518:. The average age is 40 years, which is higher than the national average. The education level is average as for the country. The unemployment rate is lower than the national average (18.5%). The net average salary in 2012 is the lowest in the country (MKD 14'957 per month), at 71.6% of the national average. Over the last two decades, a lack of higher education employment opportunities in most rural settlements resulted in a population migration to the towns and abroad. The main economic activities in the region are mining and industry, followed by services, trade and agriculture.
468:
266:
576:
592:
67:
608:
561:
29:
653:
635:
and finishing of textiles, construction and wood industries, production of ceramics and production of chemicals. A minor point-source pressure is fish farming. From these industrial activities, metal processing and leather and textile industries are major sources of pollutants. Several mines exist with direct waste water discharges to water courses, containing such heavy metals from active lead and zinc mines in
Zletovo and Toranica.
639:
main issue concerning diffuse pollution is the existence of several mines throughout the basin. Although some of them have direct discharges in water courses, the metals contained in the soils extracted can also reach surface waters through runoff. Finally, the disposal of solid wastes and wastes from agricultural activity in the river banks is another pressure that significantly contributes to the organic pollution of the water.
460:). The abundance of forests in the region is linked to 25 different tree species, with multiple subspecies. The forests have an important function in increasing water storage and reducing soil erosion as well as in maintaining biological diversity. The total forested area in the catchment is 1'157 km or around 27% of the territory of the region.
676:(WFD). To bring forward the implementation of the new Macedonian Water Law and the RBM approach, the Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning (MOEPP) and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy (MAFWE) started in 2012 a collaboration with the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO).
829:
436:
The climate in the
Bregalnica catchment is relatively arid, falling predominantly into the modified-continental climate type. Summers are long and dry, often with temperatures as high as +41 °C, together with mild and wet winters. Rarely, temperatures can get as low as -22 °C in winter. The
684:
MOEPP, MAFWE and SECO selected the
Bregalnica river basin as pilot region to apply the RBM approach. The project started in July 2012 and is co-financed by SECO, MOEPP, MAFWE, and the municipalities of the Bregalnica region. The project is carried out by a team of national and international experts,
693:
The main objective of the project is the sustainable management of the water resources in the
Bregalnica river basin, by this promoting the economic development of the region, stimulating industry, agriculture and tourism. The enforcement of the Macedonian water law through the project should bring
634:
Most of the urban waste water discharges occur into small streams with low flow and consequently, low capacity for self-cleansing. There are several mid-size industrial enterprises performing different activities: pig and poultry farming, food processing, metal processing and finishing, production
630:
The main source of pollution in the
Bregalnica river basin (Bregalnica, Zletovska, and Kriva rivers) based on data collected in 2012 is waste water discharges, both from industries and households. Some of the industries have wastewater treatment plants. However, much urban waste water are released
463:
There exists a great variety of animal species in the region, comprising amphibians, reptiles, insects, birds and mammals. The group of birds and mammals form numerous associations with a large number of individual animals that can be found from the lowest to the highest altitudes. In the forests,
330:
in 2013 comprises a territory of 4'307 km, which is approximately 21% of the Vardar watershed in North
Macedonia and about 17% of the overall territory of the country. The Bregalnica watershed borders with Bulgaria in the east, Strumica River catchment in the south, Pcunja River in the north,
638:
The pressures associated with diffuse pollution are important throughout the basin due to the high density of both agricultural lands and livestock farming occurring in certain areas in the basin. Livestock farming includes pig farms and poultry, with the dung spread directly to the land. Another
698:
The
Bregalnica River Basin Management (RBM) Plan, comprising the analysis of the current and future situation of the water resources and demand in the Bregalnica region, the identification of possible conflicts and the identification of improvement measurements. Additionally it comprehends the
427:
In terms of geology, the eastern part of North
Macedonia including the Bregalnica basin belongs to the Rodopic system (Serbian-Macedonian massif) containing mostly crystallized shales and granites. The formation of these mountains occurred in the Paleozoic, with faults introduced later in the
702:
The Small Water
Infrastructure (SWI) Projects, comprising the establishment and operation of an investment fund to provide financing for small water infrastructure projects, including support to the municipalities of the Bregalnica river basin in the planning, tender de-sign, contracting and
685:
supported by a steering committee, a
Bregalnica RBM Advisory Council, and a Bregalnica Basin Planning Group. The latter comes in the form of several rounds of sub-regional workshops, each time carried out in three sub-regions (i.e. Upper Bregalnica, Middle Bregalnica and Lower Bregalnica).
453:
Specific climatic conditions, as well as the geological diversity in the region, create conditions for a heterogeneous natural vegetation and differentiation of altitude belts. The region is home to multiple plant communities, including geographically restricted national endemics (e.g.
502:. The presence of copper and iron-titanium minerals has been established in the Osogovo massif. On the territory of Delcevo, gold deposits as well as alluvial gold in river deposits from the Bregalnica river have been found. Finally, there is a major copper mine (the Bucim) near
304:. Recent issues have concentrated around the pollution of the river, as many of the factories located in the cities through which it passes used it as a dumping ground for waste waters, which is further aggravated with the pesticide-treated waters of the extensive
546:) and 6 tributaries on the right side (Zelevica, Kamenicka, Orizarska, Kocanska, Zletovica and Svetinikolska). Along the river, 6 major reservoirs have been constructed: Lake Berovsko/Ratevsko, Kalimanci, Gradce, Zletovsko Ezero/Knezevo, Mantovo and Mavrovica.
825:
671:
has to implement EU compatible legislations. An important step towards this target was done in 2008 with the approval of the new Macedonian Water Law, which introduces the River Basin Management (RBM) approach in line with the EU
331:
and Vardar River in the west. The average altitude of the Bregalnica watershed is 722 m a.s.l. The Bregalnica river catchment encompasses the territory of the whole East Planning Region. This includes the municipalities of
549:
The source of the river is located in the forests of the Maleševo Mountains, close to the border of Bulgaria, east of the city of Berovo, in an altitude of around 1690 m a.s.l. The Bregalnica River leads into the
437:
average mean annual temperature in the plains is 12.9 °C, and in higher parts, such as Maleshevo around 8.7 °C. The average annual precipitation in the region varies between 506 Millimeters in
267:
901:
Ramani, S; Dragun, Z; Kapetanović, D; Kostov, V; Jordanova, M; Erk, M; Hajrulai-Musliu, Z. "Surface water characterization of three rivers in the lead/zinc mining region of northeastern Macedonia".
428:
Tertiary. Nowadays, the watershed is characterized by a very varied relief structure, which includes plains, valleys, hilly areas, and mountainous areas.
868:
694:
about the improvement of the water and sanitation services in the Bregalnica River Basin. The project is divided into the following two components:
526:
The Bregalnica watershed according to the Bregalnica River Basin Management Project, covers a territory of 4,307 km, which is about 21% of the
445:. Rainfall is maximal in the months of April and May, and minimal in the summer months of July and August. Snow may fall from December until March.
575:
734:
438:
535:
395:(25%). Even though the Bregalnica catchment boundary mainly coincides with the municipal boundaries, minor parts of the territory of
141:
336:
514:
In the country context, the region is relatively sparsely populated with around 50.6 inhabitants per km, compared to 82.7 in
368:
631:
untreated. Although there are seven urban waste water treatment plants in the whole river basin, only one is operational.
947:
942:
607:
761:
348:
591:
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856:
360:
416:
356:
340:
673:
384:
380:
352:
795:
326:
738:
567:
289:
396:
364:
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344:
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of the Bregalnica basin is 772 m. The Bregalnica river has 6 tributaries on the left side (
404:
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8:
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332:
281:
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47:
759:
864:
467:
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473:
456:
889:
793:
713:
699:
definition and putting into operation of the necessary organizational structures.
668:
515:
273:
71:
66:
490:
The region is rich in mineral resources, including important lead–zinc mines in
914:
936:
156:
143:
922:
765:
764:. Ministry of Urban Planning, Construction and Environment. Archived from
478:
391:(South-Eastern Region), and a significant portion of the territory of the
760:
Ministry of Urban Planning, Construction and Environment (8 April 2007).
112:
28:
652:
554:
river on an altitude of 137 m a.s.l., close to the village of Gradsko.
301:
201:
503:
582:
530:
watershed and 17% of the total territory of the country. The average
614:
309:
285:
543:
531:
226:
794:
Bregalnica River Basin Management Project (BRBMP) (1 April 2014).
238:
Zelevica, Kamenicka, Orizarska, Kocanska, Zletovica, Svetinikolska
657:
618:
495:
491:
642:
293:
551:
539:
527:
297:
277:
222:
197:
127:
101:
799:
305:
900:
664:
663:
In 2004, Macedonia submitted an application to become
375:. It also includes almost the complete territories of
276:. It starts as a spring near the mountain city of
934:
39:
643:The Bregalnica River Basin Management Project
324:The Bregalnica watershed as defined by the
319:
327:Bregalnica River Basin Management Project
796:"Bregalnica River Basin Management Plan"
732:
651:
481:basin, part of the Bregalncia Watershed.
466:
221:Ratevska, Osojnica, Zrnovska, Kozjacka,
828:[Short history of Bregalnica].
789:
787:
785:
783:
647:
521:
471:The critically endangered sage species
16:Second largest river in North Macedonia
935:
826:"Краток историјат за река Брегалница"
823:
581:Bregalnica River near the village of
259:
184:4,307 km (1,663 sq mi)
851:
849:
847:
819:
817:
780:
871:from the original on 19 August 2020
832:from the original on 19 August 2020
13:
667:member. To prepare EU membership,
448:
14:
959:
844:
814:
762:"Statement of Environment Report"
280:and it passes near the cities of
272:) is the second largest river in
606:
590:
574:
559:
538:, Osojnica, Zrnovska, Kozjacka,
464:the fauna is particularly rich.
65:
27:
703:implementation of the projects.
894:
883:
753:
726:
477:is endemic to the steppe-like
135: • coordinates
1:
719:
688:
509:
176:211.5 km (131.4 mi)
78:Physical characteristics
625:
485:
100:Maleševo Mountains close to
7:
903:Arch Environ Contam Toxicol
707:
296:, before joining the river
123: • location
96: • location
10:
964:
890:Bregalnica River hydrology
737:. Soros MK. Archived from
566:River Bregalnica close to
431:
422:
948:Rivers of North Macedonia
943:Tributaries of the Vardar
915:10.1007/s00244-014-0012-z
733:Soros MK (8 April 2007).
679:
674:Water Framework Directive
585:, close to Lake Kalimanci
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40:
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26:
21:
656:The river Bregalnica in
441:Pole and 672 mm in
320:The Bregalnica watershed
308:fields near the city of
234: • right
798:. BRBMP. Archived from
261:[ˈbrɛɡalnit͡sa]
217: • left
861:macedonia-timeless.com
859:[Bregalnica].
660:
482:
419:fall into it as well.
312:. It was the place of
655:
470:
768:on 27 September 2007
648:Macedonian Water Law
613:Bregalnica close to
522:The Bregalnica River
393:Kratovo Municipality
314:Battle of Bregalnica
824:Spasevski, Valeri.
500:Makedonska Kamenica
349:Makedonska Kamenica
282:Makedonska Kamenica
189:Basin features
157:41.6059°N 21.9201°E
153: /
865:Macedonia Timeless
661:
483:
389:Konče Municipality
300:on its way to the
741:on 8 January 2009
735:"Water Pollution"
337:Češinovo-Obleševo
242:
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474:Salvia jurisicii
457:Salvia jurisicii
383:municipalities (
271:
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168:
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162:41.6059; 21.9201
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97:
70:
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51:
43:
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31:
19:
18:
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714:North Macedonia
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669:North Macedonia
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597:Bregalnica and
595:
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516:North Macedonia
512:
488:
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449:Flora and fauna
434:
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274:North Macedonia
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72:North Macedonia
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802:on 17 May 2014
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385:Vardar Region
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20:
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902:
896:
885:
873:. Retrieved
860:
857:"Брегалница"
834:. Retrieved
804:. Retrieved
800:the original
770:. Retrieved
766:the original
755:
743:. Retrieved
739:the original
728:
692:
683:
662:
637:
633:
629:
548:
528:Vardar River
525:
513:
489:
472:
462:
455:
452:
435:
426:
381:Sveti Nikole
325:
323:
244:
243:
208:Tributaries
194:Progression
160: /
36:Native name
937:Categories
909:: 514–28.
720:References
689:Objectives
510:Demography
479:Ovche Pole
302:Aegean Sea
257:pronounced
253:Брегалница
249:Macedonian
245:Bregalnica
202:Aegean Sea
181:Basin size
148:21°55′12″E
145:41°36′21″N
48:Macedonian
41:Брегалница
22:Bregalnica
875:19 August
836:19 August
772:27 August
745:27 August
626:Pollution
599:Novo Selo
583:Todorovci
486:Resources
443:Maleshevo
439:Kochansko
361:Probištip
923:24626792
869:Archived
830:Archived
708:See also
544:Lakavica
536:Ratevska
532:altitude
413:Kumanovo
401:Negotino
345:Karbinci
227:Lakavica
56:Location
658:Zrnovci
619:Zrnovci
601:Village
504:Radoviš
496:Dobrevo
492:Zletovo
432:Climate
423:Geology
405:Gradsko
397:Radoviš
373:Zrnovci
357:Pehčevo
341:Delčevo
61:Country
921:
680:Actors
615:Kočani
568:Vinica
552:Vardar
542:, and
540:Otinja
387:), of
377:Lozovo
369:Vinica
353:Kočani
333:Berovo
310:Kočani
298:Vardar
290:Vinica
286:Kočani
278:Berovo
223:Otinja
211:
198:Vardar
173:Length
128:Vardar
117:
102:Berovo
90:
87:Source
44:
806:5 May
409:Veles
113:Mouth
919:PMID
877:2020
838:2020
808:2015
774:2007
747:2007
617:and
498:and
415:and
379:and
371:and
365:Štip
306:rice
294:Štip
292:and
911:doi
939::
917:.
907:66
905:.
867:.
863:.
846:^
816:^
782:^
665:EU
506:.
494:,
411:,
407:,
403:,
399:,
367:,
363:,
359:,
355:,
351:,
347:,
343:,
339:,
335:,
316:.
288:,
284:,
255:,
251::
225:,
200:→
925:.
913::
879:.
840:.
810:.
776:.
749:.
247:(
50:)
46:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
