123:
903:, with most people continuing to live under the social and political systems that existed before 1891. No attempt was made to remove or limit the powers of the Yao, Ngoni or Makololo chiefs (who had first entered the area in the 19th century) over the original inhabitants they had displaced, subjugated or assimilated, although the Swahili slave traders had been killed in the warfare of the 1890s or had left. One area in which early efforts to change the system manifestly failed was that of domestic slavery. Although slave-trading had been eliminated, and Johnston issued instructions that domestic slaves were to be emancipated, this particular form of slavery endured, particularly in the Central Region, well into the first quarter of the 20th century
46:
58:
402:
812:. Their main duties were to collect taxes, to ensure a supply of labour to European-owned estates and government projects and ensure government instructions and regulations were carried out. Johnston's Collectors included ex-soldiers, ex-missionaries and ex-employees of the African Lakes Company: the main consideration was that they had African experience. A few Collectors in strategically important locations had contingents of troops attached to their district, but most had no more than one or two assistants. By 1905 there were 12 Collectors and 26 Assistant Collectors
1025:
458:, and which was followed by a small number of settlers. The Portuguese government attempted to claim much of the area in which the missionaries and settlers operated, but this was disputed by the British government. To forestall a Portuguese expedition claiming effective occupation, a protectorate was proclaimed, first over the south of this area, then over the whole of it in 1889. After negotiations with the Portuguese and German governments on its boundaries, the protectorate was formally ratified by the British government in May 1891.
604:
than to establish
British rule in the area. However, in October 1889 Serpa Pinto's soldiers attacked one of the Kololo chiefs, killing around 70 of his followers and, with two armed river boats, pushed up the Shire River through the area over which Buchanan had established a protectorate. After Serpa Pinto's departure owing to serious illness in November 1889, his second-in-command, JoΓ£o Coutinho, pushed on as far as Katunga, the nearest river port to Blantyre, and some Kololo chiefs fled to Blantyre for safety.
820:
payment. Although
Johnston had a duty to look into the validity of these land deals, and although he accepted that the land belonged to its tribes and that their chiefs had no right to alienate it, he put forward the legal fiction that each chief's people had tacitly accepted he could assume such a right. As a result, Johnston accepted the validity of those claims where the signatory was the chief of the tribe occupying the land, provided that the terms of the contract were not inconsistent with British
925:
had flooded the world markets with coffee by 1905, and droughts led to its decline in favour of tobacco and cotton. Both these crops had previously been grown in small quantities, but the decline of coffee prompted planters to turn to tobacco in the Shire
Highlands and cotton in the Shire Valley. Tea was also first planted commercially in 1905 in the Shire Highlands, but significant development of tobacco and tea growing only took place after the opening of the Shire Highlands Railway in 1908.
474:) and the lands west of the lake were explored by David Livingstone between the 1858 and 1864 as part of his Zambezi expeditions. Livingstone suggested that what he claimed was the area's benign climate and fertility would make it ideal for the promotion of Christianity and commerce. As a result of Livingstone's writings, several Anglican and Presbyterian missions were established in the area in the 1860s and 1870s. In 1878 The African Lakes Company Limited, predecessor to the
1734:
3899:
3909:
741:
he became concerned at the number of his young men going to work on
European-owned estates in the Shire Highlands and by Johnston's forceful reaction to Yao resistance. In November 1895, he forbade his subjects either to pay taxes to, or work for, the British, and he was also accused of harassing nearby missions which had told their members not to obey Gomani's instructions. Johnston's deputy
929:
about 100 kilometres (60 mi) of the Middle Shire, where rapids and shallows made navigation impractical, and both the Upper and Lower Shire were often too shallow for larger vessels, particularly in the dry season. In addition, the main areas of economic activity in the early protectorate were in the Shire
Highlands, mainly near Blantyre, which was 40 km (25 mi) from
832:, title). Out of 61 claims made, only two were rejected outright and a handful reduced in size. These Certificate of Claim were issued at a time when no professional judges had been appointed to the protectorate, and the work of Johnston and his assistants was subsequently criticised by judges and later administrators.
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737:
captured, given a cursory trial and hanged on 5 December: between 200 and 300 of his fighters were killed, many while attempting to surrender, as well as several hundred non-combatants, who were killed in the bombardment. The other
Swahili stockades did not resist and were destroyed after their surrender.
122:
924:
in exchange for cloth and metals and, for the first few years of the protectorate, ivory and rubber collected from indigenous vines were the principal elements of a tiny export trade. The first estate crop was coffee, grown commercially in quantity from around 1895, but competition from Brazil, which
852:
was planted. Settlers wanted labour and encouraged existing
Africans to stay on the undeveloped land, and new workers (often migrants from Mozambique) to move onto it, and grow their own crops. From the late 1890s, when the estates started to produce coffee, the owners began to charge these tenants a
819:
One of the major legal problems facing
Johnston was that of land claims. For up to 25 years before the protectorate was formed, a number of European traders, missionaries and others had claimed to have acquired often large areas of land through contracts signed with local chiefs, usually for derisory
756:
was influential within the kingdom, Johnston did not use force against it. It accepted
British rule in 1904 on condition of retaining its own traditions. Its king was recognised as a paramount chief, the only one in the protectorate at that time, and received a government salary, whereas Gomani's son
740:
The Maseko Ngoni kingdom in the west of the protectorate had been the most powerful state in the region in the 1880s but was weakened by internal disputes and a civil war. Initially, Gomani, the victor in the civil war that ended in 1891, was on good terms with
British officials and missionaries, but
640:
fixed the southern borders of what had been renamed the British Central Africa Protectorate. Although the Ruo River had been the provisional boundary between Portuguese and British spheres of influence since 1879, as part of the 1891 treaty and under strong British pressure, an area west of the Shire
603:
in Johnston's absence, despite the contrary Foreign Office instructions. It seems probable that Buchanan's action, made without reference to the Foreign Office, but following instructions that Johnston had left before he departed for the north, was to prevent any further advance by Serpa Pinto rather
550:
and Shire valleys and the vicinity, and to make conditional treaties with local rulers beyond Portuguese jurisdiction. These conditional treaties of friendship did not amount to the establishment of a British protectorate but prevented those rulers from accepting protection from another state. On his
807:
in Zomba which, with the addition of a few technical advisers appointed soon after, formed the nucleus of his central administration. In 1892, Johnston received powers to set up courts and divide the protectorate into districts and, until 1904 when the Colonial Office assumed this responsibility, he
727:
had made between 1887 and 1889, with some unofficial British government support, to dislodge him and his followers and end the slave trade. Johnston had signed a truce with him in October 1889 and left him in peace until late 1895, despite Mlozi often breaking the terms of that truce. Johnston first
586:
moved up the Shire valley. Between them, these two expeditions made over twenty treaties with chiefs in what is now Malawi. Serpa Pinto met Johnston in August 1889 east of the Ruo River, when Johnston advised him not to cross the river into the Shire Highlands. Previously, Serpa Pinto had acted with
705:
The Yao chiefdoms were closest to the European settlements in the Shire Highlands and, as early as August 1891, Johnston used his small force against three minor chiefs before attacking the most important Yao chief, who was based on the eastern shore of Lake Nyasa. After initial success, Johnston's
632:
of 11 January 1890. This demanded that the Portuguese give up all claims to territories beyond the Ruo River and west of Lake Malawi. The Portuguese government accepted under duress and ordered their troops in the Shire valley to withdraw to the south bank of the Ruo. This order was received by the
537:
declined to accept responsibility for protecting the rudimentary British settlements in the Shire Highlands, despite unsubstantiated claims by the African Lakes Company of Portuguese interference with their trading activities. However, it also declined to negotiate with the Portuguese government on
919:
and other food crops for their own consumption. As the protectorate had no economic mineral resources, its colonial economy had to be based on agriculture, but before 1907 this had hardly started to develop. In pre-colonial times trade was limited to the export of ivory and forest products such as
815:
The power of existing chiefs were minimised in favour of direct rule by the Residents, as Johnston did not consider the chiefs should play any part in the administration of the protectorate. The exception was the Northern Ngoni Kingdom, which retained a significant degree of autonomy. In practice,
769:
to fund the administration of the newly-formed protectorate was part of an attempt by Cecil Rhodes to take over the administration of all the territory claimed by Britain north of the Zambezi. This was resisted, particularly by the Scottish missionaries and, in February 1891, Salisbury agreed to a
736:
and set out for Karonga. Without any prior warning, Johnston assaulted two of Mlozi's smaller stockades on 2 December and, on the same day, surrounded Mlozi's large, double-fenced fortified town, bombarding it for two days and finally assaulting it on 4 December, facing stiff resistance. Mlozi was
104:
928:
Before the railway opened, water was the most efficient means of transport. From the time of Livingstone's 1859 expedition, small steamers navigated the Zambezi-Lower Shire river system, and they were later introduced on the Upper Shire and Lake Malawi. The Upper and Lower Shire were separated by
879:
There was only one, rather limited, official census in this period, in 1901, which returned a population of 736,724. However, the African population was estimated on the basis of hut tax records with a multiplier for the average inhabitants per hut. As no taxes were collected in some areas in the
689:
In 1891, Johnston only controlled a fraction of the Shire Highlands, itself a small part of the whole protectorate, and initially had a force of only 70 Indian troops to impose British rule. These troops, later reinforced by Indian and African recruits, were used up to 1895 to fight several small
799:
as his base, the second moved to Zomba because it was closer to the slave route running from Lake Malawi to the coast. Johnston also preferred Zomba because of its relative isolation, healthiness and superb scenery, and it became the governor's residence and administrative capital throughout the
786:
Harry Johnston, who became Sir Henry at the end of his term, was Commissioner and Consul-General from 1 February 1891 to 16 April 1896. Alfred Sharpe, Sir Alfred from 1903, who had been Johnston's deputy from 1891, took over as Commissioner and Consul-General in 1896, serving until 1 April 1910
971:
to finance this railway, it declined to do so, but in 1901 it agreed in principle to the company building the proposed railway, and granted the company 146,300 hectares (361,600 acres) of land adjacent to the railway route. Because of delays over raising the funds needed for construction, and
880:
north of the protectorate in 1901, their inhabitants were estimated on the basis of occasional official visits. It is believed that much of the country was reasonably well populated in the mid-19th century, but by the 1880s large areas had become underpopulated through devastating raids by the
835:
In total, 59 Certificates of Claim to land rights were registered, mostly between 1892 and 1894, covering an area of 1,499,463 hectares (3,705,255 acres), or 15% of the total land area of the Protectorate. This included 1,093,614 hectares (2,702,379 acres) in the North Nyasa District that the
482:
by a group of local businessmen with links to the Presbyterian missions. Their aim was to set up a trade and transport concern that would work in close cooperation with the missions to combat the slave trade by introducing legitimate trade, to make a commercial profit, and to develop European
895:
east of the Shire Highlands estates, who became estate tenants. They began to arrive from 1899, and the 1921 census counted 108,204 "Anguru". Neither the 1901 nor the 1911 censuses recorded tribal affiliation, but the very substantial population increases in districts adjacent to Mozambique,
110:
710:
made a special grant to allow Johnston to recruit a further 200 Indian troops and also African mercenaries to take action to counter armed resistance and, by the end of 1895, the only Yao resistance was from small armed bands without fixed bases that were able to cross into Mozambique when
112:
111:
778:
would be both the Administrator of the British South Africa Company's territory and Commissioner and Consul-General of the protectorate, and would receive a payment of Β£10,000 a year from Rhodes towards the expenses of administering both territories. This arrangement lapsed in 1900, when
98:
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109:
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99:
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delta, which was deep enough to allow sea-going ships to enter the Zambezi, which was an international waterway, without having to enter Portuguese territory, whereas previously such ships had to use the port of Quelimane. Salisbury was also influenced by the offer by the
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especially Blantyre and Zomba districts, whose recorded populations more than doubled in this decade, suggest substantial immigration. In this period, relatively few Africans left the protectorate as migrant workers, but outward labour migration became more common later.
844:
estates. Except for this large grant in the Northern Region, much of the remaining land, some 351,000 hectares (867,000 acres) of estates, included much of the best arable land in the Shire Highlands, which was the most densely populated part of the country.
91:
714:
Next, Johnston prepared to attack Mlozi bin Kazbadema, the leader of the so-called "north end Arabs", although most of those that contemporary Europeans in East Africa described as Arabs were either Muslim Swahili from the east coast of Africa or
690:
wars against those unwilling to give up their independence. After this, until 1898, troops were used to assist the locally recruited police force to suppress the slave trade. The three main groups resisting British occupation were
89:
1554:
E. Mandala, (2006). Feeding and Fleecing the Native: How the Nyasaland Transport System Distorted a New Food Market, 1890s-1920s, The Journal of Southern African Studies, Volume 32, No 3, pp.508-12
90:
1545:
B. Pachai, (1967). In The Wake of Livingstone and The British Administration: Some Considerations of Commerce and Christianity in Malawi, The Society of Malawi Journal, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 42-3.
1145:
Sir Harry Johnston, (1897). British Central Africa: An Attempt to Give Some Account of a Portion of the Territories Under British Influence North of the Zambesi, New York, Edward Arnold p. 81
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Shallow draught steamers carrying 100 tons or less had to negotiate Lower Shire marshes and low-water hazards in the Zambezi and its delta to reach the small, poorly equipped coastal port of
506:
over much of Central Africa, without maintaining effective occupation over more than a small part of it. In 1879, the Portuguese government formally claimed the area south and east of the
3886:
1482:
R. I. Rotberg, (2000).The African Population of Malawi: An Analysis of the Censuses between 1901 and 1966 by G Coleman, The Society of Malawi Journal Volume 53, Nos. 1/2, p.109.
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however, the relatively few district officers required the cooperation of local chiefs it administer their districts and allowed chiefs to continue in their traditional roles.
649:, a port at one of the Zambezi delta mouths where sea-going ships could transfer goods and passengers to river boats. The northern border of the protectorate was agreed at the
571:
and Lower Shire valley, which were to be part of the Portuguese sphere. This went beyond what the Foreign Office was prepared to accept, and the proposal was later rejected.
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3697:
853:
rent, usually satisfied by two monthsβ labour a year, of which one month was to meet the worker's tax obligation; however, some owners demanded longer periods of labour.
611:, west of Lake Malawi was also contrary to Foreign Office instructions. However, it was endorsed by the Foreign Office in May 1891. This was because the discovery of the
1033:
706:
forces were ambushed and forced to retreat and, during 1892, undertook no further action against the several Yao chief that rejected British control. However, in 1893,
624:
to fund the administration of the protectorate, which convinced him to bow to popular pressure. There followed an Anglo-Portuguese Crisis in which a British refusal of
377:
884:
and the famines which they caused or as the result of slave raiding. There may well have been large areas in the Shire Highlands that had been virtually depopulated.
933:, a small Shire River port. Transport of goods to river ports was by inefficient and costly head porterage, as the Shire valley was unsuitable for draught animals.
542:, as it was not regarded by the Foreign Office as under effective Portuguese occupation. In order to prevent Portuguese occupation, the British government sent
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2102:
860:
was imposed from 1895 in the Shire Highlands. This was gradually extended to the rest of the protectorate, becoming universal in 1906. It was nominally three
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514:
valley as far north as the Ruo River. The Portuguese then attempted to negotiate British acceptance of their territorial claims, but the convening of the
3985:
732:
by paying him a subsidy and, in November 1895, he embarked a force of over 400 Sikh and African riflemen with artillery and machine guns on steamers at
4005:
1356:
R E Broeder (1979), Sir Alfred Sharpe and the Imposition of Colonial Rule on the Northern Ngoni, The Society of Malawi Journal Vol. 32, No. 1 pp. 27-9
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808:
selected district officials with the title of Collectors of Revenue, Their official title later became Residents, and they were the predecessors of
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As the northern Ngoni kingdom did not threaten European trading interests, as it was far from European-owned estates, and as the Scottish mission at
57:
3864:
Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the
1419:
B. Pachai, (1973). Land Policies in Malawi: An Examination of the Colonial Legacy, The Journal of African History, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 682-3, 685.
45:
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who had been left behind by Livingstone at the end of his Zambezi expedition in 1864 and had formed minor chieftainships, he crossed the Ruo to
574:
In 1888, the Portuguese government instructed its representatives in Portuguese East Africa to attempt to make treaties of protection with the
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641:
and south of its confluence with the Ruo which had been controlled by an Afro-Portuguese family, was allocated to Britain and now forms the
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3857:
3840:
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in Mozambique. Low water levels in Lake Nyasa reduced the Shire River's flow from 1896 to 1934, so the main river port was moved, first to
3309:
1572:
L. Vail (1975) The Making of an Imperial Slum: Nyasaland and Its Railways, 1895-1935, Journal of African History, Vol. 16, No. 1 pp. 91.
2999:
2993:
2095:
447:
3926:
4000:
3055:
1392:
B. Pachai, (1971). The Story of Malawi's Capitals: Old and New: 1891-1969, The Society of Malawi Journal, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 35-36.
1383:
B. Pachai, (1971). The Story of Malawi's Capitals: Old and New: 1891-1969, The Society of Malawi Journal, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 35-36.
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disputes over its route, it was not until early 1903 that construction began. The line was opened from Blantyre to Chiromo in 1907.
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chiefs southeast of Lake Malawi and in the Shire Highlands, and an expedition organised under Antonio Cardoso, a former governor of
809:
1226:
R I Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa: The Making of Malawi and Zambia, 1873-1964, Cambridge (Mass), p.15
1659:
959:. However, most of its proposed route was in Portuguese territory and Quelimane was only suitable for small ships. Also in 1895,
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in Central Africa. The draft agreement reached in March 1889 would have created a British sphere including all the area west of
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2903:
1806:
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Some of the shortfall in population may have been made good by the inward migration of families groups of so-called "Anguru",
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undertook a Portuguese expedition which reached the Shire Highlands, but it failed make any treaties of protection with the
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1708:
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would be under company administration and what later became Nyasaland would be administered by the Foreign Office. However
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F Axelson, (1967). Portugal and the Scramble for Africa, pp. 182-3, 198-200. Johannesburg, Witwatersrand University Press.
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2209:
1874:
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as British consul to Mozambique and the Interior, with instructions to report on the extent of Portuguese rule in the
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a year, but could be satisfied by one month's labour a year spent on a settler estate or working for the government.
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1994:
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commander at Katunga on 8 March 1890 and all Portuguese forces had evacuated Katunga and Chiromo by 12 March.
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ended these bilateral discussions. Meanwhile, the African Lakes Company was attempting to obtain the status of a
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P T Terry, (1965) The Arab War on Lake Nyasa 1887-1895 Part II, The Nyasaland Journal, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 41-3
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as acting Commissioner from 1 October 1907 to 1 May 1908. Although the first Consul appointed in 1883 had used
654:
207:
1563:
G. L. Gamlen, (1935). Transport on the River Shire, Nyasaland, The Geographical Journal, Vol. 86, No. 5, p.451
787:(first as Commissioner and Consul-General and then as Governor of the Nyasaland Protectorate from 1907), with
3615:
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3130:
2571:. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.
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2400:
1437:
B. Pachai, (1978). Land and Politics in Malawi 1875-1975, Kingston (Ontario), The Limestone Press, pp. 36-7.
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2789:
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1771:
837:
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719:, who imitated Arab dress and customs but were rarely Muslims. Mlozi had defeated two attempts which the
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1984:
1957:
1869:
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As early as 1895, Johnston suggested a line from the protectorate's main commercial town, Blantyre, to
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and shot on 27 October. Within a year, 5,000 of his former subjects were working in the Blantyre area.
4025:
3861:; Ascension Island (1922β) and Tristan da Cunha (1938β) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.
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1776:
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1974:
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A.D.H. Leishman, (1974) The Steam Era in Malawi, The Society of Malawi Journal, Vol. 27, No. 1 p. 47
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A.D.H. Leishman (1974) The Steam Era in Malawi, The Society of Malawi Journal, Vol. 27, No. 1 p. 46
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British occupation did not significantly change African society within the protectorate until the
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Modern communications began to be established in 1891, with the opening of the territory's first
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582:, set off in November 1888 for the lake. Rather later, in early 1889, a second expedition led by
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83:
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1989:
1979:
1915:
1864:
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L White, (1987). Magomero: Portrait of an African Village, Cambridge University Press pp. 78-9.
944:, further from the main settlements below a steep escarpment and from 1908 to Port Herald (now
911:
Throughout the period of the protectorate, most of its people were subsistence farmers growing
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780:
629:
539:
1085:
John G Pike, (1969). Malawi: A Political and Economic History, London, Pall Mall Press pp.77-9
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P. A. Cole-King, "Transport and Communication in Malawi to 1891, with a summary to 1918", in
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attacked and defeated Gomani's forces on 23 October 1896. Gomani was sentenced to death by a
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caution, but in September, following minor clashes between Serpa Pinto's advancing force and
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1338:
M. E. Leslie. (1971). Ncheu in the 1890s, The Society of Malawi Journal Vol. 24, No. 1 p. 72
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L M Fotheringham, (1891). Adventures in Nyasaland, London, Gilbert & Rivington pp. 12-13
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2009:
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De Robeck, A Pictorial Essay of the 1898 Provisional of British Central Africa - Nyasaland
510:(which currently forms the southeastern border of Malawi), and in 1882 occupied the lower
127:
Map of southern Africa, 1897. The British Central Africa Protectorate is shaded dark pink.
8:
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B. Pachai, (1973). Land Policies in Malawi: An Examination of the Colonial Legacy, p. 683
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groups around the centre and north of Lake Nyasa, both involved in the slave trade, and
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in early 1889 attempting to negotiate an acceptable agreement on Portuguese and British
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area. This encouraged missionary activity that started in the 1860s, undertaken by the
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J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, Woodbridge, James Currey, p. 51.
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771:
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M Newitt, (1995). A History of Mozambique, London, Hurst & Co, pp 276-7, 325-6.
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proclaimed in 1889 and ratified in 1891 that occupied the same area as present-day
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from the British government, but it had not managed to do so by 1886. In 1885-86
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influence in the area. A mission and small trading settlement was established at
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348:
188:
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J G Pike, (1969). Malawi: A Political and Economic History, pp. 173, 176-8, 183.
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who had formed two aggressively expansionists kingdoms in the west and north.
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3564:
2745:
2629:
2069:
984:
746:
742:
678:
666:
147:
3774:
3482:
3043:
3037:
3018:
2783:
2518:
2425:
2364:
2358:
1500:
L White, (1987). Magomero: Portrait of an African Village, pp. 79-81, 86-9.
1464:
R I Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa, pp. 24, 43.
1428:
R. I Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa, pp. 29-31.
881:
707:
699:
650:
427:
249:
180:
166:
3891:
3387:
3288:
3099:
2703:
2603:
2318:
2312:
1781:
1455:
R I Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa, pp. 32-4.
1410:
R I Rotberg, (1965). The Rise of Nationalism in Central Africa, pp. 22-3.
1253:
M Newitt, (1995). A History of Mozambique, London, Hurst & Co, p 355.
1199:
M Newitt, (1995). A History of Mozambique, London, Hurst & Co, p 346.
1009:
976:
821:
724:
625:
564:
560:
511:
499:
498:
estates from the Portuguese crown were active in the lower valley of the
471:
2024:
963:
proposed building a railway from Blantyre to Chiromo, and he formed the
856:
In order to raise revenue, and also to increase the supply of labour, a
3164:
3145:
2888:
2667:
2286:
2203:
956:
892:
841:
840:
had acquired for its mineral potential and which was never turned into
829:
729:
503:
238:
967:
Limited in December 1895 to achieve this. Although Johnston urged the
3810:
2663:
2412:
2196:
1698:
1280:
J G Pike, (1969). Malawi: A Political and Economic History, pp. 90-2.
1271:
J G Pike, (1969). Malawi: A Political and Economic History, pp. 86-7.
1172:
J G Pike, (1969). Malawi: A Political and Economic History, pp. 85-6.
1136:
J G Pike, (1969). Malawi: A Political and Economic History, pp. 83-4.
992:
988:
952:
579:
507:
435:
395:
317:
20:
1473:
J G Pike, (1969). Malawi: A Political and Economic History, pp. 94-5
1076:: Portrait of an African Village, Cambridge University Press p. 82.
3738:
3653:
2932:
2884:
2633:
2560:
2546:
2542:
2512:
2300:
1244:
F Axelson, (1967). Portugal and the Scramble for Africa, pp. 223-6.
1073:
930:
861:
733:
484:
162:
1637:
1509:
R. I. Rotberg, (2000).The African Population of Malawi, pp.111-13.
800:
colonial period although Blantyre remained the commercial centre.
791:
as acting Commissioner from 1 April 1907 to 30 September 1907 and
595:, now in Malawi. In response to this incursion, Johnston's deputy
538:
their claim that the Shire Highlands should be considered part of
3647:
2980:
2940:
2533:
2290:
2249:
1611:
941:
857:
783:
was formed as a separate protectorate with its own Administrator
616:
592:
547:
479:
443:
1190:
J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, pp. 53, 55.
438:
in 1907. British interest in the area arose from visits made by
3657:
3032:
2797:
2575:
2177:
1688:
1668:
1289:
J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, pp. 58-62.
996:
945:
937:
916:
674:
646:
612:
552:
431:
382:
1527:
J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, pp. 68-9.
1401:
J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, pp. 70-1.
1262:
J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, pp. 56-7.
1208:
J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, pp. 54-5.
1163:
J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, pp. 52-3.
3158:
2880:
2352:
912:
495:
184:
551:
way to take up his appointment, Johnston spent six weeks in
2709:
1518:
J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, p. 68.
1374:
J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, p. 56.
1235:
J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, p. 56.
1217:
J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, p. 55.
1181:
J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, p. 54.
1154:
J McCracken, (2012). A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, p. 53.
1034:
Postage stamps and postal history of British Central Africa
848:
In the first years of the protectorate, very little of the
1365:
J McCracken (2012), A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, p. 63
1347:
J McCracken (2012), A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, p. 65
1329:
J McCracken (2012), A History of Malawi, 1859-1966, p. 64
645:. The treaty also granted Britain a 99-year lease over
607:
Johnston's proclamation of a further protectorate, the
3763:
2896:. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the
502:
from the 1830s and the Portuguese government claimed
1017:
1013:
Evolution of the British Central Africa Protectorate
760:
3976:
Former British colonies and protectorates in Africa
757:only received comparable recognition in the 1930s.
3957:
867:The name of the protectorate was changed to the
19:For the later history of this protectorate, see
728:secured the neutrality of the Swahili ruler of
442:from 1858 onward during his exploration of the
1002:
824:. Where claims were accepted, Johnston issued
3991:States and territories disestablished in 1907
3423:
2096:
1653:
4011:1907 disestablishments in the British Empire
3858:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
3841:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
3719:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
1598:
1596:
803:In 1896, Johnston set up a small government
694:chiefs in the south of the protectorate and
530:chiefs in territories west of Lake Malawi.
3986:States and territories established in 1893
3430:
3416:
2103:
2089:
1660:
1646:
121:
4006:1891 establishments in the British Empire
1593:
1044:
983:until after the railway was opened, when
770:compromise under which what later became
2902:Legitimacy of territorial establishment
1632:Fred J. Melville, British Central Africa
1023:
1008:
906:
340:109,342 km (42,217 sq mi)
448:Universities' Mission to Central Africa
3958:
3887:Historical flags of the British Empire
3871:Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985
16:British protectorate from 1893 to 1907
3762:
3674:
3411:
2920:
2592:
2267:
2160:
2084:
1641:
1028:Stamp displaying the BCA coat of arms
828:(in effect the grant of freehold, or
1709:Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
1054:. Openlibrary.org. 1906. p. 178
1052:"Census of the British empire. 1901"
891:speaking migrants from the parts of
3966:British Central Africa Protectorate
3698:Saint Andrew and Providence Islands
2541:. British Cameroons is now part of
1694:British Central Africa Protectorate
1667:
979:at Chiromo. This remained the main
420:British Central Africa Protectorate
30:British Central Africa Protectorate
13:
2557:unilaterally declared independence
2252:1708β1757, 1763β1782 and 1798β1802
1732:
14:
4037:
3764:Antarctica and the South Atlantic
3743:Occupied by Argentina during the
3675:
2921:
1018:Postage stamps and postal history
761:Administration and the land issue
657:in 1890. Its western border with
491:took up residence there in 1883.
4001:1907 disestablishments in Africa
3907:
3898:
3897:
3310:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
684:
609:Nyasaland Districts Protectorate
400:
375:
87:
56:
44:
4021:MalawiβUnited Kingdom relations
1626:
1617:
1584:
1575:
1566:
1557:
1548:
1539:
1530:
1521:
1512:
1503:
1494:
1485:
1476:
1467:
1458:
1449:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1413:
1404:
1395:
1386:
1377:
1368:
1359:
1350:
1341:
1332:
1323:
1310:
1301:
1292:
1283:
1274:
1265:
1256:
1247:
1238:
1229:
1220:
1211:
1202:
1193:
1184:
1175:
1166:
1157:
999:was established in April 1898.
965:Shire Highlands Railway Company
673:, which governed what is today
3806:Australian Antarctic Territory
2662:since 1965 (before as part of
2659:British Indian Ocean Territory
2545:, while Tanganyika is part of
2176:since 1960 (before as part of
1318:A History of Malawi, 1859-1966
1148:
1139:
1130:
1121:
1105:
1088:
1079:
1066:
1:
3996:1891 establishments in Africa
1038:
874:
533:As late as 1888, the British
3981:Former British protectorates
2117:British Overseas Territories
991:connection from Blantyre to
838:British South Africa Company
767:British South Africa Company
671:British South Africa Company
665:between Lake Malawi and the
638:1891 Anglo-Portuguese treaty
622:British South Africa Company
601:Shire Highlands Protectorate
478:Limited, was established in
7:
3833:British Antarctic Territory
3543:Western Pacific Territories
3437:
1724:Political history of Malawi
1604:The Early History of Malawi
1003:History of the protectorate
10:
4042:
3571:Gilbert and Ellice Islands
2988:British Arctic Territories
2268:
2161:
1031:
18:
3882:
3851:
3811:Commonwealth of Australia
3769:
3758:
3729:
3681:
3670:
3636:
3443:
3407:
3213:Newfoundland and Labrador
2927:
2916:
2894:League of Nations mandate
2875:
2599:
2588:
2569:Lancaster House Agreement
2539:League of Nations mandate
2528:
2274:
2263:
2167:
2156:
2123:
2042:
1965:
1956:
1906:
1897:
1828:
1819:
1752:
1743:
1730:
1679:
987:became the postal hub. A
661:was fixed in 1891 at the
476:African Lakes Corporation
470:south of Lake Nyasa (now
461:
354:
344:
336:
331:
327:
314:
304:
300:
292:
288:
274:
264:β’ 1893-1896 (first)
262:
258:
248:
244:
232:
220:
216:
206:
198:
176:
153:
143:
132:
120:
78:
70:
40:
35:
28:
3341:Turks and Caicos Islands
2648:(protectorate) 1907β1949
2593:
2220:(integrated into the UK)
584:Alexandre de Serpa Pinto
524:Alexandre de Serpa Pinto
516:Berlin Conference (1884)
494:Concessionaires holding
3624:1919β1942 and 1945β1968
3449:18th and 19th centuries
3265:Queen Charlotte Islands
3225:North-Western Territory
3197:1665β1674 and 1702β1776
2800:1781β1784 and 1795β1819
2465:1923β1965 and 1979β1980
2148:Commonwealth of Nations
776:Henry Hamilton Johnston
655:Anglo-German Convention
544:Henry Hamilton Johnston
456:Free Church of Scotland
202:Constitutional monarchy
84:God Save the Queen/King
4016:20th century in Malawi
3374:West Indies Federation
2563:) and continued as an
2146:Current member of the
1737:
1029:
1014:
869:Nyasaland Protectorate
810:District Commissioners
781:North-Eastern Rhodesia
669:by agreement with the
630:1890 British Ultimatum
567:but not including the
540:Portuguese East Africa
487:in 1876 and a British
318:Nyasaland Protectorate
3296:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2567:state until the 1979
2173:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
1736:
1027:
1012:
907:Economy and transport
826:Certificates of Claim
793:William Henry Manning
789:Francis Barrow Pearce
721:African Lakes Company
282:Francis Barrow Pearce
154:Common languages
136:Protectorate of
3824:Realm of New Zealand
3822:(transferred to the
3809:(transferred to the
3642:Realm of New Zealand
3243:Prince Edward Island
3121:1671β1816, 1833β1960
1807:World Heritage Sites
1316:J McCracken (2012).
628:was followed by the
557:spheres of influence
3938: /
3855:Since 2009 part of
3747:of AprilβJune 1982.
3334:Trinidad and Tobago
2948:Antigua and Barbuda
2848:Straits Settlements
306:β’ Established
276:β’ 1907 (last)
3007:Cape Breton Island
2898:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty
2740:Unfederated States
2555:Southern Rhodesia
2142:Commonwealth realm
1885:Traditional Courts
1738:
1704:Chilembwe uprising
1072:L. White, (1987).
1030:
1015:
452:Church of Scotland
316:β’ Changed to
3942:13.500Β°S 34.000Β°E
3921:
3920:
3878:
3877:
3754:
3753:
3686:Providence Island
3666:
3665:
3631:
3630:
3499:Western Australia
3467:Van Diemen's Land
3403:
3402:
3380:Associated States
3078:Columbia District
2912:
2911:
2766:Manila and Cavite
2584:
2583:
2463:Southern Rhodesia
2457:South-West Africa
2407:Northern Rhodesia
2319:Cape of Good Hope
2259:
2258:
2136:Current territory
2078:
2077:
2038:
2037:
1952:
1951:
1893:
1892:
1875:Political parties
1870:National Assembly
1843:Foreign relations
1815:
1814:
1100:978-1-84701-050-6
772:Northern Rhodesia
765:The offer by the
659:Northern Rhodesia
520:Chartered company
440:David Livingstone
434:: it was renamed
426:) was a British
416:
415:
412:
411:
408:
407:
388:
387:
234:β’ 1901-1907
222:β’ 1893-1901
113:
74:Light in Darkness
4033:
4026:Former countries
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3911:
3901:
3900:
3866:Antarctic Treaty
3827:
3814:
3799:Falkland Islands
3791:Tristan da Cunha
3783:Ascension Island
3760:
3759:
3711:Falkland Islands
3672:
3671:
3640:Now part of the
3512:Pitcairn Islands
3477:Auckland Islands
3446:
3445:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3409:
3408:
3394:Windward Islands
3348:Vancouver Island
3125:MassachusettsBay
2994:British Columbia
2918:
2917:
2734:Federated States
2590:
2589:
2500:Tristan da Cunha
2469:Southern Nigeria
2401:Northern Nigeria
2280:Ascension Island
2265:
2264:
2221:
2158:
2157:
2132:Former territory
2129:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2082:
2081:
2058:
2051:
1963:
1962:
1924:
1904:
1903:
1826:
1825:
1757:Cities and towns
1750:
1749:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1615:
1600:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1528:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1321:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1109:
1103:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1077:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1048:
871:on 6 July 1907.
404:
403:
392:
391:
379:
378:
372:
371:
356:
355:
284:
193:Tumbuka religion
125:
115:
114:
60:
48:
26:
25:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4030:
3956:
3955:
3947:-13.500; 34.000
3946:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3917:
3874:
3847:
3821:
3819:Ross Dependency
3808:
3765:
3750:
3725:
3677:
3662:
3632:
3627:
3583:
3578:Solomon Islands
3525:North Australia
3505:South Australia
3461:New South Wales
3439:
3436:
3399:
3119:Leeward Islands
2923:
2908:
2871:
2778:Muscat and Oman
2595:
2580:
2524:
2270:
2255:
2219:
2163:
2152:
2127:
2119:
2109:
2079:
2074:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2034:
1948:
1922:
1889:
1811:
1739:
1728:
1719:1993 referendum
1675:
1666:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1614:, 1972), p. 87.
1608:Bridglal Pachai
1601:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1110:
1106:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1071:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1020:
1005:
909:
901:First World War
877:
763:
723:Limited in the
717:Nyamwezi people
711:challenged.
687:
663:drainage divide
653:as part of the
643:Nsanje District
615:channel in the
569:Shire Highlands
468:Shire Highlands
464:
401:
376:
349:Rhodesian pound
320:
307:
280:
277:
265:
235:
223:
189:Bantu mythology
161:
128:
116:
88:
66:
65:
64:
61:
53:
52:
49:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4039:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3905:
3895:
3889:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3869:
3862:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3837:
3829:
3816:
3803:
3795:
3787:
3779:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3741:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3715:
3707:
3701:
3695:
3692:Willoughbyland
3689:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3660:
3650:
3644:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3619:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3593:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3574:
3568:
3562:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3508:
3502:
3492:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3464:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3412:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3355:Virgin Islands
3351:
3345:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3322:South Carolina
3319:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3219:North Carolina
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3153:Mosquito Coast
3150:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3122:
3116:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3082:Oregon Country
3075:
3071:Cayman Islands
3067:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3029:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2991:
2985:
2977:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2900:
2891:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2863:
2860:Trucial States
2857:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2607:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2572:
2553:Self-governing
2550:
2536:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2325:Central Africa
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2294:
2284:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2239:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2213:
2210:Ionian Islands
2207:
2201:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2133:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2113:British Empire
2108:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2085:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2060:
2059:
2052:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1934:Communications
1931:
1929:Stock Exchange
1926:
1918:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1787:National parks
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1714:Hastings Banda
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1685:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1642:
1635:
1634:
1625:
1616:
1592:
1583:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1493:
1484:
1475:
1466:
1457:
1448:
1439:
1430:
1421:
1412:
1403:
1394:
1385:
1376:
1367:
1358:
1349:
1340:
1331:
1322:
1309:
1300:
1291:
1282:
1273:
1264:
1255:
1246:
1237:
1228:
1219:
1210:
1201:
1192:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1129:
1120:
1104:
1087:
1078:
1065:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1032:Main article:
1019:
1016:
1004:
1001:
981:sorting office
969:Foreign Office
961:Eugene Sharrer
922:natural rubber
908:
905:
876:
873:
850:alienated land
762:
759:
686:
683:
535:Foreign Office
463:
460:
414:
413:
410:
409:
406:
405:
398:
389:
386:
385:
380:
368:
367:
362:
352:
351:
346:
342:
341:
338:
334:
333:
329:
328:
325:
324:
321:
315:
312:
311:
308:
305:
302:
301:
298:
297:
294:
290:
289:
286:
285:
278:
275:
272:
271:
269:Harry Johnston
266:
263:
260:
259:
256:
255:
252:
246:
245:
242:
241:
236:
233:
230:
229:
224:
221:
218:
217:
214:
213:
210:
204:
203:
200:
196:
195:
178:
174:
173:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
138:British Empire
134:
130:
129:
126:
118:
117:
86:
76:
75:
68:
67:
62:
55:
54:
50:
43:
42:
41:
38:
37:
33:
32:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4038:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3954:
3951:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3904:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3881:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3761:
3757:
3746:
3745:Falklands War
3742:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3676:South America
3673:
3669:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3579:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3565:Union Islands
3563:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3433:
3428:
3426:
3421:
3419:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3277:Rupert's Land
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3237:Paulet affair
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3183:New Hampshire
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3171:New Brunswick
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2922:North America
2919:
2915:
2905:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2842:South Vietnam
2840:
2837:
2834:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2591:
2587:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2266:
2262:
2251:
2248:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1995:Ethnic groups
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1651:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1629:
1620:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1597:
1587:
1578:
1569:
1560:
1551:
1542:
1533:
1524:
1515:
1506:
1497:
1488:
1479:
1470:
1461:
1452:
1443:
1434:
1425:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1389:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1344:
1335:
1326:
1319:
1313:
1304:
1295:
1286:
1277:
1268:
1259:
1250:
1241:
1232:
1223:
1214:
1205:
1196:
1187:
1178:
1169:
1160:
1151:
1142:
1133:
1124:
1118:
1117:1-85065-172-8
1114:
1108:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1082:
1075:
1069:
1053:
1047:
1043:
1035:
1026:
1022:
1011:
1007:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
973:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
949:
947:
943:
939:
934:
932:
926:
923:
918:
914:
904:
902:
897:
894:
890:
885:
883:
872:
870:
865:
863:
859:
854:
851:
846:
843:
839:
833:
831:
827:
823:
817:
813:
811:
806:
801:
798:
794:
790:
784:
782:
777:
773:
768:
758:
755:
750:
748:
747:court martial
744:
743:Alfred Sharpe
738:
735:
734:Fort Johnston
731:
726:
722:
718:
712:
709:
703:
701:
697:
693:
685:Consolidation
682:
680:
679:Royal Charter
676:
672:
668:
667:Luangwa River
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
639:
634:
631:
627:
623:
618:
614:
610:
605:
602:
598:
597:John Buchanan
594:
590:
585:
581:
577:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
549:
545:
541:
536:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
492:
490:
486:
481:
477:
473:
469:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
399:
397:
394:
393:
390:
384:
381:
374:
373:
370:
369:
366:
363:
361:
358:
357:
353:
350:
347:
343:
339:
335:
330:
326:
322:
319:
313:
309:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
273:
270:
267:
261:
257:
253:
251:
247:
243:
240:
237:
231:
228:
225:
219:
215:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
194:
190:
186:
182:
179:
175:
172:
168:
164:
159:
156:
152:
149:
146:
142:
139:
135:
131:
124:
119:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
59:
47:
39:
34:
27:
22:
3923:
3856:
3839:
3831:
3797:
3789:
3781:
3775:Saint Helena
3773:
3717:
3709:
3559:Cook Islands
3510:
3483:New Hebrides
3452:20th century
3368:West Florida
3353:
3339:
3271:Rhode Island
3249:Pennsylvania
3207:Newfoundland
3144:
3069:
3019:East Florida
2990:16th c.β1880
2979:
2931:
2828:Crown Colony
2816:Pulo Condore
2790:Crown Colony
2784:North Borneo
2657:
2616:Protectorate
2565:unrecognised
2559:in 1965 (as
2498:
2451:South Africa
2439:Sierra Leone
2426:Saint Helena
2424:
2419:Orange River
2324:
2297:Bechuanaland
2278:
2236:Protectorate
2195:
2171:
2135:
2115:and Current
1990:Demographics
1980:Coat of arms
1916:Central bank
1853:Human rights
1693:
1628:
1619:
1606:, edited by
1603:
1586:
1577:
1568:
1559:
1550:
1541:
1532:
1523:
1514:
1505:
1496:
1487:
1478:
1469:
1460:
1451:
1442:
1433:
1424:
1415:
1406:
1397:
1388:
1379:
1370:
1361:
1352:
1343:
1334:
1325:
1317:
1312:
1303:
1294:
1285:
1276:
1267:
1258:
1249:
1240:
1231:
1222:
1213:
1204:
1195:
1186:
1177:
1168:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1123:
1107:
1090:
1081:
1068:
1056:. Retrieved
1046:
1021:
1006:
974:
950:
935:
927:
910:
898:
886:
882:Ngoni people
878:
866:
855:
847:
834:
818:
814:
802:
785:
764:
754:Livingstonia
751:
739:
713:
708:Cecil Rhodes
704:
700:Ngoni people
688:
681:until 1924.
651:Songwe River
635:
608:
606:
600:
573:
532:
493:
465:
428:protectorate
423:
419:
417:
365:Succeeded by
364:
359:
250:Commissioner
181:Christianity
79:
72:Motto:
71:
63:Coat of arms
3945: /
3892:Anglosphere
3610:New Zealand
3519:New Zealand
3388:West Jersey
3303:Saint Lucia
3289:Saint Kitts
3283:Saint Croix
3263:1763β1791*
3231:Nova Scotia
3177:New England
3133:, 1691β1776
3100:East Jersey
3088:Connecticut
2967:Bay Islands
2854:Transjordan
2772:Mesopotamia
2610:Afghanistan
2604:Aden Colony
2389:Niger Coast
2355:) 1874β1957
2331:East Africa
2313:Cape Colony
2303:) 1884β1966
2293:) 1868β1966
1911:Agriculture
1782:Lake Malawi
1058:26 December
977:post office
822:sovereignty
805:Secretariat
725:Karonga War
626:arbitration
599:declared a
565:Mashonaland
512:Shire River
500:Shire River
472:Lake Malawi
360:Preceded by
323:6 July 1907
3960:Categories
3844:since 1908
3836:since 1908
3802:since 1833
3794:since 1816
3786:since 1815
3778:since 1658
3735:department
3722:since 1908
3714:since 1833
3515:since 1838
3495:Swan River
3489:Queensland
3376:1958β1962
3358:since 1666
3344:since 1799
3195:New Jersey
3165:New Albion
3149:since 1632
3146:Montserrat
3127:1629β1691
3074:since 1670
2996:1858β1866
2984:since 1619
2936:since 1650
2889:Bangladesh
2824:1841β1946
2786:1882β1963
2752:Federation
2730:1819β1826
2668:Seychelles
2612:1839β1842
2503:since 1816
2487:Tanganyika
2445:Somaliland
2433:Seychelles
2429:since 1658
2349:Gold Coast
2343:The Gambia
2287:Basutoland
2283:since 1815
2225:Free State
2218:1542β1800
2204:Heligoland
2200:since 1713
1923:(currency)
1772:Ecoregions
1320:, pp. 61-3
1039:References
957:Mozambique
893:Mozambique
875:Population
842:plantation
830:fee simple
730:Nkhotakota
561:Lake Nyasa
504:suzerainty
239:Edward VII
199:Government
160:(official)
3971:Nyasaland
3828:1841β1947
3815:1841β1933
3706:1831β1966
3700:1670β1688
3694:1651β1667
3688:1631β1641
3618:1914β1962
3612:1907β1947
3605:1901β1942
3603:Australia
3598:1900β1974
3592:1900β1970
3580:1893β1978
3573:1892β1979
3567:1889β1948
3561:1888β1901
3555:Rarotonga
3551:1884β1902
3545:1877β1976
3539:1874β1970
3533:1851β1901
3527:1846β1847
3521:1841β1907
3507:1836β1901
3501:1829β1901
3491:1824β1901
3485:1824β1980
3479:1807β1863
3473:1803β1901
3463:1788β1901
3396:1833β1960
3390:1674β1702
3382:1967β1983
3370:1763β1783
3364:1607β1776
3350:1849β1866
3336:1889β1962
3330:1862β1863
3324:1712β1776
3318:1635β1644
3312:1627β1979
3305:1605β1979
3298:1882β1983
3291:1623β1983
3285:1625β1650
3279:1670β1870
3273:1636β1776
3267:1853β1863
3257:1620β1691
3251:1681β1776
3245:1763β1873
3233:1713β1867
3227:1859β1870
3221:1712β1776
3215:1583β1907
3209:1907β1949
3203:1664β1776
3191:1637β1662
3189:New Haven
3185:1680β1776
3179:1686β1689
3173:1784β1867
3161:1628β1983
3155:1655β1860
3141:1632β1776
3115:1655β1962
3108:1733β1776
3102:1674β1702
3096:1701β1776
3090:1636β1776
3084:1818β1846
3066:1663β1712
3058:1867β1931
3052:1841β1867
3046:1791β1841
3040:1791β1841
3028:1762β1974
3021:1763β1783
3015:1763β1978
3009:1754β1820
3000:1866β1871
2976:1871β1981
2969:1643β1860
2963:1624β1966
2957:1670β1973
2950:1860β1981
2943:1632β1860
2868:1898β1930
2862:1892β1971
2856:1921β1946
2850:1826β1946
2844:1945β1946
2838:1946β1963
2836:Singapore
2830:1946β1963
2818:1702β1705
2812:1786β1946
2806:1923β1948
2804:Palestine
2792:1946β1963
2780:1891β1971
2774:1920β1932
2768:1762β1764
2762:1796β1965
2754:1948β1957
2748:1946β1948
2742:1885β1946
2736:1895β1946
2724:1848β1946
2718:1918β1961
2712:1811β1816
2706:1858β1947
2700:1841β1997
2698:Hong Kong
2694:1878β1960
2688:1795β1948
2682:1888β1984
2676:1824β1948
2664:Mauritius
2654:1874β1963
2642:1757β1947
2636:1812β1824
2626:1685β1824
2624:Bencoolen
2618:1879β1919
2606:1839β1967
2521:1887β1897
2515:1890β1963
2509:1890β1962
2495:1900β1910
2493:Transvaal
2489:1922β1961
2483:1899β1956
2477:1893β1968
2475:Swaziland
2471:1900β1914
2459:1915β1931
2453:1910β1931
2447:1884β1960
2441:1792β1961
2435:1903β1976
2421:1900β1910
2415:1891β1964
2413:Nyasaland
2409:1924β1964
2403:1900β1914
2397:1914β1960
2391:1884β1900
2385:1856β1910
2379:1810β1968
2377:Mauritius
2373:1807β1808
2367:1862β1906
2361:1920β1963
2345:1816β1965
2339:1882β1922
2333:1895β1920
2327:1891β1907
2321:1806β1910
2315:1795β1803
2309:1919β1961
2307:Cameroons
2244:1813β1964
2238:1800β1813
2227:1921β1931
2212:1809β1864
2206:1807β1890
2197:Gibraltar
2192:1878β1960
2186:1794β1796
2140:*Current
2000:Education
1944:Transport
1880:President
1848:Judiciary
1838:Elections
1767:Districts
1745:Geography
1699:Nyasaland
1610:(London,
993:Cape Town
989:telegraph
953:Quelimane
862:shillings
580:Quelimane
563:and also
508:Ruo River
436:Nyasaland
396:Nyasaland
177:Religion
36:1893β1907
21:Nyasaland
3903:Category
3739:Colombia
3654:Kiribati
3531:Victoria
3471:Tasmania
3362:Virginia
3328:Stickeen
3316:Saybrook
3255:Plymouth
3201:New York
3139:Maryland
3131:Province
3094:Delaware
3064:Carolina
3056:Dominion
3050:Province
3013:Dominica
2961:Barbados
2933:Anguilla
2904:disputed
2885:Pakistan
2760:Maldives
2634:Billiton
2561:Rhodesia
2547:Tanzania
2543:Cameroon
2519:Zululand
2513:Zanzibar
2301:Botswana
2065:Category
2025:Religion
1970:Abortion
1865:Military
1821:Politics
1802:Wildlife
1673:articles
1074:Magomero
931:Chikwawa
797:Blantyre
485:Blantyre
454:and the
345:Currency
227:Victoria
3933:34Β°00β²E
3930:13Β°30β²S
3894:culture
3648:Vanuatu
3438:Oceania
3113:Jamaica
3106:Georgia
3026:Grenada
2981:Bermuda
2955:Bahamas
2941:Antigua
2822:Sarawak
2534:Namibia
2395:Nigeria
2371:Madeira
2291:Lesotho
2250:Minorca
2216:Ireland
2184:Corsica
2111:Former
2049:Outline
1985:Culture
1958:Society
1939:Tourism
1921:Kwacha
1899:Economy
1833:Cabinet
1792:Regions
1777:Islands
1762:Climate
1681:History
1612:Longman
942:Chiromo
858:Hut tax
696:Swahili
617:Zambezi
593:Chiromo
548:Zambezi
480:Glasgow
444:Zambezi
293:History
208:Monarch
171:Tumbuka
158:English
144:Capital
80:Anthem:
3913:Portal
3733:Now a
3704:Guiana
3658:Tuvalu
3261:Quebec
3033:Canada
2974:Belize
2866:Weihai
2810:Penang
2798:Padang
2728:Malaya
2722:Labuan
2716:Kuwait
2692:Cyprus
2686:Ceylon
2680:Brunei
2652:Borneo
2646:Bhutan
2640:Bengal
2576:Zambia
2507:Uganda
2269:Africa
2242:Colony
2232:Malta
2190:Cyprus
2178:Cyprus
2162:Europe
2128:Legend
2070:Portal
2030:Sports
2010:Health
1975:Anthem
1797:Rivers
1689:Maravi
1671:
1669:Malawi
1115:
1098:
997:Umtali
946:Nsanje
938:Chinde
917:millet
677:under
675:Zambia
647:Chinde
613:Chinde
589:Kololo
553:Lisbon
489:consul
462:Origin
450:, the
432:Malawi
383:Maravi
296:
254:
212:
133:Status
82:
3656:and *
3622:Nauru
3616:Samoa
3590:Tonga
3549:Papua
3159:Nevis
3044:Upper
3038:Lower
2881:India
2746:Union
2704:India
2674:Burma
2630:Banka
2481:Sudan
2383:Natal
2365:Lagos
2359:Kenya
2353:Ghana
2337:Egypt
2056:Index
2020:Music
2015:Media
985:Limbe
913:maize
889:Lomwe
496:prazo
185:Islam
163:Chewa
148:Zomba
3652:Now
3646:Now
3596:Niue
3537:Fiji
3239:1843
3167:1579
2887:and
2879:Now
2710:Java
2666:and
2632:and
2594:Asia
2574:Now
2532:Now
2005:Flag
1858:LGBT
1113:ISBN
1096:ISBN
1060:2013
995:via
466:The
418:The
337:1904
332:Area
310:1893
51:Flag
3737:of
955:in
948:).
692:Yao
636:An
576:Yao
528:Yao
424:BCA
167:Yao
3962::
2883:,
1595:^
915:,
191:,
187:,
183:,
169:,
165:,
3868:.
3826:)
3813:)
3608:*
3601:*
3576:*
3557:/
3497:/
3469:/
3431:e
3424:t
3417:v
3308:*
3301:*
3294:*
3111:*
3080:/
3031:*
3024:*
2972:*
2953:*
2946:*
2939:*
2670:)
2549:.
2351:(
2299:(
2289:(
2180:)
2104:e
2097:t
2090:v
1661:e
1654:t
1647:v
1102:.
1062:.
422:(
23:.
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