1966–2021) 13587:United Arab Emirates 12746:annexation of Taiwan 12399:European colonialism 12384:Ancient great powers 10330:World Heritage Sites 10263:Environmental issues 10236:Brazilian Antarctica 9872:Constitution of 1824 9764:Units of measurement 9665:at Wikimedia Commons 9167:Green, Toby (2020). 8104:, pp. 204, 206. 5265:, pp. 234, 317. 4182:, pp. 399, 403. 3746:Antônio Carlos Gomes 3721:Jean-Baptiste Debret 3686:(Widow's mount), by 3669:O descanso do modelo 3279:indentured servitude 3246:European immigration 2931:Neutral Municipality 2900:Neutral Municipality 2397:Neutral Municipality 2316:, the third to have 2071:Brazilian real (old) 1589:province (Brazilian 1522:During the reign of 1517:Council of Ministers 1428:dictatorial republic 1096:freedom of the press 1083:Juan Manuel de Rosas 872:Pedro Álvares Cabral 720:invasion of Portugal 473:Abolition of slavery 416:• Accession of 15200: / 15031:European monarchies 14851:Antigua and Barbuda 14783:Trinidad and Tobago 14670:Commonwealth realms 14555:United Baltic Duchy 13698:Antigua and Barbuda 13690:Commonwealth realms 13384:Order of succession 12394:Modern great powers 10879:Syncretic Religions 10787:Freedom of religion 10469:Automotive industry 9839:Political instances 9816:Prince of Grão-Pará 9462:Skidmore, Thomas E. 9027:Geografia do Brasil 8660:, pp. 483–484. 8573:, pp. 482–483. 8444:, pp. 126–127. 8349:, pp. 114–115. 8325:, pp. 596–597. 8286:, pp. 450–451. 8257:, pp. 254–256. 7926:, pp. 238–239. 7885:, pp. 238–239. 7837:, pp. 185–186. 7789:, pp. 237–238. 7777:, pp. 18, 239. 7765:, pp. 351–352. 7683:, pp. 513–514. 7257:, pp. 247–248. 7173:, pp. 362–363. 7041:, pp. 146–147. 6632:, pp. 323–324. 6380:, pp. 241–242. 6329:, pp. 79, 117. 6072:, pp. 134–135. 6060:, pp. 118–119. 6024:, pp. 110–112. 5847:, pp. 132–133. 5820:, pp. 119–120. 5636:, pp. 353–356. 5574:, pp. 348–349; 5502:, pp. 353–355. 5366:, pp. 262–263. 5292:, pp. 254–271; 5122:, pp. 229–230. 5006:, pp. 224–225. 4897:, pp. 98, 203. 4859:, pp. 678–681; 4836:, pp. 103–145; 4803:, pp. 374–376. 4779:, pp. 364–365. 4705:, pp. 167–169. 4583:, pp. 102–103. 4530:, pp. 122–123. 4401:, pp. 179–180. 4377:, pp. 161–163. 4317:, pp. 148–149. 4254:, pp. 104–106. 4242:, pp. 420–422. 4230:, pp. 101–102. 4218:, pp. 417–418. 4194:, pp. 408–408. 3955:Alberto de Oliveira 3786:Rodolfo Bernardelli 3157: 3126:Rio Grande do Norte 2536:Rio Grande do Norte 2205:international trade 1934:, and abhorred the 1868:completely obedient 1763:600$ 000 annually. 931:Cisplatina Province 908:Maria I of Portugal 704:Kingdom of Portugal 382:Chamber of Deputies 140:Grand Imperial Arms 15164:Kingdom of Redonda 15094:Guyana (1966–1970) 15089:Brazil (1822–1889) 12630:Western Azerbaijan 12564:Dominican Republic 10839:Eastern Orthodoxy 10832:Ukrainian Catholic 10527:Telecommunications 10184:Empire (1822–1889) 10169:Indigenous peoples 10052:José do Patrocínio 9416:Nostalgia Imperial 9093:História do Brasil 8833:Enciclopédia Barsa 8823:Enciclopédia Barsa 7555:on 22 January 2016 7497:Barsa 1987, Vol 10 5946:, pp. 64, 97. 5318:, p. 298–299. 3888:Álvares de Azevedo 3884:Bernardo Guimarães 3852: 3699:was superseded by 3692: 3677: 3614:Congregationalists 3540: 3408: 3391:Brazilian nobility 3322: 3314: 3270: 3152: 3070: 2979: 2217: 2201: 2090:(royals) or Rs 500 2044:War of the Pacific 1973: 1924:western hemisphere 1844:commander-in-chief 1840: 1832: 1815: 1760:universal suffrage 1725: 1707: 1505: 1480:power of the purse 1459: 1411:form of government 1391: 1328: 1269: 1214: 1206: 1180:Progressive League 1164:Eusébio de Queirós 1135:electric telegraph 1131: 1123: 1041: 1006:Conservative Party 985: 887:—into exile. They 868: 486:Monarchy abolished 134: 15263:Former monarchies 15220: 15219: 15182: 15181: 15142: 15141: 14800: 14799: 14796: 14795: 14485:Piedmont-Sardinia 14237:Sip Song Chau Tai 14047:Thirteen Colonies 13788: 13787: 13192: 13191: 13159:Related concepts: 12438: 12437: 12360: 12359: 12325:Polish–Lithuanian 11500:Gurjara-Pratihara 10944: 10943: 10904: 10903: 10846: 10834: 10827: 10820: 10813: 10811:Armenian Catholic 10616:Income inequality 10558: 10557: 10441: 10440: 10428:Political parties 10423:National Congress 10386:Freedom of speech 10371:Foreign relations 10338: 10337: 10110: 10109: 10106: 10105: 10014: 10013: 9885: 9884: 9789:Emperor of Brazil 9661:Media related to 9621:978-85-06-01999-3 9603:Vultos do Império 9593:978-85-08-02340-0 9574:978-85-85371-70-8 9555:978-85-7302-441-8 9536:978-0-8047-4018-0 9517:978-85-85277-21-5 9498:978-0-8203-3733-3 9444:978-85-7164-837-1 9406:978-85-200-0391-6 9369:978-85-7177-181-9 9350:978-85-7011-352-8 9331:978-1-84383-372-7 9312:978-85-86797-19-4 9236:978-0-313-30390-6 9180:978-0-141-97766-9 9159:978-0-8047-2336-7 9140:978-85-357-0443-3 9121:978-85-7326-308-4 9102:978-85-314-0240-1 9083:978-85-98815-05-3 9064:978-85-359-0224-2 9045:978-85-250-4039-8 9017:978-85-200-0565-1 8998:978-85-359-0969-2 8979:978-85-85095-13-0 8960:978-85-215-0660-7 8912:978-85-359-0292-1 8899:Boxer, Charles R. 8890:978-0-521-36293-1 8868:978-85-209-0494-7 8812:978-0-8047-3510-0 8793:978-0-8047-1437-2 8774:978-85-213-1197-3 8746:978-85-7164-681-0 8727:978-85-16-04336-0 8519:, pp. 84–85. 8417:, pp. 21–22. 8361:, pp. 30–31. 7974:, pp. 87–88. 7487:, pp. 74–75. 7456:Barsa 1987, Vol 4 7403:Barsa 1987, Vol 4 6522:Wiese Randig 2017 6510:Wiese Randig 2017 6498:Wiese Randig 2017 4595:, pp. 63–64. 4452:, pp. 68–73. 4329:, pp. 18–19. 4134:, pp. 43–44. 4110:, pp. 42–44. 4082:(in Portuguese). 3967:Quintino Bocaiuva 3892:Casimiro de Abreu 3810:Antônio Parreiras 3697:old Baroque style 3575:places of worship 3515:Order of the Rose 3363:Rio Grande do Sul 3304:Slavery in Brazil 3239: 3238: 3062:Brazilian Indians 2919: 2918: 2112:(thousand royals) 2021:James Watson Webb 1963:Foreign relations 1894:(1851–1852), the 1463:1824 Constitution 1344:Princess Imperial 1285:Law of Free Birth 1220:Christie Question 1151:political machine 893:Portuguese Empire 881:House of Braganza 744:Hispanic American 732:Kingdom of Brazil 708:Portuguese Empire 666: 665: 650: 649: 646: 645: 612: 611: 333: 316: 313:• 1847–1848 306:Marquis of Paraná 300: 194:Roman Catholicism 130: 122: 41:Império do Brasil 16:(Redirected from 15285: 15253:Christian states 15233:Empire of Brazil 15215: 15214: 15212: 15211: 15210: 15205: 15201: 15198: 15197: 15196: 15193: 15077:Sovereign states 14921: 14920: 14827: 14820: 14813: 14804: 14803: 14724:Irish Free State 14490:Poland–Lithuania 13799: 13798: 13750:Papua New Guinea 13480: 13479: 13219: 13212: 13205: 13196: 13195: 13143:Papua New Guinea 12465: 12458: 12451: 12442: 12441: 12241: 12240: 11906:Austro-Hungarian 11606:Chagatai Khanate 10971: 10964: 10957: 10948: 10947: 10924: 10917: 10842: 10830: 10823: 10816: 10809: 10734:National symbols 10569: 10568: 10507: 10479:Economic history 10464:Animal husbandry 10452: 10451: 10349: 10348: 10224: 10223: 10137: 10130: 10123: 10114: 10113: 10025: 10024: 9963:Independence War 9921:List of generals 9911:Military Academy 9894: 9893: 9856:Moderating Power 9851:General Assembly 9836: 9835: 9821:Prince of Brazil 9776: 9713:Empire of Brazil 9706: 9699: 9692: 9683: 9682: 9670: 9669: 9663:Empire of Brazil 9660: 9645: 9638:Cadernos do CHDD 9635: 9625: 9606: 9597: 9578: 9559: 9540: 9521: 9502: 9483: 9471: 9457: 9448: 9427: 9410: 9391: 9382: 9373: 9354: 9335: 9316: 9297: 9285: 9276: 9267: 9258: 9249: 9240: 9219: 9207: 9195: 9184: 9163: 9144: 9125: 9106: 9087: 9068: 9049: 9030: 9021: 9002: 8983: 8964: 8945: 8928: 8916: 8894: 8872: 8853: 8836: 8827: 8816: 8797: 8778: 8759: 8750: 8731: 8703: 8697: 8691: 8685: 8676: 8670: 8661: 8655: 8649: 8643: 8632: 8626: 8615: 8609: 8603: 8597: 8586: 8580: 8574: 8568: 8562: 8556: 8547: 8541: 8535: 8529: 8520: 8514: 8508: 8502: 8493: 8487: 8481: 8475: 8469: 8463: 8457: 8451: 8445: 8439: 8433: 8427: 8418: 8412: 8406: 8400: 8391: 8385: 8374: 8368: 8362: 8356: 8350: 8344: 8338: 8332: 8326: 8320: 8314: 8308: 8299: 8293: 8287: 8281: 8275: 8269: 8258: 8252: 8246: 8240: 8234: 8228: 8217: 8211: 8192: 8186: 8180: 8174: 8165: 8159: 8153: 8147: 8141: 8135: 8129: 8123: 8117: 8111: 8105: 8099: 8093: 8087: 8081: 8075: 8069: 8063: 8057: 8051: 8042: 8036: 8025: 8019: 8002: 7996: 7987: 7981: 7975: 7969: 7963: 7957: 7951: 7945: 7939: 7933: 7927: 7921: 7915: 7909: 7903: 7897: 7886: 7880: 7874: 7868: 7862: 7856: 7850: 7844: 7838: 7832: 7826: 7820: 7814: 7808: 7802: 7796: 7790: 7784: 7778: 7772: 7766: 7760: 7754: 7748: 7742: 7736: 7725: 7719: 7708: 7702: 7696: 7690: 7684: 7678: 7672: 7666: 7660: 7654: 7648: 7642: 7636: 7630: 7621: 7620: 7618: 7616: 7611:. Federal Senate 7604: 7598: 7597: 7595: 7593: 7588:on 14 March 2022 7587: 7580: 7571: 7565: 7564: 7562: 7560: 7545: 7539: 7533: 7527: 7521: 7512: 7506: 7500: 7494: 7488: 7482: 7476: 7470: 7461: 7438: 7432: 7385: 7379: 7373: 7367: 7361: 7355: 7349: 7334: 7328: 7319: 7313: 7294: 7288: 7282: 7276: 7270: 7264: 7258: 7252: 7246: 7240: 7234: 7228: 7222: 7216: 7210: 7204: 7198: 7192: 7186: 7180: 7174: 7168: 7162: 7156: 7150: 7144: 7138: 7132: 7126: 7120: 7114: 7108: 7102: 7096: 7090: 7084: 7078: 7072: 7066: 7060: 7054: 7048: 7042: 7036: 7030: 7024: 7011: 7005: 6994: 6988: 6982: 6976: 6970: 6967:Lira 1977, Vol 2 6964: 6958: 6952: 6946: 6940: 6934: 6928: 6922: 6916: 6910: 6904: 6898: 6895:Lira 1977, Vol 2 6892: 6879: 6873: 6867: 6861: 6855: 6849: 6843: 6837: 6831: 6825: 6816: 6810: 6804: 6798: 6789: 6783: 6777: 6771: 6765: 6762:Lira 1977, Vol 1 6759: 6753: 6747: 6741: 6735: 6729: 6723: 6717: 6714:Graça Filho 2004 6711: 6705: 6699: 6693: 6687: 6681: 6675: 6669: 6663: 6657: 6651: 6645: 6639: 6633: 6627: 6621: 6615: 6609: 6603: 6597: 6591: 6585: 6579: 6573: 6567: 6561: 6555: 6549: 6543: 6537: 6531: 6525: 6519: 6513: 6507: 6501: 6495: 6489: 6483: 6477: 6471: 6465: 6459: 6453: 6447: 6441: 6438:Lira 1977, Vol 3 6435: 6429: 6426:Lira 1977, Vol 3 6423: 6417: 6411: 6405: 6399: 6393: 6387: 6381: 6375: 6369: 6363: 6357: 6354:Lira 1977, Vol 3 6351: 6345: 6339: 6330: 6324: 6318: 6312: 6306: 6305:, p. 84–85. 6300: 6294: 6288: 6282: 6276: 6270: 6264: 6258: 6252: 6246: 6240: 6231: 6208: 6202: 6196: 6181: 6175: 6166: 6160: 6151: 6145: 6134: 6128: 6117: 6111: 6102: 6096: 6085: 6079: 6073: 6067: 6061: 6055: 6049: 6043: 6037: 6031: 6025: 6019: 6013: 6007: 6001: 5995: 5986: 5980: 5974: 5968: 5962: 5956: 5947: 5941: 5935: 5929: 5918: 5912: 5903: 5897: 5891: 5885: 5879: 5873: 5867: 5861: 5848: 5842: 5836: 5830: 5821: 5818:Lira 1977, Vol 3 5815: 5809: 5803: 5797: 5791: 5785: 5779: 5773: 5768:Lira 1977, Vol 3 5750: 5744: 5738: 5732: 5726: 5720: 5717:Lira 1977, Vol 3 5714: 5708: 5702: 5696: 5691:Lira 1977, Vol 3 5667: 5661: 5655: 5649: 5643: 5637: 5631: 5625: 5619: 5613: 5607: 5601: 5595: 5589: 5566: 5560: 5557:Lira 1977, Vol 3 5554: 5548: 5542: 5536: 5530: 5524: 5518: 5503: 5497: 5491: 5485: 5474: 5468: 5459: 5436: 5430: 5427:Lira 1977, Vol 3 5424: 5418: 5412: 5406: 5400: 5394: 5388: 5379: 5373: 5367: 5361: 5355: 5349: 5343: 5340:Lira 1977, Vol 3 5337: 5331: 5325: 5319: 5313: 5307: 5284: 5278: 5272: 5266: 5260: 5254: 5248: 5239: 5233: 5224: 5218: 5212: 5206: 5200: 5197:Lira 1977, Vol 2 5194: 5183: 5177: 5171: 5165: 5159: 5153: 5147: 5141: 5135: 5129: 5123: 5117: 5111: 5105: 5099: 5093: 5084: 5078: 5072: 5066: 5057: 5054:Lira 1977, Vol 1 5051: 5045: 5039: 5033: 5030:Lira 1977, Vol 1 5027: 5021: 5015: 5009: 5004:Lira 1977, Vol 1 4986: 4980: 4977:Lira 1977, Vol 1 4974: 4968: 4963:Lira 1977, Vol 1 4945: 4939: 4934:Lira 1977, Vol 1 4916: 4910: 4904: 4898: 4892: 4886: 4880: 4874: 4869:Lira 1977, Vol 1 4851: 4845: 4840:Lira 1977, Vol 1 4822: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4774: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4714: 4708: 4697:Lira 1977, Vol 1 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4664:Lira 1977, Vol 1 4661: 4655: 4649: 4640: 4634: 4625: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4507: 4501: 4492: 4486: 4480: 4474: 4465: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4417: 4411: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4354: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4318: 4312: 4306: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4282: 4276: 4267: 4261: 4255: 4249: 4243: 4237: 4231: 4225: 4219: 4213: 4207: 4201: 4195: 4189: 4183: 4177: 4171: 4165: 4159: 4153: 4147: 4141: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4092: 4090: 4072: 4056: 4048: 4042: 4034: 3997: 3992: 3991: 3990: 3959:Raimundo Correia 3951:Gonçalves Crespo 3834: 3831: 3774:Victor Meirelles 3538: 3535: 3511:Order of Pedro I 3448: 3338:northeast region 3266:Santa Leopoldina 3158: 3151: 3113:White Brazilians 3042:Brown Brazilians 3038:White Brazilians 2371: 2370: 2318:sewage treatment 2285: 2282: 2276: 2265: 2262: 2256: 2243:steam navigation 2221:balance of trade 2186: 2185: 2101: 2083: 1993:Kingdom of Benin 1948:Marquis of Erval 1932:civilian control 1880:Council of State 1852:Ministry of Navy 1823:ironclad warship 1749:eligible to vote 1718:afro-descendants 1714:White Brazilians 1678: 1676:câmara municipal 1621: 1604: 1579: 1536:Council of State 1513:Council of State 1222: 1121: 1118: 1111:A locomotive in 912:Prince Dom Pedro 885:Capetian dynasty 820:Pedro II's reign 670:Empire of Brazil 642: 641: 628: 627: 616: 615: 603: 602: 596: 595: 580: 579: 491:15 November 1889 461: 410:7 September 1822 352:General Assembly 331: 324: 314: 301: 294: 158: 148: 131: 120: 102: 94: 76: 61: 43: 36:Empire of Brazil 32: 31: 21: 18:Brazilian Empire 15293: 15292: 15288: 15287: 15286: 15284: 15283: 15282: 15223: 15222: 15221: 15216: 15208: 15206: 15202: 15199: 15194: 15191: 15189: 15187: 15186: 15183: 15178: 15138: 15072: 15032: 15026: 14912: 14836: 14831: 14801: 14792: 14717:princely states 14665: 14601:Kingdom of Fiji 14574: 14320:Austria-Hungary 14288: 14051: 13985: 13784: 13770:Solomon Islands 13684: 13666: 13598: 13513: 13471: 13403: 13349:Democratization 13317: 13261: 13228: 13223: 13193: 13188: 13152: 13126: 13042: 13024:Northern Europe 13019: 12993:Italian Grisons 12956: 12923:North Macedonia 12877:Southern Europe 12872: 12797: 12724: 12688: 12596: 12570: 12505: 12474: 12469: 12439: 12434: 12423:American Empire 12408: 12404:African empires 12356: 12239: 11931:Central African 11877: 11695:Romano-Germanic 11281: 11015:Middle Assyrian 10988: 10980: 10975: 10945: 10940: 10927: 10920: 10913: 10900: 10773: 10759:Science fiction 10749:Public holidays 10665: 10626:Life expectancy 10554: 10536: 10505: 10437: 10413:Law enforcement 10334: 10320:Water resources 10300:Protected areas 10213: 10150: 10141: 10111: 10102: 10066: 10010: 9949: 9881: 9860: 9825: 9777: 9768: 9715: 9710: 9675: 9653: 9648: 9633: 9622: 9594: 9575: 9556: 9537: 9518: 9499: 9480: 9445: 9407: 9370: 9351: 9332: 9313: 9290:Nabuco, Joaquim 9237: 9204: 9181: 9160: 9141: 9122: 9103: 9084: 9065: 9046: 9018: 8999: 8980: 8961: 8913: 8891: 8877:Bethell, Leslie 8869: 8813: 8794: 8775: 8747: 8728: 8711: 8706: 8698: 8694: 8686: 8679: 8671: 8664: 8656: 8652: 8644: 8635: 8627: 8618: 8610: 8606: 8598: 8589: 8581: 8577: 8569: 8565: 8557: 8550: 8542: 8538: 8530: 8523: 8515: 8511: 8503: 8496: 8488: 8484: 8476: 8472: 8464: 8460: 8452: 8448: 8440: 8436: 8428: 8421: 8413: 8409: 8401: 8394: 8386: 8377: 8373:, pp. 170. 8369: 8365: 8357: 8353: 8345: 8341: 8333: 8329: 8321: 8317: 8309: 8302: 8294: 8290: 8282: 8278: 8270: 8261: 8253: 8249: 8241: 8237: 8229: 8220: 8212: 8195: 8187: 8183: 8175: 8168: 8160: 8156: 8148: 8144: 8136: 8132: 8124: 8120: 8112: 8108: 8100: 8096: 8088: 8084: 8076: 8072: 8064: 8060: 8052: 8045: 8037: 8028: 8020: 8005: 7997: 7990: 7982: 7978: 7972:Alencastro 1997 7970: 7966: 7958: 7954: 7946: 7942: 7934: 7930: 7922: 7918: 7910: 7906: 7898: 7889: 7881: 7877: 7869: 7865: 7857: 7853: 7845: 7841: 7833: 7829: 7821: 7817: 7809: 7805: 7797: 7793: 7785: 7781: 7773: 7769: 7761: 7757: 7749: 7745: 7737: 7728: 7720: 7711: 7703: 7699: 7691: 7687: 7679: 7675: 7667: 7663: 7655: 7651: 7643: 7639: 7631: 7624: 7614: 7612: 7605: 7601: 7591: 7589: 7585: 7578: 7572: 7568: 7558: 7556: 7547: 7546: 7542: 7534: 7530: 7522: 7515: 7507: 7503: 7495: 7491: 7483: 7479: 7471: 7464: 7439: 7435: 7399:, pp. 2–3; 7386: 7382: 7374: 7370: 7362: 7358: 7350: 7337: 7329: 7322: 7314: 7297: 7289: 7285: 7277: 7273: 7265: 7261: 7253: 7249: 7241: 7237: 7229: 7225: 7217: 7213: 7205: 7201: 7193: 7189: 7181: 7177: 7169: 7165: 7157: 7153: 7145: 7141: 7133: 7129: 7121: 7117: 7109: 7105: 7097: 7093: 7085: 7081: 7073: 7069: 7061: 7057: 7049: 7045: 7037: 7033: 7025: 7014: 7006: 6997: 6989: 6985: 6977: 6973: 6965: 6961: 6953: 6949: 6941: 6937: 6929: 6925: 6917: 6913: 6905: 6901: 6893: 6882: 6874: 6870: 6862: 6858: 6850: 6846: 6838: 6834: 6826: 6819: 6811: 6807: 6799: 6792: 6784: 6780: 6772: 6768: 6760: 6756: 6748: 6744: 6736: 6732: 6724: 6720: 6712: 6708: 6700: 6696: 6688: 6684: 6676: 6672: 6664: 6660: 6652: 6648: 6640: 6636: 6628: 6624: 6616: 6612: 6604: 6600: 6592: 6588: 6580: 6576: 6568: 6564: 6556: 6552: 6544: 6540: 6532: 6528: 6520: 6516: 6508: 6504: 6496: 6492: 6484: 6480: 6472: 6468: 6460: 6456: 6448: 6444: 6436: 6432: 6424: 6420: 6412: 6408: 6400: 6396: 6388: 6384: 6376: 6372: 6364: 6360: 6352: 6348: 6340: 6333: 6325: 6321: 6313: 6309: 6301: 6297: 6289: 6285: 6277: 6273: 6265: 6261: 6253: 6249: 6241: 6234: 6209: 6205: 6197: 6184: 6176: 6169: 6161: 6154: 6146: 6137: 6129: 6120: 6112: 6105: 6097: 6088: 6080: 6076: 6068: 6064: 6058:Dolhnikoff 2005 6056: 6052: 6046:Dolhnikoff 2005 6044: 6040: 6034:Dolhnikoff 2005 6032: 6028: 6022:Dolhnikoff 2005 6020: 6016: 6010:Dolhnikoff 2005 6008: 6004: 5998:Dolhnikoff 2005 5996: 5989: 5983:Dolhnikoff 2005 5981: 5977: 5971:Dolhnikoff 2005 5969: 5965: 5959:Dolhnikoff 2005 5957: 5950: 5944:Dolhnikoff 2005 5942: 5938: 5932:Dolhnikoff 2005 5930: 5921: 5915:Dolhnikoff 2005 5913: 5906: 5898: 5894: 5886: 5882: 5874: 5870: 5862: 5851: 5843: 5839: 5831: 5824: 5816: 5812: 5804: 5800: 5792: 5788: 5780: 5776: 5751: 5747: 5739: 5735: 5727: 5723: 5715: 5711: 5703: 5699: 5681:, p. 1611; 5668: 5664: 5656: 5652: 5644: 5640: 5632: 5628: 5620: 5616: 5608: 5604: 5596: 5592: 5567: 5563: 5555: 5551: 5543: 5539: 5531: 5527: 5519: 5506: 5498: 5494: 5486: 5477: 5469: 5462: 5437: 5433: 5425: 5421: 5413: 5409: 5401: 5397: 5389: 5382: 5374: 5370: 5362: 5358: 5350: 5346: 5338: 5334: 5326: 5322: 5314: 5310: 5285: 5281: 5273: 5269: 5261: 5257: 5249: 5242: 5234: 5227: 5219: 5215: 5207: 5203: 5195: 5186: 5178: 5174: 5166: 5162: 5154: 5150: 5142: 5138: 5130: 5126: 5118: 5114: 5106: 5102: 5094: 5087: 5079: 5075: 5067: 5060: 5052: 5048: 5040: 5036: 5028: 5024: 5016: 5012: 4987: 4983: 4975: 4971: 4946: 4942: 4917: 4913: 4905: 4901: 4893: 4889: 4881: 4877: 4852: 4848: 4823: 4819: 4811: 4807: 4799: 4795: 4787: 4783: 4775: 4771: 4763: 4759: 4751: 4747: 4739: 4735: 4727: 4723: 4715: 4711: 4686: 4682: 4674: 4670: 4662: 4658: 4650: 4643: 4635: 4628: 4603: 4599: 4591: 4587: 4579: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4555: 4546: 4538: 4534: 4526: 4522: 4514: 4510: 4502: 4495: 4487: 4483: 4475: 4468: 4460: 4456: 4448: 4444: 4436: 4432: 4424: 4420: 4412: 4405: 4397: 4393: 4385: 4381: 4373: 4369: 4361: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4325: 4321: 4313: 4309: 4301: 4297: 4289: 4285: 4277: 4270: 4262: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4238: 4234: 4226: 4222: 4214: 4210: 4202: 4198: 4190: 4186: 4178: 4174: 4166: 4162: 4154: 4150: 4142: 4138: 4130: 4126: 4118: 4114: 4106: 4102: 4088: 4086: 4080:www.ibge.gov.br 4074: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4059: 4049: 4045: 4035: 4031: 4026: 3993: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3943:Aluísio Azevedo 3880:José de Alencar 3832: 3822: 3662: 3656: 3651: 3632:creeds such as 3587:Alsace–Lorraine 3568:Religious Issue 3562:and supervised 3536: 3523: 3495:Order of Christ 3393: 3387: 3306: 3300: 3258: 3250:Main articles: 3248: 3132:, Alagoas, and 3124:, Paraíba, and 3118:southern region 3086:Central-Western 3066:Afro-Brazilians 2955: 2949: 2943: 2391:National guard 2387: 2358: 2352: 2347: 2301: 2295: 2290: 2289: 2288: 2287: 2286: 2283: 2277: 2268: 2267: 2266: 2263: 2257: 2230:pounds sterling 2193: 2180: 2133:Portuguese real 2117: 2116: 2115: 2114: 2113: 2102: 2093: 2092: 2091: 2084: 2073: 2067: 2062: 2056: 2025:John C. Calhoun 1965: 1848:Ministry of War 1807: 1801: 1788:electoral fraud 1756:reforms of 1832 1689: 1632: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1628: 1622: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1605: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1580: 1569: 1497: 1447: 1442: 1436: 1375: 1369: 1312: 1306: 1257: 1194: 1188: 1119: 1105: 1079:Río de la Plata 1054:Praieira revolt 1038:Praieira revolt 1019: 973: 967: 860: 854: 849: 843: 805:final abolition 761:eldest daughter 659: 639: 625: 600: 557: 547: 534: 524: 488: 475: 462: 456: 446: 433: 423:12 October 1822 420: 407: 378: 363: 334: 320: 317: 302: 292: 262: 247: 165: 149: 142: 125: 123: 119: 105: 96: 82: 81: 80: 77: 69: 68: 62: 44: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15291: 15281: 15280: 15275: 15270: 15265: 15260: 15255: 15250: 15245: 15240: 15235: 15218: 15217: 15180: 15179: 15177: 15176: 15171: 15166: 15161: 15156: 15150: 15148: 15144: 15143: 15140: 15139: 15137: 15136: 15131: 15130: 15129: 15124: 15116: 15115: 15114: 15109: 15104: 15096: 15091: 15086: 15080: 15078: 15074: 15073: 15071: 15070: 15065: 15060: 15055: 15050: 15045: 15039: 15037: 15028: 15027: 15025: 15024: 15019: 15014: 15009: 15004: 15003: 15002: 14997: 14992: 14982: 14981: 14980: 14978:Western Huetar 14975: 14970: 14965: 14960: 14958:Eastern Huetar 14950: 14945: 14944: 14943: 14938: 14927: 14925: 14918: 14914: 14913: 14911: 14910: 14905: 14900: 14899: 14898: 14896:United Kingdom 14893: 14888: 14883: 14878: 14873: 14868: 14863: 14858: 14853: 14844: 14842: 14838: 14837: 14830: 14829: 14822: 14815: 14807: 14798: 14797: 14794: 14793: 14791: 14790: 14785: 14780: 14775: 14770: 14765: 14760: 14755: 14750: 14745: 14740: 14735: 14730: 14721: 14705: 14700: 14695: 14690: 14685: 14679: 14673: 14671: 14667: 14666: 14664: 14663: 14658: 14653: 14648: 14643: 14638: 14633: 14628: 14623: 14618: 14613: 14608: 14603: 14598: 14593: 14588: 14582: 14580: 14576: 14575: 14573: 14572: 14567: 14562: 14557: 14552: 14547: 14542: 14537: 14532: 14527: 14522: 14517: 14512: 14507: 14502: 14497: 14492: 14487: 14482: 14477: 14475:Ottoman Empire 14472: 14467: 14462: 14457: 14452: 14447: 14442: 14437: 14435:Kartli-Kakheti 14432: 14427: 14422: 14417: 14412: 14407: 14402: 14397: 14392: 14387: 14382: 14377: 14372: 14367: 14362: 14357: 14352: 14347: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14322: 14317: 14312: 14307: 14302: 14296: 14294: 14290: 14289: 14287: 14286: 14274: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14234: 14229: 14224: 14217: 14212: 14207: 14202: 14197: 14192: 14187: 14182: 14177: 14172: 14167: 14162: 14157: 14152: 14147: 14142: 14137: 14132: 14127: 14117: 14110: 14105: 14100: 14095: 14090: 14085: 14080: 14075: 14070: 14065: 14059: 14057: 14053: 14052: 14050: 14049: 14044: 14039: 14034: 14029: 14024: 14019: 14014: 14009: 14004: 13999: 13993: 13991: 13987: 13986: 13984: 13983: 13976: 13971: 13966: 13961: 13956: 13951: 13946: 13941: 13936: 13931: 13926: 13921: 13916: 13911: 13906: 13901: 13896: 13891: 13886: 13881: 13876: 13871: 13866: 13861: 13856: 13851: 13846: 13844:Central Africa 13841: 13836: 13831: 13826: 13821: 13816: 13811: 13805: 13803: 13796: 13790: 13789: 13786: 13785: 13783: 13782: 13780:United Kingdom 13777: 13772: 13767: 13762: 13757: 13752: 13747: 13746: 13745: 13740: 13730: 13725: 13720: 13715: 13710: 13705: 13700: 13694: 13692: 13686: 13685: 13683: 13682: 13676: 13674: 13668: 13667: 13665: 13664: 13659: 13654: 13649: 13644: 13639: 13634: 13629: 13624: 13619: 13614: 13608: 13606: 13600: 13599: 13597: 13596: 13589: 13584: 13579: 13574: 13569: 13564: 13559: 13554: 13549: 13544: 13539: 13534: 13529: 13523: 13521: 13515: 13514: 13512: 13511: 13504: 13499: 13494: 13488: 13486: 13477: 13473: 13472: 13470: 13469: 13464: 13459: 13454: 13449: 13444: 13439: 13437:Prince regnant 13434: 13433: 13432: 13422: 13417: 13411: 13409: 13405: 13404: 13402: 13401: 13396: 13391: 13386: 13381: 13376: 13371: 13366: 13361: 13356: 13354:Decolonization 13351: 13346: 13341: 13336: 13331: 13325: 13323: 13319: 13318: 13316: 13315: 13310: 13308:Personal union 13305: 13300: 13295: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13278:Constitutional 13275: 13269: 13267: 13263: 13262: 13260: 13259: 13254: 13249: 13244: 13239: 13233: 13230: 13229: 13222: 13221: 13214: 13207: 13199: 13190: 13189: 13157: 13154: 13153: 13151: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13134: 13132: 13128: 13127: 13125: 13124: 13119: 13114: 13109: 13108: 13107: 13106: 13105: 13100: 13090: 13089: 13088: 13073: 13072: 13071: 13061: 13056: 13050: 13048: 13047:Western Europe 13044: 13043: 13041: 13040: 13039: 13038: 13027: 13025: 13021: 13020: 13018: 13017: 13016: 13015: 13010: 13005: 13000: 12995: 12990: 12985: 12980: 12975: 12964: 12962: 12958: 12957: 12955: 12954: 12949: 12948: 12947: 12937: 12936: 12935: 12925: 12920: 12919: 12918: 12908: 12903: 12898: 12893: 12892: 12891: 12880: 12878: 12874: 12873: 12871: 12870: 12865: 12860: 12859: 12858: 12853: 12843: 12842: 12841: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12814:Czechoslovakia 12811: 12805: 12803: 12799: 12798: 12796: 12795: 12790: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12765: 12760: 12755: 12750: 12749: 12748: 12738: 12732: 12730: 12726: 12725: 12723: 12722: 12717: 12712: 12707: 12702: 12696: 12694: 12690: 12689: 12687: 12686: 12681: 12680: 12679: 12674: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12633: 12632: 12622: 12617: 12616: 12615: 12604: 12602: 12598: 12597: 12595: 12594: 12589: 12584: 12578: 12576: 12572: 12571: 12569: 12568: 12567: 12566: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12546: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12525: 12524: 12513: 12511: 12507: 12506: 12504: 12503: 12498: 12493: 12488: 12482: 12480: 12476: 12475: 12468: 12467: 12460: 12453: 12445: 12436: 12435: 12433: 12432: 12431: 12430: 12425: 12416: 12414: 12410: 12409: 12407: 12406: 12401: 12396: 12391: 12386: 12381: 12380: 12379: 12368: 12366: 12362: 12361: 12358: 12357: 12355: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12339: 12334: 12333: 12332: 12322: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12302: 12297: 12292: 12287: 12282: 12277: 12276: 12275: 12270: 12260: 12255: 12249: 12247: 12238: 12237: 12236: 12235: 12230: 12225: 12220: 12215: 12205: 12200: 12199: 12198: 12188: 12183: 12182: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12161: 12156: 12155: 12154: 12149: 12139: 12138: 12137: 12132: 12127: 12122: 12117: 12107: 12106: 12105: 12100: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12074: 12073: 12068: 12063: 12058: 12053: 12043: 12042: 12041: 12036: 12026: 12021: 12020: 12019: 12014: 12004: 12003: 12002: 11997: 11987: 11986: 11985: 11980: 11970: 11965: 11964: 11963: 11958: 11953: 11948: 11943: 11933: 11928: 11927: 11926: 11921: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11887: 11885: 11879: 11878: 11876: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11859: 11858: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11818: 11813: 11812: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11776: 11775: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11749: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11708: 11707: 11702: 11692: 11691: 11690: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11636: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11615: 11614: 11613: 11608: 11603: 11598: 11588: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11562: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11546: 11536: 11535: 11534: 11529: 11524: 11519: 11509: 11508: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11466: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11445: 11440: 11439: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11403: 11402: 11401: 11396: 11386: 11385: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11359: 11354: 11353: 11352: 11342: 11341: 11340: 11335: 11327: 11322: 11317: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11291: 11289: 11287:Post-classical 11283: 11282: 11280: 11279: 11278: 11277: 11267: 11262: 11261: 11260: 11255: 11245: 11244: 11243: 11233: 11232: 11231: 11226: 11221: 11216: 11211: 11206: 11196: 11191: 11186: 11185: 11184: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11159: 11158: 11157: 11152: 11142: 11137: 11136: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11105: 11100: 11095: 11094: 11093: 11088: 11086:Middle Kingdom 11083: 11073: 11068: 11067: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11046: 11045: 11044: 11042:Neo-Babylonian 11039: 11034: 11032:Old Babylonian 11024: 11023: 11022: 11017: 11007: 11002: 10996: 10994: 10982: 10981: 10974: 10973: 10966: 10959: 10951: 10942: 10941: 10939: 10938: 10933: 10926: 10925: 10918: 10910: 10909: 10906: 10905: 10902: 10901: 10899: 10898: 10897: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10860: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10848: 10847: 10837: 10836: 10835: 10828: 10821: 10814: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10783: 10781: 10775: 10774: 10772: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10746: 10741: 10736: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10675: 10673: 10667: 10666: 10664: 10663: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10572: 10566: 10560: 10559: 10556: 10555: 10553: 10552: 10550:Rail transport 10546: 10544: 10538: 10537: 10535: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10455: 10449: 10443: 10442: 10439: 10438: 10436: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10415: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10399: 10398: 10396:Women's rights 10393: 10388: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10352: 10346: 10340: 10339: 10336: 10335: 10333: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10285:Largest cities 10282: 10277: 10272: 10270:Extreme points 10267: 10266: 10265: 10255: 10250: 10249: 10248: 10246:Climate change 10238: 10233: 10227: 10221: 10215: 10214: 10212: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10160: 10158: 10152: 10151: 10140: 10139: 10132: 10125: 10117: 10108: 10107: 10104: 10103: 10101: 10100: 10095: 10093:Rio Branco Law 10090: 10085: 10083:Netto Question 10080: 10074: 10072: 10068: 10067: 10065: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10047:Joaquim Nabuco 10044: 10042:André Rebouças 10039: 10033: 10031: 10022: 10016: 10015: 10012: 10011: 10009: 10008: 10005:Paraguayan War 10002: 9996: 9990: 9984: 9981:Ragamuffin War 9978: 9975:Cisplatine War 9972: 9966: 9959: 9957: 9951: 9950: 9948: 9947: 9945:Military Ranks 9942: 9941: 9940: 9935: 9925: 9924: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9902: 9900: 9891: 9887: 9886: 9883: 9882: 9880: 9879: 9874: 9868: 9866: 9862: 9861: 9859: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9846:Prime Minister 9842: 9840: 9833: 9827: 9826: 9824: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9802: 9801: 9796: 9785: 9783: 9779: 9778: 9771: 9769: 9767: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9723: 9721: 9720:General topics 9717: 9716: 9709: 9708: 9701: 9694: 9686: 9680: 9677: 9676: 9667: 9666: 9652: 9651:External links 9649: 9647: 9646: 9626: 9620: 9607: 9598: 9592: 9579: 9573: 9560: 9554: 9541: 9535: 9522: 9516: 9503: 9497: 9484: 9478: 9458: 9449: 9443: 9428: 9411: 9405: 9392: 9383: 9374: 9368: 9355: 9349: 9336: 9330: 9317: 9311: 9298: 9286: 9277: 9268: 9259: 9250: 9241: 9235: 9220: 9208: 9202: 9185: 9179: 9164: 9158: 9145: 9139: 9126: 9120: 9107: 9101: 9088: 9082: 9069: 9063: 9050: 9044: 9031: 9022: 9016: 9003: 8997: 8984: 8978: 8965: 8959: 8946: 8929: 8917: 8911: 8895: 8889: 8873: 8867: 8854: 8837: 8831:Barsa (1987). 8828: 8820:Barsa (1987). 8817: 8811: 8798: 8792: 8779: 8773: 8760: 8751: 8745: 8732: 8726: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8704: 8702:, p. 694. 8692: 8690:, p. 693. 8677: 8675:, p. 692. 8662: 8650: 8648:, p. 691. 8633: 8631:, p. 484. 8616: 8614:, p. 513. 8604: 8602:, p. 483. 8587: 8585:, p. 237. 8575: 8563: 8561:, p. 661. 8548: 8546:, p. 482. 8536: 8521: 8509: 8507:, p. 145. 8494: 8492:, p. 123. 8482: 8480:, p. 285. 8470: 8468:, p. 152. 8458: 8456:, p. 126. 8446: 8434: 8419: 8407: 8392: 8375: 8363: 8351: 8339: 8327: 8315: 8313:, p. 596. 8300: 8298:, p. 451. 8288: 8276: 8274:, p. 450. 8259: 8247: 8245:, p. 150. 8235: 8233:, p. 151. 8218: 8216:, p. 254. 8193: 8191:, p. 126. 8181: 8179:, p. 191. 8166: 8164:, p. 217. 8154: 8142: 8140:, p. 221. 8130: 8128:, p. 219. 8118: 8116:, p. 218. 8106: 8094: 8092:, p. 216. 8082: 8080:, p. 220. 8070: 8068:, p. 139. 8058: 8056:, p. 208. 8043: 8026: 8024:, p. 554. 8003: 8001:, p. 553. 7988: 7986:, p. 170. 7984:Besouchet 1985 7976: 7964: 7962:, p. 130. 7952: 7950:, p. 194. 7940: 7928: 7916: 7914:, p. 167. 7912:Besouchet 1985 7904: 7902:, p. 239. 7887: 7875: 7873:, p. 169. 7863: 7861:, p. 206. 7851: 7849:, p. 117. 7839: 7827: 7815: 7803: 7791: 7779: 7767: 7755: 7753:, p. 353. 7743: 7741:, p. 633. 7726: 7724:, p. 351. 7709: 7707:, p. 517. 7697: 7695:, p. 515. 7685: 7673: 7671:, p. 513. 7661: 7659:, p. 512. 7649: 7637: 7635:, p. 511. 7622: 7599: 7566: 7540: 7528: 7526:, p. 161. 7513: 7501: 7499:, p. 355. 7489: 7477: 7475:, p. 108. 7462: 7460: 7459: 7453: 7452:, p. 133; 7447: 7433: 7431: 7430: 7429:, p. 117. 7427:Vesentini 1988 7424: 7418: 7417:, p. 108; 7412: 7411:, p. 268; 7406: 7405:, p. 230; 7400: 7394: 7393:, p. 268; 7380: 7378:, p. 117. 7376:Vesentini 1988 7368: 7366:, p. 268. 7356: 7335: 7333:, p. 341. 7320: 7318:, p. 133. 7295: 7293:, p. 189. 7283: 7281:, p. 215. 7271: 7269:, p. 262. 7259: 7247: 7245:, p. 255. 7235: 7233:, p. 234. 7223: 7221:, p. 306. 7211: 7209:, p. 331. 7199: 7197:, p. 267. 7187: 7185:, p. 345. 7175: 7163: 7161:, p. 318. 7151: 7149:, p. 198. 7139: 7137:, p. 368. 7127: 7125:, p. 299. 7115: 7113:, p. 287. 7103: 7101:, p. 294. 7091: 7089:, p. 227. 7079: 7077:, p. 274. 7067: 7065:, p. 357. 7055: 7053:, p. 151. 7043: 7031: 7029:, p. 132. 7012: 7010:, p. 131. 6995: 6993:, p. 366. 6983: 6981:, p. 539. 6971: 6969:, p. 309. 6959: 6957:, p. 226. 6947: 6945:, p. 225. 6935: 6933:, p. 222. 6923: 6921:, p. 496. 6911: 6899: 6880: 6878:, p. 538. 6868: 6866:, p. 368. 6856: 6854:, p. 239. 6844: 6842:, p. 251. 6832: 6830:, p. 250. 6817: 6805: 6790: 6778: 6766: 6764:, p. 200. 6754: 6742: 6730: 6728:, p. 201. 6718: 6706: 6704:, p. XVI. 6694: 6682: 6680:, p. 208. 6678:Rodrigues 1995 6670: 6668:, p. 306. 6658: 6646: 6634: 6622: 6620:, p. 329. 6610: 6608:, p. 575. 6598: 6596:, p. 578. 6586: 6584:, p. 302. 6574: 6572:, p. 525. 6562: 6560:, p. 301. 6550: 6548:, p. 148. 6546:Rodrigues 1975 6538: 6534:Rodrigues 1975 6526: 6524:, p. 519. 6514: 6512:, p. 518. 6502: 6500:, p. 505. 6490: 6488:, p. 309. 6478: 6466: 6464:, p. 196. 6454: 6452:, p. 321. 6442: 6430: 6418: 6416:, p. 128. 6414:Parkinson 2008 6406: 6404:, p. 265. 6394: 6392:, p. 548. 6382: 6370: 6368:, p. 289. 6358: 6346: 6344:, p. 193. 6331: 6327:Rodrigues 1863 6319: 6307: 6295: 6283: 6271: 6259: 6247: 6245:, p. 180. 6232: 6230: 6229: 6228:, p. 224. 6223: 6217: 6203: 6201:, p. 224. 6182: 6167: 6152: 6150:, p. 139. 6135: 6118: 6116:, p. 124. 6103: 6101:, p. 223. 6086: 6074: 6070:Rodrigues 1863 6062: 6050: 6038: 6036:, p. 118. 6026: 6014: 6012:, p. 103. 6002: 6000:, p. 102. 5987: 5985:, p. 100. 5975: 5963: 5948: 5936: 5919: 5904: 5902:, p. 712. 5892: 5880: 5878:, p. 476. 5868: 5866:, p. 133. 5849: 5837: 5835:, p. 132. 5822: 5810: 5808:, p. 394. 5798: 5796:, p. 194. 5786: 5784:, p. 220. 5774: 5772: 5771: 5765: 5764:, p. 217; 5759: 5745: 5743:, p. 361. 5733: 5731:, p. 538. 5729:Besouchet 1993 5721: 5709: 5707:, p. 459. 5697: 5695: 5694: 5693:, p. 104. 5688: 5687:, p. 218; 5682: 5676: 5675:, p. 360; 5662: 5660:, p. 450. 5650: 5648:, p. 189. 5638: 5626: 5624:, p. 356. 5614: 5612:, p. 355. 5602: 5600:, p. 351. 5590: 5588: 5587: 5586:, p. 438. 5581: 5580:, p. 190; 5575: 5561: 5549: 5547:, p. 346. 5537: 5535:, p. 341. 5525: 5504: 5492: 5490:, p. 353. 5475: 5473:, p. 195. 5460: 5458: 5457: 5456:, p. 279. 5451: 5450:, p. 206; 5445: 5444:, p. 189; 5431: 5429:, p. 121. 5419: 5417:, p. 349. 5407: 5405:, p. 268. 5395: 5393:, p. 262. 5380: 5378:, p. 130. 5368: 5356: 5354:, p. 399. 5344: 5342:, p. 126. 5332: 5330:, p. 299. 5320: 5308: 5306: 5305: 5299: 5298:, p. 319; 5293: 5279: 5277:, p. 318. 5267: 5255: 5253:, p. 261. 5240: 5238:, p. 238. 5225: 5223:, p. 235. 5213: 5211:, p. 240. 5201: 5184: 5182:, p. 243. 5172: 5170:, p. 276. 5160: 5158:, p. 201. 5148: 5146:, p. 462. 5144:Doratioto 2002 5136: 5134:, p. 461. 5132:Doratioto 2002 5124: 5112: 5110:, p. 666. 5100: 5098:, p. 223. 5085: 5083:, p. 592. 5073: 5071:, p. 222. 5058: 5056:, p. 237. 5046: 5044:, p. 748. 5034: 5032:, p. 227. 5022: 5020:, p. 109. 5010: 5008: 5007: 5001: 5000:, p. 109; 4995: 4994:, p. 198; 4981: 4979:, p. 220. 4969: 4967: 4966: 4965:, p. 219. 4960: 4959:, p. 108; 4954: 4953:, p. 197; 4940: 4938: 4937: 4936:, p. 211. 4931: 4930:, p. 105; 4925: 4924:, p. 691; 4911: 4909:, p. 684. 4899: 4895:Doratioto 2002 4887: 4885:, p. 680. 4875: 4873: 4872: 4871:, p. 208. 4866: 4860: 4846: 4844: 4843: 4842:, p. 207. 4837: 4831: 4830:, p. 678; 4817: 4815:, p. 192. 4805: 4793: 4791:, p. 378. 4781: 4769: 4767:, p. 346. 4757: 4745: 4743:, p. 313. 4733: 4731:, p. 162. 4721: 4719:, p. 166. 4709: 4707: 4706: 4700: 4699:, p. 188; 4694: 4693:, p. 166; 4680: 4678:, p. 162. 4668: 4666:, p. 182. 4656: 4654:, p. 343. 4641: 4639:, p. 159. 4626: 4624: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4597: 4585: 4573: 4571:, p. 126. 4561: 4559:, p. 125. 4544: 4542:, p. 124. 4532: 4520: 4518:, p. 122. 4508: 4506:, p. 123. 4493: 4491:, p. 114. 4481: 4479:, p. 109. 4466: 4454: 4442: 4430: 4418: 4416:, p. 317. 4403: 4391: 4379: 4367: 4365:, p. 160. 4355: 4353:, p. 159. 4343: 4331: 4319: 4307: 4305:, p. 151. 4295: 4293:, p. 142. 4283: 4281:, p. 131. 4268: 4266:, p. 128. 4256: 4244: 4232: 4220: 4208: 4196: 4184: 4172: 4160: 4158:, p. 396. 4148: 4136: 4124: 4112: 4100: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4058: 4057: 4055:, p. 575. 4043: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3982: 3979: 3947:Adolfo Caminha 3876:Gonçalves Dias 3868:sentimentalism 3841:Gonçalves Dias 3821: 3818: 3782:Almeida Júnior 3778:Rodolfo Amoedo 3751:By the 1840s, 3684:Morro da Viúva 3673:Almeida Júnior 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3606:Reconstruction 3602:U.S. Civil War 3548:state religion 3522: 3519: 3468:Paraguayan War 3389:Main article: 3386: 3383: 3369:(with 6%) and 3350:Rio de Janeiro 3302:Main article: 3299: 3296: 3247: 3244: 3237: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3217: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3197: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3178: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3091:Espírito Santo 2945:Main article: 2942: 2939: 2917: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2778: 2776:Santa Catarina 2772: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2754: 2748: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2730: 2724: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2706: 2704:Rio de Janeiro 2700: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2682: 2680:Espírito Santo 2676: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2538: 2532: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2389: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2354:Main article: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2327:Rio de Janeiro 2321:transatlantic 2294: 2291: 2278: 2271: 2270: 2269: 2258: 2251: 2250: 2249: 2248: 2247: 2192: 2189: 2147:—was known as 2103: 2096: 2095: 2094: 2085: 2078: 2077: 2076: 2075: 2074: 2069:Main article: 2066: 2063: 2058:Main article: 2055: 2052: 2014:Paraguayan War 2010:Cisplatine War 1964: 1961: 1940:Duke of Caxias 1908:Ragamuffin War 1900:Paraguayan War 1888:Cisplatine War 1821:The Brazilian 1803:Main article: 1800: 1797: 1776:Rio de Janeiro 1688: 1685: 1647:Additional Act 1625:Rio de Janeiro 1623: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1606: 1599: 1598: 1597: 1581: 1574: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1544:Joaquim Nabuco 1496: 1493: 1446: 1443: 1438:Main article: 1435: 1432: 1395:emerging power 1371:Main article: 1368: 1365: 1333:women's rights 1305: 1302: 1256: 1253: 1241:Paraguayan War 1202:Paraguayan War 1192:Paraguayan War 1190:Main article: 1187: 1186:Paraguayan War 1184: 1104: 1101: 1018: 1015: 998:Additional Act 969:Main article: 966: 963: 943:Cisplatine War 920:was recognized 856:Main article: 853: 850: 845:Main article: 842: 839: 797:Paraguayan War 749:Cisplatine War 728:Rio de Janeiro 682:representative 664: 663: 656: 652: 651: 648: 647: 644: 643: 636: 630: 629: 622: 613: 610: 609: 604: 592: 591: 586: 576: 575: 570: 566: 565: 562: 561: 558: 555: 552: 551: 548: 542: 539: 538: 535: 532: 529: 528: 525: 522: 519: 518: 515: 514: 510: 509: 506: 502: 501: 497: 496: 493: 492: 489: 483: 480: 479: 476: 470: 467: 466: 463: 454: 451: 450: 447: 441: 438: 437: 434: 428: 425: 424: 421: 415: 412: 411: 408: 402: 399: 398: 395: 394: 389: 388:Historical era 385: 384: 379: 373: 370: 369: 364: 358: 355: 354: 349: 345: 344: 341: 340: 335: 329: 326: 325: 318: 312: 309: 308: 303: 290: 287: 286: 283: 282: 279: 277:Prime Minister 273: 272: 269: 268: 263: 257: 254: 253: 248: 242: 239: 238: 235: 234: 231: 225: 224: 213: 209: 208: 203: 197: 196: 191: 187: 186: 181: 177: 176: 174:Rio de Janeiro 171: 167: 166: 159: 151: 150: 143: 136: 135: 107: 106: 103: 84: 83: 78: 71: 70: 63: 56: 55: 54: 51: 50: 46: 45: 38: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15290: 15279: 15276: 15274: 15271: 15269: 15266: 15264: 15261: 15259: 15256: 15254: 15251: 15249: 15246: 15244: 15241: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15231: 15230: 15228: 15213: 15185: 15175: 15172: 15170: 15167: 15165: 15162: 15160: 15157: 15155: 15152: 15151: 15149: 15145: 15135: 15132: 15128: 15125: 15123: 15120: 15119: 15117: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15103: 15100: 15099: 15097: 15095: 15092: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15082: 15081: 15079: 15075: 15069: 15066: 15064: 15061: 15059: 15056: 15054: 15051: 15049: 15046: 15044: 15041: 15040: 15038: 15036: 15029: 15023: 15020: 15018: 15015: 15013: 15010: 15008: 15005: 15001: 14998: 14996: 14993: 14991: 14988: 14987: 14986: 14983: 14979: 14976: 14974: 14971: 14969: 14966: 14964: 14961: 14959: 14956: 14955: 14954: 14951: 14949: 14946: 14942: 14939: 14937: 14934: 14933: 14932: 14929: 14928: 14926: 14922: 14919: 14915: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14897: 14894: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14884: 14882: 14879: 14877: 14874: 14872: 14869: 14867: 14864: 14862: 14859: 14857: 14854: 14852: 14849: 14848: 14846: 14845: 14843: 14839: 14835: 14828: 14823: 14821: 14816: 14814: 14809: 14808: 14805: 14789: 14786: 14784: 14781: 14779: 14776: 14774: 14771: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14741: 14739: 14736: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14725: 14722: 14719: 14718: 14713: 14709: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14696: 14694: 14691: 14689: 14686: 14683: 14680: 14678: 14675: 14674: 14672: 14668: 14662: 14659: 14657: 14654: 14652: 14649: 14647: 14644: 14642: 14639: 14637: 14634: 14632: 14629: 14627: 14624: 14622: 14619: 14617: 14614: 14612: 14609: 14607: 14604: 14602: 14599: 14597: 14596:Easter Island 14594: 14592: 14589: 14587: 14584: 14583: 14581: 14577: 14571: 14568: 14566: 14563: 14561: 14558: 14556: 14553: 14551: 14548: 14546: 14543: 14541: 14538: 14536: 14533: 14531: 14528: 14526: 14523: 14521: 14518: 14516: 14513: 14511: 14508: 14506: 14503: 14501: 14498: 14496: 14493: 14491: 14488: 14486: 14483: 14481: 14478: 14476: 14473: 14471: 14468: 14466: 14463: 14461: 14458: 14456: 14453: 14451: 14448: 14446: 14443: 14441: 14438: 14436: 14433: 14431: 14428: 14426: 14423: 14421: 14418: 14416: 14413: 14411: 14408: 14406: 14403: 14401: 14398: 14396: 14393: 14391: 14388: 14386: 14383: 14381: 14378: 14376: 14373: 14371: 14368: 14366: 14363: 14361: 14358: 14356: 14353: 14351: 14348: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14313: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14298: 14297: 14295: 14291: 14284: 14283: 14278: 14275: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14222: 14218: 14216: 14213: 14211: 14208: 14206: 14203: 14201: 14198: 14196: 14193: 14191: 14188: 14186: 14183: 14181: 14178: 14176: 14173: 14171: 14168: 14166: 14163: 14161: 14158: 14156: 14153: 14151: 14148: 14146: 14143: 14141: 14138: 14136: 14135:Jabal Shammar 14133: 14131: 14128: 14125: 14121: 14118: 14116: 14115: 14111: 14109: 14106: 14104: 14101: 14099: 14096: 14094: 14091: 14089: 14086: 14084: 14081: 14079: 14076: 14074: 14071: 14069: 14066: 14064: 14061: 14060: 14058: 14054: 14048: 14045: 14043: 14040: 14038: 14035: 14033: 14030: 14028: 14025: 14023: 14020: 14018: 14015: 14013: 14010: 14008: 14005: 14003: 14000: 13998: 13995: 13994: 13992: 13988: 13982: 13981: 13977: 13975: 13972: 13970: 13967: 13965: 13962: 13960: 13957: 13955: 13952: 13950: 13947: 13945: 13942: 13940: 13937: 13935: 13932: 13930: 13927: 13925: 13922: 13920: 13917: 13915: 13912: 13910: 13907: 13905: 13902: 13900: 13897: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13882: 13880: 13877: 13875: 13872: 13870: 13867: 13865: 13862: 13860: 13857: 13855: 13852: 13850: 13847: 13845: 13842: 13840: 13837: 13835: 13832: 13830: 13827: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13807: 13806: 13804: 13800: 13797: 13795: 13791: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13771: 13768: 13766: 13763: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13744: 13741: 13739: 13736: 13735: 13734: 13731: 13729: 13726: 13724: 13721: 13719: 13716: 13714: 13711: 13709: 13706: 13704: 13701: 13699: 13696: 13695: 13693: 13691: 13687: 13681: 13678: 13677: 13675: 13673: 13669: 13663: 13660: 13658: 13655: 13653: 13650: 13648: 13645: 13643: 13640: 13638: 13635: 13633: 13630: 13628: 13627:Liechtenstein 13625: 13623: 13620: 13618: 13615: 13613: 13610: 13609: 13607: 13605: 13601: 13595: 13594: 13590: 13588: 13585: 13583: 13580: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13570: 13568: 13565: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13528: 13525: 13524: 13522: 13520: 13516: 13510: 13509: 13505: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13489: 13487: 13485: 13481: 13478: 13474: 13468: 13465: 13463: 13460: 13458: 13455: 13453: 13450: 13448: 13445: 13443: 13440: 13438: 13435: 13431: 13430:Queen regnant 13428: 13427: 13426: 13423: 13421: 13418: 13416: 13413: 13412: 13410: 13406: 13400: 13397: 13395: 13392: 13390: 13389:Republicanism 13387: 13385: 13382: 13380: 13377: 13375: 13372: 13370: 13369:Head of state 13367: 13365: 13362: 13360: 13357: 13355: 13352: 13350: 13347: 13345: 13342: 13340: 13337: 13335: 13332: 13330: 13327: 13326: 13324: 13320: 13314: 13311: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13303:Non-sovereign 13301: 13299: 13296: 13294: 13291: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13270: 13268: 13264: 13258: 13255: 13253: 13250: 13248: 13245: 13243: 13240: 13238: 13235: 13234: 13231: 13227: 13220: 13215: 13213: 13208: 13206: 13201: 13200: 13197: 13187: 13186: 13185: 13181: 13177: 13173: 13172:Reunification 13169: 13165: 13160: 13155: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13135: 13133: 13129: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13110: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13095: 13094: 13093:Pan-Germanism 13091: 13087: 13084: 13083: 13082: 13079: 13078: 13077: 13074: 13070: 13067: 13066: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13051: 13049: 13045: 13037: 13034: 13033: 13032: 13029: 13028: 13026: 13022: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12986: 12984: 12981: 12979: 12976: 12974: 12971: 12970: 12969: 12966: 12965: 12963: 12959: 12953: 12950: 12946: 12943: 12942: 12941: 12938: 12934: 12931: 12930: 12929: 12926: 12924: 12921: 12917: 12914: 12913: 12912: 12909: 12907: 12904: 12902: 12899: 12897: 12894: 12890: 12887: 12886: 12885: 12882: 12881: 12879: 12875: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12861: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12849: 12848: 12847: 12844: 12840: 12837: 12836: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12806: 12804: 12800: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12747: 12744: 12743: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12733: 12731: 12727: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12711: 12708: 12706: 12703: 12701: 12698: 12697: 12695: 12693:Southern Asia 12691: 12685: 12682: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12669: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12631: 12628: 12627: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12614: 12611: 12610: 12609: 12606: 12605: 12603: 12599: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12579: 12577: 12575:South America 12573: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12541: 12540: 12539:United States 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12523: 12520: 12519: 12518: 12515: 12514: 12512: 12510:North America 12508: 12502: 12499: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12487: 12484: 12483: 12481: 12477: 12473: 12466: 12461: 12459: 12454: 12452: 12447: 12446: 12443: 12429: 12428:Soviet empire 12426: 12424: 12421: 12420: 12418: 12417: 12415: 12413:Miscellaneous 12411: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12390: 12387: 12385: 12382: 12378: 12375: 12374: 12373: 12370: 12369: 12367: 12363: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12331: 12328: 12327: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12265: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12250: 12248: 12246: 12242: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12210: 12209: 12206: 12204: 12201: 12197: 12194: 12193: 12192: 12189: 12187: 12184: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12166: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12144: 12143: 12140: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12112: 12111: 12108: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12095: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12048: 12047: 12044: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12031: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12012:German Empire 12010: 12009: 12008: 12005: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11992: 11991: 11988: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11975: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11938: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11916: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11888: 11886: 11884: 11880: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11823: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11781: 11780: 11777: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11754: 11753: 11752:Turco-Persian 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11697: 11696: 11693: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11660: 11659: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11620: 11619: 11616: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11593: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11541: 11540: 11537: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11514: 11513: 11510: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11492: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11450: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11408: 11407: 11404: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11391: 11390: 11387: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11364: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11351: 11348: 11347: 11346: 11343: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11330: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11292: 11290: 11288: 11284: 11276: 11273: 11272: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11250: 11249: 11246: 11242: 11239: 11238: 11237: 11234: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11205: 11202: 11201: 11200: 11197: 11195: 11192: 11190: 11187: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11164: 11163: 11160: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11147: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11110: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11078: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11051: 11050: 11047: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11029: 11028: 11025: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11012: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10987: 10983: 10979: 10972: 10967: 10965: 10960: 10958: 10953: 10952: 10949: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10928: 10923: 10919: 10916: 10912: 10911: 10907: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10881: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10858: 10857:Protestantism 10855: 10853: 10850: 10845: 10841: 10840: 10838: 10833: 10829: 10826: 10822: 10819: 10815: 10812: 10808: 10807: 10806: 10803: 10802: 10801:Christianity 10800: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10784: 10782: 10780: 10776: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10676: 10674: 10672: 10668: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10641:States by HDI 10639: 10637: 10636:Social issues 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10573: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10561: 10551: 10548: 10547: 10545: 10543: 10539: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10456: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10444: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10383: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10353: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10341: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10264: 10261: 10260: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10247: 10244: 10243: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10228: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10216: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10161: 10159: 10157: 10153: 10149: 10145: 10138: 10133: 10131: 10126: 10124: 10119: 10118: 10115: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10075: 10073: 10069: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10034: 10032: 10030: 10029:Abolitionists 10026: 10023: 10021: 10017: 10006: 10003: 10000: 9999:Uruguayan War 9997: 9994: 9991: 9988: 9985: 9982: 9979: 9976: 9973: 9970: 9967: 9964: 9961: 9960: 9958: 9956: 9952: 9946: 9943: 9939: 9938:List of ships 9936: 9934: 9931: 9930: 9929: 9926: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9908: 9907: 9904: 9903: 9901: 9899: 9895: 9892: 9888: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9869: 9867: 9863: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9843: 9841: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9828: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9791: 9790: 9787: 9786: 9784: 9780: 9775: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9744: 9740: 9736: 9732: 9728: 9725: 9724: 9722: 9718: 9714: 9707: 9702: 9700: 9695: 9693: 9688: 9687: 9684: 9678: 9671: 9664: 9659: 9655: 9654: 9643: 9639: 9632: 9627: 9623: 9617: 9613: 9608: 9604: 9599: 9595: 9589: 9585: 9580: 9576: 9570: 9566: 9561: 9557: 9551: 9547: 9542: 9538: 9532: 9528: 9523: 9519: 9513: 9509: 9504: 9500: 9494: 9490: 9485: 9481: 9479:0-19-505809-7 9475: 9470: 9469: 9463: 9459: 9455: 9450: 9446: 9440: 9436: 9435: 9429: 9425: 9421: 9417: 9412: 9408: 9402: 9398: 9393: 9389: 9384: 9380: 9375: 9371: 9365: 9361: 9356: 9352: 9346: 9342: 9337: 9333: 9327: 9323: 9318: 9314: 9308: 9304: 9299: 9295: 9291: 9287: 9283: 9278: 9274: 9269: 9265: 9260: 9256: 9251: 9247: 9242: 9238: 9232: 9228: 9227: 9221: 9217: 9213: 9209: 9205: 9203:0-313-20309-1 9199: 9194: 9193: 9186: 9182: 9176: 9172: 9171: 9165: 9161: 9155: 9151: 9146: 9142: 9136: 9132: 9127: 9123: 9117: 9113: 9108: 9104: 9098: 9094: 9089: 9085: 9079: 9075: 9070: 9066: 9060: 9056: 9051: 9047: 9041: 9037: 9032: 9028: 9023: 9019: 9013: 9009: 9004: 9000: 8994: 8990: 8985: 8981: 8975: 8971: 8966: 8962: 8956: 8952: 8947: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8930: 8926: 8922: 8921:Calmon, Pedro 8918: 8914: 8908: 8904: 8900: 8896: 8892: 8886: 8882: 8878: 8874: 8870: 8864: 8860: 8855: 8851: 8847: 8843: 8838: 8834: 8829: 8825: 8824: 8818: 8814: 8808: 8804: 8799: 8795: 8789: 8785: 8780: 8776: 8770: 8766: 8761: 8757: 8752: 8748: 8742: 8738: 8733: 8729: 8723: 8719: 8714: 8713: 8701: 8696: 8689: 8684: 8682: 8674: 8669: 8667: 8659: 8654: 8647: 8642: 8640: 8638: 8630: 8625: 8623: 8621: 8613: 8608: 8601: 8596: 8594: 8592: 8584: 8579: 8572: 8567: 8560: 8555: 8553: 8545: 8540: 8534:, p. 85. 8533: 8528: 8526: 8518: 8513: 8506: 8505:Schwarcz 1998 8501: 8499: 8491: 8486: 8479: 8474: 8467: 8466:Schwarcz 1998 8462: 8455: 8454:Schwarcz 1998 8450: 8443: 8442:Schwarcz 1998 8438: 8432:, p. 22. 8431: 8426: 8424: 8416: 8411: 8405:, p. 84. 8404: 8399: 8397: 8390:, p. 83. 8389: 8384: 8382: 8380: 8372: 8367: 8360: 8355: 8348: 8343: 8337:, p. 31. 8336: 8331: 8324: 8319: 8312: 8307: 8305: 8297: 8292: 8285: 8280: 8273: 8268: 8266: 8264: 8256: 8251: 8244: 8243:Carvalho 2007 8239: 8232: 8231:Carvalho 2007 8227: 8225: 8223: 8215: 8210: 8208: 8206: 8204: 8202: 8200: 8198: 8190: 8185: 8178: 8177:Schwarcz 1998 8173: 8171: 8163: 8158: 8152:, p. 77. 8151: 8146: 8139: 8134: 8127: 8122: 8115: 8110: 8103: 8098: 8091: 8086: 8079: 8074: 8067: 8062: 8055: 8050: 8048: 8041:, p. 11. 8040: 8035: 8033: 8031: 8023: 8018: 8016: 8014: 8012: 8010: 8008: 8000: 7995: 7993: 7985: 7980: 7973: 7968: 7961: 7960:Carvalho 2007 7956: 7949: 7944: 7938:, p. 43. 7937: 7936:Olivieri 1999 7932: 7925: 7920: 7913: 7908: 7901: 7896: 7894: 7892: 7884: 7879: 7872: 7867: 7860: 7855: 7848: 7843: 7836: 7831: 7825:, p. 30. 7824: 7819: 7812: 7807: 7801:, p. 29. 7800: 7795: 7788: 7783: 7776: 7771: 7764: 7759: 7752: 7747: 7740: 7735: 7733: 7731: 7723: 7718: 7716: 7714: 7706: 7701: 7694: 7689: 7682: 7677: 7670: 7665: 7658: 7653: 7647:, p. 37. 7646: 7641: 7634: 7629: 7627: 7610: 7603: 7584: 7577: 7570: 7554: 7550: 7544: 7538:, p. 84. 7537: 7532: 7525: 7520: 7518: 7511:, p. 74. 7510: 7505: 7498: 7493: 7486: 7481: 7474: 7469: 7467: 7457: 7454: 7451: 7448: 7446:, p. 84; 7445: 7442: 7441: 7437: 7428: 7425: 7423:, p. 65; 7422: 7419: 7416: 7413: 7410: 7407: 7404: 7401: 7398: 7395: 7392: 7389: 7388: 7384: 7377: 7372: 7365: 7360: 7354:, p. 82. 7353: 7348: 7346: 7344: 7342: 7340: 7332: 7327: 7325: 7317: 7312: 7310: 7308: 7306: 7304: 7302: 7300: 7292: 7287: 7280: 7275: 7268: 7263: 7256: 7251: 7244: 7239: 7232: 7227: 7220: 7215: 7208: 7203: 7196: 7191: 7184: 7179: 7172: 7167: 7160: 7155: 7148: 7143: 7136: 7131: 7124: 7119: 7112: 7107: 7100: 7095: 7088: 7083: 7076: 7071: 7064: 7059: 7052: 7047: 7040: 7035: 7028: 7023: 7021: 7019: 7017: 7009: 7004: 7002: 7000: 6992: 6987: 6980: 6975: 6968: 6963: 6956: 6951: 6944: 6939: 6932: 6927: 6920: 6915: 6909:, p. 38. 6908: 6903: 6897:, p. 13. 6896: 6891: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6877: 6872: 6865: 6860: 6853: 6848: 6841: 6836: 6829: 6824: 6822: 6815:, p. 33. 6814: 6809: 6803:, p. 46. 6802: 6797: 6795: 6788:, p. 19. 6787: 6782: 6775: 6770: 6763: 6758: 6752:, p. 50. 6751: 6746: 6740:, p. 47. 6739: 6734: 6727: 6722: 6716:, p. 21. 6715: 6710: 6703: 6698: 6692:, p. 60. 6691: 6686: 6679: 6674: 6667: 6662: 6656:, p. 18. 6655: 6650: 6643: 6638: 6631: 6626: 6619: 6614: 6607: 6602: 6595: 6590: 6583: 6578: 6571: 6566: 6559: 6554: 6547: 6542: 6535: 6530: 6523: 6518: 6511: 6506: 6499: 6494: 6487: 6482: 6475: 6470: 6463: 6462:Carvalho 2007 6458: 6451: 6446: 6440:, p. 69. 6439: 6434: 6428:, p. 70. 6427: 6422: 6415: 6410: 6403: 6398: 6391: 6386: 6379: 6374: 6367: 6362: 6356:, p. 84. 6355: 6350: 6343: 6342:Carvalho 2007 6338: 6336: 6328: 6323: 6317:, p. 91. 6316: 6315:Carvalho 2002 6311: 6304: 6303:Carvalho 2002 6299: 6293:, p. 51. 6292: 6291:Carvalho 1993 6287: 6281:, p. 33. 6280: 6279:Carvalho 2008 6275: 6269:, p. 39. 6268: 6267:Carvalho 2008 6263: 6257:, p. 48. 6256: 6255:Carvalho 1993 6251: 6244: 6243:Carvalho 2007 6239: 6237: 6227: 6224: 6222:, p. 30; 6221: 6220:Carvalho 2008 6218: 6216:, p. 46; 6215: 6214:Carvalho 1993 6212: 6211: 6207: 6200: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6180:, p. 46. 6179: 6178:Carvalho 1993 6174: 6172: 6165:, p. 31. 6164: 6163:Carvalho 2008 6159: 6157: 6149: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6133:, p. 30. 6132: 6131:Carvalho 2008 6127: 6125: 6123: 6115: 6110: 6108: 6100: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6084:, p. 29. 6083: 6082:Carvalho 2008 6078: 6071: 6066: 6059: 6054: 6048:, p. 83. 6047: 6042: 6035: 6030: 6023: 6018: 6011: 6006: 5999: 5994: 5992: 5984: 5979: 5973:, p. 99. 5972: 5967: 5961:, p. 97. 5960: 5955: 5953: 5945: 5940: 5934:, p. 60. 5933: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5917:, p. 59. 5916: 5911: 5909: 5901: 5896: 5890:, p. 42. 5889: 5888:Carvalho 1993 5884: 5877: 5872: 5865: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5846: 5841: 5834: 5829: 5827: 5819: 5814: 5807: 5802: 5795: 5790: 5783: 5782:Carvalho 2007 5778: 5770:, p. 99. 5769: 5766: 5763: 5762:Carvalho 2007 5760: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5749: 5742: 5737: 5730: 5725: 5719:, p. 96. 5718: 5713: 5706: 5705:Schwarcz 1998 5701: 5692: 5689: 5686: 5685:Carvalho 2007 5683: 5680: 5677: 5674: 5671: 5670: 5666: 5659: 5658:Schwarcz 1998 5654: 5647: 5646:Ermakoff 2006 5642: 5635: 5630: 5623: 5618: 5611: 5606: 5599: 5594: 5585: 5584:Schwarcz 1998 5582: 5579: 5578:Carvalho 2007 5576: 5573: 5570: 5569: 5565: 5559:, p. 78. 5558: 5553: 5546: 5541: 5534: 5529: 5523:, p. 56. 5522: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5501: 5496: 5489: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5472: 5471:Carvalho 2007 5467: 5465: 5455: 5452: 5449: 5448:Carvalho 2007 5446: 5443: 5442:Ermakoff 2006 5440: 5439: 5435: 5428: 5423: 5416: 5411: 5404: 5399: 5392: 5387: 5385: 5377: 5372: 5365: 5360: 5353: 5348: 5341: 5336: 5329: 5324: 5317: 5312: 5304:, p. 51. 5303: 5300: 5297: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5287: 5283: 5276: 5271: 5264: 5259: 5252: 5247: 5245: 5237: 5232: 5230: 5222: 5217: 5210: 5205: 5198: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5181: 5176: 5169: 5164: 5157: 5152: 5145: 5140: 5133: 5128: 5121: 5116: 5109: 5104: 5097: 5092: 5090: 5082: 5077: 5070: 5065: 5063: 5055: 5050: 5043: 5038: 5031: 5026: 5019: 5018:Carvalho 2007 5014: 5005: 5002: 4999: 4998:Carvalho 2007 4996: 4993: 4990: 4989: 4985: 4978: 4973: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4957:Carvalho 2007 4955: 4952: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4935: 4932: 4929: 4928:Carvalho 2007 4926: 4923: 4920: 4919: 4915: 4908: 4903: 4896: 4891: 4884: 4879: 4870: 4867: 4865:, p. 104 4864: 4863:Carvalho 2007 4861: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4850: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4834:Carvalho 2007 4832: 4829: 4826: 4825: 4821: 4814: 4809: 4802: 4797: 4790: 4785: 4778: 4773: 4766: 4761: 4754: 4749: 4742: 4737: 4730: 4725: 4718: 4713: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4684: 4677: 4672: 4665: 4660: 4653: 4648: 4646: 4638: 4633: 4631: 4622:, p. 48. 4621: 4620:Skidmore 1999 4618: 4616:, p. 71; 4615: 4612: 4610:, p. 76; 4609: 4606: 4605: 4601: 4594: 4589: 4582: 4581:Carvalho 2007 4577: 4570: 4565: 4558: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4541: 4536: 4529: 4524: 4517: 4512: 4505: 4500: 4498: 4490: 4485: 4478: 4473: 4471: 4464:, p. 49. 4463: 4458: 4451: 4446: 4440:, p. 58. 4439: 4434: 4428:, p. 64. 4427: 4422: 4415: 4410: 4408: 4400: 4395: 4389:, p. 61. 4388: 4383: 4376: 4371: 4364: 4359: 4352: 4347: 4341:, p. 19. 4340: 4335: 4328: 4323: 4316: 4311: 4304: 4299: 4292: 4287: 4280: 4275: 4273: 4265: 4260: 4253: 4248: 4241: 4236: 4229: 4224: 4217: 4212: 4206:, p. 96. 4205: 4200: 4193: 4188: 4181: 4176: 4169: 4164: 4157: 4152: 4146:, p. 72. 4145: 4140: 4133: 4128: 4121: 4116: 4109: 4104: 4097: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4071: 4067: 4054: 4047: 4040: 4033: 4029: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 4000: 3996: 3995:Brazil portal 3985: 3978: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3939:Parnassianism 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3857: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3826: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3806:França Júnior 3803: 3799: 3795: 3794:Landscape art 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3770:Pedro Américo 3767: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3733: 3730: 3726: 3723:—were French 3722: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3701:Neoclassicism 3698: 3689: 3688:França Júnior 3685: 3681: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3661: 3646: 3644: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3532: 3527: 3518: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3456: 3454: 3453: 3447: 3442: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3382: 3380: 3374: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3328: 3318: 3310: 3305: 3295: 3291: 3288: 3282: 3280: 3274: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3243: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3179: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3058: 3053: 3052: 3048:, two female 3047: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3030: 3028: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3017: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3001:(Portuguese: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2948: 2941:Ethnic groups 2938: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2869: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2781:Florianópolis 2779: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2725: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2629: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2605: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2557: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2445:Belém do Pará 2443: 2441: 2438: 2437: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2315: 2309: 2306: 2300: 2275: 2255: 2246: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2231: 2226: 2222: 2213: 2209: 2206: 2197: 2188: 2184: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2153:conto de réis 2150: 2149:conto de réis 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2111: 2107: 2100: 2089: 2082: 2072: 2061: 2051: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2035: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1969: 1960: 1957: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1927: 1925: 1919: 1917: 1914:(1835–1840), 1913: 1910:(1835–1845), 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1896:Uruguayan War 1893: 1889: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1871: 1869: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1836: 1829: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1811: 1806: 1796: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1704: 1700: 1699: 1693: 1684: 1682: 1677: 1671: 1668: 1662: 1660: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1626: 1620: 1609: 1603: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1578: 1564: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1501: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1471: 1468: 1464: 1456: 1451: 1441: 1431: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1406: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1364: 1362: 1357: 1353: 1352:Republicanism 1347: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1334: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1301: 1298: 1292: 1290: 1289:escravocratas 1286: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1266: 1261: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1233:Uruguayan War 1228: 1226: 1221: 1210: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1183: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1155: 1152: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1127: 1114: 1109: 1100: 1097: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1045: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1028:, capital of 1027: 1023: 1017:Consolidation 1014: 1012: 1011:Liberal Party 1007: 1001: 999: 995: 994:Ato Adicional 989: 982: 977: 972: 962: 960: 956: 950: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 923: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 896: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 873: 864: 859: 848: 838: 836: 832: 831: 826: 821: 816: 814: 810: 809:Neoclassicism 806: 802: 798: 794: 793:Uruguayan War 790: 786: 781: 776: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 745: 740: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 686: 685:parliamentary 683: 679: 675: 671: 662: 657: 655:Today part of 653: 637: 635: 632: 631: 623: 621: 618: 617: 614: 608: 605: 598: 597: 594: 593: 590: 587: 585: 582: 581: 577: 574: 571: 567: 563: 559: 553: 549: 546: 540: 536: 530: 526: 520: 516: 511: 507: 503: 498: 494: 490: 487: 481: 477: 474: 468: 464: 460: 457:Accession of 452: 448: 445: 439: 436:25 March 1824 435: 432: 426: 422: 419: 413: 409: 406: 400: 396: 393: 390: 386: 383: 380: 377: 371: 368: 365: 362: 356: 353: 350: 346: 342: 339: 336: 327: 323: 319: 310: 307: 304: 298: 288: 284: 280: 278: 274: 270: 267: 264: 261: 255: 252: 249: 246: 240: 236: 232: 230: 226: 223: 220: 219:parliamentary 217: 214: 210: 207: 204: 202: 198: 195: 192: 188: 185: 182: 178: 175: 172: 168: 163: 157: 152: 147: 141: 137: 118: 117: 112: 108: 100: 93: 89: 85: 75: 66: 60: 52: 47: 42: 33: 30: 19: 15184: 15088: 14773:South Africa 14768:Sierra Leone 14715: 14545:Two Sicilies 14480:Papal States 14280: 14219: 14112: 14006: 13978: 13738:Cook Islands 13591: 13577:Saudi Arabia 13506: 13168:Partitionism 13162: 13161: 13158: 12715:Pashtunistan 12601:Western Asia 12534:Saint Martin 12501:South Africa 12179:Contemporary 12029:Indo-Persian 12017:Nazi Germany 11961:Contemporary 11910: 11863:Vijayanagara 11762:Great Seljuk 11673:Thessalonica 11601:Golden Horde 11241:Carthaginian 11020:Neo-Assyrian 11005:Neo-Sumerian 10646:Unemployment 10596:Demographics 10474:Central Bank 10381:Human rights 10361:Constitution 10231:Amazon basin 10183: 9933:Naval School 9898:Armed Forces 9743:Second Reign 9712: 9641: 9637: 9611: 9602: 9583: 9564: 9545: 9526: 9507: 9488: 9467: 9453: 9433: 9415: 9396: 9387: 9378: 9359: 9340: 9321: 9302: 9293: 9281: 9272: 9263: 9254: 9245: 9225: 9215: 9191: 9169: 9149: 9130: 9111: 9092: 9073: 9054: 9035: 9026: 9007: 8988: 8969: 8950: 8933: 8924: 8902: 8880: 8858: 8841: 8832: 8821: 8802: 8783: 8764: 8755: 8736: 8717: 8700:Vainfas 2002 8695: 8688:Vainfas 2002 8673:Vainfas 2002 8658:Vainfas 2002 8653: 8646:Vainfas 2002 8629:Vainfas 2002 8612:Vainfas 2002 8607: 8600:Vainfas 2002 8578: 8571:Vainfas 2002 8566: 8559:Vainfas 2002 8544:Vainfas 2002 8539: 8532:Vainfas 2002 8517:Vainfas 2002 8512: 8490:Vainfas 2002 8485: 8478:Vainfas 2002 8473: 8461: 8449: 8437: 8430:Vainfas 2002 8415:Vainfas 2002 8410: 8403:Vainfas 2002 8388:Vainfas 2002 8371:Vainfas 2002 8366: 8359:Vainfas 2002 8354: 8347:Vainfas 2002 8342: 8335:Vainfas 2002 8330: 8323:Vainfas 2002 8318: 8311:Vainfas 2002 8296:Vainfas 2002 8291: 8284:Vainfas 2002 8279: 8272:Vainfas 2002 8250: 8238: 8189:Vainfas 2002 8184: 8157: 8145: 8133: 8121: 8109: 8097: 8085: 8073: 8061: 8022:Vainfas 2002 7999:Vainfas 2002 7979: 7967: 7955: 7943: 7931: 7919: 7907: 7900:Vainfas 2002 7883:Vainfas 2002 7878: 7866: 7854: 7842: 7830: 7823:Vainfas 2002 7818: 7806: 7799:Vainfas 2002 7794: 7787:Vainfas 2002 7782: 7775:Vainfas 2002 7770: 7763:Vainfas 2002 7758: 7751:Vainfas 2002 7746: 7722:Vainfas 2002 7700: 7688: 7676: 7664: 7652: 7640: 7613:. Retrieved 7602: 7590:. Retrieved 7583:the original 7569: 7557:. Retrieved 7553:the original 7543: 7531: 7524:Azevedo 1971 7509:Azevedo 1971 7504: 7492: 7485:Azevedo 1971 7480: 7473:Moreira 1981 7450:Vainfas 2002 7436: 7415:Moreira 1981 7397:Azevedo 1971 7383: 7371: 7359: 7316:Vainfas 2002 7286: 7274: 7262: 7250: 7238: 7226: 7214: 7202: 7190: 7178: 7166: 7154: 7142: 7130: 7118: 7106: 7094: 7082: 7070: 7058: 7046: 7034: 7027:Vainfas 2002 7008:Vainfas 2002 6986: 6979:Vainfas 2002 6974: 6962: 6950: 6938: 6926: 6914: 6907:Vasquez 2007 6902: 6876:Vainfas 2002 6871: 6859: 6847: 6840:Vainfas 2002 6835: 6828:Vainfas 2002 6808: 6781: 6769: 6757: 6745: 6733: 6721: 6709: 6697: 6685: 6673: 6661: 6649: 6644:, p. 7. 6637: 6630:Vainfas 2002 6625: 6618:Vainfas 2002 6613: 6601: 6589: 6582:Vainfas 2002 6577: 6565: 6558:Vainfas 2002 6553: 6541: 6529: 6517: 6505: 6493: 6481: 6469: 6457: 6445: 6433: 6421: 6409: 6397: 6390:Vainfas 2002 6385: 6378:Holanda 1974 6373: 6366:Pedrosa 2004 6361: 6349: 6322: 6310: 6298: 6286: 6274: 6262: 6250: 6226:Vainfas 2002 6206: 6199:Vainfas 2002 6148:Vainfas 2002 6099:Vainfas 2002 6077: 6065: 6053: 6041: 6029: 6017: 6005: 5978: 5966: 5939: 5895: 5883: 5871: 5840: 5813: 5801: 5789: 5777: 5748: 5736: 5724: 5712: 5700: 5665: 5653: 5641: 5629: 5617: 5605: 5593: 5564: 5552: 5540: 5528: 5495: 5434: 5422: 5410: 5398: 5371: 5359: 5347: 5335: 5323: 5311: 5282: 5270: 5258: 5216: 5204: 5199:, p. 9. 5175: 5163: 5151: 5139: 5127: 5115: 5103: 5076: 5049: 5037: 5025: 5013: 4984: 4972: 4943: 4914: 4902: 4890: 4878: 4849: 4820: 4808: 4796: 4784: 4772: 4760: 4748: 4736: 4724: 4712: 4683: 4671: 4659: 4652:Vainfas 2002 4608:Bethell 1993 4600: 4588: 4576: 4564: 4535: 4523: 4511: 4484: 4457: 4445: 4433: 4421: 4394: 4382: 4370: 4358: 4346: 4334: 4322: 4310: 4298: 4286: 4259: 4247: 4235: 4223: 4211: 4199: 4187: 4175: 4163: 4151: 4139: 4127: 4115: 4103: 4094: 4087:. Retrieved 4079: 4070: 4046: 4032: 4013:Second Reign 3931:Raul Pompeia 3920: 3912:Martins Pena 3896:Castro Alves 3861: 3853: 3762:Félix Taunay 3750: 3734: 3716: 3709: 3693: 3683: 3668: 3642: 3622: 3591: 3572: 3541: 3492: 3487: 3457: 3450: 3439:considered " 3437: 3409: 3379:civil rights 3375: 3346:Minas Gerais 3331: 3323: 3292: 3283: 3275: 3271: 3240: 3153: 3141:, Maranhão, 3111: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3082:Northeastern 3073: 3071: 3055: 3049: 3024: 3014: 3010: 3002: 2980: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2935: 2920: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2824:Minas Gerais 2805:Porto Alegre 2363: 2359: 2350:Demographics 2310: 2302: 2235: 2218: 2202: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2163:. Thus, 350 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2118: 2109: 2105: 2087: 2048: 2033: 2018: 2006: 1974: 1952: 1928: 1920: 1884: 1872: 1864: 1841: 1826: 1799:Armed forces 1793:voter apathy 1785: 1768:Minas Gerais 1765: 1753: 1744: 1726: 1696: 1680: 1672: 1666: 1663: 1655: 1650: 1644: 1635: 1633: 1540: 1521: 1506: 1489: 1485: 1476:rubber stamp 1472: 1460: 1415: 1407: 1403: 1392: 1348: 1337: 1329: 1293: 1288: 1277: 1270: 1265:Minas Gerais 1249: 1245: 1229: 1215: 1174: 1172: 1156: 1147: 1132: 1072: 1050:Aberdeen Act 1046: 1042: 1002: 993: 990: 986: 951: 924: 897: 869: 828: 817: 777: 741: 714:, fled from 694:and his son 669: 667: 589:Succeeded by 588: 583: 556:• 1890 533:• 1854 523:• 1823 465:23 July 1840 449:7 April 1831 405:Independence 392:19th century 330:• 1889 296: 139: 114: 110: 88:Motto: 87: 29: 15268:Irredentism 15207: / 14908:Netherlands 14886:Saint Lucia 14856:The Bahamas 14712:British Raj 14684:(Sri Lanka) 14570:Württemberg 14282:South Yemen 14170:Maguindanao 14063:Afghanistan 13824:Barotseland 13760:Saint Lucia 13733:New Zealand 13642:Netherlands 13415:Chhatrapati 13399:Sovereignty 13339:Aristocracy 13180:Revisionism 13122:Switzerland 13117:Netherlands 12778:Philippines 12677:Pan-Turkism 12472:Irredentism 11767:Khwarezmian 11700:Carolingian 11505:Rashtrakuta 11209:Shaishunaga 11108:Hellenistic 11091:New Kingdom 11081:Old Kingdom 10805:Catholicism 10719:Malandragem 10684:Archaeology 10611:Immigration 10517:Stock index 10459:Agriculture 10258:Environment 10007:(1864–1870) 10001:(1864–1865) 9995:(1851–1852) 9993:Platine War 9989:(1835–1840) 9983:(1835–1845) 9977:(1825–1828) 9965:(1822–1824) 9735:First Reign 8583:Barman 1988 8255:Barman 1999 8214:Barman 1999 8150:Barman 1999 8066:Barman 1999 8039:Barman 1999 7948:Barman 1988 7924:Fausto 1995 7615:17 November 7409:Coelho 1996 7364:Coelho 1996 7291:Scully 1868 7279:Scully 1868 7267:Scully 1868 7255:Scully 1868 7243:Scully 1868 7231:Scully 1868 7219:Scully 1868 7207:Scully 1868 7195:Scully 1868 7183:Scully 1868 7171:Scully 1868 7159:Scully 1868 7147:Scully 1868 7135:Scully 1868 7123:Scully 1868 7111:Scully 1868 7099:Scully 1868 7087:Scully 1868 7075:Scully 1868 7063:Scully 1868 7051:Scully 1868 7039:Scully 1868 6991:Calmon 2002 6955:Calmon 2002 6943:Calmon 2002 6931:Calmon 2002 6864:Calmon 2002 6852:Fausto 1995 6774:Barman 1988 6702:Barman 1999 6666:Barman 1999 6450:Barman 1999 6402:Calmon 2002 6114:Barman 1988 5900:Nabuco 1975 5864:Barman 1988 5845:Barman 1988 5833:Barman 1988 5806:Barman 1999 5794:Salles 1996 5756:Calmon 1975 5741:Barman 1999 5679:Calmon 1975 5673:Barman 1999 5634:Barman 1999 5622:Barman 1999 5610:Barman 1999 5598:Barman 1999 5572:Barman 1999 5545:Barman 1999 5533:Barman 1999 5500:Barman 1999 5488:Barman 1999 5415:Barman 1999 5403:Barman 1999 5391:Barman 1999 5376:Barman 1999 5364:Barman 1999 5352:Barman 1999 5328:Barman 1999 5316:Barman 1999 5296:Barman 1999 5290:Hahner 1978 5275:Barman 1999 5263:Barman 1999 5251:Barman 1999 5236:Barman 1999 5221:Barman 1999 5209:Barman 1999 5180:Barman 1999 5156:Calmon 2002 5120:Barman 1999 5108:Nabuco 1975 5096:Barman 1999 5081:Nabuco 1975 5069:Barman 1999 5042:Calmon 1975 4992:Barman 1999 4951:Barman 1999 4922:Calmon 1975 4907:Calmon 1975 4883:Calmon 1975 4857:Calmon 1975 4828:Calmon 1975 4813:Barman 1999 4801:Nabuco 1975 4789:Nabuco 1975 4777:Nabuco 1975 4765:Nabuco 1975 4753:Nabuco 1975 4741:Nabuco 1975 4729:Nabuco 1975 4717:Barman 1999 4703:Nabuco 1975 4691:Barman 1999 4676:Barman 1999 4637:Barman 1999 4614:Graham 1994 4593:Levine 1999 4569:Barman 1999 4557:Barman 1999 4540:Barman 1999 4528:Barman 1999 4516:Barman 1999 4504:Barman 1999 4489:Barman 1999 4477:Barman 1999 4462:Barman 1999 4450:Barman 1999 4438:Barman 1999 4426:Barman 1999 4414:Barman 1999 4399:Barman 1988 4387:Barman 1999 4375:Barman 1988 4363:Barman 1988 4351:Barman 1988 4339:Barman 1999 4327:Barman 1999 4315:Barman 1988 4303:Barman 1988 4291:Barman 1988 4279:Barman 1988 4264:Barman 1988 4252:Barman 1988 4228:Barman 1988 4204:Barman 1988 4168:Barman 1988 4144:Barman 1988 4132:Barman 1988 4018:First Reign 3963:Olavo Bilac 3833: 1858 3814:Eclecticism 3798:Georg Grimm 3753:Romanticism 3705:lithography 3654:Visual arts 3643:aldeamentos 3560:papal bulls 3558:, ratified 3544:Catholicism 3537: 1875 3433:public good 3429:meritocracy 3405:court dress 3040:. 2nd row: 2872:Mato Grosso 2565:João Pessoa 2488:Mato Grosso 2388:and police 2380:Population 2323:telegraphic 2293:Development 2284: 1884 2264: 1885 1892:Platine War 1737:lower house 1733:upper house 1385:, Princess 1120: 1859 1091:Platine War 1067:promulgated 1032:(Brazilian 981:City Palace 830:coup d'état 813:Romanticism 789:Platine War 584:Preceded by 478:13 May 1888 376:Lower house 361:Upper house 348:Legislature 79:Lesser Arms 67:(1853–1889) 15227:Categories 15192:22°54′30″S 14778:Tanganyika 14693:The Gambia 14621:Niuē-Fekai 14560:Yugoslavia 14460:Montenegro 14267:Upper Yafa 14262:Upper Asir 13899:Madagascar 13632:Luxembourg 13364:Government 13329:Abdication 13298:Hereditary 13226:Monarchies 13184:Rump state 13176:Revanchism 13103:Lebensraum 12952:Yugoslavia 12720:Tamil Nadu 12700:Bangladesh 12625:Azerbaijan 12486:Mauritania 12337:Portuguese 12218:Revival Le 12208:Vietnamese 11851:Later Tran 11821:Vietnamese 11717:Singhasari 11705:Holy Roman 11329:Bulgarian 11265:Satavahana 11236:Phoenician 11172:Achaemenid 11133:Indo-Greek 11113:Macedonian 11027:Babylonian 10844:Antiochian 10769:Television 10739:Newspapers 10714:Literature 10586:Corruption 10581:Censorship 10506:(currency) 10376:Government 8709:References 8162:Viana 1968 8138:Viana 1968 8126:Viana 1968 8114:Viana 1968 8102:Viana 1968 8090:Viana 1968 8078:Viana 1968 8054:Viana 1968 7871:Boxer 2002 7859:Boxer 2002 7847:Boxer 2002 7835:Boxer 2002 7811:Boxer 2002 7739:Viana 1994 7705:Viana 1994 7693:Viana 1994 7681:Viana 1994 7669:Viana 1994 7657:Viana 1994 7645:Ramos 2003 7633:Viana 1994 7592:15 October 7559:15 October 7536:Ramos 2003 7444:Ramos 2003 7421:Ramos 2003 7352:Ramos 2003 6919:Viana 1994 6813:Topik 2000 6786:Topik 2000 6726:Sodré 2004 6690:Topik 2000 6654:Smith 2010 6642:Smith 2010 6606:Viana 1994 6594:Viana 1994 6570:Viana 1994 6486:Green 2020 6474:Topik 2000 5876:Viana 1994 5521:Topik 2000 5454:Munro 1942 5302:Topik 2000 5168:Munro 1942 4240:Viana 1994 4216:Viana 1994 4192:Viana 1994 4180:Viana 1994 4156:Viana 1994 4120:Viana 1994 4108:Viana 1994 4089:16 October 4053:Viana 1994 3935:Naturalism 3729:aesthetics 3658:See also: 3618:Methodists 3564:seminaries 3546:to be the 3529:Brazilian 3452:Excellency 3446:Excelência 3425:emoluments 3367:Pernambuco 3134:Pernambuco 3107:hinterland 2951:See also: 2833:1,350,000 2829:Ouro Preto 2665:1,200,000 2593:1,180,000 2584:Pernambuco 1956:positivist 1946:, and the 1936:caudillism 1681:vereadores 1560:delegation 1548:chancellor 1509:moderating 1455:Golden Law 1445:Parliament 1434:Government 1399:Golden Law 1383:Golden Law 1356:positivist 1308:See also: 1273:golden age 1058:Pernambuco 1030:Pernambuco 877:Napoleon I 795:, and the 757:Cisplatina 560:14,333,915 513:Population 293:1843–1844 212:Government 206:Brazilians 201:Demonym(s) 184:Portuguese 162:Cisplatina 99:Portuguese 15195:53°11′7″W 15022:Talamanca 14748:Mauritius 14641:Rarotonga 14626:Nuku Hiva 14616:Mangareva 14591:Bora Bora 14470:Neuchâtel 14440:Lithuania 14345:Catalonia 14232:Sri Lanka 14185:Manchukuo 14160:Kurdistan 14114:Indonesia 14037:Talamanca 13997:Araucanía 13980:and other 13959:Wassoulou 13703:Australia 13379:Oligarchy 13138:Australia 12753:Indonesia 12642:Kurdistan 12582:Argentina 12549:Greenland 12330:Couronian 11968:Ethiopian 11956:Manchukuo 11911:Brazilian 11757:Ghaznavid 11727:Srivijaya 11678:Trebizond 11663:Byzantine 11645:North Sea 11640:Norwegian 11628:Almoravid 11611:Ilkhanate 11581:Majapahit 11554:Muromachi 11463:Solomonic 11448:Ethiopian 11362:Caliphate 11295:Aragonese 11123:Ptolemaic 10889:Quimbanda 10884:Candomblé 10754:Sculpture 10729:Mythology 10679:Animation 10621:Languages 10601:Education 10542:Transport 10403:Judiciary 10366:Elections 10315:Time Zone 10290:Mountains 10253:Coastline 10219:Geography 10098:Lei Áurea 10057:Luís Gama 9987:Cabanagem 9759:Provinces 8942:685131818 7391:Adas 2004 7331:Baer 2002 4063:Footnotes 3864:Indianism 3690:, c. 1888 3634:Candomblé 3630:syncretic 3598:Lutherans 3417:appanages 3354:São Paulo 3334:Sugarcane 3046:mulattoes 3021:mulattoes 2971:mulattoes 2927:provinces 2910:1,357,416 2905:9,083,725 2733:São Paulo 2728:São Paulo 2517:Fortaleza 2440:Grão-Pará 2374:Province 2335:Argentina 2203:Brazil's 1912:Cabanagem 1827:Riachuelo 1786:Although 1687:Elections 1640:provinces 1225:indemnity 1139:steamship 1034:northeast 939:Argentina 550:9,930,478 537:7,000,700 527:4,000,000 260:1831–1889 245:1822–1831 190:Religion 49:1822–1889 15053:Portugal 15000:Neo-Inca 14963:Garabito 14763:Rhodesia 14758:Pakistan 14677:Barbados 14646:Rimatara 14636:Rapa Iti 14565:Valencia 14540:Tavolara 14530:Scotland 14495:Portugal 14455:Moldavia 14340:Bulgaria 14335:Brittany 14310:Asturias 14190:Mongolia 14180:Maldives 14042:Trinidad 14032:Suriname 13990:Americas 13974:Zimbabwe 13969:Zanzibar 13954:Wituland 13929:Ngazidja 13924:Ndzuwani 13859:Ethiopia 13582:Thailand 13562:Malaysia 13542:Cambodia 13492:Eswatini 13288:Elective 13273:Absolute 13069:Wallonia 12983:Dalmatia 12901:Bulgaria 12863:Slovenia 12783:Thailand 12773:Mongolia 12768:Malaysia 12736:Cambodia 12592:Colombia 12310:Japanese 12273:Scottish 12253:American 12245:Colonial 12174:Imperial 12142:Moroccan 12078:Japanese 12056:Afsharid 11915:Burmese 11901:Austrian 11856:Later Le 11831:Early Le 11816:Venetian 11742:Tiwanaku 11655:Hellenic 11618:Moroccan 11549:Kamakura 11539:Japanese 11522:Saffarid 11475:Georgian 11389:Chalukya 11367:Rashidun 11357:Calakmul 11325:Bruneian 11204:Haryanka 11182:Sasanian 11177:Parthian 11128:Bactrian 11118:Seleucid 11098:Goguryeo 11076:Egyptian 11010:Assyrian 11000:Akkadian 10991:Colonies 10931:Category 10869:Hinduism 10818:Maronite 10797:Buddhism 10779:Religion 10744:Painting 10694:Carnaval 10576:Abortion 10522:Taxation 10494:Industry 10418:Military 10344:Politics 10325:Wildlife 10295:Pantanal 10164:Timeline 10148:articles 9890:Military 9831:Politics 9799:Pedro II 9782:Monarchy 9754:Nobility 9464:(1999). 9424:36598004 9292:(1975). 9214:(1974). 8923:(1975). 8901:(2002). 8879:(1993). 8850:14271198 4024:Endnotes 3981:See also 3837:Romantic 3725:émigrées 3610:Baptists 3594:Anglican 3552:stipends 3521:Religion 3513:and the 3488:Caboclos 3441:Grandees 3421:stipends 3412:nobility 3385:Nobility 3342:Maranhão 3173:Indians 3147:Amazonas 3099:caboclos 3078:Northern 3074:caboclos 3016:caboclos 2969:; green— 2965:; brown— 2963:caboclos 2929:and the 2857:200.000 2836:150.000 2809:392.725 2785:120.000 2761:105.000 2757:Curitiba 2737:800.000 2716:200.000 2713:850.000 2674:110.000 2668:250.000 2661:Salvador 2641:250.000 2617:250.000 2596:250.000 2569:260.000 2545:210.000 2521:486.000 2497:175.000 2493:Teresina 2473:400.000 2469:São Luís 2464:Maranhão 2449:250.000 2417:Amazonas 2403:400.000 2377:Capital 2191:Overview 2065:Currency 1916:Balaiada 1876:senators 1858:and the 1770:town of 1698:caboclos 1667:de facto 1608:Salvador 1528:Pedro II 1515:and the 1320:Amazonas 1175:Praieira 955:Pedro II 716:Napoleon 696:Pedro II 569:Currency 459:Pedro II 297:de facto 266:Pedro II 164:province 15147:Related 15127:1864–67 15122:1822–23 15118:Mexico 15112:1849–59 15107:1811–20 15102:1804–06 15012:Miskito 14973:Toyopán 14903:Denmark 14876:Jamaica 14871:Grenada 14841:Current 14753:Nigeria 14728:Ireland 14656:Tahuata 14631:Raiatea 14611:Huahine 14586:Abemama 14579:Oceania 14550:Tuscany 14505:Romania 14500:Prussia 14465:Navarre 14445:Majorca 14425:Ireland 14420:Imereti 14415:Iceland 14410:Hungary 14405:Hanover 14400:Granada 14390:Germany 14385:Georgia 14380:Galicia 14370:Finland 14360:Corsica 14355:Cilicia 14325:Bavaria 14315:Austria 14300:Albania 14272:Vietnam 14215:Sarawak 14205:Qu'aiti 14140:Kathiri 14103:Dapitan 14078:Bukhara 14027:Miskito 13949:Tunisia 13939:Shilluk 13849:Dahomey 13839:Burundi 13829:Bagirmi 13809:Adamawa 13728:Jamaica 13723:Grenada 13708:Bahamas 13672:Oceania 13622:Denmark 13617:Belgium 13612:Andorra 13527:Bahrain 13502:Morocco 13497:Lesotho 13476:Current 13467:Pharaoh 13420:Emperor 13359:Dynasty 13313:Regency 13293:Federal 13283:Diarchy 13237:Monarch 13131:Oceania 13112:Ireland 13081:Austria 13076:Germany 13059:Celtics 13054:Belgium 13036:Karelia 13031:Finland 12978:Corsica 12945:Galicia 12906:Croatia 12884:Albania 12868:Ukraine 12856:Ukraine 12834:Romania 12824:Moldova 12819:Hungary 12809:Belarus 12793:Vietnam 12620:Assyria 12613:Artsakh 12608:Armenia 12496:Somalia 12491:Morocco 12377:largest 12372:Empires 12352:Swedish 12347:Spanish 12342:Russian 12305:Italian 12280:Chinese 12268:English 12263:British 12258:Belgian 12233:Vietnam 12223:Tay son 12169:Tsarist 12164:Russian 12159:Ottoman 12125:Dzungar 12120:Khoshut 12093:Mexican 12088:Maratha 12071:Pahlavi 12051:Safavid 12046:Iranian 11973:Haitian 11936:Chinese 11896:Ashanti 11868:Wagadou 11794:Eastern 11789:Western 11772:Timurid 11732:Tibetan 11722:Songhai 11712:Serbian 11633:Almohad 11623:Idrisid 11527:Samanid 11517:Tahirid 11512:Iranian 11490:Kannauj 11470:Genoese 11406:Chinese 11399:Eastern 11394:Western 11382:Fatimid 11377:Abbasid 11372:Umayyad 11345:Burmese 11305:Ayyubid 11300:Angevin 11270:Xianbei 11258:Eastern 11253:Western 11199:Magadha 11162:Iranian 11155:Xiongnu 11140:Hittite 11049:Chinese 11037:Kassite 10986:Ancient 10978:Empires 10915:Outline 10894:Umbanda 10874:Judaism 10825:Melkite 10709:Cuisine 10671:Culture 10656:Welfare 10564:Society 10532:Tourism 10489:Exports 10447:Economy 10305:Regions 10280:Islands 10275:Geology 10241:Climate 10156:History 10020:Slavery 9794:Pedro I 9749:Economy 9739:Regency 9727:History 3923:Realism 3649:Culture 3556:bishops 3371:Alagoas 3298:Slavery 3170:Blacks 3167:Browns 3164:Whites 3130:Sergipe 3095:cafuzos 3057:caboclo 3051:cafuzos 3026:cafuzos 3011:mestiço 2923:in 1872 2884:10.000 2881:80.000 2866:13.000 2860:15.000 2853:Goiânia 2842:75.000 2818:42.991 2812:77.416 2788:15.000 2764:20.000 2746:40.000 2740:60.000 2722:43.000 2709:Niterói 2692:10.000 2689:55.000 2644:50.000 2637:Aracaju 2632:Sergipe 2626:25.000 2620:45.000 2608:Alagoas 2602:42.000 2578:21.000 2560:Paraíba 2554:20.000 2548:20.000 2530:40.000 2524:30.000 2506:20.000 2500:10.000 2482:28.000 2476:70.000 2458:23.000 2452:15.000 2426:70.000 2409:10.000 2406:50.000 2383:Slaves 2345:Society 2339:Uruguay 2305:capital 2141:milréis 2137:milréis 2127:and is 2110:milréis 2054:Economy 2034:Alabama 2012:to the 1981:Dahomey 1922:in the 1772:Formiga 1593:), 1889 1556:Commons 1524:Pedro I 1304:Decline 1087:Uruguay 965:Anarchy 947:Uruguay 937:(later 900:John VI 841:History 801:Slavery 780:regency 712:John VI 702:of the 692:Pedro I 678:Uruguay 661:Uruguay 634:Uruguay 543:• 484:• 471:• 455:• 444:Regency 442:• 429:• 418:Pedro I 403:• 374:• 359:• 315:(first) 291:• 258:• 251:Pedro I 243:• 229:Emperor 216:Unitary 170:Capital 111:Anthem: 15098:Haiti 15068:Sweden 15058:Russia 15048:France 15017:Nicoya 14968:Pacaca 14953:Huetar 14941:Lupaca 14931:Aymara 14917:Former 14866:Canada 14861:Belize 14788:Uganda 14738:Malawi 14703:Guyana 14682:Ceylon 14661:Tahiti 14651:Rurutu 14606:Hawaii 14535:Serbia 14520:Saxony 14510:Russia 14395:Greece 14375:France 14365:Cyprus 14350:Crimea 14330:Bosnia 14305:Aragon 14293:Europe 14257:Taiwan 14227:Sikkim 14210:Ryukyu 14195:Najran 14093:Chehab 14073:Bengal 14022:Mexico 14007:Brazil 13934:Rwanda 13914:Maravi 13814:Ankole 13802:Africa 13794:Former 13775:Tuvalu 13718:Canada 13713:Belize 13657:Sweden 13647:Norway 13637:Monaco 13604:Europe 13557:Kuwait 13552:Jordan 13537:Brunei 13532:Bhutan 13484:Africa 13457:Sultan 13408:Titles 13322:Topics 13064:France 13013:Ticino 12988:Istria 12933:Kosovo 12928:Serbia 12916:Enosis 12911:Greece 12851:Crimea 12846:Russia 12829:Poland 12672:Cyprus 12667:Turkey 12657:Israel 12637:Cyprus 12554:Mexico 12544:Canada 12529:Mexico 12517:Canada 12479:Africa 12315:Mongol 12300:German 12295:French 12285:Danish 12228:Dainam 12203:Tongan 12191:Somali 12186:Sokoto 12152:'Alawi 12130:Kalmyk 12110:Mongol 12103:Second 12083:Korean 12034:Mughal 12024:Indian 12007:German 12000:Second 11990:French 11983:Second 11919:Second 11891:Afghan 11883:Modern 11809:Kyrgyz 11804:Uighur 11799:Second 11779:Turkic 11747:Toltec 11683:Epirus 11668:Nicaea 11591:Mongol 11544:Yamato 11480:Huetar 11338:Second 11275:Rouran 11224:Shunga 11219:Maurya 11194:Kushan 11167:Median 11145:Hunnic 11103:Harsha 10936:Portal 10792:Baháʼí 10764:Sports 10704:Comics 10699:Cinema 10631:People 10606:Health 10499:Mining 10484:Energy 10310:Rivers 10146: 10144:Brazil 10071:Others 9971:(1824) 9865:Others 9618: 9590: 9571: 9552: 9533: 9514: 9495: 9476: 9454:Brazil 9441: 9422: 9403: 9366: 9347: 9328: 9309: 9233: 9200: 9177: 9156: 9137: 9118: 9099: 9080: 9061: 9042: 9014: 8995: 8976: 8957: 8940: 8909: 8887: 8865: 8848: 8809: 8790: 8771: 8743: 8724: 3973:, and 3961:, and 3906:, and 3808:, and 3788:, and 3675:, 1882 3616:, and 3531:friars 3509:, the 3505:, the 3501:, the 3497:, the 3484:racial 3480:gender 3290:1913. 3229:14.6% 3226:32.4% 3223:44.0% 3209:19.7% 3206:38.3% 3203:38.1% 3190:51.4% 3187:18.2% 3184:24.4% 3176:Total 3161:Years 3145:, and 3103:sertão 3093:. The 3054:and a 2993:, and 2991:Indian 2967:whites 2895:Brasil 2889:5.000 2877:Cuiabá 2839:1.000 2815:1.600 2794:9.000 2770:8.000 2752:Paraná 2719:2.400 2698:6.000 2671:2.400 2650:2.000 2613:Maceió 2599:1.600 2589:Recife 2572:5.000 2479:1.000 2455:1.000 2434:2.700 2429:5.000 2422:Manaus 2314:sewers 2151:. One 2104:1,000 2036:Claims 1942:, the 1860:Armada 1830:, 1885 1558:: the 1387:Isabel 1342:, the 1340:Isabel 1324:Paraná 1267:, 1876 1255:Apogee 1204:, 1866 1166:, and 1103:Growth 1026:Recife 825:Isabel 791:, the 765:Miguel 700:colony 674:Brazil 658:Brazil 367:Senate 332:(last) 281: 233: 113: 95: 15063:Spain 15033:with 14990:Cusco 14948:Aztec 14936:Colla 14743:Malta 14733:Kenya 14708:India 14698:Ghana 14525:Savoy 14515:Samos 14430:Italy 14277:Yemen 14252:Tibet 14247:Syria 14200:Nepal 14175:Mahra 14155:Kumul 14150:Korea 14145:Khiva 14124:Qajar 14108:Hejaz 14098:China 14083:Burma 14012:Haiti 14002:Aztec 13919:Mwali 13909:Maore 13889:Libya 13884:Kongo 13879:Kaffa 13874:Gumma 13869:Gomma 13864:Ghana 13854:Egypt 13834:Bornu 13819:Aussa 13680:Tonga 13652:Spain 13572:Qatar 13547:Japan 13148:Samoa 13008:Savoy 12998:Malta 12973:Corfu 12968:Italy 12961:Italy 12940:Spain 12788:Timor 12763:Korea 12758:Japan 12741:China 12710:Nepal 12705:India 12684:Yemen 12662:Syria 12587:Chile 12365:Lists 12320:Omani 12290:Dutch 12196:Isaaq 12147:Saadi 12115:Oirat 12098:First 12066:Qajar 11995:First 11978:First 11951:China 11924:Third 11784:First 11737:Tikal 11688:Morea 11658:Roman 11576:Latin 11571:Khmer 11566:Kanem 11532:Buyid 11458:Zagwe 11453:Aksum 11443:Chola 11350:First 11333:First 11320:Bornu 11315:Benin 11310:Aztec 11248:Roman 11229:Gupta 11214:Nanda 11150:White 10922:Index 10864:Islam 10724:Music 10661:Youth 10591:Crime 10504:Real 9634:(PDF) 7586:(PDF) 7579:(PDF) 7440:See: 7387:See: 6210:See: 5752:See: 5669:See: 5568:See: 5438:See: 5286:See: 4988:See: 4947:See: 4918:See: 4853:See: 4824:See: 4687:See: 4604:See: 3638:Islam 3579:Belém 3482:, no 3359:Bahia 3235:100% 3220:1890 3215:100% 3212:3.9% 3200:1872 3195:100% 3181:1835 3139:Piauí 3122:Ceará 3003:pardo 2999:Brown 2995:brown 2987:black 2983:white 2848:Goiás 2656:Bahia 2541:Natal 2512:Ceará 2238:cacao 2225:skins 2129:reais 1780:Italy 1722:fraud 1703:Ceará 1591:north 1583:Belém 1423:exile 1416:They 1113:Bahia 927:reign 15007:Maya 14995:Inca 14985:Inca 14688:Fiji 14242:Sulu 14221:Shan 14165:Laos 14130:Iraq 14120:Iran 14088:Cebu 14068:Asir 14056:Asia 14017:Inca 13964:Yeke 13904:Mali 13894:Luba 13743:Niue 13593:list 13567:Oman 13519:Asia 13508:list 13462:Shah 13452:Tsar 13447:khan 13442:Raja 13425:King 13266:Type 13003:Nice 12652:Iraq 12647:Iran 12559:Cuba 12135:Bogd 12061:Zand 12039:Sikh 11946:Qing 11941:Ming 11873:Wari 11841:Tran 11826:Dinh 11596:Yuan 11586:Mali 11495:Pala 11485:Inca 11436:Yuan 11426:Song 11421:Liao 11416:Tang 11189:Kush 11071:Dʿmt 10689:Arts 10391:LGBT 9955:Wars 9616:ISBN 9588:ISBN 9569:ISBN 9550:ISBN 9531:ISBN 9512:ISBN 9493:ISBN 9474:ISBN 9439:ISBN 9420:OCLC 9401:ISBN 9364:ISBN 9345:ISBN 9326:ISBN 9307:ISBN 9231:ISBN 9198:ISBN 9175:ISBN 9154:ISBN 9135:ISBN 9116:ISBN 9097:ISBN 9078:ISBN 9059:ISBN 9040:ISBN 9012:ISBN 8993:ISBN 8974:ISBN 8955:ISBN 8938:OCLC 8907:ISBN 8885:ISBN 8863:ISBN 8846:OCLC 8807:ISBN 8788:ISBN 8769:ISBN 8741:ISBN 8722:ISBN 7617:2022 7594:2022 7561:2022 4091:2016 4039:Acre 3945:and 3937:and 3929:and 3914:and 3866:and 3847:and 3410:The 3352:and 3254:and 3143:Pará 3084:and 3072:The 2975:Note 2863:300 2791:100 2767:388 2743:679 2695:223 2647:200 2623:429 2575:400 2551:100 2527:286 2503:650 2386:Army 2366:1868 2337:and 2331:Pará 2177:réis 2173:réis 2169:réis 2165:réis 2161:réis 2145:réis 2125:réis 2121:real 2106:réis 2088:réis 2086:500 2002:Acre 1985:Onim 1983:and 1856:Army 1850:and 1745:réis 1716:and 1673:The 1587:Pará 1367:Fall 1322:and 1218:see 1137:and 1065:was 979:The 722:and 698:. A 676:and 668:The 573:Real 545:1872 505:1889 500:Area 65:Flag 14450:Man 12213:Mac 11650:Oyo 11559:Edo 11431:Jīn 11411:Sui 11064:Jin 11059:Han 11054:Qin 10852:LDS 10408:Law 4037:of 3455:). 3423:or 3232:9% 1701:in 811:to 718:'s 15229:: 14726:/ 14714:, 13182:· 13178:· 13174:· 13170:· 13166:· 11846:Ho 11836:Ly 9741:, 9737:, 9733:, 9642:16 9640:. 9636:. 8680:^ 8665:^ 8636:^ 8619:^ 8590:^ 8551:^ 8524:^ 8497:^ 8422:^ 8395:^ 8378:^ 8303:^ 8262:^ 8221:^ 8196:^ 8169:^ 8046:^ 8029:^ 8006:^ 7991:^ 7890:^ 7729:^ 7712:^ 7625:^ 7516:^ 7465:^ 7338:^ 7323:^ 7298:^ 7015:^ 6998:^ 6883:^ 6820:^ 6793:^ 6334:^ 6235:^ 6185:^ 6170:^ 6155:^ 6138:^ 6121:^ 6106:^ 6089:^ 5990:^ 5951:^ 5922:^ 5907:^ 5852:^ 5825:^ 5507:^ 5478:^ 5463:^ 5383:^ 5243:^ 5228:^ 5187:^ 5088:^ 5061:^ 4644:^ 4629:^ 4547:^ 4496:^ 4469:^ 4406:^ 4271:^ 4093:. 4078:. 3957:, 3953:, 3902:, 3898:, 3894:, 3890:, 3886:, 3882:, 3874:, 3843:, 3830:c. 3816:. 3804:, 3800:, 3784:, 3780:, 3776:, 3772:, 3768:, 3764:, 3760:, 3748:. 3636:. 3620:. 3612:, 3534:c. 3419:, 3149:. 3080:, 2997:. 2989:, 2985:, 2368:: 2341:. 2281:c. 2261:c. 2157:Rs 2046:. 2016:. 1162:, 1117:c. 961:. 895:. 837:. 775:. 14826:e 14819:t 14812:v 14720:) 14710:( 14285:) 14279:( 14126:) 14122:( 13218:e 13211:t 13204:v 12464:e 12457:t 12450:v 10993:) 10989:( 10970:e 10963:t 10956:v 10136:e 10129:t 10122:v 9745:) 9729:( 9705:e 9698:t 9691:v 9624:. 9596:. 9577:. 9558:. 9539:. 9520:. 9501:. 9482:. 9447:. 9426:. 9409:. 9372:. 9353:. 9334:. 9315:. 9239:. 9206:. 9183:. 9162:. 9143:. 9124:. 9105:. 9086:. 9067:. 9048:. 9020:. 9001:. 8982:. 8963:. 8944:. 8915:. 8893:. 8871:. 8852:. 8815:. 8796:. 8777:. 8749:. 8730:. 7619:. 7596:. 7563:. 3449:( 3105:( 1326:) 996:( 299:) 295:( 101:) 97:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.