British Raj - Knowledge

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the Indian Empire. From 1937 onwards, British India was divided into 17 administrations: the three Presidencies of Madras, Bombay and Bengal, and the 14 provinces of the United Provinces, Punjab, Bihar, the Central Provinces and Berar, Assam, the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP), Orissa, Sind, British Baluchistan, Delhi, Ajmer-Merwara, Coorg, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Panth Piploda. The Presidencies and the first eight provinces were each under a governor, while the latter six provinces were each under a chief commissioner. The viceroy directly governed the chief commissioner provinces through each respective chief commissioner, while the Presidencies and the provinces under governors were allowed greater autonomy under the Government of India Act. Each Presidency or province headed by a governor had either a provincial bicameral legislature (in the Presidencies, the United Provinces, Bihar and Assam) or a unicameral legislature (in the Punjab, Central Provinces and Berar, NWFP, Orissa and Sind). The governor of each presidency or province represented the Crown in his capacity, and was assisted by a ministers appointed from the members of each provincial legislature. Each provincial legislature had a life of five years, barring any special circumstances such as wartime conditions. All bills passed by the provincial legislature were either signed or rejected by the governor, who could also issue proclamations or promulgate ordinances while the legislature was in recess, as the need arose.

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productivity-led growth by using high-yielding variety seeds, chemical fertilizers and more intensive application of water. All these three inputs were subsidised by the state. The result was, on average, no long-term change in per capita income levels, though cost of living had grown higher. Agriculture was still dominant, with most peasants at the subsistence level. Extensive irrigation systems were built, providing an impetus for switching to cash crops for export and for raw materials for Indian industry, especially jute, cotton, sugarcane, coffee and tea. India's global share of GDP fell drastically from above 20% to less than 5% in the colonial period. Historians have been bitterly divided on issues of economic history, with the Nationalist school (following Nehru) arguing that India was poorer at the end of British rule than at the beginning and that impoverishment occurred because of the British.

5616: 2477:. Although the bills were authorised for legislative consideration by Edwin Montagu, they were done so unwillingly, with the accompanying declaration, "I loathe the suggestion at first sight of preserving the Defence of India Act in peacetime to such an extent as Rowlatt and his friends think necessary." In the ensuing discussion and vote in the Imperial Legislative Council, all Indian members voiced opposition to the bills. The Government of India was, nevertheless, able to use of its "official majority" to ensure passage of the bills early in 1919. However, what it passed, in deference to the Indian opposition, was a lesser version of the first bill, which now allowed extrajudicial powers, but for a period of exactly three years and for the prosecution solely of "anarchical and revolutionary movements", dropping entirely the second bill involving modification the 5640: 5974:, from India's hinterland could be transported more efficiently to ports, such as Bombay, for subsequent export to England. Likewise, finished goods from England, were transported back, just as efficiently, for sale in the burgeoning Indian markets. Massive railway projects were begun in earnest and government railway jobs and pensions attracted a large number of upper caste Hindus into the civil services for the first time. The Indian Civil Service was prestigious and paid well. It remained politically neutral. Imports of British cotton cloth captured more than half the Indian market in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Industrial production as it developed in European factories was unknown until the 1850s when the first cotton mills were opened in Bombay, posing a challenge to the cottage-based home production system based on family labour. 5237:, whose members were required, as one prerequisite of membership, to have spent at least ten years in India and to have done so no more than ten years before. Although the secretary of state formulated the policy instructions to be communicated to India, he was required in most instances to consult the Council, but especially so in matters relating to spending of Indian revenues. The Act envisaged a system of "double government" in which the Council ideally served both as a check on excesses in imperial policy-making and as a body of up-to-date expertise on India. However, the secretary of state also had special emergency powers that allowed him to make unilateral decisions, and, in reality, the Council's expertise was sometimes outdated. From 1858 until 1947, twenty-seven individuals served as Secretary of State for India and directed the 62: 2772: 10977:

gradually expanded its influence in South Asia, in the first instance through coastal trading posts at Surat, Madras and Calcutta. (The British) expanded their influence, winning political control of Bengal and Bihar after the Battle of Plassey in 1757. From here, the Company expanded its influence dramatically across the subcontinent. By 1857, it had direct control over much of the region. The great rebellion of that year, however, demonstrated the limitations of this commercial company's ability to administer these vast territories, and in 1858 the Company was effectively nationalized, with the British Crown assuming administrative control. Hence began the period known as the British Raj, which ended in 1947 with the partition of the subcontinent into the independent nation-states of India and Pakistan.

2709:(ICS), but it faced growing difficulties. Fewer and fewer young men in Britain were interested in joining, and the continuing distrust of Indians resulted in a declining base in terms of quality and quantity. By 1945 Indians were numerically dominant in the ICS and at issue was divided loyalty between the Empire and independence. The finances of the Raj depended on land taxes, and these became problematic in the 1930s. Epstein argues that after 1919 it became harder and harder to collect the land revenue. The Raj's suppression of civil disobedience after 1934 temporarily increased the power of the revenue agents but after 1937 they were forced by the new Congress-controlled provincial governments to hand back confiscated land. Again the outbreak of war strengthened them, in the face of the 8137: 5672: 25838: 1534:; small changes in the civil services; speeding up the operations of the secretariat; setting up a gold standard to ensure a stable currency; creation of a Railway Board; irrigation reform; reduction of peasant debts; lowering the cost of telegrams; archaeological research and the preservation of antiquities; improvements in the universities; police reforms; upgrading the roles of the Native States; a new Commerce and Industry Department; promotion of industry; revised land revenue policies; lowering taxes; setting up agricultural banks; creating an Agricultural Department; sponsoring agricultural research; establishing an Imperial Library; creating an Imperial Cadet Corps; new famine codes; and, indeed, reducing the smoke nuisance in Calcutta. 5145:(i.e. the presidencies and provinces), as they were not directly under British rule. The larger ones had treaties with Britain that specified which rights the princes had; in the smaller ones the princes had few rights. Within the princely states external affairs, defence and most communications were under British control. The British also exercised a general influence over the states' internal politics, in part through the granting or withholding of recognition of individual rulers. Although there were nearly 600 princely states, the great majority were very small and contracted out the business of government to the British. Some two hundred of the states had an area of less than 25 square kilometres (10 square miles). The last vestige of the 2791: 1317: 5308: 2551: 3001: 10882:

system on the amalgam of Muslim, Hindu and English law which had been haphazardly administered in British courts. The fruits of the Bentinck era were significant. But they were only of general importance in so far as they went with the grain of social changes which were already gathering pace in India. The Bombay and Calcutta intelligentsia were taking to English education well before the Education Minute of 1836. Flowery Persian was already giving way in north India to the fluid and demotic Urdu. As for changes in the legal system, they were only implemented after the Rebellion of 1857 when communications improved and more substantial sums of money were made available for education.

1956:, a European woman, and ordinarily more problematic to imprison, was arrested in 1917. Now, as constitutional reform began to be discussed in earnest, the British began to consider how new moderate Indians could be brought into the fold of constitutional politics and, simultaneously, how the hand of established constitutionalists could be strengthened. However, since the Government of India wanted to ensure against any sabotage of the reform process by extremists, and since its reform plan was devised during a time when extremist violence had ebbed as a result of increased governmental control, it also began to consider how some of its wartime powers could be extended into peacetime. 2523: 3325: 2586: 7639: 94: 939: 3251: 1041: 10850:(modern day Uttar Pradesh) a highly technical form of Urdu was used in the Nastaliq script, by both Muslims and Hindus. The same was the case in the government offices. In the various other regions of India, local vernaculars were used as official language in the lower courts and in government offices. ... In certain parts South Asia, Urdu was written in several scripts. Kaithi was a popular script used for both Urdu and Hindi. By 1880, Kaithi was used as court language in Bihar. However, in 1881, Hindi in Devanagari script replaced Urdu in the Nastaliq script in Bihar. In Panjab, Urdu was written in Nastaliq, Devanagari, Kaithi, and Gurumukhi. 7867:

sports was a way for soldiers to "defend themselves from the magic of the land". Though the British had generally excluded Indians from their play during the time of Company rule, over time they began to see the inculcation of British sports among the native populace as a way of spreading British values. At the same time, some of the Indian elite began to move towards British sports as a way of adapting to British culture and thus helping themselves to rise up the ranks; later on, more Indians began to play British sports in an effort to beat the British at their own sports, as a way of proving that the Indians were equal to their colonisers.

3289: 13879:, into three periods. From the beginning of the seventeenth century to the middle of the eighteenth century the East India Company is a trading corporation, existing on the sufferance of the native powers and in rivalry with the merchant companies of Holland and France. During the next century, the Company acquires and consolidates its dominion, shares its sovereignty in increasing proportions with the Crown, and gradually loses its mercantile privileges and functions. After the mutiny of 1857 the remaining powers of the Company are transferred to the Crown, and then follows an era of peace in which India awakens to new life and progress." 7887: 1127:. It was now felt that traditions and customs in India were too strong and too rigid to be changed easily; consequently, no more British social interventions were made, especially in matters dealing with religion, even when the British felt very strongly about the issue (as in the instance of the remarriage of Hindu child widows). This was exemplified further in Queen Victoria's Proclamation released immediately after the rebellion. The proclamation stated that 'We disclaim alike our Right and Desire to impose Our Convictions on any of Our Subjects'; demonstrating official British commitment to abstaining from social intervention in India. 2322:, cautioned that the Government of India needed to be more responsive to Indian opinion. Towards the end of the year, after discussions with the government in London, he suggested that the British demonstrate their good faith—in light of the Indian war role—through a number of public actions, including awards of titles and honours to princes, granting of commissions in the army to Indians, and removal of the much-reviled cotton excise duty, but, most importantly, an announcement of Britain's future plans for India and an indication of some concrete steps. After more discussion, in August 1917, the new Liberal secretary of state for India, 3301: 2563: 1198: 3313: 2232:. Soon, under pressure from the Viceroy in Delhi who was anxious to maintain domestic peace during wartime, the provincial government rescinded Gandhi's expulsion order, and later agreed to an official enquiry into the case. Although the British planters eventually gave in, they were not won over to the farmers' cause, and thereby did not produce the optimal outcome of a Satyagraha that Gandhi had hoped for; similarly, the farmers themselves, although pleased at the resolution, responded less than enthusiastically to the concurrent projects of rural empowerment and education that Gandhi had inaugurated in keeping with his ideal of 1657: 5404:(£18,810 p.a.). He headed the Viceroy's Executive Council, each member of which had responsibility for a department of the central administration. From 1 April 1937, the position of Governor-General in Council, which the viceroy and governor-general concurrently held in the capacity of representing the Crown in relations with the Indian princely states, was replaced by the designation of "HM Representative for the Exercise of the Functions of the Crown in its Relations with the Indian States", or the "Crown Representative". The Executive Council was greatly expanded during the Second World War, and in 1947 comprised 14 3027: 1102:, had been hurriedly building an India which they envisaged to be on par with Britain itself in the quality and strength of its economic and social institutions. After the rebellion, they became more circumspect. Much thought was devoted to the causes of the rebellion and three main lessons were drawn. First, at a practical level, it was felt that there needed to be more communication and camaraderie between the British and Indians—not just between British army officers and their Indian staff but in civilian life as well. The Indian army was completely reorganised: units composed of the Muslims and Brahmins of the 7809: 1332: 4556:; the remaining approximately 500 states were dependents of the provincial governments of British India under a governor, lieutenant-governor, or chief commissioner (as the case might have been). A clear distinction between "dominion" and "suzerainty" was supplied by the jurisdiction of the courts of law: the law of British India rested upon the laws passed by the British Parliament and the legislative powers those laws vested in the various governments of British India, both central and local; in contrast, the courts of the Princely States existed under the authority of the respective rulers of those states. 1175: 3239: 1106:, who had formed the core of the rebellion, were disbanded. New regiments, like the Sikhs and Baluchis, composed of Indians who, in British estimation, had demonstrated steadfastness, were formed. From then on, the Indian army was to remain unchanged in its organisation until 1947. The 1861 Census had revealed that the English population in India was 125,945. Of these only about 41,862 were civilians as compared with about 84,083 European officers and men of the Army. In 1880, the standing Indian Army consisted of 66,000 British soldiers, 130,000 Natives, and 350,000 soldiers in the princely armies. 5656: 2748: 6053: 1883: 1818: 1841: 10733:

language of the ultimate ruling authority, English. For such purposes, Hindustani was equated with Urdu, as opposed to any geographically defined dialect of Hindi and was given official status through large parts of north India. Written in the Persian script with a largely Persian and, via Persian, an Arabic vocabulary, Urdu stood at the shortest distance from the previous situation and was easily attainable by the same personnel. In the wake of this official transformation, the British government began to make its first significant efforts on behalf of vernacular education.

2373:, and domiciled Europeans, in both provincial and Imperial legislative councils. The Montagu–Chelmsford reforms offered Indians the most significant opportunity yet for exercising legislative power, especially at the provincial level; however, that opportunity was also restricted by the still limited number of eligible voters, by the small budgets available to provincial legislatures, and by the presence of rural and special interest seats that were seen as instruments of British control. Its scope was unsatisfactory to the Indian political leadership, famously expressed by 3062: 1080: 3050: 1512: 2248:, where workers in an Indian-owned textile mill were distressed about their low wages. The satyagraha in Ahmedabad took the form of Gandhi fasting and supporting the workers in a strike, which eventually led to a settlement. In Kaira, in contrast, although the farmers' cause received publicity from Gandhi's presence, the satyagraha itself, which consisted of the farmers' collective decision to withhold payment, was not immediately successful, as the British authorities refused to back down. The agitation in Kaira gained for Gandhi another lifelong lieutenant in 1019: 1864: 1139: 1638: 2392: 1672: 1237:. Although famines were not new to the subcontinent, these were particularly severe, with tens of millions dying, and with many critics, both British and Indian, laying the blame at the doorsteps of the lumbering colonial administrations. There were also salutary effects: commercial cropping, especially in the newly canalled Punjab, led to increased food production for internal consumption. The railway network provided critical famine relief, notably reduced the cost of moving goods, and helped nascent Indian-owned industry. After, the 1289: 1725:, for example, had not only supported Cow Protection Societies in their agitation, but also—distraught at the 1871 Census's Muslim numbers—organized "reconversion" events for the purpose of welcoming Muslims back to the Hindu fold. In 1905, when Tilak and Lajpat Rai attempted to rise to leadership positions in the Congress, and the Congress itself rallied around the symbolism of Kali, Muslim fears increased. It was not lost on many Muslims, for example, that the rallying cry, "Bande Mataram", had first appeared in the novel 1155: 2326:, announced the British aim of "increasing association of Indians in every branch of the administration, and the gradual development of self-governing institutions, with a view to the progressive realisation of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British Empire". Although the plan envisioned limited self-government at first only in the provinces—with India emphatically within the British Empire—it represented the first British proposal for any form of representative government in a non-white colony. 1267: 1496: 1473: 1057: 13494:, General Auckinleck were advising that there was a real threat in 1946 of large-scale anti-British disorder amounting to even a well-organised rising aiming to expel the British by paralysing the administration. Quote:...it was clear to Attlee that everything depended on the spirit and reliability of the Indian Army:"Provided that they do their duty, armed insurrection in India would not be an insoluble problem. If, however, the Indian Army was to go the other way, the picture would be very different... 5393:, for more consultation with Indians, the Indians so appointed were from the landed aristocracy, often chosen for their loyalty, and far from representative. Even so, the "... tiny advances in the practice of representative government were intended to provide safety valves for the expression of public opinion, which had been so badly misjudged before the rebellion". Indian affairs now also came to be more closely examined in the British Parliament and more widely discussed in the British press. 3215: 3227: 5897:. With shipments of equipment and parts from Britain curtailed, maintenance became much more difficult; critical workers entered the army; workshops were converted to making munitions; the locomotives, rolling stock, and track of some entire lines were shipped to the Middle East. The railways could barely keep up with the increased demand. By the end of the war, the railways had deteriorated for lack of maintenance and were not profitable. In 1923, both GIPR and EIR were nationalised. 20640: 5777:(1839–1904) began his industrial career in 1877 with the Central India Spinning, Weaving, and Manufacturing Company in Bombay. While other Indian mills produced cheap coarse yarn (and later cloth) using local short-staple cotton and cheap machinery imported from Britain, Tata did much better by importing expensive longer-stapled cotton from Egypt and buying more complex ring-spindle machinery from the United States to spin finer yarn that could compete with imports from Britain. 7292: 2106: 20649: 2272: 2445:. To combat subversive acts in these regions, the committee unanimously recommended that the government use emergency powers akin to its wartime authority, which included the ability to try cases of sedition by a panel of three judges and without juries, exaction of securities from suspects, governmental overseeing of residences of suspects, and the power for provincial governments to arrest and detain suspects in short-term detention facilities and without trial. 2291: 5285: 10212: 6364: 24045: 6719: 5901:

welfare of European workers, and any Indian deaths were "either ignored or merely mentioned as a cold statistical figure." The government's Stores Policy required that bids on railway contracts be made to the India Office in London, shutting out most Indian firms. The railway companies purchased most of their hardware and parts in Britain. There were railway maintenance workshops in India, but they were rarely allowed to manufacture or repair locomotives.

2895:]. They neither intermarry nor interdine together and indeed they belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspects on life and of life are different ... To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built up for the government of such a state. 5707: 1561:, had been contemplated by various colonial administrations since the time of Lord William Bentinck, but was never acted upon. Though some considered it administratively felicitous, it was communally charged. It sowed the seeds of division among Indians in Bengal, transforming nationalist politics as nothing else before it. The Hindu elite of Bengal, among them many who owned land in East Bengal that was leased out to Muslim peasants, protested fervidly. 5824: 10170: 5816: 5808: 10198: 24055: 6304: 5181: 12236:, p. 260 A distinct group within the Calcutta Anushilan Samiti ... soon started action ... robbery to raise funds ... Attempts to assassinate oppressive officials ... became the main features of the revolutionary activities ... arrest of the entire Maniktala group ... dealt a great blow to such terrorist activities. In terms of direct gains, the terrorists achieved precious little; most of their attempts were either aborted or failed. 13509:, p. 330 Quote: "India had always been a minority interest in British public life; no great body of public opinion now emerged to argue that war-weary and impoverished Britain should send troops and money to hold it against its will in an empire of doubtful value. By late 1946 both Prime Minister and Secretary of State for India recognized that neither international opinion no their own voters would stand for any reassertion of the 2087:, traders, farmers, students, and lower-level government workers. Although they did not achieve the magnitude or character of a nationwide mass movement, the Home Rule leagues both deepened and widened organised political agitation for self-rule in India. The British authorities reacted by imposing restrictions on the Leagues, including shutting out students from meetings and banning the two leaders from travelling to certain provinces. 7549: 2449: 1975:, in 1915, whereupon an agreement was reached for Tilak's ousted group to re-enter the Congress. In the 1916 Lucknow session of the Congress, Tilak's supporters were able to push through a more radical resolution which asked for the British to declare that it was their "aim and intention ... to confer self-government on India at an early date". Soon, other such rumblings began to appear in public pronouncements: in 1917, in the 2994:. Bose's Indian National Army largely disintegrated during the subsequent fighting in Burma, with its remaining elements surrendering with the recapture of Singapore in September 1945. Bose died in August from third degree burns received after attempting to escape in an overloaded Japanese plane which crashed in Taiwan, which many Indians believe did not happen. Although Bose was unsuccessful, he roused patriotic feelings in India. 20630: 7595: 7424:'s troops consisting of the 9th Gurkha Rifles and 54th Sikhs massacred 379 to more than 1,500 unarmed peaceful civilians, and wounded over 1,200 other Indian civilians. Dyer was relieved of his command and told to resign, and widely condemned in both India and Britain. The level of casual brutality stunned the entire nation, resulting in a wrenching loss of faith of the general Indian public in the intentions of the United Kingdom. 6484: 5950: 6604: 1110:

territories guaranteed. At the same time, it was felt that the peasants, for whose benefit the large land reforms of the United Provinces had been undertaken, had shown disloyalty, by, in many cases, fighting for their former landlords against the British. Consequently, no more land reforms were implemented for the next 90 years: Bengal and Bihar were to remain the realms of large land holdings (unlike the Punjab and

7745:, were a part of the curricula. During the British Raj, Christian missionaries developed writing systems for Indian languages that previously did not have one. Christian missionaries in India also worked to increase literacy and also engaged in social activism, such as fighting against prostitution, championing the right of widowed women to remarry, and trying to stop early marriages for women. Among British women, 10184: 20620: 5521: 5916:

colonial purpose, local needs, capital, service, and private-versus-public interests, concluded that making the railways a creature of the state hindered success because railway expenses had to go through the same time-consuming and political budgeting process as did all other state expenses. Railway costs could therefore not be tailored to the current needs of the railways or of their passengers.

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the Mutiny. Since Dalhousie had embraced the technological change then rampant in Great Britain, India too saw the rapid development of all those technologies. Railways, roads, canals, and bridges were rapidly built in India, and telegraph links were equally rapidly established so that raw materials, such as cotton, from India's hinterland, could be transported more efficiently to ports, such as

6544: 6908: 966: 2951:, Bihar, and western Bengal. The large wartime British Army presence crushed the movement in a little more than six weeks; nonetheless, a portion of the movement formed for a time an underground provisional government on the border with Nepal. In other parts of India, the movement was less spontaneous and the protest less intensive; however, it lasted sporadically into the summer of 1943. 7771:

administration of sub-divisions, universities and stock exchanges. One major change was the rejection of its former separate princely states. Metcalf shows that over the course of two centuries, British intellectuals and Indian specialists made the highest priority bringing peace, unity and good government to India. They offered many competing methods to reach the goal. For example,

3208:. In Punjab, where the new border lines divided the Sikh regions in half, there was much bloodshed; in Bengal and Bihar, where Gandhi's presence assuaged communal tempers, the violence was more limited. In all, somewhere between 250,000 and 500,000 people on both sides of the new borders, among both the refugee and resident populations of the three faiths, died in the violence. 6424: 5497:

resident in India, and for all British Indian subjects residing outside India. With the assent of the King-Emperor and after copies of a proposed enactment had been submitted to both houses of the British Parliament, the Viceroy could overrule the legislature and directly enact any measures in the perceived interests of British India or its residents if the need arose.

5793:, TISCO became the leading iron and steel producer in India, and "a symbol of Indian technical skill, managerial competence, and entrepreneurial flair". The Tata family, like most of India's big businessmen, were Indian nationalists but did not trust the Congress because it seemed too aggressively hostile to the Raj, too socialist, and too supportive of trade unions. 2357:

special interests they considered cooperative or useful. In particular, rural candidates, generally sympathetic to British rule and less confrontational, were assigned more seats than their urban counterparts. Seats were also reserved for non-Brahmins, landowners, businessmen, and college graduates. The principal of "communal representation", an integral part of the

6244: 2645:, prompting many Indians to return British awards and honours, to resign from the civil services, and to again boycott British goods. In addition, Gandhi reorganised the Congress, transforming it into a mass movement and opening its membership to even the poorest Indians. Although Gandhi halted the non-cooperation movement in 1922 after the violent 3127:

convictions, and the eventual remission of the sentences, created positive propaganda for the Congress, which only helped in the party's subsequent electoral victories in eight of the eleven provinces. The negotiations between the Congress and the Muslim League, however, stumbled over the issue of the partition. Jinnah proclaimed 16 August 1946,

6023:(supported by many scholars in India and the West) that the British were not in full control but instead were players in what was primarily an Indian play and in which their rise to power depended upon excellent co-operation with Indian elites. Marshall admits that much of his interpretation is still highly controversial among many historians. 2844:", demanding that, "the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in majority as in the North-Western and Eastern zones of India should be grouped to constitute independent states in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign." Although there were other important national Muslim politicians such as Congress leader 2016:, the League joined the Congress in the proposal for greater self-government that was campaigned for by Tilak and his supporters; in return, the Congress accepted separate electorates for Muslims in the provincial legislatures as well as the Imperial Legislative Council. In 1916, the Muslim League had anywhere between 500 and 800 2656:, charged with instituting constitutional reform in India, resulted in widespread protests throughout the country. Earlier, in 1925, non-violent protests of the Congress had resumed too, this time in Gujarat, and led by Patel, who organised farmers to refuse payment of increased land taxes; the success of this protest, the 13279:, pp. 305, 325": Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Bose were among those who, impatient with Gandhi's programmes and methods, looked upon socialism as an alternative for nationalistic policies capable of meeting the country's economic and social needs, as well as a link to potential international support. (p. 325) (p. 345)" 7762:

generations of officials produced a chaotic administration with minimal coherence. Instead of a confident state capable of acting as it chose, these historians find a psychologically embattled one incapable of acting except in the abstract, small scale, or short term. Meanwhile, Durba Ghosh offers an alternative approach.

3135:. The following day Hindu-Muslim riots broke out in Calcutta and quickly spread throughout British India. Although the Government of India and the Congress were both shaken by the course of events, in September, a Congress-led interim government was installed, with Jawaharlal Nehru as united India's prime minister. 2203:, while the last, by making Indians more self-reliant, would break the cycle of dependence that was perpetuating not only the direction and tenor of the British rule in India, but also the British commitment to it. At least until 1920, the British presence itself was not a stumbling block in Gandhi's conception of 5671: 5615: 1366:, who in their works had been presenting ancient India as a great civilisation. Irritation, on the other hand, came not just from incidents of racial discrimination at the hands of the British in India, but also from governmental actions like the use of Indian troops in imperial campaigns (e.g. in the 13496:

Quote:...Thus, Wavell concluded, if the army and the police "failed" Britain would be forced to go. In theory, it might be possible to revive and reinvigorate the services, and rule for another fifteen to twenty years, but:It is a fallacy to suppose that the solution lies in trying to maintain status

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In April 1900, the colonial government of the North-West Provinces and Oudh granted equal official status to both, Devanagari and Nastaliq scripts. However, Nastaliq remained the dominant script. During the 1920s, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi deplored the controversy and the evolving divergence between

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largely having been diminished in the process. During the Raj, soldiers would play British sports as a way of maintaining fitness, since the mortality rate for foreigners in India was high at the time, as well as to maintain a sense of Britishness; in the words of an anonymous writer, playing British

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promoted the English language. Zinkin argues that in the long-run, what matters most about the legacy of the Raj is the British political ideologies which the Indians took over after 1947, especially the belief in unity, democracy, the rule of law and a certain equality beyond caste and creed. Zinkin

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At independence and after the independence of India, the country has maintained such central British institutions as parliamentary government, one-person, one-vote and the rule of law through nonpartisan courts. It retained as well the institutional arrangements of the Raj such as the civil services,

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and the technological change ushered in by the industrial revolution had the effect of closely intertwining the economies of India and Great Britain. In fact many of the major changes in transport and communications (that are typically associated with Crown rule of India) had already begun before the

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After the Sepoy Rebellion in 1857, and subsequent Crown rule over India, the railways were seen as a strategic defense of the European population, allowing the military to move quickly to subdue native unrest and protect Britons. The railway thus served as a tool of the colonial government to control

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elected). The Council of State existed in five-year periods and the Legislative Assembly for three-year periods, though either could be dissolved earlier or later by the Viceroy. The Indian Legislature was empowered to make laws for all persons resident in British India including all British subjects

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With the promulgation of the Government of India Act 1935, the Council of India was abolished with effect from 1 April 1937 and a modified system of government enacted. The secretary of state for India represented the Government of India in the UK. He was assisted by a body of advisers numbering from

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remained head of the Government of India and now was more commonly called the viceroy on account of his secondary role as the Crown's representative to the nominally sovereign princely states; he was, however, now responsible to the secretary of state in London and through him to Parliament. A system

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members in Bengal in 1944, 200,000 in Punjab, and hundreds of thousands elsewhere. Jinnah now was well positioned to negotiate with the British from a position of power. Jinnah repeatedly warned that Muslims would be unfairly treated in an independent India dominated by the Congress. On 24 March 1940

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Montagu and Chelmsford presented their report in July 1918 after a long fact-finding trip through India the previous winter. After more discussion by the government and parliament in Britain, and another tour by the Franchise and Functions Committee for the purpose of identifying who among the Indian

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The first steps were taken toward self-government in British India in the late 19th century with the appointment of Indian counsellors to advise the British viceroy and the establishment of provincial councils with Indian members; the British subsequently widened participation in legislative councils

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served as Viceroy of India 1872–1876. Baring's major accomplishments came as an energetic reformer who was dedicated to upgrading the quality of government in the British Raj. He began large scale famine relief, reduced taxes, and overcame bureaucratic obstacles in an effort to reduce both starvation

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The earlier grammars and dictionaries made it possible for the British government to replace Persian with vernacular languages at the lower levels of the judicial and revenue administration in 1837, that is, to standardize and index terminology for official use and provide for its translation to the

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Effective from 1 April 1936, the Government of India Act created the new provinces of Sind (separated from the Bombay Presidency) and Orissa (separated from the Province of Bihar and Orissa). Burma and Aden became separate Crown Colonies under the Act from 1 April 1937, thereby ceasing to be part of

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in which the business of each government department (the "portfolio") was assigned to and became the responsibility of a single council member. Routine departmental decisions were made exclusively by the member, but important decisions required the consent of the governor-general and, in the absence

2828:, declared war on India's behalf without consulting Indian leaders, leading the Congress provincial ministries to resign in protest. The Muslim League, in contrast, supported Britain in the war effort and maintained its control of the government in three major provinces, Bengal, Sind and the Punjab. 2728:

The 1935 Act provided for more autonomy for Indian provinces, with the goal of cooling off nationalist sentiment. The act provided for a national parliament and an executive branch under the purview of the British government, but the rulers of the princely states managed to block its implementation.

2139:

and chose not to make any public pronouncements during the first year of his return, but instead spent the year travelling, observing the country at first hand, and writing. Earlier, during his South Africa sojourn, Gandhi, a lawyer by profession, had represented an Indian community, which, although

1572:

and the Boycott movement. The movement consisted of the boycott of foreign goods and also the social boycott of any Indian who used foreign goods. The Swadeshi movement consisted of the usage of natively produced goods. Once foreign goods were boycotted, there was a gap which had to be filled by the

1349:

By 1880, a new middle class had arisen in India and spread thinly across the country. Moreover, there was a growing solidarity among its members, created by the "joint stimuli of encouragement and irritation". The encouragement felt by this class came from its success in education and its ability to

17417:

The growth of the army in India also led to many army chaplains. After the change in the Charter in 1813, Anglican missionaries began to work across North India. The missionaries translated the Book of Common Prayer into various Indian languages. The first Anglican diocese was Calcutta in 1813, and

10881:

The use of Persian was abolished in official correspondence (1835); the government's weight was thrown behind English-medium education and Thomas Babington Macaulay's Codes of Criminal and Civil Procedure (drafted 1841–2, but not completed until the 1860s) sought to impose a rational, Western legal

10849:

The British used the Urdu language to effect a shift from the prior emphasis on the Persian language. In 1837, the British East India Company adopted Urdu in place of Persian as the co-official language in India, along with English. In the law courts in Bengal and the North-West Provinces and Oudh

6106:

In the urban and industrial areas ... cramped sites, the high values of land and the necessity for the worker to live in the vicinity of his work ... all tend to intensify congestion and overcrowding. In the busiest centres houses are built close together, eave touching eave, and frequently back to

5726:

Mike Davis writes that much of the economic activity in British India was for the benefit of the British economy and was carried out relentlessly through repressive British imperial policies and with negative repercussions for the Indian population. This is reified in India's large exports of wheat

5467:

The viceroy and governor-general was also the head of the bicameral Indian Legislature, consisting of an upper house (the Council of State) and a lower house (the Legislative Assembly). The viceroy was the head of the Council of State, while the Legislative Assembly, which was first opened in 1921,

2879:

The Congress was secular and strongly opposed to having any religious state. It insisted there was a natural unity to India, and repeatedly blamed the British for "divide and rule" tactics based on prompting Muslims to think of themselves as alien from Hindus. Jinnah rejected the notion of a united

2550: 2465:

million in revenue for the war. The increased taxes coupled with disruptions in both domestic and international trade had the effect of approximately doubling the index of overall prices in India between 1914 and 1920. Returning war veterans, especially in the Punjab, created a growing unemployment

5977:

Taxes in India decreased during the colonial period for most of India's population; with the land tax revenue claiming 15% of India's national income during Mughal times compared with 1% at the end of the colonial period. The percentage of national income for the village economy increased from 44%

5930:

The British Raj invested heavily in infrastructure, including canals and irrigation systems. The Ganges Canal reached 560 kilometres (350 miles) from Haridwar to Cawnpore (now Kanpur), and supplied thousands of kilometres of distribution canals. By 1900 the Raj had the largest irrigation system in

5915:

pouring its money and expertise into a very well-built system designed for military purposes (after the Rebellion of 1857), in the hope that it would stimulate industry. The system was overbuilt and too expensive for the small amount of freight traffic it carried. Christensen (1996), who looked at

5843:

The East India Company (and later the colonial government) encouraged new railway companies backed by private investors under a scheme that would provide land and guarantee an annual return of up to 5% during the initial years of operation. The companies were to build and operate the lines under a

5549:

rules prohibited women from saying their husband's name or having their photograph taken. An all-India census was conducted between 1868 and 1871, often using total numbers of females in a household rather than individual names. Select groups which the Raj reformers wanted to monitor statistically

2740:

Congress won victories in seven of the eleven provinces of British India. Congress governments, with wide powers, were formed in these provinces. The widespread voter support for the Indian National Congress surprised Raj officials, who previously had seen the Congress as a small elitist body. The

2356:

A greater number of Indians were now enfranchised, although, for voting at the national level, they constituted only 10% of the total adult male population, many of whom were still illiterate. In the provincial legislatures, the British continued to exercise some control by setting aside seats for

2082:

thousand each in a little over a year—and began to publish inexpensive newspapers. Their propaganda also turned to posters, pamphlets, and political-religious songs, and later to mass meetings, which not only attracted greater numbers than in earlier Congress sessions, but also entirely new social

1232:

The rush of technology was also changing the agricultural economy in India: by the last decade of the 19th century, a large fraction of some raw materials—not only cotton, but also some food-grains—were being exported to faraway markets. Many small farmers, dependent on the whims of those markets,

1219:

and the technological change ushered in by the industrial revolution, had the effect of closely intertwining the economies of India and Great Britain. In fact many of the major changes in transport and communications (that are typically associated with Crown Rule of India) had already begun before

2927:

million. In addition, heavy British spending on munitions produced in India (such as uniforms, rifles, machine-guns, field artillery, and ammunition) led to a rapid expansion of industrial output, such as textiles (up 16%), steel (up 18%), and chemicals (up 30%). Small warships were built, and an

2352:

system, whereby some areas like education, agriculture, infrastructure development, and local self-government became the preserve of Indian ministers and legislatures, and ultimately the Indian electorates, while others like irrigation, land-revenue, police, prisons, and control of media remained

1770:

was viceroy)—gave Indians limited roles in the central and provincial legislatures. Upper-class Indians, rich landowners and businessmen were favoured. The Muslim community was made a separate electorate and granted double representation. The goals were quite conservative but they did advance the

1109:

Second, it was also felt that both the princes and the large land-holders, by not joining the rebellion, had proved to be, in Lord Canning's words, "breakwaters in a storm". They too were rewarded in the new British Raj by being integrated into the British-Indian political system and having their

11312:

In part, the Mutiny was a reaction against this upheaval of traditional Indian society. The suppression of the Mutiny after a year of fighting was followed by the break-up of the East India Company, the exile of the deposed emperor and the establishment of the British Raj, and direct rule of the

10761:

In the government of northern India Persian ruled. Under the British Raj, Persian eventually declined, but, the administration remaining largely Muslim, the role of Persian was taken not by Hindi but by Urdu, known to the British as Hindustani. It was only as the Hindu majority in India began to

7614:

or law. About a third entered public administration, and another third became lawyers. The result was a very well educated professional state bureaucracy. By 1887 of 21,000 mid-level civil services appointments, 45% were held by Hindus, 7% by Muslims, 19% by Eurasians (European father and Indian

5883:

Most of the railway construction was done by Indian companies supervised by British engineers. The system was heavily built, using a broad gauge, sturdy tracks and strong bridges. By 1900 India had a full range of rail services with diverse ownership and management, operating on broad, metre and

5863:

formulated a plan to construct a network of trunk lines connecting the principal regions of India. Encouraged by the government guarantees, investment flowed in and a series of new rail companies was established, leading to rapid expansion of the rail system in India. Soon several large princely

5780:

In the 1890s, he launched plans to move into heavy industry using Indian funding. The Raj did not provide capital, but, aware of Britain's declining position against the US and Germany in the steel industry, it wanted steel mills in India. It promised to purchase any surplus steel Tata could not

5544:

courts and introduced a new penal code as well as new codes of civil and criminal procedure, based largely on English law. In the 1860s–1880s the Raj set up compulsory registration of births, deaths, and marriages, as well as adoptions, property deeds, and wills. The goal was to create a stable,

1983:

spoke of the expectations the war had generated in India, "I venture to say that the war has put the clock ... fifty years forward ... (The) reforms after the war will have to be such, ... as will satisfy the aspirations of her (India's) people to take their legitimate part in the

1408:

During its first 20 years, the Congress primarily debated British policy toward India. Its debates created a new Indian outlook that held Great Britain responsible for draining India of its wealth. Britain did this, the nationalists claimed, by unfair trade, by the restraint on indigenous Indian

7590:

English historian Peter Cain, has challenged Mantena, arguing that the imperialists truly believed that British rule would bring to the subjects the benefits of 'ordered liberty', thereby Britain could fulfil its moral duty and achieve its own greatness. Much of the debate took place in Britain

7585:

The central tenets of liberal imperialism were challenged as various forms of rebellion, resistance and instability in the colonies precipitated a broad-ranging reassessment....the equation of 'good government' with the reform of native society, which was at the core of the discourse of liberal

7518:

tehsil in North-West Frontier Province: When local villagers attempted to stop soldiers from arresting freedom fighter activists of the Khudai Khidmatgar movement, in the ensuing shooting an English police officer called Murphy was killed, three days later, a large force of troops attacked the

5900:

Headrick shows that until the 1930s, both the Raj lines and the private companies hired only European supervisors, civil engineers, and even operating personnel, such as locomotive engineers. The hard physical labor was left to the Indians. The colonial government was chiefly concerned with the

11013:

Between 1858, when the British East India Company transferred power to British Crown rule (the "British Raj"), and 1947, when India gained independence, English gradually developed into the language of government and education. It allowed the Raj to maintain control by creating an elite gentry

7761:

The old consensus among historians held that British imperial authority was quite secure from 1858 to World War II. Recently, however, this interpretation has been challenged. For example, Mark Condos and Jon Wilson argue that imperial authority was chronically insecure. Indeed, the anxiety of

1392:

on equal footing with British ones, that transformed the discontent into political action. On 28 December 1885, professionals and intellectuals from this middle-class — many educated at the new British-founded universities in Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras, and familiar with the ideas of British

1228:

development were borne by private investors, in India, it was the taxpayers—primarily farmers and farm-labourers—who endured the risks, which, in the end, amounted to £50 million. Despite these costs, very little skilled employment was created for Indians. By 1920, with the fourth largest

7567:

as an upward progression always leading to more liberty and more progress. Macaulay simultaneously was a leading reformer involved in transforming the educational system of India. He would base it on the English language so that India could join the mother country in a steady upward progress.

6022:

The East India Company inherited an onerous taxation system that took one-third of the produce of Indian cultivators. Instead of the Indian nationalist account of the British as alien aggressors, seizing power by brute force and impoverishing all of India, Marshall presents the interpretation

6018:

shows that recent scholarship has reinterpreted the view that the prosperity of the formerly benign Mughal rule gave way to poverty and anarchy. He argues the British takeover did not make any sharp break with the past, which largely delegated control to regional Mughal rulers and sustained a

3126:

of three senior officers of Bose's defeated Indian National Army who stood accused of treason. Now as the trials began, the Congress leadership, although ambivalent towards the INA, chose to defend the accused officers. The subsequent convictions of the officers, the public outcry against the

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in the late 1920s and 1930s, had risen to become Congress President from 1938 to 1939. However, he was ousted from the Congress in 1939 following differences with the high command, and subsequently placed under house arrest by the British before escaping from India in early 1941. He turned to

2946:

in July 1942 demanding the immediate withdrawal of the British from India or face nationwide civil disobedience. On 8 August the Raj arrested all national, provincial and local Congress leaders, holding tens of thousands of them until 1945. The country erupted in violent demonstrations led by

10976:

As the (Mughal) empire began to decline in the mid-eighteenth century, some of these regional administrations assumed a greater degree of power. Amongst these ... was the East India Company, a British trading company established by Royal Charter of Elizabeth I of England in 1600. The Company

5343:

the Governor-General with the advice of the Council). The Company's system of "double government" had its critics, since, from the time of the system's inception, there had been intermittent feuding between the governor-general and his Council; still, the Act of 1858 made no major changes in

2888:

are not religions in the strict sense of the word, but are, in fact, different and distinct social orders and it is a dream that the Hindus and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality ... The Hindu and Muslim belong to two different religions, philosophies, social customs and literature

2724:

was based on this act. However, it divided the electorate into 19 religious and social categories, e.g., Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Depressed Classes, Landholders, Commerce and Industry, Europeans, Anglo-Indians, etc., each of which was given separate representation in the Provincial

17474:

The three dioceses thus formed have been repeatedly subdivided, until in 1930 there were fourteen dioceses, the dates of their creation being as follows : Calcutta 1814; Madras 1835; Bombay 1837; Colombo 1845; Lahore 1877; Rangoon 1877; Travancore 1879; Chota Nagpur 1890; Lucknow 1893;

7623:

universities and colleges of higher education by 1911; they enrolled 36,000 students (over 90% men). By 1939 the number of institutions had doubled and enrolment reached 145,000. The curriculum followed classical British standards of the sort set by Oxford and Cambridge and stressed English

5360:

If the Government of India needed to enact new laws, the Councils Act allowed for a Legislative Council—an expansion of the Executive Council by up to twelve additional members, each appointed to a two-year term—with half the members consisting of British officials of the government (termed

2693:, in which thousands of Indians defied the tax on salt, by marching to the sea and making their own salt by evaporating seawater. Although, many, including Gandhi, were arrested, the British government eventually gave in, and in 1931 Gandhi travelled to London to negotiate new reform at the 5561:

attitudes. Their inheritance rights to own and manage property were curtailed; the new English laws were somewhat harsher. Court rulings restricted the rights of second wives and their children regarding inheritance. A woman had to belong to either a father or a husband to have any rights.

6107:

back .... Space is so valuable that, in place of streets and roads, winding lanes provide the only approach to the houses. Neglect of sanitation is often evidenced by heaps of rotting garbage and pools of sewage, whilst the absence of latrines enhance the general pollution of air and soil.

5839:

British India built a modern railway system in the late 19th century, which was the fourth largest in the world. At first the railways were privately owned and operated. They were run by British administrators, engineers and craftsmen. At first, only the unskilled workers were Indians.

5722:

All three sectors of the economy—agriculture, manufacturing, and services—accelerated in the postcolonial India. In agriculture a huge increase in production took place in the 1870s. The most important difference between colonial and postcolonial India was the use of land surplus with

4518:(5.) The expression "India" shall mean British India together with any territories of any native prince or chief under the suzerainty of Her Majesty exercised through the Governor-General of India, or through any governor or other officer subordinates to the Governor-General of India. 1712:

in 1871, which had for the first time estimated the populations in regions of the Muslim majority (for his part, Curzon's desire to court the Muslims of East Bengal had arisen from British anxieties ever since the 1871 census—and in light of the history of Muslims fighting them in the

2771: 4515:(4.) The expression "British India" shall mean all territories and places within Her Majesty's dominions which are for the time being governed by Her Majesty through the Governor-General of India or through any governor or other officer subordinates to the Governor-General of India. 7591:

itself, and the imperialists worked hard to convince the general population that the civilising mission was well under-way. This campaign served to strengthen imperial support at home, and thus, says Cain, to bolster the moral authority of the gentlemanly elites who ran the Empire.

1354:. It came too from Queen Victoria's proclamation of 1858 in which she had declared, "We hold ourselves bound to the natives of our Indian territories by the same obligation of duty which bind us to all our other subjects." Indians were especially encouraged when Canada was granted 6003:

and other top officials had ruined the Indian economy and society. Indian historian Rajat Kanta Ray (1998) continues this line of attack, saying the new economy brought by the British in the 18th century was a form of "plunder" and a catastrophe for the traditional economy of the

7580:

in Jamaica in 1865. The rhetoric continued but it became an alibi for British misrule and racism. No longer was it believed that the natives could truly make progress, instead, they had to be ruled by heavy hand, with democratic opportunities postponed indefinitely. As a result:

2741:

British separated Burma Province from British India in 1937 and granted the colony a new constitution calling for a fully elected assembly, with many powers given to the Burmese, but this proved to be a divisive issue as a ploy to exclude Burmese from any further Indian reforms.

5389:; this prompted Sir Charles Wood, the second secretary of state, to describe the Government of India as "a despotism controlled from home". Moreover, although the appointment of Indians to the Legislative Council was a response to calls after the 1857 rebellion, most notably by 10551:

1891 census: Includes all "Unitarians" (5 persons), "Theists" (47 persons), "Deists" (12 persons), "Atheists" (27 persons), "Freethinkers" (5 persons), "Agnostics" (69 persons), "Positivists" (2 persons), "No religion" (18 persons), and "Religion not Returned" (42,578 persons)

61: 10853:

Urdu and Hindi, exhorting the remerging of the two languages as Hindustani. However, Urdu continued to draw from Persian, Arabic, and Chagtai, while Hindi did the same from Sanskrit. Eventually, the controversy resulted in the loss of the official status of the Urdu language.

1438:

By 1905, a deep gulf opened between the moderates, led by Gokhale, who downplayed public agitation, and the new "extremists" who not only advocated agitation, but also regarded the pursuit of social reform as a distraction from nationalism. Prominent among the extremists was

11195:

The film opens with what is a lengthy prologue, contextualising the time and place through a detailed voice-over by Amitabh Bachchan. We are told that the year is 1893. This is significant as it was the height of the British Raj, a period of crown rule lasting from 1858 to

5852:(EIR) began to construct and operate lines near Bombay and Calcutta in 1853–54. The first passenger railway line in North India, between Allahabad and Kanpur, opened in 1859. Eventually, five British companies came to own all railway business in India, and operated under a 2228:, from Bihar, who would become a loyal supporter of Gandhi and go on to play a prominent role in the Indian independence movement. When Gandhi was ordered to leave by the local British authorities, he refused on moral grounds, setting up his refusal as a form of individual 1694:

in 1906 and to ask for separate electorates for Muslims. In conjunction, they demanded proportional legislative representation reflecting both their status as former rulers and their record of cooperating with the British. This led, in December 1906, to the founding of the

2624:

forbade public meetings and on Sunday 13 April 1919 fifty British Indian Army soldiers commanded by Dyer began shooting at an unarmed gathering of thousands of men, women, and children without warning. Casualty estimates vary widely, with the Government of India reporting

1900:

would prove to be a watershed in the imperial relationship between Britain and India. Shortly before the outbreak of war, the Government of India had indicated that they could furnish two divisions plus a cavalry brigade, with a further division in case of emergency. Some

1423:, poet, Sanskrit scholar, and a champion of the emancipation of Indian women, took up the cause of widow remarriage, especially of Brahmin widows, later converted to Christianity. By 1900 reform movements had taken root within the Indian National Congress. Congress member 11062:

During the British East India Company's domination of the Indian subcontinent (1757–1858) and the subsequent British Raj (1858–1947), it was Western-style education that came to be promoted by many as the base upon which a national and uniform education system should be

2522: 11686:, pp. 145–46: "The army took on the form which survived till independence... The Bengal army was completely recast... The Brahmin element from Uttar Pradesh, the core of the original mutiny, was heavily reduced and its place taken by Gurkhas, Sikhs, and Punjabis." 5639: 2720:, which authorised the establishment of independent legislative assemblies in all provinces of British India, the creation of a central government incorporating both the British provinces and the princely states, and the protection of Muslim minorities. The future 1913:. Their participation had a wider cultural fallout as news spread of how bravely soldiers fought and died alongside British soldiers, as well as soldiers from dominions like Canada and Australia. India's international profile rose during the 1920s, as it became a 3000: 1579:), upset at the prospect of Bengalis being outnumbered in the new Bengal province by Biharis and Oriyas, felt that Curzon's act was punishment for their political assertiveness. The pervasive protests against Curzon's decision took the form predominantly of the 6098:

Mortality rates fell in the 1920–1945 era, primarily due to biological immunisation. Other factors included rising incomes and better living conditions, improved nutrition, a safer and cleaner environment, and better official health policies and medical care.

1612:

magazine; it preached independence but within the bounds of peace as far as possible. Its goal was Passive Resistance. The unrest spread from Calcutta to the surrounding regions of Bengal when students returned home to their villages and towns. Some joined

2140:

small, was sufficiently diverse to be a microcosm of India itself. In tackling the challenge of holding this community together and simultaneously confronting the colonial authority, he had created a technique of non-violent resistance, which he labelled

28580: 2585: 2637:

estimated three times the number of dead. Dyer was removed from duty but he became a celebrated hero in Britain among people with connections to the Raj. Historians consider the episode was a decisive step towards the end of British rule in India.

1707:

and returned to England, the League was in favour of his partition plan. The Muslim elite's position, which was reflected in the League's position, had crystallized gradually over the previous three decades, beginning with the revelations of the

5939:

By the 1870s the peasantry in the districts irrigated by the Ganges Canal were visibly better fed, housed and dressed than before; by the end of the century the new network of canals in the Punjab had produced an even more prosperous peasantry

27870: 2224:(for dyes) on a portion of their land and then selling it at below-market prices to the British planters who had leased them the land. Upon his arrival in the district, Gandhi was joined by other agitators, including a young Congress leader, 5888:

networks. In 1900, the government took over the GIPR network, while the company continued to manage it. During the First World War, the railways were used to transport troops and grain to the ports of Bombay and Karachi en route to Britain,

2562: 2020:

members and did not yet have the wider following among Indian Muslims that it enjoyed in later years; in the League itself, the pact did not have unanimous backing, having largely been negotiated by a group of "Young Party" Muslims from the

12345:, p. 174: Violence too could be ... repressed, partly because it was eschewed by the mainstream of educated politicians – despite the attraction to some of them of ... movements such as Bengal's Anusilan Samiti or Punjab's Ghadr Party. 10662:—Head-quarters of Simla District, Punjab, and the summer capital of the Government of India, situated on a transverse spur of the Central Himālayan system system, in 31° 6' N and 77° 10' E, at a mean elevation above sea-level of 7,084 feet. 2466:

crisis, and post-war inflation led to food riots in Bombay, Madras, and Bengal provinces, a situation that was made only worse by the failure of the 1918–19 monsoon and by profiteering and speculation. The global influenza epidemic and the

7731:, the London Missionary Society Hospital "pioneered improvements in the public health system for the treatment of diseases even before organised attempts were made by the colonial Madras Presidency, reducing the death rate substantially". 2057:

among Indians, and also to elevate the stature of the founders within the Congress itself. Besant, for her part, was also keen to demonstrate the superiority of this new form of organised agitation, which had achieved some success in the

1316: 2342:

legislative councils and repealed the Government of India's recourse to the "official majority" in unfavourable votes. Although departments like defence, foreign affairs, criminal law, communications, and income-tax were retained by the

2452:

Headlines about the Rowlatt Bills (1919) from a nationalist newspaper in India. Although all non-official Indians on the Legislative Council voted against the Rowlatt Bills, the government was able to force their passage by using its

1987:

The 1916 Lucknow Session of the Congress was also the venue of an unanticipated mutual effort by the Congress and the Muslim League, the occasion for which was provided by the wartime partnership between Germany and Turkey. Since the

7571:

Yale professor Karuna Mantena has argued that the civilising mission did not last long, for she says that benevolent reformers were the losers in key debates, such as those following the 1857 rebellion in India, and the scandal of

5397:

8–12 individuals, at least half of whom were required to have held office in India for a minimum of 10 years, and had not relinquished office earlier than two years prior to their appointment as advisers to the secretary of state.

3026: 3250: 6019:

generally prosperous economy for the rest of the 18th century. Marshall notes the British went into partnership with Indian bankers and raised revenue through local tax administrators and kept the old Mughal rates of taxation.

2008:, and since the British and their allies were now in conflict with Turkey, doubts began to increase among some Indian Muslims about the "religious neutrality" of the British, doubts that had already surfaced as a result of the 5545:

usable public record and verifiable identities. However, there was opposition from both Muslim and Hindu elements who complained that the new procedures for census-taking and registration threatened to uncover female privacy.

2347:

and the central government in New Delhi, other departments like public health, education, land-revenue, local self-government were transferred to the provinces. The provinces themselves were now to be administered under a new

3288: 2907:

million Indians volunteered for military service in the British Army. They played a major role in numerous campaigns, especially in the Middle East and North Africa. Casualties were moderate (in terms of the world war), with

1721:—about Indian Muslims rebelling against the Crown). In the three decades since, Muslim leaders across northern India had intermittently experienced public animosity from some of the new Hindu political and social groups. The 5931:

the world. One success story was Assam, a jungle in 1840 that by 1900 had 1,600,000 hectares (4,000,000 acres) under cultivation, especially in tea plantations. In all, the amount of irrigated land rose eightfold. Historian

4529:

The terms "Indian Empire" and "Empire of India" (like the term "British Empire") were not used in legislation. The monarch was officially known as Empress or Emperor of India and the term was often used in Queen Victoria's

17418:

bishops from India were at the first Lambeth conference. In 1930 the Church of India, Burma and Ceylon became an independent Province and created its own Book of Common Prayer, which was translated into several languages.

2041:

of provinces like UP and Bihar more than the Muslim majorities of Punjab and Bengal; nonetheless, at the time, the "Lucknow Pact" was an important milestone in nationalistic agitation and was seen as such by the British.

5578:, declared the government's intention to retain this design as the flag for imperial India, a purpose it began to serve after 1861. The Governor-General was also assigned an official badge, defined and published in the 2062:, over the political violence that had intermittently plagued the subcontinent during the years 1907–1914. The two Leagues focused their attention on complementary geographical regions: Tilak's in western India, in the 3153:

As independence approached, the violence between Hindus and Muslims in the provinces of Punjab and Bengal continued unabated. With the British army unprepared for the potential for increased violence, the new viceroy,

11158:

The rebellion was put down by the end of 1858. The British government passed the Government of India Act, and began direct Crown rule. This era was referred to as the British Raj (though in practice much remained the

17209: 5872:. The route mileage of this network increased from 1,349 to 25,495 kilometres (838 to 15,842 mi) between 1860 and 1890, mostly radiating inland from the three major port cities of Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta. 3111:. Although the mutinies were rapidly suppressed, they had the effect of spurring the new Labour government in Britain to action, and leading to the Cabinet Mission to India led by the secretary of state for India, 5459:

Until 1946, the viceroy held the portfolio for External Affairs and Commonwealth Relations, as well as heading the Political Department in his capacity as the Crown representative. Each department was headed by a

10896: 7741:(1881) are two examples of prominent church-affiliated educational institutions founded during the British Raj. Within educational institutions established during the British Raj, Christian texts, especially the 3324: 2790: 1656: 13521:, p. 212 Quote: "More importantly, though victorious in war, Britain had suffered immensely in the struggle. It simply did not possess the manpower or economic resources required to coerce a restive India." 7434:

in Uttar Pradesh: The official death toll of Indian farmers is shown minimal by the British historians whereas other estimates put the death toll in the hundreds, causing the nearby Sai River turn red from the

2037:, who was later to rise to leadership roles in both the League and the Indian independence movement. In later years, as the full ramifications of the pact unfolded, it was seen as benefiting the Muslim minority 1018: 20578:

Indian Christian Historiography from Below, from Above, and in Between India and the Indianness of Christianity: Essays on Understanding – Historical, Theological, and Bibliographical – in Honor of Robert Eric

3312: 1617:

emerging in Bengal at the time, some engaged in robberies to fund arms, and even attempted to take the lives of Raj officials. However, the conspiracies generally failed in the face of intense police work. The

17953: 2747: 1689:

The overwhelming, but predominantly Hindu, protest against the partition of Bengal and the fear in its wake of reforms favouring the Hindu majority, led the Muslim elite in India to meet with the new viceroy,

1040: 1882: 1174: 1817: 11337:

Company rule in India lasted effectively from the Battle of Plassey in 1757 until 1858, when following the 1857 Indian Rebellion, the British Crown assumed direct colonial rule of India in the new British

7482:

by the army, in which the civilian death toll was 20 according to official government sources and 400 by contemporary Indian sources. The shooting of unarmed people triggered protests across British India.

3061: 19035:

Bosma, Ulbe (2011), Emigration: Colonial circuits between Europe and Asia in the 19th and early 20th century, EGO – European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, retrieved: 25 March 2021

13890:, Statutes of the Realm – Law – 1770 p. 211 (3) "Save as otherwise expressly provided in this Act, the law of British India and of the several parts thereof existing immediately before the appointed ..." 5990:

Historians continue to debate whether the long-term intention of British rule was to accelerate the economic development of India, or to distort and delay it. In 1780, the conservative British politician

1266: 1056: 6075:

Studies of India's population since 1881 have focused on such topics as total population, birth and death rates, growth rates, geographic distribution, literacy, the rural and urban divide, cities of a

3150:

for continuing to control an increasingly restless British India, decided to end British rule of India, and in early 1947 Britain announced its intention of transferring power no later than June 1948.

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and programmes for famine prevention, were instituted. In one form or other, they would be implemented worldwide by the United Nations and the Food and Agricultural Organisation well into the 1970s.

5540:

Singha argues that after 1857 the colonial government strengthened and expanded its infrastructure via the court system, legal procedures, and statutes. New legislation merged the Crown and the old

2729:

These states remained under the full control of their hereditary rulers, with no popular government. To prepare for elections Congress built up its grass roots membership from 473,000 in 1935 to 4.5

1863: 5904:

After independence in 1947, forty-two separate railway systems, including thirty-two lines owned by the former Indian princely states, were amalgamated to form a single nationalised unit named the

5557:

Murshid argues that women were in some ways more restricted by the modernisation of the laws. They remained tied to the strictures of their religion, caste, and customs, but now with an overlay of

1637: 1671: 27470: 20722:

The Year-book of the Imperial Institute of the United Kingdom, the colonies and India: a statistical record of the resources and trade of the colonial and Indian possessions of the British Empire

5273:). The size of the Advisory Council was reduced over the next half-century, but its powers remained unchanged. In 1907, for the first time, two Indians were appointed to the Council. They were 3095:

In January 1946, a number of mutinies broke out in the armed services, starting with that of RAF servicemen frustrated with their slow repatriation to Britain. The mutinies came to a head with

20759:

The Indian Annual Register: A digest of public affairs of India regarding the nation's activities in the matters, political, economic, industrial, educational, etc. during the period 1919–1947

20093: 2935:

in 1942 to secure Indian nationalists' co-operation in the war effort in exchange for a promise of independence as soon as the war ended. Top officials in Britain, most notably Prime Minister

10790:

Although the official languages of administration in India shifted from Persian to English and Urdu in 1837, Persian continued to be taught and read there through the early twentieth century.

15868: 5747:, increased dramatically, from approximately 1 million yards of cotton cloth in 1814 to 13 million in 1820, 995 million in 1870, to 2050 million by 1890. The British imposed " 1331: 5731:

million lives in the late 1870s, these exports remained unchecked. A colonial government committed to laissez-faire economics refused to interfere with these exports or provide any relief.

3669: 18014: 13146:, who believed in cooperating with the British to achieve eventual independence for the Indian nation. For details of various recruitment drives by Sir Sikandar between 1939 and 1942, see 2470:

of 1917 added to the general jitters; the former among the population already experiencing economic woes, and the latter among government officials, fearing a similar revolution in India.

5655: 1224:, for subsequent export to England. Likewise, finished goods from England, were transported back for sale in the burgeoning Indian markets. Unlike Britain, where the market risks for the 1967:

was released from prison and began to sound out other Congress leaders about possible reunification. That, however, had to wait until the demise of Tilak's principal moderate opponents,

1944:

had already been a concern in British India; consequently, in 1915, to strengthen its powers during what it saw was a time of increased vulnerability, the Government of India passed the

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Poster advertising a Congress non-co-operation "Public Meeting" and a "Bonfire of Foreign Clothes" in Bombay, early 1920s, and expressing support for the "Karachi Khilafat Conference"

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production of those goods in India itself. Bal Gangadhar Tilak said that the Swadeshi and Boycott movements are two sides of the same coin. The large Bengali Hindu middle-class (the

3300: 2353:

within the purview of the British governor and his executive council. The new Act also made it easier for Indians to be admitted into the civil services and the army officer corps.

1079: 10649: 1138: 10614: 5400:

The viceroy and governor-general of India, a Crown appointee, typically held office for five years though there was no fixed tenure, and received an annual salary of Rs. 250,800

4299: 1197: 28334: 18632: 1431:, which lobbied for legislative reform (for example, for a law to permit the remarriage of Hindu child widows), and whose members took vows of poverty, and worked among the 27086: 26486: 26333: 26315: 19240: 10119: 1495: 23843: 18201: 13517:, p. 418 Quote: "With a war weary army and people and a ravaged economy, Britain would have had to retreat; the Labour victory only quickened the process somewhat." 20473:

Nawaz, Rafida, and Syed Hussain Murtaza. "Impact of Imperial Discourses on Changing Subjectivities in Core and Periphery: A Study of British India and British Nigeria".

18133: 1117:

Third, the British felt disenchanted with Indian reaction to social change. Until the rebellion, they had enthusiastically pushed through social reform, like the ban on

11292:

Quote: "Mill, who was himself employed by the British East India company from the age of seventeen until the British government assumed direct rule over India in 1858."

7568:

Macaulay took Burke's emphasis on moral rule and implemented it in actual school reforms, giving the British Empire a profound moral mission to "civilise the natives".

2183:, or "self-rule" for India based on three vital ingredients: solidarity between Indians of different faiths, but most of all between Hindus and Muslims; the removal of 28969: 13796: 1794:. However, the British authorities were able to crush violent rebels swiftly, partly because the mainstream of educated Indian politicians opposed violent revolution. 607: 589: 571: 557: 539: 525: 511: 478: 17945: 7828:

noticeably. The most noticeable influence is the English language which emerged as the administrative and lingua franca of India and Pakistan (and which also greatly

16994: 7376:. Mass vaccination in India resulted in a major decline in smallpox mortality by the end of the 19th century. In 1849 nearly 13% of all Calcutta deaths were due to 17232: 10627:—Capital of the Indian Empire, situated in 22° 34' N and 88° 22' E, on the east or left bank of the Hooghly river, within the Twenty-four Parganas District, Bengal 1767: 1643: 1229:

railway network in the world and a history of 60 years of its construction, only ten per cent of the "superior posts" in the Indian Railways were held by Indians.

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served as India's delegates to the London Commonwealth Meeting, April 1945, and the U.N. San Francisco Conference on International Organisation, April–June 1945."

938: 25591: 13042: 7669:

stated, "It is not only our duty but is in our interest to promote the diffusion of Christianity as far as possible throughout the length and breadth of India".

1472: 802: 17198:"Residents remember Takkar martyrs of 1930.A monument has been built in order to praise the martyrs of the Takkar massacre", The News - Jang group, 29 May 2010. 8136: 2135:

to India. Already known in India as a result of his civil liberties protests on behalf of the Indians in South Africa, Gandhi followed the advice of his mentor

93: 28984: 22248: 20805: 7610:

Universities in Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras were established in 1857, just before the Rebellion. By 1890 some 60,000 Indians had matriculated, chiefly in the

6956: 6923: 6891: 3265: 3112: 15946: 7533:: troops fired 90 rounds on unarmed people who had assembled to hoist the flag of the Indian National Congress, killing 33 and wounding more than 100 people. 3049: 2166:, came to represent the twin pillar, with Truth, of Gandhi's unorthodox religious outlook on life. During the years 1907–1914, Gandhi tested the technique of 20487:

Parkash, Jai. "Major trends of historiography of revolutionary movement in India – Phase II". (PhD dissertation, Maharshi Dayanand University, 2013). online.

15552: 11736: 3238: 1416:

and widespread social unrest. Although appointed by a Liberal government, his policies were much the same as viceroys appointed by Conservative governments.

20480:

Nayak, Bhabani Shankar. "Colonial world of postcolonial historians: reification, theoreticism, and the neoliberal reinvention of tribal identity in India".

19075:

Carrington, Michael (May 2013), "Officers, Gentlemen, and Murderers: Lord Curzon's campaign against "collisions" between Indians and Europeans, 1899–1905",

13003: 10648:, vol. XXII, Published under the Authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1908, p. 260, 1626:

cloth, although more expensive and somewhat less comfortable than its Lancashire competitor, was worn as a mark of national pride by people all over India.

22702: 15417: 15055: 13564: 4800: 18074: 16649: 10613:, vol. IX, Published under the Authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1908, p. 260, 5339:) was each required to consult his advisory council; executive orders in Calcutta, for example, were issued in the name of "Governor-General-in-Council" ( 837:

The British Raj extended over almost all present-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Myanmar, except for small holdings by other European nations such as

28989: 28964: 22114: 4848: 3996: 3204:

The great majority of Indians remained in place with independence, but in border areas millions of people (Muslim, Sikh, and Hindu) relocated across the

2713:

movement the revenue collectors had to rely on military force and by 1946–47 direct British control was rapidly disappearing in much of the countryside.

873:(briefly from 1858 to 1867). Burma was separated from India and directly administered by the British Crown from 1937 until its independence in 1948. The 14494:

In August , the new viceroy, Lord Reading, declared his government's intention of retaining the Union Jack, with the Star of India as the flag for India

5348:

found the collective decision making of the Council to be too time-consuming for the pressing tasks ahead, so he requested the "portfolio system" of an

1952:

to imprison journalists without trial and to censor the press. It was under the Defence of India act that the Ali brothers were imprisoned in 1916, and

766:, was administered as an autonomous province until 1937, when it became a separate British colony, gaining its own independence in 1948. It was renamed 15803: 13932: 12908: 7711:

missionaries, for example, arrived in Calcutta in 1836 and by "the year 1880 there were over 31,200 Lutheran Christians spread out in 1,052 villages".

4230: 3716: 7322:

which started in China in the middle of the 19th century, eventually spread to all inhabited continents and killed 10 million Indians in India alone.

1358:

in 1867 and established an autonomous democratic constitution. Lastly, the encouragement came from the work of contemporaneous Oriental scholars like

28979: 28727: 28565: 28021: 23416: 11839: 11587: 10029: 5966:

Rebellion. Since Dalhousie had embraced the technological revolution underway in Britain, India too saw rapid development of all those technologies.

4031: 1937: 13539: 5141:. There were 565 princely states when India and Pakistan became independent from Britain in August 1947. The princely states did not form a part of 28959: 26476: 26466: 17042: 16911: 15482:

Christensen, R. O. (September 1981). "The State and Indian Railway Performance, 1870–1920: Part I, Financial Efficiency and Standards of Service".

14762: 14618: 12970: 11384: 10089: 7685: 7666: 5570:

The government of India used a variety of flags for different purposes. The Viceroy flew an official banner based on the Union Jack, featuring the

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Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the

16590: 26279: 22104: 18006: 10153: 10059: 3834: 2923:

London paid most of the cost of the Indian Army, which had the effect of erasing India's national debt; it ended the war with a surplus of £1,300

1527: 20148:(I.B. Tauris, 2012) 315 pages; focus on Indian entrepreneurs who benefited from the Raj, but ultimately sided with the Indian National Congress. 14523: 11980:

Brennan, L. (1984). "The Development of the Indian Famine Codes: Personalities, Politics, and Policies". In Currey, Bruce; Hugo, Graeme (eds.).

2154:", by then a familiar technique of social protest, which he regarded as a practical strategy adopted by the weak in the face of superior force; 28974: 28522: 27943: 26431: 26102: 21055: 16690: 10818:

It was only in 1837 that Persian lost its position as official language of India to Urdu and to English in the higher levels of administration.

5037: 1941: 1783: 2928:

aircraft factory opened in Bangalore. The railway system, with 700,000 employees, was taxed to the limit as demand for transportation soared.

30:

This article is about the rule of India by the British Crown from 1858 to 1947. For the rule of the East India Company from 1757 to 1858, see

28954: 23575: 22119: 20776: 19472:, Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. pp. xxx, 1 map, 552. 18923:

Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780–1870 (Cambridge Studies in Indian History and Society)

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opened fire killing hundreds, death toll ranged from 1,500 to 4,500 people. A mass graveyard remains near Salanga Bazar at Rahmatganj, where

1099: 20688:

Editors, Charles Rivers (2016). The British Raj: The History and Legacy of Great Britain's Imperialism in India and the Indian subcontinent.

19401:

Hall-Matthews, David (November 2008), "Inaccurate Conceptions: Disputed Measures of Nutritional Needs and Famine Deaths in Colonial India",

920:, having fought wars with the British, subsequently signed treaties with them and were recognised by the British as independent states. The 27226: 25699: 24639: 24467: 24382: 24121: 24003: 23986: 23864: 19363:(2007), "The Great El Nino of 1789–93 and its Global Consequences: Reconstructing an Extreme Climate Even in World Environmental History", 18528: 17543:

Christians and Missionaries in India: Cross-cultural Communication Since 1500, with Special Reference to Caste, Conversion, and Colonialism

10345:

The proclamation for New Delhi to be the capital was made in 1911, but the city was inaugurated as the capital of the Raj in February 1931.

7863: 7497: 5095: 4940:

During the partition of Bengal (1905–1913), the new provinces of Assam and East Bengal were created as a Lieutenant-Governorship. In 1911,

2873: 2413:, and was tasked with investigating "revolutionary conspiracies", with the unstated goal of extending the government's wartime powers. The 1531: 16795: 3122:

Also in early 1946, new elections were called in India. Earlier, at the end of the war in 1945, the colonial government had announced the

2220:, near the Nepal border, where he was invited by a group of disgruntled tenant farmers who, for many years, had been forced into planting 2158:, on the other hand, was for him the "last resort of those strong enough in their commitment to truth to undergo suffering in its cause". 1233:

lost land, animals, and equipment to money-lenders. The latter half of the 19th century also saw an increase in the number of large-scale

27724: 27349: 23455: 22089: 17062: 14404: 11182: 11049: 11000: 10643: 10289: 8003: 7772: 7357:, while on assignment in the Deccan at Secunderabad, where the Centre for Tropical and Communicable Diseases is now named in his honour. 4900: 4565: 4476: 3294:

Two silver one rupee coins used in India during the British Raj, showing Victoria, Queen, 1862 (left) and Victoria, Empress, 1886 (right)

1443:, who attempted to mobilise Indians by appealing to an explicitly Hindu political identity, displayed, for example, in the annual public 886: 688: 684: 35: 12393: 11145: 10963: 10608: 10600: 5970:, roads, canals, and bridges were rapidly built in India and telegraph links equally rapidly established so that raw materials, such as 2197:. The first two, he felt, were essential for India to be an egalitarian and tolerant society, one befitting the principles of Truth and 924:

was established as a princely state after the Anglo-Sikkimese Treaty of 1861; however, the issue of sovereignty was left undefined. The

28494: 28046: 26481: 26305: 23145: 23139: 22241: 22099: 21313: 20798: 16817: 14724: 14648: 7519:

village in retaliation, killing 70 and wounding another 150 people in the massacre. A monument has been built in the memory of victims.

5349: 4111: 3572: 2319: 2296: 912:

between 1793 and 1798, but for later periods the British governors reported to London, and it was not part of the Raj. The kingdoms of

19972:"India: British Imperial Power 1858–1947 (Indian nationalism and the British response, 1885–1920; Prelude to Independence, 1920–1947)" 18098: 17280:

Cain, Peter J. (2012). "Character, 'Ordered Liberty', and the Mission to Civilise: British Moral Justification of Empire, 1870–1914".

14856: 14686: 14366: 28099: 27916: 27800: 27580: 27272: 26343: 26328: 23201: 22134: 16609: 12797:

Epstein, Simon (May 1982). "District Officers in Decline: The Erosion of British Authority in the Bombay Countryside, 1919 to 1947".

12158: 4932: 3861: 2078:

that had hitherto been considered politically dormant by the Congress. Both leagues rapidly acquired new members—approximately thirty

7832:

the native South Asian languages) followed by the blend of native and gothic/sarcenic architecture. Similarly, the influence of the

7318:. Estimated deaths in India between 1817 and 1860 exceeded 15 million. Another 23 million died between 1865 and 1917. The 6026:

Studies suggest that from 1765 to 1938 around $ 45 trillion was stolen by the British as a result of their direct control of India.

28570: 28537: 24536: 22139: 21117: 18416:

The Cambridge History of India. Volume 6: The Indian Empire 1858–1918. With Chapters on the Development of Administration 1818–1858

17682: 15338:

Ian Derbyshire, 'The Building of India's Railways: The Application of Western Technology in the Colonial Periphery, 1850–1920', in

8112: 7862:

also popular in certain regions of the subcontinent) were cemented as part of South Asian culture during the British Raj, with the

7387:

directed his attention to establishing a systematic institution in Bombay for imparting medical knowledge to the natives. In 1860,

3567: 3158:, advanced the date for the transfer of power, allowing less than six months for a mutually agreed plan for independence. With the 1948:, which allowed it to intern politically dangerous dissidents without due process, and added to the power it already had under the 771: 25912: 14840: 14318:

Singha, Radhika (February 2003). "Colonial Law and Infrastructural Power: Reconstructing Community, Locating the Female Subject".

11557: 7615:

mother), and 29% by Europeans. Of the 1000 top-level civil services positions, almost all were held by Britons, typically with an

5645:

Ensign of the Royal Indian Marine, held at the National Maritime Museum in London. The same design also served as the jack of the

5353:

of such consent, required discussion by the entire Executive Council. This innovation in Indian governance was promulgated in the

2777:

A second-day cancellation of the series "Inauguration of New Delhi", 27 February 1931, commemorating the new city designed by Sir

1405:

as the first president. The membership consisted of a westernised elite, and no effort was made at this time to broaden the base.

28558: 26534: 26199: 26144: 26002: 24854: 22159: 21318: 21257: 18096:

Disappearance of Traditional games by the imitation of Colonial Culture through the Historical parameters of Cultural Colonialism

16716: 13972:: "The political history of the British in India begins in the eighteenth century with the French Wars in the Carnatic. (p. 471)" 12039: 4460:

abolished; ministerial responsibility within the United Kingdom for British relations with India and Pakistan transferred to the

4268: 2825: 17: 19222: 17983: 28994: 27820: 26927: 26704: 26376: 24126: 23049: 22109: 22062: 18193: 17546: 7837: 5789:(1859–1932), began constructing its plant at Jamshedpur in Bihar in 1908, using American technology, not British. According to 5767:, such that by 1870–1880 Indian producers were manufacturing only 25%–45% of local consumption. Deindustrialization of India's 5692: 4276: 3623: 2979:

in the captured regions, including those in Burma, the Philippines and Vietnam, and in addition, the Provisional Government of

2642: 2577: 2498: 1203: 19979: 18125: 14895: 11220:

More than 500 Indian kingdoms and principalities existed during the 'British Raj' period (1858–1947) The rule is also called

5344:

governance. However, in the years immediately thereafter, which were also the years of post-rebellion reconstruction, Viceroy

27714: 27416: 27256: 27241: 27035: 26965: 24906: 24461: 23410: 22234: 21364: 20791: 20603: 20361: 20305: 20124: 19907: 19888: 19804: 19786: 19765: 19727: 19688: 19670: 19647: 19618: 19583: 19518: 19459: 19350: 19298: 19263: 19234: 19198: 19174: 19153: 19134: 19115: 19056: 18988: 18953: 18930: 18909: 18882: 18856: 18812: 18788: 18766: 18723: 18698: 18663: 18612: 18575: 18554: 18511: 18493: 18462: 18399: 18369: 18349: 18321: 18299: 18278: 18256: 18050: 17879: 17715: 17690: 17661: 17632: 17604: 17579: 17554: 17525: 17500: 17410: 17385: 17353: 16879: 16575: 15723: 15644:

Burra, Arudra (November 2010). "The Indian Civil Service and the nationalist movement: neutrality, politics and continuity".

15628: 15588: 15310: 15285: 15257: 15217: 15149: 14972: 14924: 14441: 13926: 13904: 13465: 13375: 13127: 13094: 12320: 11989: 11529: 11493: 11420: 11363: 11330: 11305: 11274: 11240: 11213: 11176: 11139: 11083: 11043: 10994: 10957: 10908: 10842: 10811: 10783: 10754: 10506: 10297: 5575: 4181: 3530: 2758: 1910: 1704: 1412: 24871: 20822: 20130: 19830: 19021: 18959: 18818: 18581: 18375: 17461: 16315: 16198: 14003: 13790: 11280: 28906: 28901: 28762: 28575: 28499: 27572: 27236: 26209: 26074: 24091: 23748: 23358: 22584: 15093:

Bahl, Vinay (October 1994). "The Emergence of Large-Scale Steel Industry in India Under British Colonial Rule, 1880–1907".

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Outside northern India, the local vernaculars were used as official language in the lower courts and in government offices.

10242: 7662: 6008:. Ray accuses the British of depleting the food and money stocks and of imposing high taxes that helped cause the terrible 5461: 5409: 4410: 4323: 1914: 25889: 18627:(2 vol. 1989) 1235 pp. the fullest scholarly history of political and military events from a British top-down perspective; 17002: 13875:, 1909, Oxford University Press. p. 5. Quote: "The history of British India falls, as observed by Sir C. P. Ilbert in his 27590: 27421: 26843: 25864: 25859: 25359: 23688: 22470: 22355: 22190: 20835: 17757: 15842: 10146: 9879: 7624:

literature and European history. Nevertheless, by the 1920s the student bodies had become hotbeds of Indian nationalism.

4885: 4760: 3318:

Silver one rupee coins used in India during the British Raj, showing George V, King-Emperor, 1913 (left) and 1919 (right)

3214: 794: 17255: 17135: 16673: 16628: 13964:: "Before passing on to the political history of British India, which properly begins with the Anglo-French Wars in the 13825: 11369:

Quote: "British India, meanwhile, was itself the powerful 'metropolis' of its own colonial empire, 'the Indian empire'."

2876:, the British, over the next six years, were to increasingly see the League as the main representative of Muslim India. 2461:

million Indians had served in the armed services in either combatant or non-combatant roles, and India had provided £146

2252:, who had organised the farmers, and who too would go on to play a leadership role in the Indian independence movement. 27845: 27840: 27699: 26817: 26777: 26097: 26012: 25364: 23406: 18155: 17780: 17439: 17345: 16921: 15976: 12754:

Potter, David C. (January 1973). "Manpower Shortage and the End of Colonialism: The Case of the Indian Civil Service".

11647: 10252: 7365: 5242: 5184: 4201: 3383: 2361:, and more recently of the Congress-Muslim League Lucknow Pact, was reaffirmed, with seats being reserved for Muslims, 980: 340: 328: 26204: 20653: 17086: 15355: 13167:

Roy, Kaushik (2009). "Military Loyalty in the Colonial Context: A Case Study of the Indian Army during World War II".

13038: 2473:

To combat what it saw as a coming crisis, the government now drafted the Rowlatt committee's recommendations into two

28695: 27815: 27605: 27532: 27218: 27156: 26792: 26295: 25942: 24629: 23568: 22761: 22084: 22079: 19441: 14531: 13954: 11617: 10915:

Raj, the: British sovereignty in India before 1947 (also called, the British Raj). The word is from Hindi rāj 'reign'

10874: 8356: 7689: 7654: 6897: 5811:

The railway network of India in 1871, all major cities, Calcutta, Bombay and Madras, as well as Delhi, are connected.

5468:

was headed by an elected president (appointed by the Viceroy from 1921 to 1925). The Council of State consisted of 58

5345: 5188: 4907: 4366: 3914: 3451: 3354: 3162:, the end of the British rule in India in August 1947 saw the creation of two separate states of India and Pakistan. 2976: 2948: 2737: 2022: 1598:("Hail to the Mother"), which invoked a mother goddess, who stood variously for Bengal, India, and the Hindu goddess 1103: 1066: 997: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 647: 284: 25917: 20634: 15142:

Indian Business and Nationalist Politics 1931–39: The Indigenous Capitalist Class and the Rise of the Congress Party

15034:

Paul Bairoch, "Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes", (1995: University of Chicago Press, Chicago) p. 89

14792: 8345: 3226: 28420: 28415: 28408: 28031: 28001: 27106: 27071: 26848: 26266: 26062: 25879: 25174: 23441: 23428: 22094: 21007: 20498:

Stern, Philip J (2009). "History and Historiography of the English East India Company: Past, Present, and Future".

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India, and emphasised that religious communities were more basic than an artificial nationalism. He proclaimed the

1782:. He announced the capital would be moved from Calcutta to Delhi. This period saw an increase in the activities of 1743:, was aware that a new province with a Muslim majority would directly benefit Muslims aspiring to political power. 988: 17843: 11743: 7368:, which provided legal provision for forcible confinement of people with leprosy in India. Under the direction of 2986:

Bose's effort, however, was short-lived. In mid-1944 the British Army first halted and then reversed the Japanese

2485:

aroused widespread indignation throughout India, and brought Gandhi to the forefront of the nationalist movement.

1530:(1899–1905), was unusually energetic in pursuit of efficiency and reform. His agenda included the creation of the 28795: 28605: 28430: 28366: 28339: 27585: 27277: 27076: 27020: 26323: 26254: 26234: 26039: 25992: 25967: 24572: 24116: 23657: 23388: 22226: 21247: 21237: 21202: 14284: 12995: 10719: 7738: 6102:

Severe overcrowding in the cities caused major public health problems, as noted in an official report from 1938:

5845: 5755:

barriers ranging from 30% to 70% on the importation of cotton yarn or prohibited it entirely. As a result of the

5505: 4397: 4213: 3788: 3501: 3330:

One rupee coins showing George VI, King-Emperor, 1940 (left) and just before India's independence in 1947 (right)

2811: 15427: 13572: 3824:

Establishment of Provincial Legislative Councils in Burma and Punjab; the former a new Lieutenant Governorship.

3146:

government conscious that it had neither the mandate at home, the international support, nor the reliability of

28705: 28285: 26772: 25987: 25716: 25151: 24654: 23951: 23479: 23093: 22987: 22804: 22488: 22210: 18066: 17920: 14823: 14601: 14507: 14274: 14272: 14247: 14245: 11434: 10139: 8388: 8146: 7400: 7303: 7277: 7216: 5932: 5864:

states built their own rail systems and the network spread to the regions that became the modern-day states of

5262: 4147: 3922: 3849: 3810: 3432: 3392: 2335: 2261: 1805: 1775: 1098:

had shaken the British enterprise in India, it had not derailed it. Until 1857, the British, especially under

20676: 17105: 14257: 5827:"The most magnificent railway station in the world", says the caption of the stereographic tourist picture of 5369:) and serving only in an advisory capacity. All laws enacted by Legislative Councils in India, whether by the 2971:, composed largely of Indian soldiers of the British Indian Army who had been captured by the Japanese in the 28690: 28553: 28315: 28109: 28026: 27865: 27615: 27291: 27251: 26995: 25907: 24988: 23761: 23525: 23276: 22717:. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003. 22614: 22546: 22180: 22149: 13845: 10247: 9964: 7988: 7780: 7734: 7427: 7273: 5586:

bearing the star emblem was also used as an Indian flag prior to 1947, particularly at international events.

5270: 4484: 4461: 4419: 4335: 4018: 3906: 3696: 3654: 3593: 3536: 3257: 2903:

native troops, it expanded tenfold during the war, and small naval and air force units were created. Over two

2796:

A first-day cover issued on 1 April 1937 commemorating the separation of Burma from the British Indian Empire

1238: 20374:

Ellis, Catriona (2009). "Education for All: Reassessing the Historiography of Education in Colonial India".

16058:

Klein, Ira (1990). "Population growth and mortality in British India: Part II: The demographic revolution".

15792: 14269: 14242: 13916: 12877: 11247:

by 1909 the Government of India, reflecting on 50 years of Crown rule after the rebellion, could boast that

6068:

million by 1600 and remained nearly stationary until the 19th century. The population of the Raj reached 255

5949: 5327:

of "double government" had already been in place during the Company's rule in India from the time of Pitt's

5307: 28700: 28595: 28275: 28167: 28067: 27986: 27537: 26985: 26741: 26249: 26025: 25982: 25642: 24624: 24612: 24131: 23561: 23011: 22935: 22911: 22905: 22262: 22200: 21856: 21207: 20814: 20682: 20624: 20466:

Mukherjee, Soumyen. "Origins of Indian Nationalism: Some Questions on the Historiography of Modern India".

20152:

O'Dell, Benjamin D (2014). "Beyond Bengal: Gender, Education, And The Writing Of Colonial Indian History".

16645: 14301: 14299: 13142:

Recruitment was especially active in the Punjab province of British India, under the leadership of Premier

8473: 8105: 7464: 7201: 5370: 5315: 5230: 5208: 5196: 5169: 4457: 4438: 4251: 4143: 4128: 3958:

million women are literate. Of those school-aged, 25% of the boys and 3% of the girls attend. There are 207

3840: 3741: 3438: 3170: 3096: 2717: 2686: 2514: 2339: 2331: 2281: 1976: 402: 388: 354: 309: 15397: 11579: 5464:

excepting the Railway Department, which was headed by a Chief Commissioner of Railways under a secretary.

4522:

In general, the term "British India" had been used (and is still used) to refer also to the regions under

2170:

in a number of protests on behalf of the Indian community in South Africa against the unjust racial laws.

2033:, who had embraced the Pan-Islamic cause; however, it did have the support of a young lawyer from Bombay, 1891:, seated, third from the left, supported the Lucknow Pact in 1916, ending the Muslim League-Congress rift. 1409:

industry, and by the use of Indian taxes to pay the high salaries of the British civil servants in India.

28757: 28447: 28305: 28162: 27793: 27788: 27600: 27146: 26990: 26970: 26699: 26451: 26338: 25685: 25505: 25419: 25314: 25229: 25146: 24644: 24516: 24371: 23978: 23644: 22494: 22046: 21433: 21082: 20595:

The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1947

20218:

Simmons, Colin (1985), "'De-Industrialization', Industrialization and the Indian Economy, c. 1850–1947",

20146:

The Indian Bourgeoisie: A Political History of the Indian Capitalist Class in the Early Twentieth Century

17895: 17046: 14901: 13531: 12962: 11380: 10236: 10074: 9944: 7847: 7784: 7346: 7167: 7152: 6986: 5849: 5844:

99-year lease, with the government having the option to buy them earlier. Two new railway companies, the

5802: 5017: 5011: 4865: 4767: 4732: 4692: 4319: 4070: 3897: 3511: 3283:

The reigning British monarchs during the period of the British Raj, 1858–1947, in silver one-rupee coins.

3123: 3090: 2964: 1608: 21242: 20395:

Gilmartin, David (2015). "The Historiography of India's Partition: Between Civilization and Modernity".

20255:

Colonial Masculinity: The 'Manly Englishman' and the 'Effeminate Bengali' in the Late Nineteenth Century

14770: 14626: 14296: 3681:

Joint Anglo-Russian Boundary Commission appointed for the Afghan frontier. Russian attack on Afghans at

2835:

members, it grew rapidly once it became an organisation that reached out to the masses, reaching 500,000

2409:

In 1917, as Montagu and Chelmsford were compiling their report, a committee chaired by a British judge,

1537:

Trouble emerged for Curzon when he divided the largest administrative subdivision in British India, the

1394: 28918: 28854: 28391: 28359: 28280: 27759: 27620: 27542: 27411: 27396: 27359: 27246: 27141: 27101: 26858: 26827: 26736: 26414: 26369: 26300: 26047: 25652: 25567: 25156: 25054: 23716: 23493: 23467: 23364: 23133: 21781: 21333: 21050: 21045: 20711:

Indian Year-book for 1862: A review of social, intellectual, and religious progress in India and Ceylon

18109: 16587: 16101: 14559:"National Symbols under Colonial Domination: The Nationalization of the Indian Flag, March-August 1923" 14462:"National Symbols under Colonial Domination: The Nationalization of the Indian Flag, March-August 1923" 14408: 11828: 10382: 10124: 7915: 7750: 7724: 7082: 6047: 5740: 5678: 5630: 5579: 5571: 5509: 5266: 4861: 4648: 4539: 4331: 4315: 4086: 3929: 3397: 2682: 2299:, viceroy of India, who cautioned the British Government to be more responsive to Indian public opinion 2244:

district where land-owning farmers were protesting increased land-revenue and the other in the city of

2132: 2009: 1873: 1568:, which was a strategy set out by Lord Curzon to weaken the nationalist movement, Tilak encouraged the 1565: 1558: 1460: 955: 25344: 7413:

This is the list of civilian massacre of Indians, in most cases unarmed peaceful crowds, by the army.

2112:(seated in carriage, on the right, eyes downcast, with black flat-top hat) receiving a big welcome in 28712: 28452: 28290: 28263: 28192: 28127: 28041: 28013: 27810: 27709: 27406: 27231: 27081: 26893: 26797: 26714: 26509: 26471: 26441: 25902: 25846: 25622: 25309: 25244: 25234: 25219: 24554: 24501: 24411: 24007:; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena. 23650: 23606: 23328: 23039: 22714: 22684: 22442: 21756: 21453: 21328: 21167: 21107: 19188: 17653: 17377: 16092:

Klein, "Population growth and mortality in British India: Part II: The demographic revolution", p. 42

15574: 14535: 13491: 13148:

Tarin, Omer; Dando, Neal (Autumn 2010). "Memoirs of the Second World War: Major Shaukat Hayat Khan".

10560: 10555:

1931 census: Includes all "No religion" (153 persons), "Indefinite Beliefs" (940 persons), "Chinese (

10094: 10054: 10044: 9519: 9113: 8462: 8334: 7720: 7638: 7560: 7417: 6659: 5978:

during Mughal times to 54% by the end of colonial period. India's per capita GDP decreased from 1990

5760: 5696: 5622: 5365:) and allowed to vote, and the other half, comprising Indians and domiciled Britons in India (termed 5323: 5292: 5165: 4944:

was reunited with Bengal, and the new provinces in the east became: Assam, Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.

4152: 4099: 3871: 3472: 3193:, staying on as its first governor-general came into being; with official ceremonies taking place in 2609: 2494: 2457:

With the end of World War I, there was also a change in the economic climate. By the end of 1919, 1.5

2344: 2311: 1945: 1428: 1325:, 1901, by Naoroji, Member, British Parliament (1892–1895), and Congress president (1886, 1893, 1906) 265: 25444: 20424:

Major, Andrea (2011). "Tall tales and true: India, historiography and British imperial imaginings".

18640: 16694: 15539: 15248:

Hurd, John M. (1983). "Irrigation and Railways: Railways". In Kumar, Dharma; Desai, Meghnad (eds.).

13619:"Clemency" Canning: Charles John, 1st Earl Canning, Governor-General and Viceroy of India, 1856–1862 10363:

Urdu was also given official status in large parts of northern India, as were vernaculars elsewhere.

5412:), each of whom earned a salary of Rs. 66,000 p.a. (£4,950 p.a.). The portfolios in 1946–1947 were: 4548:

over 175 princely states, some of the largest and most important, was exercised (in the name of the

1665:, map of the British Indian Empire, 1909, showing the majority religions based on the Census of 1901 28896: 28381: 28237: 28212: 27981: 27610: 27562: 27552: 27512: 27502: 27136: 27091: 27051: 27025: 27005: 26782: 26731: 26689: 26570: 26554: 26194: 26119: 25766: 25064: 25044: 25009: 24962: 24916: 24268: 24084: 23831: 23539: 23486: 23394: 23352: 23316: 23270: 22885: 22534: 22476: 22041: 22016: 21553: 21252: 21232: 21092: 20952: 20910: 20530:

Whitehead, Clive (2005). "The historiography of British imperial education policy, Part I: India".

14864: 14732: 14694: 14656: 14374: 10548:

1872 census: Includes all "Others" (5,025,721 persons) and "Not Known" (425,175 persons) responses.

9979: 8893: 8733: 7603: 7511: 7137: 6060:

shows 69 million Muslims and 217 million Hindus out of a total population of 316 million.

6043: 5756: 5626: 5354: 5254: 5204: 5158: 4132: 4010: 3737: 3691:

Report of Public Services Commission of 1886–87, creation of the Imperial Civil Service (later the

3465: 3387: 2959: 2689:. Gandhi subsequently led an expanded movement of civil disobedience, culminating in 1930 with the 2634: 2569: 2422: 2358: 2249: 2100: 1960: 1926: 1759: 1748: 1681: 1542: 1402: 1398: 1341: 1276: 1258: 1191:), a year from completion, was closed to navigation in 1904 to increase irrigation during a famine. 1095: 1028: 707: 375: 14092: 13742:

The administration of the Marquis of Lansdowne as Viceroy and Governor-general of India, 1888–1894

13668: 12097: 3822:

in Bombay (1896), Bubonic plague in Calcutta (1898); riots in wake of plague prevention measures.

3776:

Fall of the rupee, resulting from the steady depreciation of silver currency worldwide (1873–93).

2433:. It presented its report in July 1918 and identified three regions of conspiratorial insurgency: 28891: 28484: 28472: 28442: 28104: 28051: 27825: 27595: 27547: 27438: 27401: 27391: 27386: 27131: 27056: 26980: 26456: 25972: 25805: 24942: 24634: 24617: 24607: 24582: 24426: 24152: 24048: 23880: 23755: 23723: 23704: 23370: 23322: 23264: 22973: 22917: 22293: 21761: 21731: 21468: 21448: 21283: 21192: 20915: 20905: 20895: 20885: 19103: 17492: 14868: 14736: 14698: 14660: 14378: 13746: 13143: 11438: 10084: 10049: 9884: 9664: 9213: 8765: 8694: 8098: 7833: 7704: 7369: 6933: 6057: 6039: 5819:

The railway network of India in 1909, when it was the fourth largest railway network in the world

4504: 4401: 4246: 4207: 4168: 3902: 3722: 3701: 3676: 3629: 3610: 3186: 3072: 3032: 2694: 2573: 2510: 1932:

At the onset of World War I, the reassignment of most of the British army in India to Europe and

1755:

and District Boards were created for local administration; they included elected Indian members.

1718: 1709: 1696: 1478: 1367: 1303: 20029:

Race, Sex, and Class under the Raj: Imperial Attitudes and Policies and Their Critics, 1793–1905

16314:(Supplement to Commerce Reports ed.). Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. p. 46. 11565: 7808: 7719:

with a focus on "education, health ministry, and evangelism". In the 1790s, Christians from the

28949: 28839: 28479: 28435: 28310: 28242: 28232: 28197: 27835: 27830: 27679: 27492: 27487: 27433: 27354: 27124: 27119: 27096: 26932: 26419: 26172: 26167: 26154: 26109: 25977: 25662: 25577: 25424: 25136: 25069: 24937: 24886: 24818: 24718: 24708: 24506: 24441: 24248: 24177: 23519: 23500: 23376: 23340: 23112: 23100: 22999: 22879: 22867: 22755: 22710: 22698: 22329: 21986: 21896: 21891: 21132: 21071: 20963: 20890: 20880: 18974: 18939: 18918: 18266: 16791: 15534: 13119: 11519: 9999: 9974: 9924: 9864: 9449: 9385: 9183: 8399: 8274: 7886: 7797: 7681: 7633: 7611: 7599: 7522: 7468: 7450: 5331:. The governor-general in the capital, Calcutta, and the governor in a subordinate presidency ( 4855: 4531: 4303: 4241: 4157: 4124: 3374: 3014: 2861: 2646: 2063: 1949: 1359: 1355: 882: 532: 20268:

Tirthankar, Roy (2014), "Financing the Raj: the City of London and colonial India 1858–1940",

18756: 16869: 14413: 13457: 13365: 11353: 11203: 11166: 11073: 11031: 10984: 7391:

became one of the four recognised colleges for teaching courses leading to degrees (alongside

6887: 5508:

and subdivided into districts, which were the basic administrative units and each headed by a

4952:

In addition, there were a few minor provinces that were administered by a chief commissioner:

2306:

In 1916, in the face of new strength demonstrated by the nationalists with the signing of the

1774:

The partition of Bengal was rescinded in 1911 and announced at the Delhi Durbar at which King

28800: 28673: 28658: 28527: 28504: 28222: 28072: 27996: 27948: 27938: 27527: 27475: 27460: 26901: 26822: 26751: 26746: 26539: 26504: 26446: 26362: 26229: 26089: 26052: 26035: 25934: 25827: 25647: 25627: 25607: 25470: 25434: 25389: 25334: 25126: 25121: 24896: 24843: 24668: 24577: 24546: 24486: 24436: 24218: 24208: 24058: 23664: 22819: 22596: 22578: 22387: 22318: 22185: 22124: 21951: 21736: 21681: 21513: 21473: 21278: 21197: 21142: 21127: 21077: 21065: 20942: 20351: 19779:

Constructing Pakistan: Foundational Texts and the Rise of Muslim National Identity, 1857–1947

17869: 15901: 14405:"Question whether the flag of India (Union Viceroy) should be flown by unofficial persons..." 13723: 12404: 12033:

The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 11: Material Progress and World-Wide Problems, 1870–98

11320: 11230: 11129: 10947: 10268: 10175: 10034: 10004: 9869: 9824: 9654: 9293: 9283: 9253: 8985: 8965: 8826: 8195: 8157: 8061: 8031: 7817: 7553: 7460: 7396: 7388: 7319: 7296: 7231: 7122: 7074: 6035: 6009: 5744: 5529: 5296: 5278: 5043: 4739: 4523: 4389: 4256: 4217: 4162: 4120: 4082: 3933: 3542: 3476: 3461: 3419: 2807: 2721: 2391: 2366: 2315: 2136: 1968: 1933: 1752: 1714: 1586: 1424: 1124: 806: 763: 711: 546: 31: 24798: 20667: 20571:

The Historiography of the British Empire-Commonwealth: Trends, Interpretations and Resources

20300:, New Cambridge History of India, vol. III.3, Cambridge University Press, p. 109, 19660: 19148:, (Cambridge Studies in Indian History & Society). Cambridge University Press. pp. 316, 19110:, (Cambridge Studies in Indian History & Society). Cambridge University Press. pp. 400, 18650:(1953). Asia and Western dominance, 1498–1945, by K.M. Panikkar. London: G. Allen and Unwin. 18433: 16821: 15773:

Rajat Kanta Ray, "Indian Society and the Establishment of British Supremacy, 1765–1818", in

15578: 14872: 14740: 14702: 14664: 14382: 13684: 13513:, even if there had been the men, money, and administrative machinery with which to do so." 13497:

quo. We have no longer the resources, nor the necessary prestige or confidence in ourselves.

13111: 12192:

Ranbir Vohra, The Making of India: A Historical Survey (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, Inc, 1997), 120

7341:

Fevers ranked as one of the leading causes of death in India in the 19th century. Britain's

7334:

against cholera and bubonic plague. In 1925 the Plague Laboratory in Bombay was renamed the

6052: 4526:

in India from 1600 to 1858. The term has also been used to refer to the "British in India".

1731:

in which Hindus had battled their Muslim oppressors. Lastly, the Muslim elite, and among it

1703:. Although Curzon, by now, had resigned his position over a dispute with his military chief 28585: 28320: 28258: 28227: 28217: 28177: 28172: 27911: 27850: 27704: 27497: 27480: 26957: 25924: 25632: 25551: 25515: 25465: 25324: 25249: 25034: 24911: 24703: 24478: 24456: 24451: 24416: 24358: 23969: 23787: 23700: 23634: 23612: 23513: 23473: 23382: 23346: 23284: 23209: 22897: 22632: 22626: 22620: 22036: 21991: 21926: 21871: 21816: 21701: 21606: 21563: 21518: 21438: 21338: 21182: 21087: 20937: 19184: 18095: 13086: 13080: 12878:"Politics, Intelligence and Elections in Late Colonial India: Congress and the Raj in 1937" 11446: 10921: 10263: 10231: 10114: 9969: 9954: 9899: 9540: 7859: 7577: 7281: 5876:

India as they were "an essential strategic, defensive, subjugators and administrative 'tool

5662: 4406: 3893: 3692: 3642: 3370: 3366: 3166: 2968: 2967:

for help in gaining India's independence by force. With Japanese support, he organised the

2725:

Legislative Assemblies. A voter could cast a vote only for candidates in his own category.

2706: 2467: 2430: 2426: 2096: 2026: 1980: 1922: 1647: 1372: 1351: 743: 518: 20518:

Stern, Philip J. "Early Eighteenth-Century British India: Antimeridian or antemeridiem?".

19020:, Studies in the Social Sciences, vol. V, Iowa City: The University, pp. 79–81, 16606: 15621:

Lines of the Nation: Indian Railway Workers, Bureaucracy, and the Intimate Historical Self

7829: 900:, which was referred to coastal regions and northern part of the island at that time (now 845:. This area is very diverse, containing the Himalayan mountains, fertile floodplains, the 774:

was also part of British India at the inception of the British Raj, and became a separate

8: 28876: 28869: 28864: 28663: 28600: 28590: 28386: 28354: 28325: 27719: 27674: 27638: 27557: 27364: 27341: 27114: 26937: 26709: 26618: 26274: 26244: 26221: 26189: 26020: 25957: 25820: 25810: 25657: 25602: 25439: 25429: 25414: 25404: 25369: 25299: 25214: 25184: 25131: 24848: 24602: 24597: 24496: 24491: 24258: 24213: 24172: 24077: 23448: 23251: 23158: 23106: 22993: 22981: 22961: 22949: 22861: 22652: 22564: 22021: 21966: 21851: 21846: 21741: 21721: 21646: 21443: 21423: 21418: 21413: 21388: 21227: 20643: 20181:

Roy, Tirthankar (Summer 2002), "Economic History and Modern India: Redefining the Link",

16843: 16102:

Waterfield, Henry; Great Britain India Office Statistics AND Commerce Department (1872).

11131:

Understanding the Victorians: Politics, Culture and Society in Nineteenth-Century Britain

10523: 10257: 9894: 9622: 9469: 9163: 9143: 8555: 8503: 7841: 7825: 7813: 7673: 7650: 7485: 7392: 7380:. Between 1868 and 1907, there were approximately 4.7 million deaths from smallpox. 7034: 7002: 5925: 5853: 5764: 5681:

flag book. It was used on the Viceroy's flag, and was also known as the "Badge of India."

5328: 5138: 4393: 4371: 4349: 4341: 4295: 4186: 4116: 4094: 4066: 3794: 3360: 3261: 3147: 3036: 2972: 2955: 2943: 2939:, did not support the Cripps Mission and negotiations with the Congress soon broke down. 2853: 2845: 2819: 2678: 2641:

In 1920, after the British government refused to back down, Gandhi began his campaign of

2034: 2030: 1964: 1906: 1888: 1440: 1280: 1272: 1242: 1062: 870: 846: 692: 668: 655: 596: 147: 26139: 20693: 20042:

Derbyshire, I. D. (1987), "Economic Change and the Railways in North India, 1860–1914",

19108:

Imperial Power and Popular Politics: Class, Resistance and the State in India, 1850–1950

18271:

Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire (The New Cambridge History of India)

13740: 13662: 11460: 11014:

schooled in British mores, primed to participate in public life, and loyal to the Crown.

3131:, with the stated goal of highlighting, peacefully, the demand for a Muslim homeland in 1963:, organised political activity by the Congress had remained fragmented until 1914, when 28820: 28805: 28772: 28722: 28685: 28462: 28425: 28295: 28202: 28157: 28152: 27991: 27976: 27955: 27885: 27860: 27805: 27694: 27689: 27684: 27381: 26881: 26756: 26726: 26679: 26646: 26461: 26067: 25952: 25874: 25854: 25815: 25556: 25379: 25374: 25339: 25319: 25294: 25289: 25284: 25279: 25274: 25259: 25254: 25199: 25106: 24952: 24823: 24713: 24693: 24649: 24592: 24587: 24564: 24531: 24521: 24511: 24393: 23694: 23676: 23616: 23507: 23233: 23195: 23171: 23152: 23043: 22590: 22516: 22482: 22381: 22361: 22287: 22205: 22051: 21971: 21901: 21886: 21796: 21786: 21696: 21686: 21671: 21656: 21636: 21611: 21483: 21428: 21152: 21122: 21017: 20997: 20947: 20845: 20771: 20547: 20441: 20412: 20331: 20285: 20243: 20235: 20200: 20169: 20067: 20059: 20024:(4th ed. 1952), 677 pp. thorough scholarly coverage; focus on 20th century down to 1939 19951: 19943: 19867: 19850:

Satya, Laxman D. (2008). "British Imperial Railways in Nineteenth Century South Asia".

19817: 19774: 19563: 19555: 19429: 19418: 19390: 19092: 18746: 18596: 17297: 16768: 16743: 16371: 16341: 16283: 16254: 16224: 16166: 16136: 16107: 16075: 16021: 15661: 15499: 15190: 15182: 15165:

I. D. Derbyshire (1987). "Economic Change and the Railways in North India, 1860–1914".

15110: 15005: 15001: 14582: 14485: 14335: 14073: 13232: 13184: 12900: 12822: 12814: 12779: 12771: 12706: 12175: 10711: 10703: 10099: 9959: 9939: 9584: 9193: 9103: 8873: 8863: 8796: 8745: 8451: 8367: 8081: 8021: 7335: 5996: 5961:

In the second half of the 19th century, both the direct administration of India by the

5768: 5677:

Badge of the Governor General of India, published in the 1916 and 1930 editions of the

5551: 5541: 5192: 5150: 5101: 4448: 4311: 4290: 4074: 3844: 3801: 3576: 3515: 3159: 3086: 3068: 2865: 2657: 2151: 2046: 1921:

in 1920 and participated, under the name "Les Indes Anglaises" (British India), in the

1732: 984: 866: 727: 715: 578: 416: 157: 20766: 20761: 16720: 14512:. London : H.M. Stationery, Eyre and Spottiswoode, limited, printers. p. 72. 12036: 28859: 28849: 28844: 28747: 28732: 28467: 28349: 28344: 28207: 28187: 28182: 28094: 28089: 27906: 27855: 27666: 27465: 27329: 27030: 26684: 26239: 26162: 25884: 25869: 25582: 25572: 25535: 25409: 25394: 25269: 25239: 25209: 25204: 25179: 25116: 25111: 25101: 24972: 24921: 24808: 24803: 24526: 24162: 24147: 24054: 23640: 23258: 23223: 22955: 22843: 22791: 22785: 22769: 22608: 22602: 22552: 22522: 22452: 22195: 22026: 22011: 21911: 21806: 21766: 21691: 21596: 21568: 21528: 21353: 21137: 21097: 21060: 21022: 21002: 20992: 20875: 20865: 20599: 20551: 20511: 20445: 20387: 20357: 20335: 20301: 20289: 20247: 20120: 20081:

edited by Peter N. Stearns, (vol. 1, 2001), pp. 515–521. online emphasis on Raj.

20071: 19955: 19903: 19884: 19859: 19800: 19782: 19761: 19723: 19684: 19666: 19656: 19643: 19635: 19614: 19579: 19567: 19514: 19508: 19477: 19455: 19437: 19422: 19394: 19346: 19294: 19259: 19230: 19194: 19170: 19149: 19130: 19111: 19096: 19052: 18984: 18949: 18926: 18905: 18878: 18852: 18808: 18784: 18762: 18719: 18712: 18694: 18659: 18608: 18600: 18571: 18550: 18507: 18489: 18458: 18395: 18365: 18345: 18339: 18317: 18295: 18274: 18252: 18163: 18046: 17975: 17875: 17812: 17711: 17686: 17657: 17628: 17600: 17575: 17550: 17521: 17496: 17435: 17406: 17381: 17349: 17301: 16917: 16875: 16773: 16571: 16079: 15972: 15876: 15719: 15665: 15624: 15584: 15548: 15519: 15503: 15340:

Technology and the Raj: Western Technology and Technical Transfers to India 1700–1947

15306: 15281: 15253: 15213: 15194: 15145: 15114: 14968: 14920: 14574: 14477: 14448:

The standard of the Viceroy...served as the official flag of British India after 1861

14437: 14339: 14112: 14077: 14065: 13922: 13900: 13461: 13450: 13371: 13236: 13188: 13123: 13112: 13090: 12904: 12826: 12783: 12316: 12179: 11985: 11713: 11696:

Ernst, W. (1996). "European Madness and Gender in Nineteenth-century British India".

11525: 11489: 11416: 11406: 11359: 11326: 11301: 11300:, Oxford World's Classics: Authors in Context, Oxford University Press, p. 160, 11270: 11236: 11209: 11172: 11135: 11079: 11039: 10990: 10953: 10904: 10870: 10838: 10807: 10779: 10750: 10715: 10695: 10398:(reigned January to December 1936), did not issue any Indian currency under his name. 10217: 10109: 10079: 9989: 9984: 9929: 9874: 9704: 9594: 9573: 9529: 9499: 9203: 9133: 9123: 9093: 8575: 8537: 8417: 8169: 7793: 7716: 7476: 7446: 7384: 7323: 7042: 7006: 6978: 6122: 5828: 5646: 5598: 5574:

badge; this flag was also considered to represent India itself. In 1921 the Viceroy,

5390: 5336: 5332: 5153:

authority prior to the advent of British Raj was finally abolished and seized by the

4807: 4699: 4655: 4621: 4307: 3378: 3306:

Silver one rupee coins showing Edward VII, King-Emperor, 1903 (left) and 1908 (right)

3190: 3178: 3174: 3155: 3143: 3128: 2936: 2881: 2869: 2841: 2478: 2438: 2414: 2399: 2067: 2059: 1989: 1972: 1918: 1736: 1569: 1538: 1486: 1464: 1389: 1337: 1307: 1161: 1032: 921: 909: 790: 735: 500: 71: 20416: 20173: 19971: 19881:

Community and Consensus in Islam: Muslim Representation in Colonial India, 1860–1947

16456: 16133:"Report on the census of British India, taken on the 17th February 1881 ..., Vol. 2" 11737:"'Send the Mild Hindoo:' The Simultaneous Expansion of British Suffrage and Empire∗" 28787: 28742: 28737: 28637: 28610: 28457: 28268: 28142: 28137: 28132: 28082: 27971: 27926: 27747: 27656: 27428: 27306: 27301: 27296: 27286: 27015: 26975: 26906: 26608: 26436: 26426: 26396: 25788: 25598: 25562: 25480: 25304: 25074: 25019: 24982: 24957: 24947: 24881: 24833: 24763: 24758: 24753: 24748: 24743: 24733: 24728: 24421: 24167: 24011: 23944: 23936: 23928: 23856: 23767: 23735: 23622: 23422: 23334: 23119: 22645: 22638: 22540: 22425: 22370: 22215: 22129: 22006: 21976: 21956: 21931: 21921: 21861: 21771: 21716: 21711: 21601: 21523: 21348: 21303: 21288: 21212: 21187: 21157: 20920: 20860: 20539: 20507: 20433: 20404: 20383: 20323: 20277: 20227: 20190: 20161: 20051: 19933: 19758:

England's Debt to India: A Historical Narrative of Britain's Fiscal Policy in India

19704: 19547: 19434:

The tentacles of progress: technology transfer in the age of imperialism, 1850–1940

19410: 19380: 19372: 19084: 17804: 17289: 17247: 16763: 16755: 16067: 16013: 15936: 15711: 15653: 15544: 15491: 15174: 15102: 15060: 14997: 14960: 14566: 14469: 14327: 14104: 14055: 13224: 13176: 13076: 12892: 12806: 12763: 12698: 12167: 11705: 10687: 10104: 10039: 10009: 9994: 9949: 9934: 9919: 9889: 9784: 9479: 9263: 9173: 9052: 9042: 8995: 8924: 8903: 8493: 8483: 8322: 8257: 7960: 7573: 7438: 7373: 7280:, in which 1.25 to 10 million Indians perished. Recent research, including work by 7107: 7058: 7046: 6929: 5593:

also had their own banners, ceremonially presented to them during Queen Victoria's

5300: 5234: 4877: 4384: 4380: 4345: 4045: 3927:

Inauguration of agricultural banking with Cooperative Credit Societies Act of 1904

3888: 3603: 3584: 3401: 3182: 3040: 2849: 2754: 2668: 2653: 2613: 2502: 2194: 1831: 1787: 1779: 1677: 1614: 1482: 1299: 1086: 913: 905: 723: 630: 187: 142: 75: 22256: 20314:

Tomlinson, Brian Roger (October 1975), "India and the British Empire, 1880–1935",

19679:

Moore, Robin J. (2001a), "Imperial India, 1858–1914", in Porter, Andrew N. (ed.),

19629:

Women of the Raj: The Mothers, Wives, and Daughters of the British Empire in India

19538:

Klein, Ira (July 2000), "Materialism, Mutiny and Modernization in British India",

19069: 17871:

Going Global: Transnational Perspectives on Globalization, Language, and Education

16163:"Census of India, 1891. General tables for British provinces and feudatory states" 15079: 14060: 14043: 10869:. New Cambridge History of India series. Cambridge University Press. p. 122. 7978: 7288:, argue that famines in India were made more severe by British policies in India. 4275:

Burma administered independently after 1937 with creation of new cabinet position

2681:: "complete independence"), or Purna Swarajya. The declaration was drafted by the 28886: 28810: 28752: 28717: 28398: 28376: 28300: 28077: 27201: 27196: 27186: 27179: 26947: 26802: 26787: 26613: 26496: 25997: 25761: 25749: 25475: 25224: 25194: 25189: 25049: 25039: 25004: 24994: 24977: 24813: 24768: 24683: 24401: 24376: 24223: 23964: 23741: 23670: 23461: 23400: 23239: 22923: 22825: 22528: 22164: 22154: 22056: 21961: 21906: 21821: 21801: 21621: 21591: 21586: 21543: 21533: 21498: 21493: 21458: 21383: 21308: 21147: 20870: 20744: 20733: 20720: 20714: 20593: 20437: 20281: 20114: 20006: 19844: 19834: 19827: 19747: 19340: 19322: 19288: 19274: 19164: 19015: 18978: 18943: 18844: 18838: 18802: 18688: 18565: 18483: 18359: 18309: 18289: 18113: 18102: 18067:"Batting for the British Empire: how Victorian cricket was more than just a game" 18040: 17946:"What India was crazy about: Hockey first, Cricket later, Football, Kabaddi now?" 17455: 17293: 17026: 16677: 16632: 16613: 16594: 16375: 16367: 16345: 16337: 16309: 16287: 16279: 16258: 16250: 16228: 16220: 16192: 16170: 16162: 16140: 16132: 16111: 16103: 15777:: vol. 2, "The Eighteenth Century" ed. by P. J. Marshall, (1998), pp. 508–29 15657: 14431: 13965: 13829: 13642: 13617: 12942: 12310: 12206: 12043: 11442: 11410: 11264: 10203: 9562: 9551: 9509: 9489: 9407: 9374: 8955: 8883: 8843: 8755: 8715: 8677: 8595: 7746: 7742: 7696:

being built in 1847. By 1930, the Church of India, Burma and Ceylon had fourteen

7530: 7507: 7479: 7442: 7269: 7038: 6917: 6000: 5590: 5072: 4535: 4443: 4327: 4078: 3726: 3550: 3482: 3415: 3269: 3116: 3010: 2690: 2596: 2225: 1897: 1420: 1234: 1145: 1119: 1024: 111: 83: 26129: 19166:

India under Morley and Minto: politics behind revolution, repression and reforms

15399:

Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events of the year: 1862

15212:. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. pp. 1–19. 12693:

Sayer, Derek (May 1991). "British Reaction to the Amritsar Massacre 1919–1920".

12312:

India under Morley and Minto: politics behind revolution, repression and reforms

4574:

provinces that were administered either by a governor or a lieutenant-governor.

28913: 28881: 28827: 28777: 28767: 28668: 28489: 28371: 28147: 27282: 27010: 27000: 26812: 26721: 26674: 26669: 26641: 26598: 26593: 26529: 26134: 26124: 25894: 25800: 25617: 25399: 25384: 25349: 25089: 25084: 24967: 24901: 24773: 24431: 24406: 24311: 24228: 24182: 23849: 23837: 23682: 23298: 23227: 23216: 23005: 22967: 22873: 22837: 22831: 22797: 22335: 22258: 21996: 21946: 21936: 21916: 21881: 21841: 21826: 21548: 21478: 21463: 21403: 21393: 21222: 21112: 20982: 20957: 20932: 20830: 20783: 20370:

Durant, Will (2011, reprint). The case for India. New York: Simon and Schuster.

20327: 20195: 19938: 19708: 19530:(2015), wide-ranging scholarly survey excerpt; also published as Khan, Yasmin. 19376: 19011: 18752: 18736: 18647: 18620: 18542: 16844:"Punjab disturbances, April 1919; compiled from the Civil and military gazette" 16759: 16071: 16001: 15703: 15495: 15363: 15273: 15106: 15064: 14952: 14331: 13887: 13774: 13367:

His Majesty's Opponent: Subhas Chandra Bose and India's Struggle against Empire

13228: 12171: 11069: 10333: 10325: 10226: 9772: 9724: 9418: 9396: 9364: 9342: 9303: 9233: 9223: 9083: 8816: 8626: 8128: 8071: 7905: 7878: 7327: 7018: 6539: 6015: 5912: 5869: 5860: 5715: 5225:

in the provincial governments in the presidencies (and later in the provinces).

5133:

A Princely State, also called a Native State or an Indian State, was a British

5128: 5066: 4813: 4773: 4611: 4499: 4480: 4414: 4376: 4353: 3867: 3819: 3805: 3770:

Railways, roads, and irrigation works begun in Burma. Border between Burma and

3757: 3747: 3686: 3580: 3409: 3205: 3006: 2991: 2987: 2932: 2857: 2815: 2762: 2410: 2395: 2184: 2109: 1827: 1225: 1047: 897: 874: 798: 719: 696: 206: 180: 107: 20543: 20408: 20231: 20165: 20055: 19551: 19414: 19088: 18520:

Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra; Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra; Datta, Kalikinkar (1950),

18392:

India 1885–1947: The Unmaking of an Empire (Seminar Studies in History Series)

18007:"How India came to love cricket, favored sport of its colonial British rulers" 17749: 15827:

P.J. Marshall (1998). "The British in Asia: Trade to Dominion, 1700–1765", in

15276:(2001). "The pattern of railway development in India". In Kerr, Ian J. (ed.). 15178: 13918:

Poor Relations: The Making of a Eurasian Community in British India, 1773–1833

12810: 12767: 10747:

A Dictionary of Languages: The definitive reference to more than 400 languages

10691: 5504:

Each province or presidency comprised a number of divisions, each headed by a

3201:

on 15 August. This was done so that Mountbatten could attend both ceremonies.

1797: 1521:, 1909, showing "Mother India" with her progeny and the slogan "Vande Mataram" 28943: 28815: 28678: 28403: 27921: 27880: 27208: 27164: 27061: 26636: 26575: 26544: 26524: 26519: 25962: 25264: 25029: 25024: 24446: 24304: 24263: 24243: 23890: 23710: 22891: 22775: 21941: 21866: 21831: 21791: 21706: 21676: 21666: 21651: 21538: 21508: 21488: 21217: 20746:

The Cyclopedia of India: biographical, historical, administrative, commercial

19863: 19360: 18167: 17816: 17187: 17091: 16936: 16670: 16625: 15880: 15869:"Independence Day: How the British pulled off a $ 45 trillion heist in India" 14578: 14570: 14481: 14473: 14116: 14069: 13870:

Imperial Gazetteer of India, volume IV, published under the authority of the

13822: 12702: 10699: 10420: 10332:, not of the British Raj, i.e. the British Indian Empire, which included the 10329: 9694: 9634: 9459: 8853: 8806: 8786: 8660: 8643: 8605: 8585: 8520: 8304: 8294: 8284: 8227: 7779:

into the sort of English landlords that controlled local affairs in England.

7526: 7472: 7421: 6005: 5982:

550 in 1700 to $ 520 by 1857, although it later increased to $ 618, by 1947.

5962: 5774: 5752: 5743:

in 1813, the importation into India of British manufactured goods, including

5606: 5558: 5258: 5146: 5142: 4982: 4913: 4869: 4677: 4374:

becomes, at 2.5 million men, the largest all-volunteer force in history.

4002: 3731: 3132: 2782: 2778: 2753:

The Second Round Table Conference showing Gandhi and British prime minister,

2621: 2442: 2370: 2323: 2277: 2236:. The following year Gandhi launched two more Satyagrahas—both in his native 1823: 1603: 1594: 1545:

and the Hindu-majority province of West Bengal (present-day Indian states of

1388:(1883), a legislative measure that had proposed putting Indian judges in the 1216: 1212: 1111: 854: 483: 67: 24793: 20739:

Statistical abstract relating to British India, from 1895 to 1896 to 1904–05

15793:"Impact of British Rule on India: Economic, Social and Cultural (1757–1857)" 14108: 13897:

Mapping an Empire: The Geographical Construction of British India, 1765–1843

12926:

Empire, politics and the creation of the 1935 India Act: last act of the Raj

11639: 7619:

degree. The government, often working with local philanthropists, opened 186

2338:) was passed in December 1919. The new Act enlarged both the provincial and 1363: 27931: 27901: 27448: 26911: 26628: 26514: 26114: 26079: 25354: 24876: 24838: 24738: 24321: 23920: 23628: 23189: 23183: 23164: 22929: 22664: 22571: 22510: 22504: 22144: 22031: 21661: 21626: 21616: 21558: 21358: 21262: 21172: 21162: 20927: 20855: 20840: 20454:

The Origins of Modern Historiography in India: Antiquarianism and Philology

19487: 18798: 18776: 18707: 18335: 17572:

The Proceedings of the 21st Annual History of Medicine Days Conference 2012

16777: 16248: 13871: 11717: 11521:

The Indian encyclopaedia: biographical, historical, religious ..., Volume 6

10556: 10189: 9814: 9804: 9684: 9674: 9604: 9439: 9429: 9313: 9243: 9025: 8945: 8565: 8429: 8377: 8245: 7945: 7935: 7851: 7564: 7291: 7276:, in which 6.1 million to 10.39 million Indians perished and the 6479: 5992: 5885: 5786: 5594: 5533: 5288: 5238: 5134: 4781: 4453: 4284: 4280: 4090: 4049: 4041: 3880: 3588: 3018: 2975:. As the war turned against them, the Japanese came to support a number of 2831:

While the Muslim League had been a small elite group in 1927 with only 1300

2673: 2600: 2506: 2474: 2374: 2307: 2117: 2105: 2050: 2013: 1953: 1869: 1809: 1791: 1246: 1010: 929: 878: 449: 20639: 19900:

Region and Partition: Bengal, Punjab and the Partition of the Subcontinent

14828:. London : H.M. Stationery, Eyre and Spottiswoode, limited, printers. 14044:"علم الإشارة في سورة الفاتحة من خلال تفسير معارف القرآن للکاندهلوي نموذجا" 11709: 11609: 7594: 3659:

Repeal of import duties on cotton and of most tariffs. Railway extension.

3277: 1996:, had also sporadically claimed guardianship of the Islamic holy sites of 1680:, a founder of the Muslim League, was to also become the president of the 1211:

In the second half of the 19th century, both the direct administration of

1046:

The proclamation to the "Princes, Chiefs, and People of India", issued by

706:

This system of governance was instituted on 28 June 1858, when, after the

28832: 28036: 27651: 27646: 27374: 27191: 27174: 27066: 26661: 26603: 26585: 26549: 25756: 25744: 25724: 25095: 24891: 24783: 24778: 24698: 24289: 24273: 24037: 23533: 23434: 23245: 22749: 22464: 22458: 21751: 21631: 21323: 21102: 19606: 19492:

The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan

18527:

Majumdar, R. C. ed. (1970). British paramountcy and Indian renaissance. (

18479: 18331: 16744:"Smallpox and Vaccination in British India During the Last Seventy Years" 15715: 15049: 14964: 14800: 12217: 12156:

McLane, John R. (July 1965). "The Decision to Partition Bengal in 1905".

10536: 10416: 10412: 10395: 9794: 9754: 9153: 9015: 9005: 7925: 7543: 7342: 7285: 5954: 5894: 5890: 5602: 5250: 4917: 4777: 4709: 4665: 4138: 3814: 3765: 3761: 3635: 2482: 2418: 2403: 2386: 1855: 1851: 1763: 1546: 1385: 1350:

avail itself of the benefits of that education such as employment in the

862: 858: 850: 842: 779: 759: 755: 683:

in contemporaneous usage and included areas directly administered by the

564: 242: 20732:(26 vol, 1908–31), highly detailed description of all of India in 1901. 20648: 19871: 19797:

The Indian Princes and their States (The New Cambridge History of India)

19740: 17921:"Cricket, curry and cups of tea: India's influence on Victorian Britain" 17750:"Ideology and Empire in Eighteenth-Century India: the British in Bengal" 17251: 16039:

Khan, J.H. (2004). "Population growth and demographic change in India".

15829:

The Oxford History of the British Empire: vol. 2, The Eighteenth Century

15744: 13884:

The Statutes: From the Twentieth Year of King Henry the Third to the ...

11355:

Britain's Oceanic Empire: Atlantic and Indian Ocean Worlds, C. 1550–1850

7836:

and culture can be seen on Britain, too; for example, many Indian words

5856:

scheme. Further, there was no government regulation of these companies.

5661:

The Viceroy's Star of India banner being used to represent India at the

5284: 5195:

from 1852 to 1855; he shaped British education policy in India, and was

1501:

Congress moderate Sir Surendranath Banerjee led the opposition with the

754:

gained independence from Pakistan. At the inception of the Raj in 1858,

27875: 27767: 27169: 26853: 26651: 25947: 25837: 25729: 25708: 25141: 25079: 24998: 24238: 24203: 23310: 23291: 23034: 22813: 22432: 22349: 22001: 21776: 21726: 21641: 21293: 21177: 21012: 20664:

The lion and the tiger: the rise and fall of the British Raj, 1600–1947

20204: 19924:

Tinker, Hugh (October 1968), "India in the First World War and after",

19753: 18607:, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. xxxiii, 372, 18455:

The Lion and the Tiger: The Rise and Fall of the British Raj, 1600–1947

18364:, vol. III (Revised ed.), New Delhi: Lotus Press, p. 2, 17210:"Vidurashwatha Massacre, the Forgotten Jallianwala Bagh of South India" 16025: 15616: 15009: 13180: 10526:" (140,422 persons), and "Other Christian" (135,462 persons) responses. 10513:" (349,863 persons), and "Other Hindu" (206,117,326 persons) responses. 10491: 10476: 10461: 10446: 10431: 10309: 9744: 9644: 9354: 7712: 6155: 5979: 5823: 5782: 5748: 5706: 5583: 5274: 4881: 4817: 4661: 4545: 3884: 3554: 3405: 3055:

Newly arrived Indian troops on the quayside in Singapore, November 1941

2710: 2541: 2271: 2229: 2142: 1727: 1722: 1691: 1381: 1181: 751: 218: 20239: 20063: 20003:

Tilak and Gokhale: revolution and reform in the making of modern India

19947: 19559: 19385: 17808: 16635:– Medical History of British India, National Library of Scotland 2007. 15186: 14586: 14558: 14489: 14461: 13712:, (Dec 1960) 10#12 pp. 821–30, and (Jan 1961) 11#1 pp. 56–64 13215:

Gupta, Shyam Ratna (January 1972). "New Light on the Cripps Mission".

12818: 12775: 12710: 12122:

Tilak and Gokhale: revolution and reform in the making of modern India

11171:, Auteur (now an imprint of Liverpool University Press), p. 221, 10707: 10675: 10502:" (418,789 persons), and "Other Hindu" (18,898,884 persons) responses. 6718: 5815: 5807: 3921:

Systemisation of preservation and restoration of ancient monuments by

3035:(left) seconding the 1940 Lahore Resolution of the Muslim League with 2947:

students and later by peasant political groups, especially in Eastern

2290: 2284:, also known as the Montford Reforms or the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms 2209:; rather, it was the inability of Indians to create a modern society. 1252: 1148:, the fourth largest in the world. Railway construction began in 1853. 27369: 25795: 25677: 25500: 25490: 25059: 24366: 24253: 23956: 22809: 22558: 22342: 21981: 21876: 21836: 21811: 21746: 21408: 21398: 21298: 19342:

Hindu Nationalism and the Language of Politics in Late Colonial India

18902:

Colonialism in an Indian Hinterland: The Central Provinces, 1820–1920

15422: 14988:

Peter Robb (November 1981). "British Rule and Indian "Improvement"".

13593:

Ian Talbot and Gurharpal Singh, The Partition of India (2009), passim

12956: 12954: 12952: 12896: 10510: 10499: 10495: 10487: 10480: 10472: 10465: 10457: 10450: 10442: 10435: 10427: 10408: 10293: 9714: 7816:

at a match. Cricket, a British-origin sport, has been described as a

7680:

chaplains in India. Following the arrival of the Church of England's

7431: 5180: 5154: 4988: 4833: 4825: 4717: 4673: 4625: 4549: 4053:

King George V announces creation of new city of New Delhi to replace

3198: 3139: 2980: 2245: 2213: 2193:—the boycott of manufactured foreign goods and the revival of Indian 2054: 2012:

in 1911, a decision that was seen as ill-disposed to Muslims. In the

2005: 1959:

After the 1906 split between the moderates and the extremists in the

1629: 1575: 1450: 1206:, the Liberal Viceroy of India, who instituted the Famine Code. 1880. 901: 664: 254: 127: 26942: 19467: 19229:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 400, pp. 108–146, 17976:"World Cup 2022: How football fever is gripping cricket-crazy India" 17625:

Imperialism as Diaspora: Race, Sexuality, and History in Anglo-India

17475:

Tinnevelly 1896; Nagpur 1903; Dornakal 1912; Assam 1915; Nasik 1929.

16968: 16462: 16307: 16017: 15941: 10930:

raj: (often cap; in India) rule, esp. the British rule prior to 1947

7548: 6303: 5520: 4489:

India during the British Raj was made up of two types of territory:

3640:

Local Government Acts extend self-government from towns to country.

2599:

after the non-co-operation movement. Standing, fourth from right is

2448: 2123: 34:. For British directly-ruled administrative divisions in India, see 27772: 26807: 26057: 25783: 25773: 25637: 25520: 25510: 25329: 24828: 24100: 23884: 23799: 23078: 23030: 22779: 22706: 22692: 22688: 22658: 22446: 21343: 20987: 19476: 17831:

Hindu Nationalists in India: the rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party

17161: 17113: 14825:

Drawings of the flags in use at the present time by various nations

14509:

Drawings of the flags in use at the present time by various nations

14014: 13999: 13984: 13552:

portal to educational sources available in the India Office Records

12990: 12988: 10590:

Interpretation Act 1889 (52 & 53 Vict. c. 63), s. 18.

10522:

1941 census: Includes all "Indian Christian" (6,040,665 persons), "

10064: 8975: 8440: 8217: 8207: 7776: 7708: 7677: 7646: 7616: 7501: 7377: 7315: 6363: 6359: 6239: 6092: 6064:

The population of the territory that became the British Raj was 100

5751:" on India, while continental Europe and the United States erected 5525: 5219: 4633: 4054: 4037: 3875: 3856:

Financial Reform Act of 1899; Gold Reserve Fund created for India.

3541:

Gaikwad of Baroda dethroned for misgovernment; dominions passed to

3456: 3100: 2617: 2189: 1940:, to worry about the "risks involved in denuding India of troops". 1581: 1444: 925: 747: 731: 230: 121: 19611:

Britain and Indian Nationalism: The Imprint of Ambiguity 1929–1942

17595:

Carpenter, Joel; Glanzer, Perry L.; Lantinga, Nicholas S. (2014).

16995:"Raebarali Munshiganj Massacre which reminded of Jallianwala Bagh" 13841: 13644:

John Laird Mair Lawrence, a viceroy of India, by William St. Clair

12949: 12203:

Swadeshi movement: The beginnings of student unrest in South India

6483: 2716:

In 1935, after the Round Table Conferences, Parliament passed the

1241:, The Indian Famine Commission report was issued in 1880, and the 26182: 26177: 25530: 25485: 25460: 25014: 24723: 24341: 24294: 24233: 24157: 24111: 23793: 23126: 23086: 22679: 22436: 22395: 21503: 20629: 19452:

Britain's Declining Empire: The Road to Decolonisation, 1918–1968

17570:

Lucyk, Kelsey; Loewenau, Aleksandra; Stahnisch, Frank W. (2017).

13959:. Vol. II. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1908. pp. 463, 470. 12963:"From Empire to Independence: The British Raj in India 1858–1947" 11640:"Maldives | History, Points of Interest, Location, & Tourism" 11381:"From Empire to Independence: The British Raj in India 1858–1947" 10776:

Making History in Iran: Education, Nationalism, and Print Culture

9273: 8178: 7855: 7728: 7697: 7457:

is commemorated annually on 27 January in the memory of victims.

7361: 7354: 7350: 7331: 7050: 7010: 6714: 6599: 6419: 5995:

raised the issue of India's position: he vehemently attacked the

5967: 5378: 5374: 4873: 4745: 4713: 4629: 4570:

At the turn of the 20th century, British India consisted of eight

4553: 3751: 3682: 3194: 3108: 2537: 2377:

as something "unworthy of England to offer and India to accept".

2349: 2237: 2113: 2084: 2075: 2066:, and Besant's in the rest of the country, but especially in the 1740: 1340:, lawyer, businessman, and president of the sixth session of the 767: 167: 18547:

The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire, 400 pp.

17043:"The Salanga Massacre of 1922: Bangladesh's forgotten bloodbath" 14352:

Tazeen M. Murshid, "Law and Female Autonomy in Colonial India",

14042:

Ahmed, Waqas; Khan, Muhammad Hayat; Ul Haq, Sami (1 June 2022).

13026:

India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy

12985: 11948: 11946: 6603: 5727:

to Britain: despite a major famine that claimed between 6 and 10

3244:

District-wide percentages of Buddhists, Sikhs, and Jains in 1901

1929:, the war led to calls for greater self-government for Indians. 1876:

in 1912 four years before she founded an Indian Home Rule League

1370:) and the attempts to control the vernacular press (e.g. in the 849:, a long coastline, tropical dry forests, arid uplands, and the 26354: 25734: 25612: 25525: 24788: 24688: 24331: 24187: 23803: 23178: 22943: 22721: 22323: 21027: 20619: 20100:

Gendering Colonial India: Reforms, Print, Caste and Communalism

18605:

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18457:, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. xiii, 280, 16161:

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16160: 14293:, pp. 104–105, 108, "India – Government and Constitution". 11963: 11961: 10564: 9073: 7515: 7314:

thousand British troops and countless Indians died during this

7307: 7182: 6088: 5971: 5832: 5546: 5386: 5382: 5137:

in India with an indigenous nominal Indian ruler, subject to a

4829: 4821: 4785: 4300:

Mediterranean, Middle East and African theatres of World War II

3878:

as a national gallery of Indian antiquities, art, and history.

3646: 3596:: 5.25 million dead; reduced relief offered at expense of 3104: 2664: 2592: 2533: 2434: 2221: 2205: 2199: 2179: 2159: 2001: 1925:

in Antwerp. Back in India, especially among the leaders of the

1554: 1432: 1295: 1221: 1165: 917: 775: 663:, 'reign', 'rule' or 'government') was the rule of the British 79: 19532:

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18875:

Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India

18851:(7th ed.), Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 18418:(1932) 660 pp. online edition; also published as vol 5 of the 16946: 15739: 15737: 15735: 15520:"Water in British India: the making of a 'colonial hydrology'" 11119: 10986:

The Rise of English: Global Politics and the Power of Language

6072:

million according to the first census taken in 1881 of India.

4578:

Areas and populations (excluding the dependent Native States)

4214:

Indian Constitutional Round Table Conferences, London, 1930–32

2049:

were founded within the Indian National Congress by Tilak and

25778: 25739: 24069: 23304: 23026: 22498: 19737:

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19213:

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19005:

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18273:, Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. pp. 248, 17162:"ANP to honour Hathi Khel massacre victims today - Newspaper" 17063:"The Salanga Massacre of 1922: History needs to be preserved" 16434: 16432: 16430: 16428: 16338:"Census of India 1931. Vol. 1, India. Pt. 2, Imperial tables" 16253:. Calcutta, Supt. Govt. Print., India, 1913. pp. 37–42. 13524: 13333: 11943: 10567:)" (150,240 persons), and "Others" (1,065 persons) responses. 10321: 7493: 7489: 7186: 6299: 6084: 5865: 5711: 4705: 4669: 4617: 3910: 3597: 3173:), with Muhammad Ali Jinnah as the governor-general; and the 2958:, who had been a leader of the younger, radical, wing of the 2362: 2241: 2217: 2071: 1997: 1700: 1622:

boycott movement cut imports of British textiles by 25%. The

1550: 890: 739: 636: 20672:

Malone, David M., C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan, eds.

19683:, vol. III, Oxford University Press, pp. 422–446, 19503:(1986) excerpt and text search, focus on officials in London 19470:

The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine), pp. 475–502

19208:

Anglo-Indian Attitudes: The Mind of the Indian Civil Service

18106: 14266:, pp. 133–34, "India – Currency, Weights and Measures". 11958: 11266:

Sovereignty and the Responsibility to Protect: A New History

10535:

1881 census: Includes all "Tribal" (6,426,511 persons) and "

10312:

of The British Crown exercised through the Viceroy of India)

7406: 6543: 3651:

Famine Code promulgated in 1883 by the Government of India.

2899:

While the regular Indian army in 1939 included about 220,000

2280:, the secretary of state for India, whose report led to the 1585:("buy Indian") campaign led by two-time Congress president, 944:

The British Raj and surrounding countries are shown in 1909.

908:. These coastal regions were temporarily administered under 27:

British colonial rule on the Indian subcontinent (1858–1947)

28532: 25495: 24336: 24326: 24316: 24299: 22855: 19049:

Oxford History of the British Empire: The Twentieth Century

18745:(1936) covers Raj 1910–35 pp. 80–84, 282–291, 455–464 17744: 17742: 17740: 16249:

Edward Albert Gait, Sir; India Census Commissioner (1911).

15732: 15342:

ed, Roy Macleod and Deepak Kumar (London: Sage, 1995), 203.

15121: 13795:. Vol. I. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1909. p. 449. 10778:, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, pp. 24–25, 9734: 3771: 1798:

1914–1918: First World War, Lucknow Pact, Home Rule leagues

1599: 1130: 151: 19696:

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19127:

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16492: 16480: 16444: 16425: 16389: 16197:. The story of nations. G. P. Putnam's sons. p. 355. 15787: 15785: 15783: 15463: 15378: 14281:, pp. 106–107, "India – Government and Constitution". 14254:, pp. 103–105, "India – Government and Constitution". 14093:"Art and Politics: British Patronage in Delhi (1803–1857)" 13270: 12681:

The Amritsar Massacre: The Untold Story of One Fateful Day

10407:

1872 census: Includes all "Hindu" (187,937,450 persons), "

5597:, and the states also had their own official emblems. The 3657:. Creation of indigenous schools, especially for Muslims. 3634:

Repeal of Vernacular Press Act of 1878. Compromise on the

3142:

exhausted by the recently concluded World War II, and the

2488: 2318:, that the war would likely last longer, the new viceroy, 1739:, who hosted the League's first meeting in his mansion in 1592:

The rallying cry for both types of protest was the slogan

691:, and areas ruled by indigenous rulers, but under British 639: 20461:

Writing India, 1757–1990: The Literature of British India

18519: 18442:(6 vol 1914) online vol 2 on Asia pp. 1–328 on India 16693:. Smallpoxhistory.ucl.ac.uk. 18 July 2006. Archived from 16365: 15402:. New York: D. Appleton & Company. 1863. p. 690. 15050:"Tata, Jamshed Nasarwanji [Jamsetji] (1839–1904)" 14917:

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13660: 13345: 13150:

Durbar: Journal of the Indian Military Historical Society

12737: 12735: 12391: 12019: 11486:

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11399: 10586: 10584: 7602:, established in 1857, is one of the three oldest modern 7270:

India experienced some of the worst famines ever recorded

6423: 6079:

million, and the three cities with populations over eight

5385:, required the final assent of the secretary of state in 5211:

made changes in the governance of India at three levels:

3950:

million in British India. About 170,000 are Europeans. 15

2891: 2616:

public garden in the predominantly Sikh northern city of

2417:

comprised four British and two Indian members, including

975:

contains an unencyclopedic or excessive gallery of images

838: 98:

The British Raj in relation to the British Empire in 1909

20691: 19720:

Oxford History of the British Empire: Nineteenth Century

18980:

Forgotten Wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia

17737: 17594: 16792:"Smallpox – some unknown heroes in smallpox eradication" 16528: 15252:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 751. 14505: 14354:

Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh: Humanities

13604:

Vishnu's crowded temple: India since the Great Rebellion

13311: 13309: 12348: 11462:

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11415:, London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, p. xxx, 7895:, distributed by the British Information Services (1942) 7792:

sees this not just in the Congress party but also among

7565:

presented his Whiggish interpretation of English history

6881: 5480:

nominated), while the Legislative Assembly comprised 141

4470: 2824:

With the outbreak of World War II in 1939, the viceroy,

2667:, the Indian National Congress, under the presidency of 2660:, brought Gandhi back into the fold of active politics. 2255: 1419:

Social reform was in the air by the 1880s. For example,

1011:

1858–1868: rebellion aftermath, critiques, and responses

20356:. Routledge reprint of 1930 first edition. p. 11. 19528:

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19227:

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18194:"'The Revenge of Plassey': Football in the British Raj" 17795:

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13708:

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12845: 11452: 11352:

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11078:(3 ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 393, 7727:, began doing missionary work in the Indian Empire. In 5207:(usually called the Indian Mutiny by the British), the 4552:) by the central government of British India under the 4211:

Appointment of Royal Commission of Indian Labour, 1929

3278:

Timeline of major events, legislation, and public works

679:. The region under British control was commonly called 20086:

The Economic History of India under early British Rule

18341:

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15280:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 83–85. 14607:. Winchester, Massachusetts: Flag Heritage Foundation. 14412:. PR_000000603614. Repository II. 1936. Archived from 13721: 13321: 13248: 13246: 13114:

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12732: 11547:, 1926, Chapter X:Transition to British administration 10795: 10581: 10381:

Seated l. to r. are: Jiddhu Krisnamurthi, Besant, and

10354:

English was the language of the courts and government.

6957:

Timeline of major famines in India during British rule

6924:

Timeline of major famines in India during British rule

6892:

Timeline of major famines in India during British rule

5633:; this flag was also used by the provincial governors. 2848:, and influential regional Muslim politicians such as 27581:

Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)

23909: 23042:. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the 20704: 19510:

The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan

19046: 18945:

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18658:, Harlow and London: Pearson Longmans. pp. xvi, 163, 18549:, Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press., 18430:

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18291:

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17618: 17616: 17588: 17460:. Bennett, Coleman & Company. 1940. p. 455. 16221:"Census of India 1901. Vol. 1A, India. Pt. 2, Tables" 15580:

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14308:, p. 108, "India – Government and Constitution". 13390: 13306: 11732:

Africa and the Victorians: The Climax of Imperialism.

11730:

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11021: 6243: 5759:

Britain, India's most significant industrial sector,

5605:

bearing the Star of India, which was also used as an

5510:

district magistrate, collector or deputy commissioner

3080: 2173:

Also, during his time in South Africa, in his essay,

648: 19698:

Oxford History of the British Empire: Historiography

19146:

Princes of India in the Endgame of Empire, 1917–1947

18475:(5 vol 1999–2001), with numerous articles on the Raj 18249:

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17868:

Hodges, Amy; Seawright, Leslie (26 September 2014).

16820:. Grantmedicalcollege-jjhospital.org. Archived from 16413: 16401: 16280:"Census of India 1921. Vol. 1, India. Pt. 2, Tables" 15442: 15226: 15047:

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13745:. Office of the Supdt. of Government Print. p. 13490:, p. 106 Quote: By the end of 1945, he and the 10165: 2212:

Gandhi made his political debut in India in 1917 in

2162:

or "non-violence", which formed the underpinning of

633: 202:• 1858–1876 (Queen); 1876–1901 (Queen-Empress) 20749:(1908) business history, biographies, illustrations 20674:

The Oxford handbook of Indian foreign policy (2015)

19814:

The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence

19256:

Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pakistan

16468: 15350: 15348: 15305:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. p. 149. 14893: 14436:. Delhi: B.R. Publishing Corporation. p. 110. 13772: 13664:

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13294: 13282: 13243: 12857: 11254: 11232:

Fighting to the End: The Pakistan Army's Way of War

10867:

Indian Society and the making of the British Empire

10632: 4441:of the British Parliament enacted on 18 July 1947. 4015:

Appointment of Indian Factories Commission in 1909.

3854:

Return of the bubonic plague, 1 million deaths

3602:Creation of Famine Commission of 1878–80 under Sir 1298:, December 28, 1885. Third row (middle) (l. to r.) 1253:

1880s–1890s: middle class, Indian National Congress

658: 66:Political subdivisions of the British Raj in 1909. 27429:Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators 20090:The Economic History of India in the Victorian Age 19217:, June 1982, 32#6 pp. 43–48, covers 1858–1947 18711: 17613: 17563: 17534: 15745:"Britain in India, Ideology and Economics to 1900" 15329:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 96. 15048: 13738: 13683: 13449: 11610:"Sikkim | History, Map, Capital, & Population" 11412:Constitutional relations between Britain and India 11038:, Oxford University Press, pp. 213–227, 222, 10858: 10738: 10667: 7800:, which specifically emphasises Hindu traditions. 7353:, finally proved in 1898 that mosquitoes transmit 5739:With the end of the state-granted monopoly of the 5512:; in 1947, British India comprised 230 districts. 3919:Reorganisation of Indian Universities Act (1904). 3862:Department (now Ministry) of Commerce and Industry 3721:Strengthening of NW Frontier defence. Creation of 3099:in Bombay in February 1946, followed by others in 2576:, collecting clothes to be burnt as a part of the 1630:1870s–1906: Muslim social movements, Muslim League 932:from 1887 to 1965, but not part of British India. 726:). It lasted until 1947, when the British Raj was 28970:Former British colonies and protectorates in Asia 20522:21.2 (2020), pp. 1–26, focus on C.A. Bayly, 19047:Brown, Judith M.; Louis, Wm. Roger, eds. (2001), 18904:, Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. xiii, 374, 18426:The British in India: A Social History of the Raj 17670: 17480: 17367: 17365: 15902:"Did the British loot India? - History Reclaimed" 15201: 14838: 14821: 14763:"Royal Indian Navy Jack with Star of India Badge" 14619:"Royal Indian Navy Jack with Star of India Badge" 14025: 14023: 13357: 12960: 12586: 12584: 12582: 12580: 12578: 12576: 12574: 12572: 12570: 12557: 12555: 12553: 12551: 12549: 12547: 12545: 12543: 12505: 12503: 12501: 12499: 12486: 12484: 12482: 12480: 12446: 12444: 12442: 12429: 12427: 12425: 12375: 12373: 12371: 12369: 12367: 12365: 7488:on 24 August 1930 at the Spin Tangi village near 4511:adopted the following definitions in Section 18: 2398:, the British judge under whose chairmanship the 2314:, and the realisation, after the disaster in the 28941: 20813: 18869:(4 vol. 2005) comprehensive coverage by scholars 18761:, New Delhi and London: Penguin Books. pp. 298, 18676:(2006) excerpt and text search, covers 1599–1947 18471:Louis, William Roger, and Judith M. Brown, eds. 18394:, Harlow and London: Pearson Longmans. pp. 160, 17541:Frykenberg, Robert Eric; Low, Alaine M. (2003). 15345: 15164: 14433:Military Flags of India: From the Earliest Times 13681: 13615: 13447: 13075: 12308: 10946:Hirst, Jacqueline Suthren; Zavros, John (2011), 7715:began arriving in India in 1783 and established 7667:Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury 7586:empire, would be subject to mounting scepticism. 6012:, which killed a third of the people of Bengal. 4235:New Delhi inaugurated as capital of India, 1931. 3938:Census of 1901 gives the total population at 294 3013:(centre-left) on their way to meet the viceroy, 2700: 2649:, the movement revived again, in the mid-1920s. 2127:Gandhi at the time of the Kheda Satyagraha, 1918 1909:took part in the war, primarily in Iraq and the 1447:festivals that he inaugurated in western India. 20077:Chaudhuri, Nupur. "Imperialism and Gender." in 18314:Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy 17867: 17730:Joshua Ehrlich, "Anxiety, Chaos, and the Raj." 17641: 17186:Civilian Jihad: Non-violent Struggle, Democrat 17087:"An almost forgotten part of our glorious past" 16552: 16251:"Census of India, 1911. Vol. 1., Pt. 2, Tables" 16184: 15144:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 160–66. 14725:"Ensign of the Royal Indian Marine (1927-1947)" 14649:"Ensign of the Royal Indian Marine (1927-1947)" 14041: 13407: 13405: 13258: 13109: 12634: 12632: 12630: 11351: 11036:The Oxford Handbook of the History of Education 10937: 10903:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 2005. 10676:"Colonial Knowledge and the Fate of Hindustani" 7840:the English language, and also the adoption of 7326:, who mainly worked in India, became the first 5757:less expensive imports from more industrialized 3925:with Indian Ancient Monument Preservation Act. 3797:(from Presidency System to the four Commands). 3506:Major extension of railways, roads, and canals 2540:, on 21 September 1921, Gandhi had adopted the 2425:, the present and future Chief Justices of the 2330:population could vote in future elections, the 1646:, the viceroy who replaced Curzon in 1906. The 1085:An 1887 souvenir portrait of Queen Victoria as 671:, lasting from 1858 to 1947. It is also called 20013: 18837:(1934) 690 pages; scholarly survey, 1599–1933 18595: 17574:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 237. 17362: 17061:Kabir Topu, Ahmed Humayun (19 February 2021). 16952: 16871:The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer 16000: 15046: 14894:McCandless, Byron; Grosvenor, Gilbert (1917). 14196: 14020: 13656: 13654: 13518: 13252: 12885:Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 12567: 12540: 12515: 12496: 12477: 12439: 12422: 12394:"Olympic Games Antwerp. 1920: Official Report" 12362: 12015: 12013: 11967: 11952: 11538: 11134:, London and New York: Routledge, p. 68, 11034:, in Rury, John L.; Tamura, Eileen H. (eds.), 10806:, Leiden and Boston: BRILL, pp. 253–254, 10264:Star of India flag used during the British Raj 7787:and the Orientalists promoted Sanskrit, while 6117:Religious groups in British India (1872−1941) 5629:in London. The central badge was based on the 3363:(contemporaneously and hereafter Indian Army) 2705:In local terms, British control rested on the 2090: 885:were theoretically princely states as well as 718:was transferred to the Crown in the person of 28985:States and territories disestablished in 1947 26370: 25693: 24085: 23569: 22242: 20799: 20349: 20214:... 3rd ed. Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons. 19593:Science and the Raj: A Study of British India 19534:(2015) a major, comprehensive scholarly study 19482:, vol. IV, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1909 19468:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III (1907), 19400: 19258:. University of California Press. 258 pages. 18447:Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India 18361:Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 18246: 18005:Love, Adam; Dzikus, Lars (26 February 2020). 17622: 17540: 17487:Abraham, William J.; Kirby, James E. (2009). 17333: 17022: 17020: 16867: 16308:United States Department of Commerce (1924). 15623:. Columbia University Press. pp. 25–28. 15415: 15207: 14180: 14178: 14176: 14174: 13609: 13339: 13264: 12728:. Vol. 13, no. 10. pp. 666–76. 12724:Bond, Brian (October 1963). "Amritsar 1919". 12467: 12465: 12463: 12461: 12459: 12233: 11517: 10804:Tracing the Boundaries between Hindi and Urdu 10147: 8106: 7824:The British colonisation of India influenced 7783:proposed to deal directly with the peasants. 7649:of the Bishop of Calcutta, who served as the 5985: 5565: 1606:never went beyond the law when he edited the 987:beside adjacent text, in accordance with the 853:. In addition, at various times, it included 441:4,993,650 km (1,928,060 sq mi) 24004:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 23987:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 23865:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 20562:(1999), vol. 5 in William Roger Louis, eds. 20343: 20262:European Women and the Second British Empire 20107:Empire and Sexuality: The British Experience 19898:Talbot, Ian; Singh, Gurharpal, eds. (1999), 19102: 18835:Rise and Fulfilment of British Rule in India 18529:The History and Culture of the Indian People 18232:Allan, J., T. Wolseley Haig, H. H. Dodwell. 17710:. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 231. 17676: 17486: 17282:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 16848:Lahore Civil and Military Gazette Press 1921 16004:(19 April 1943). "The population of India". 15843:"How Britain stole $ 45 trillion from India" 15059:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 13732: 13640: 13402: 12627: 12358:. 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Eerdmans Publishing. p. 103. 17106:"Peshawar: Qissa Khwani martyrs remembered" 16861: 16691:"Other histories of smallpox in South Asia" 16607:Infectious Diseases: Plague Through History 16588:The 1832 Cholera Epidemic in New York State 16564: 16359: 16330: 16272: 16242: 16213: 16154: 16125: 16095: 15517: 15481: 14919:. Cambridge University Press. p. 267. 13725:The life of the Marquis of Dufferin and Ava 13651: 13569:Nationalarchives.gov.uk Classroom Resources 13351: 12651: 12649: 12647: 12617: 12615: 12613: 12611: 12081:Historical Dictionary of the British Empire 12010: 11933: 11931: 11929: 11667: 11665: 11488:. Cambridge University Press. p. 247. 11483: 11358:, Cambridge University Press, p. 106, 10762:assert itself that Hindi came into its own. 10749:. A & C Black Publishers. p. 248. 10593: 10394:The only other emperor during this period, 5791:The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5416:External Affairs and Commonwealth Relations 5249:(1874–1878; later British prime minister), 5229:In London, it provided for a cabinet-level 4566:Presidencies and provinces of British India 4540:the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire 4477:Presidencies and provinces of British India 3725:consisting of regiments contributed by the 3500:Creation of Department of Agriculture (now 2685:, which included Gandhi, Nehru, Patel, and 1905:million Indian and British soldiers of the 981:removing excessive or indiscriminate images 887:presidencies and provinces of British India 36:Presidencies and provinces of British India 28990:States and territories established in 1858 28965:Bangladesh and the Commonwealth of Nations 26377: 26363: 25700: 25686: 24092: 24078: 23576: 23562: 22249: 22235: 21314:Hindustan Socialist Republican Association 20806: 20792: 20267: 20151: 20112: 20041: 19824:The History of British India: A Chronology 19220: 19074: 18674:The history of British India: a chronology 18625:The British Conquest and Dominion of India 18538:(2010), a concise historical encyclopaedia 18438:Herbertson, A.J. and O.J.R. Howarth. eds. 18316:, Oxford University Press. pp. xiii, 474, 18004: 17423: 17394: 17060: 17017: 16671:Leprosy – Medical History of British India 16540: 16498: 16486: 16450: 16438: 16395: 15971:(Delhi: B.R. Publishing Corporation 2010) 15925:"Glimpses of Indian Historical Demography" 14987: 14845:. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. 14171: 13995: 13993: 13980: 13978: 13783: 13675: 13441: 13203:The history of British India: a chronology 13147: 12535:India's Bismarck, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel 12456: 12304: 12302: 12146:Moore, "Imperial India, 1858–1914", p. 435 10680:Comparative Studies in Society and History 10154: 10140: 8113: 8099: 4534:and Prorogation Speeches. In addition, an 4524:the rule of the British East India Company 4237:Indian Workmen's Compensation Act of 1933 3485:annexed and incorporated into India 1869" 3220:Percentage of Muslims by district, in 1901 2801: 2612:or "Amritsar massacre", took place in the 2423:Diwan Bahadur Sir C. V. Kumaraswami Sastri 2177:, (1909), Gandhi formulated his vision of 1766:was the secretary of state for India, and 1275:(1829–1912), who proposed the idea of the 92: 60: 27591:Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) 27471:Fundamental rights, principles and duties 20591: 20529: 20394: 20316:Indian Economic and Social History Review 20313: 20295: 20194: 19937: 19932:(4, 1918–19: From War to Peace): 89–107, 19640:The Aftermath of Revolt: India, 1857–1870 19384: 19124: 18735:(3rd ed.) the Raj section was written by 18630: 18563: 18330: 17647: 17371: 17082: 17080: 16767: 16463:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III 1907 16060:Indian Economic and Social History Review 15940: 15678: 15538: 15139: 15095:Indian Economic and Social History Review 14939: 14769:. Zaricor Flag Collection. Archived from 14625:. Zaricor Flag Collection. Archived from 14429: 14305: 14290: 14278: 14263: 14251: 14059: 14029: 13370:, Harvard University Press, p. 320, 12741: 12282: 12251: 12227: 12159:Indian Economic and Social History Review 12067: 11897: 11888: 11878: 11867: 10949:Religious Traditions in Modern South Asia 10901:The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable 10823: 7407:Massacres of Indian civilians by the army 3075:in North Africa in November/December 1941 2620:. After days of unrest Brigadier-General 2380: 2187:from Indian society; and the exercise of 1589:, and involved boycott of British goods. 998:Learn how and when to remove this message 904:) was ceded to Britain in 1802 under the 805:. India was a participating state in the 28980:Pakistan and the Commonwealth of Nations 27533:Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) 23048:Legitimacy of territorial establishment 20564:The Oxford History of the British Empire 20492:Historians of India, Pakistan and Ceylon 20079:Encyclopedia of European Social History, 20036:A New Economic History of Colonial India 19883:, Cambridge University Press. pp. 272., 19794: 19428: 19324:The Viceroyalty of Lord Ripon, 1880–1884 18541: 18473:The Oxford History of the British Empire 17896:"How India changed the English language" 17683:Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture 17650:The Future of Christian Mission in India 17623:Crane, Ralph; Mohanram, Radhika (2013). 17515: 17489:The Oxford Handbook of Methodist Studies 17448: 17374:The Future of Christian Mission in India 17339: 17207: 16913:Mariners, Merchants and the Military Too 16311:Trade and Economic Review for 1922 No.34 15969:Glimpses of Indian Historical Demography 15922: 15775:The Oxford History of the British Empire 15702: 15469: 15384: 15325:Barbara D Metcalf and Thomas R Metcalf, 15266: 15127: 14951: 14599: 14015:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. 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Even so, when it was passed, the new 2116:in 1916 after his return to India from 1541:, into the Muslim-majority province of 1393:political philosophers, especially the 422:took effect Midnight, 14–15 August 1947 14: 28942: 27821:Securities and Exchange Board of India 26928:National Geological Monuments of India 25707: 24127:List of current non-sovereign monarchs 24033:Historical flags of the British Empire 24017:Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985 20494:(1961), reviews the older scholarship. 20298:The Economy of Modern India, 1860–1970 20133:from the original on 23 September 2023 20113:Kumar, Dharma; Desai, Meghnad (1983), 19923: 19878: 19739:(2016). wide-ranging scholarly survey 19717: 19678: 19573: 19243:from the original on 23 September 2023 19024:from the original on 23 September 2023 18706: 18584:from the original on 22 September 2023 18501: 18378:from the original on 23 September 2023 18234:The Cambridge Shorter History of India 18034: 18032: 17794: 17705: 17547:William B. 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Vol. 1, India" 16190: 15555:from the original on 23 September 2023 15411: 15409: 14425: 14423: 14317: 14184: 14153: 14141: 14090: 13935:from the original on 23 September 2023 13514: 12914:from the original on 15 September 2018 12753: 12667: 12293: 12264: 12155: 12108: 12094:Pandita Ramabai: the story of her life 11283:from the original on 23 September 2023 11185:from the original on 23 September 2023 11148:from the original on 23 September 2023 11052:from the original on 23 September 2023 11003:from the original on 23 September 2023 10966:from the original on 23 September 2023 7295:Child who starved to death during the 5803:Rail transport in India § History 5693:Economy of India under the British Raj 5164:The princely states were grouped into 4277:Secretary of State for India and Burma 3946:million in the princely states and 232 3469:Creation of Department of Irrigation. 3232:Percentage of Hindus by district, 1901 2884:, stating at Lahore on 23 March 1940: 2591:Staff and students, National College, 1984:administration of their own country." 1027:, one of the principal leaders of the 832: 699:. The region was sometimes called the 28975:India and the Commonwealth of Nations 28631: 27745: 27621:Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) 27586:Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) 27327: 26879: 26394: 26358: 25681: 24357: 24073: 23908: 23820: 23557: 23066: 22738: 22413: 22306: 22230: 20787: 20497: 20468:Sydney Studies in Society and Culture 20463:(1996) on fiction written in English. 20423: 20373: 19849: 19703: 19602:(1903) excerpt and text search 128 pp 19578:, BiblioBazaar, LLC, pp. 13–14, 19537: 19486: 19359: 19338: 19320: 19286: 19183: 19017:Some Aspects of British Rule in India 18917: 18899: 18892: 18797: 18775: 18751: 18653: 18504:India And South Asia: A Short History 18308: 18265: 18017:from the original on 31 December 2022 17708:A Short World History of Christianity 17429: 17400: 16909: 16894: 16719:. Vigyanprasar.gov.in. Archived from 16558: 16546: 16474: 16419: 16407: 16057: 15690: 15646:Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 15643: 15603: 15448: 15294: 15235: 15022: 14914: 14236: 14232: 14220: 14208: 14165: 14123:from the original on 17 November 2022 13914: 13894: 13799:from the original on 24 February 2021 13536:British Library: Help for Researchers 13506: 13396: 13276: 13214: 12996:"India and Pakistan win independence" 12692: 12655: 12638: 12621: 12590: 12561: 12521: 12509: 12490: 12471: 12450: 12433: 12379: 12356:India's contribution to the Great War 12276: 12079:James S. Olson and Robert S. 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For Gandhi, 2131:The year 1915 also saw the return of 2025:(UP), most prominently, two brothers 1826:, the first Indian to be awarded the 1762:, known as the Morley-Minto Reforms ( 896:Among other countries in the region, 869:(briefly from 1884 to 1898), and the 772:Chief Commissioner's Province of Aden 758:was already a part of British India; 28955:1858 establishments in British India 20482:Journal of Asian and African Studies 20183:The Journal of Economic Perspectives 19902:, Oxford University Press. pp. 420, 19773: 19722:, Oxford University Press. pp. 800, 19681:Oxford History of the British Empire 19506: 19449: 19051:, Oxford University Press. pp. 800, 19010: 18833:Thompson, Edward, and G.T. Garratt. 18686: 18567:A History of Modern India, 1480–1950 18452: 18294:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 18204:from the original on 8 February 2023 17518:T&T Clark Companion to Methodism 17342:Historical Dictionary of Anglicanism 17279: 17201: 17051:(Dhaka, Bangladesh), 25 January 2019 17033:(Dhaka, Bangladesh), 27 January 2009 16958: 16510: 16038: 15989:The Population of India and Pakistan 15710:. OECD Publishing. pp. 111–14. 15615: 15300: 15247: 15092: 15037: 14842:Drawings Of The Flags Of All Nations 14516: 13834: 13487: 13456:. Harvard University Press. p. 13435: 13423: 13411: 13363: 13063: 12723: 12342: 11982:Famine: As a Geographical Phenomenon 11650:from the original on 2 December 2022 11524:. Cosmo Publications. p. 1599. 11108:British victory at Plassey ... 1757 10832: 10243:Historiography of the British Empire 7663:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 7645:was built in 1847 and served as the 7500:: 80 non-violent Khudai Khidmatgar 7420:on 13 April 1919, Brigadier General 7372:a program was launched to propagate 6971: 6968: 6901: 5554:, prostitutes, lepers, and eunuchs. 4288:Indian Provincial Elections of 1937 4273:Indian Payment of Wages Act of 1936 4021:in 1910 (now Ministry of Education) 3067:Indian Army troops in action during 2544:in identification with India's poor. 1069:, wrote one of the early critiques, 959: 27616:National Investigation Agency (NIA) 27538:Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) 27227:Autonomous administrative divisions 23844:Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 22687:. British Cameroons is now part of 20685:, wide-ranging survey of conditions 20180: 19752: 19605: 19315:Viceroyalty of Lord Irwin 1926–1931 19162: 18656:India under Colonial Rule 1700–1885 18478: 18241:History of Indian National Congress 18174:from the original on 4 January 2023 18136:from the original on 4 January 2023 18126:"Beating British at their own game" 18077:from the original on 4 January 2023 18038: 18029: 17986:from the original on 4 January 2023 17956:from the original on 4 January 2023 17346:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers 17233:"The Crisis of Liberal Imperialism" 16987: 16798:from the original on 9 January 2015 16680:, National Library of Scotland 2007 16522: 15991:(Princeton University Press, 1951). 15755:from the original on 7 October 2014 15406: 15210:Indian Railways: Glorious 150 years 14420: 13848:from the original on 25 August 2014 13571:. National Archives. Archived from 13542:from the original on 11 August 2018 13315: 13300: 13288: 13166: 12863: 12839: 11313:Indian subcontinent by the British. 7504:protesters were killed by the Army. 7430:on 7 January 1921 at Munshiganj in 6888:Famine in India § British rule 5550:included those reputed to practice 4886:National Capital Territory of Delhi 2916:missing (probably dead), and 60,000 2652:The visit, in 1928, of the British 1089:, 30 years after the Great Uprising 979:Please help improve the section by 24: 27606:Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) 24122:List of current sovereign monarchs 22703:unilaterally declared independence 22398:1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802 20705:Year books and statistical records 20613: 18288:Brendon, Piers (28 October 2008). 17781:The New Cambridge History of India 17760:from the original on 8 August 2014 17212:. Hindustan Times. 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"Hindi". 10652:from the original on 24 May 2022 10617:from the original on 24 May 2022 10542: 10529: 10516: 10401: 10388: 10210: 10196: 10182: 10168: 8135: 8042:British rule in Portuguese India 7885: 7556:, founded by the British in 1867 6906: 6726: 6723: 6717: 6666: 6663: 6602: 6542: 6482: 6422: 6362: 6302: 6242: 5670: 5654: 5638: 5614: 5261:(1917–1922; an architect of the 4361:1 October 1943 – 4356:of World War II begins in 1942. 4007:Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 3829:6 January 1899 – 3706:Queen Victoria's Jubilee, 1887. 3323: 3311: 3299: 3287: 3249: 3237: 3225: 3213: 3060: 3048: 3025: 2999: 2931:The British government sent the 2789: 2770: 2746: 2584: 2561: 2549: 2521: 2289: 2270: 1936:, had led the previous viceroy, 1881: 1862: 1848:Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force 1839: 1834:, Punjab (present-day Pakistan). 1816: 1670: 1655: 1636: 1510: 1494: 1471: 1451:1905–1911: Partition of Bengal, 1330: 1315: 1287: 1265: 1196: 1173: 1153: 1137: 1078: 1055: 1039: 1017: 989:Manual of Style on use of images 964: 937: 629: 605: 587: 569: 555: 537: 523: 509: 476: 188:Queen/Queen-Empress/King-Emperor 70:is shown in two shades of pink; 26844:History of India (1947–present) 26324:Indian Institutes of Technology 26306:Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes 26235:South Asian Football Federation 24117:Imperial, royal and noble ranks 21248:Provisional Government of India 20730:The Imperial Gazetteer of India 20296:Tomlinson, Brian Roger (1993), 20034:Chaudhary, Latika, et al. eds. 19926:Journal of Contemporary History 19494:, Cambridge U. 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Singh, 17706:Mullin, Robert Bruce (2014). 17648:Kanjamala, Augustine (2014). 17372:Kanjamala, Augustine (2014). 17045:, by Shahnawaz Khan Chandan, 15708:The World Economy Volumes 1–2 14957:The World Economy Volumes 1–2 14061:10.51665/al-duhaa.003.01.0186 13452:Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography 11205:A Dictionary of World History 11030:Vanderven, Elizabeth (2019), 10574: 10248:Legislatures of British India 9319: 9058: 9031: 8930: 8909: 8832: 8771: 8700: 8683: 8666: 8649: 8632: 8611: 8526: 8509: 8263: 7989:Portuguese East India Company 7692:(CIBC) was erected, with its 7428:Munshiganj Raebareli massacre 6029: 5919: 5377:or by the provincial ones in 5271:1946 Cabinet Mission to India 5253:(1905–1910; initiator of the 5218:in the central government in 4961:(and present day territories) 4592:(and present-day territories) 4579: 4485:Subdivisions of British India 4462:Commonwealth Relations Office 4434:Viscount Mountbatten of Burma 4420:1946 Cabinet Mission to India 4336:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 4239:Indian Factories Act of 1934 4167:Indian Passport Act of 1920: 4095:Battle of Galliopoli, 1915–16 4061:Indian Factories Act of 1911 3966:million Muslims, along with 9 3907:Ceded and Conquered Provinces 3799:Pamir agreement Russia, 1895 3697:Indian Administrative Service 3618:8 June 1880 – 3258:1946 Cabinet Mission to India 2701:Government of India Act, 1935 1874:Theosophists in Adyar, Madras 1185: 27596:Enforcement Directorate (ED) 27417:State legislative assemblies 27328: 27257:States and union territories 26966:Biogeographic classification 24132:List of monarchy referendums 22263:British Overseas Territories 21857:Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari 21133:Chauri Chaura incident, 1922 20815:Indian independence movement 20477:2.2 (2021): 114–130. online. 20475:Perennial Journal of History 20438:10.1080/09584935.2011.594257 20397:The Journal of Asian Studies 20282:10.1080/00076791.2013.828424 20210:Sarkar, J. (2013, reprint). 19970:Wolpert, Stanley A. (2007), 19841:Who Was Who in British India 19718:Porter, Andrew, ed. (2001), 19574:Koomar, Roy Basanta (2009), 19513:, Yale U. Press, 250 pages, 19365:The Medieval History Journal 19225:, in Marshall, P. J. (ed.), 18983:, Harvard University Press, 18948:, Harvard University Press, 18873:Wolpert, Stanley A. (2006), 18758:A History of India, Volume 2 18681:Who Was Who in British India 18522:An advanced history of India 18428:(2018); expanded edition of 17403:Anglican Baptismal Liturgies 17294:10.1080/03086534.2012.724239 15658:10.1080/14662043.2010.522032 15516:for the historiography, see 15356:"History of Indian Railways" 15080:UK public library membership 13773:H. Caldwell Lipsett (1903). 11128:Steinback, Susie L. (2012), 11102:Mughal Empire ... 1526–1858 10922:"RAJ definition and meaning" 10802:Everaert, Christine (2010), 10483:" (6,388 persons) responses. 10468:" (5,504 persons) responses. 10453:" (4,050 persons) responses. 10438:" (1,147 persons) responses. 8474:Northern Black Polished Ware 7775:recommended turning Bengali 7576:'s brutal repression of the 7537: 7498:North-West Frontier Province 7465:North West Frontier Province 6058:1921 census of British India 5880:" for the Imperial Project. 5371:Imperial Legislative Council 5316:Secretary of State for India 5231:Secretary of State for India 5209:Government of India Act 1858 5197:Secretary of State for India 5096:North West Frontier Province 4458:Secretary of State for India 4439:Indian Independence Act 1947 4252:Government of India Act 1935 4144:Government of India Act 1919 4129:Sinai and Palestine campaign 4071:Western Front, Belgium, 1914 4046:Emperor and Empress of India 4013:(also Minto–Morley Reforms) 3936:under a Lieutenant-Governor. 3841:North-West Frontier Province 3742:Imperial Legislative Council 3547:Indian Councils Act of 1874 3525:3 May 1872 – 3508:Indian Councils Act of 1870 3437:Viceroy dies prematurely in 3365:Construction begins (1860): 3171:Islamic Republic of Pakistan 2874:North West Frontier Province 2718:Government of India Act 1935 2687:Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari 2515:Government of India Act 1935 2332:Government of India Act 1919 2282:Government of India Act 1919 1977:Imperial Legislative Council 1532:North-West Frontier Province 1279:in a letter to graduates of 748:Islamic Republic of Pakistan 355:Imperial Legislative Council 108:Imperial political structure 7: 28763:Water supply and sanitation 27746: 27528:Border Security Force (BSF) 27273:National monuments of India 26395: 23979:British Antarctic Territory 23689:Western Pacific Territories 23583: 22047:Virendranath Chattopadhyaya 21434:Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty 20212:Economics of British India 20014:Economic and social history 19781:, Oxford University Press, 19700:, (2001b), pp. 231–242 19501:The India Office, 1880–1910 19436:, Oxford University Press, 19043:(1991), scholarly biography 18877:, Oxford University Press, 18783:, Oxford University Press, 18743:The Reign of King George V, 18733:The Oxford History of India 18344:(2nd ed.), Routledge, 16818:"Sir JJ Group of Hospitals" 14990:The Economic History Review 14902:National Geographic Society 14793:"1936 Berlin Olympic Games" 14600:Phillips, David F. (2011). 14557:Virmani, Arundhati (1999). 14460:Virmani, Arundhati (1999). 13739:Sir George Forrest (1894). 13492:Commander-in-Chief of India 13169:Journal of Military History 11734:Garden City, NY: Doubleday 11229:Fair, C. Christine (2014), 10983:Salomone, Rosemary (2022), 10505:1941 census: Includes all " 10486:1931 census: Includes all " 10471:1921 census: Includes all " 10456:1911 census: Includes all " 10426:1891 census: Includes all " 10237:Glossary of the British Raj 10070:Influence on Southeast Asia 7870: 7676:led to the arrival of many 7347:Presidency General Hospital 6920:the scope of other articles 6111: 5944: 5850:East Indian Railway Company 5796: 5783:Tata Iron and Steel Company 5734: 5018:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 5012:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 4957: 4866:Islamabad Capital Territory 4768:Central Provinces and Berar 4588: 4411:UK General Election of 1945 4324:East African campaign, 1940 4320:Second Battle of El Alamein 3898:British expedition to Tibet 3858:Punjab Land Alienation Act 3802:The Chitral Campaign (1895) 3778:Indian Prisons Act of 1894 3512:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 3340: 3337: 3165:On 15 August 1947, the new 3091:Interim Government of India 2404:stricter anti-sedition laws 2091:1915–1918: return of Gandhi 2053:, respectively, to promote 1749:Indian Councils Act of 1892 1615:local political youth clubs 1384:'s partial reversal of the 893:as their unit of currency. 659: 181:British Colonial Government 10: 29011: 27816:Central Statistical Office 27422:State legislative councils 27397:Union Council of Ministers 26329:Inventions and discoveries 26301:Sino-Indian border dispute 26048:Human rights in South Asia 25834: 23717:Gilbert and Ellice Islands 23134:British Arctic Territories 22414: 22307: 21782:Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi 21334:Indian Independence League 21051:Partition of Bengal (1947) 21046:Partition of Bengal (1905) 20753:The Indian Year Book: 1914 20353:India and the Simon Report 20328:10.1177/001946467501200401 20196:10.1257/089533002760278749 19939:10.1177/002200946800300407 19795:Ramusack, Barbara (2004), 19377:10.1177/097194580701000203 19321:Gopal, Sarvepalli (1953), 19287:Gopal, Sarvepalli (1976), 19271:Curzon: Imperial Statesman 19221:Fieldhouse, David (1996), 19163:Das, Manmath Nath (1964). 18977:; Harper, Timothy (2007), 18942:; Harper, Timothy (2005), 18654:Peers, Douglas M. (2006), 18631:Oldenburg, Philip (2007), 18564:Markovits, Claude (2004), 18225: 18156:"Why Indians love cricket" 17597:Christian Higher Education 16953:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 16910:Jones, Phillip E. (2011). 16760:10.1177/003591574503800318 16742:Rogers, L (January 1945). 16646:"Biography of Ronald Ross" 16340:. 1931. pp. 513–519. 16072:10.1177/001946469002700102 15923:Romaniuk, Anatole (2014). 15496:10.1177/002252668100200201 15327:A Concise History of India 15140:Markovits, Claude (1985). 15107:10.1177/001946469403100401 14839:British Admiralty (1930). 14822:British Admiralty (1916). 14409:National Archives of India 14332:10.1177/025764300301900105 14197:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 13895:Edney, Matthew H. (1997). 13817:Ernest Hullo, "India", in 13519:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 13253:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 13229:10.1177/097492847202800106 13041:. University of Columbia. 13039:"Muslim Case for Pakistan" 12222:The lives of Sri Aurobindo 12172:10.1177/001946466400200302 11968:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 11953:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 11829:"East India Proclamations" 11698:Social History of Medicine 10490:" (219,300,645 persons), " 10479:" (467,578 persons), and " 10475:" (216,260,620 persons), " 10464:" (243,445 persons), and " 10460:" (217,337,943 persons), " 10445:" (207,050,557 persons), " 10441:1901 census:Includes all " 10430:" (207,688,724 persons), " 10423:" (913 persons) responses. 10419:" (347,994 persons), and " 10383:Charles Webster Leadbeater 10290:presidencies and provinces 8452:Black and Red ware culture 7725:Baptist Missionary Society 7700:across the Indian Empire. 7631: 7541: 7278:Indian famine of 1899–1900 7217:Indian famine of 1899–1900 6895: 6885: 6048:Demographics of Bangladesh 6033: 5986:Economic impact of the Raj 5923: 5859:In 1854, Governor-General 5800: 5741:East India Trading Company 5690: 5686: 5566:Official flags and emblems 5267:Frederick Pethick-Lawrence 5263:Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms 5126: 4926:(110,000 sq mi) 4842:(140,000 sq mi) 4794:(100,000 sq mi) 4754:(170,000 sq mi) 4726:(120,000 sq mi) 4686:(150,000 sq mi) 4563: 4474: 4423:Indian Elections of 1946. 4316:First Battle of El Alamein 4148:Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms 4044:in 1911: commemoration as 4032:Lord Hardinge of Penshurst 3870:(1901); dedication of the 3850:Indian famine of 1899–1900 3811:Indian famine of 1896–1897 3764:between British India and 3736:British Parliament passes 3608:Indian Forest Act of 1878 3084: 2860:of the landlord-dominated 2805: 2683:Congress Working Committee 2492: 2384: 2336:Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms 2262:Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms 2259: 2133:Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi 2094: 2064:southern Bombay presidency 1803: 1786:, which included Bengal's 1461:Partition of Bengal (1905) 1458: 1256: 1025:Lakshmibai, Rani of Jhansi 956:History of the British Raj 953: 949: 29: 28786: 28696:Medical colleges in India 28651: 28647: 28627: 28546: 28515: 28251: 28120: 28060: 28012: 27964: 27894: 27846:Foreign exchange reserves 27841:Foreign direct investment 27811:Economic Advisory Council 27781: 27758: 27754: 27741: 27665: 27637: 27571: 27558:Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) 27520: 27511: 27456: 27447: 27340: 27336: 27323: 27265: 27217: 27155: 27044: 26956: 26938:Sacred mountains of India 26920: 26892: 26888: 26875: 26836: 26765: 26660: 26627: 26584: 26563: 26510:Indus Valley Civilisation 26495: 26407: 26403: 26390: 26314: 26288: 26265: 26220: 26153: 26088: 26034: 26011: 25933: 25845: 25715: 25544: 25453: 25167: 24930: 24864: 24676: 24667: 24563: 24545: 24477: 24392: 24350: 24282: 24196: 24140: 24107: 24028: 23997: 23957:Commonwealth of Australia 23915: 23904: 23875: 23827: 23816: 23782: 23589: 23553: 23359:Newfoundland and Labrador 23073: 23062: 23040:League of Nations mandate 23021: 22745: 22734: 22715:Lancaster House Agreement 22685:League of Nations mandate 22674: 22420: 22409: 22313: 22302: 22269: 22173: 22072: 21957:Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi 21757:Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi 21577: 21454:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar 21374: 21329:Indian Home Rule movement 21271: 21168:Fourteen Points of Jinnah 21108:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 21036: 20973: 20821: 20683:Simon Report (1930) vol 1 20592:Steinberg, S. H. (1947). 20544:10.1080/00467600500065340 20409:10.1017/s0021911814001685 20344:Historiography and memory 20232:10.1017/s0026749x00007745 20166:10.1017/S1060150314000138 20056:10.1017/s0026749x00009197 19833:23 September 2023 at the 19746:23 September 2023 at the 19576:The Labor Revolt in India 19552:10.1017/S0026749X00003656 19415:10.1017/S0026749X07002892 19223:"For Richer, for Poorer?" 19190:Late Victorian Holocausts 19089:10.1017/S0026749X12000686 19003:Bayly, Christopher Alan. 18731:Smith, Vincent A. (1958) 18502:Ludden, David E. (2002), 18198:LSE International History 18107:https://dergipark.org.tr/ 17654:Wipf and Stock Publishers 17378:Wipf and Stock Publishers 17089:, by Pradip Kumar Dutta, 16717:"Feature Story: Smallpox" 16676:10 September 2007 at the 16631:10 September 2007 at the 16597:, By G. William Beardslee 15179:10.1017/s0026749x00009197 13844:. World Digital Library. 13690:. Oxford University Press 13682:Sarvepalli Gopal (1953). 13616:Michael Maclagan (1963). 13448:Sarvepalli Gopal (1976). 12811:10.1017/S0026749X00015286 12768:10.1017/S0026749X00004388 12309:Manmath Nath Das (1964). 11112:British Raj ... 1858–1947 10926:Collins Online Dictionary 10833:Dhir, Krishna S. (2022). 10692:10.1017/S0010417500018661 10509:" (48,813,180 persons), " 10449:" (92,419 persons), and " 10434:" (39,952 persons), and " 8463:Painted Grey Ware culture 8335:Indus Valley Civilisation 7756: 7721:London Missionary Society 7561:Thomas Babington Macaulay 7418:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 7274:Great Famine of 1876–1878 7096: 7072: 7032: 7000: 6976: 6149: 6146: 6143: 6140: 6137: 6134: 6131: 6128: 6121: 5697:Economic history of India 5623:Governor General of India 5524:Elephant Carriage of the 5293:Governor-General of India 5149:in Delhi which was under 4894:(97,000 sq mi) 4642:(50,000 sq mi) 4589:Province of British India 4153:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 4100:Defence of India Act 1915 4087:Battle of Ctesiphon, 1915 3887:(in absentia) proclaimed 3594:Great Famine of 1876–1878 3583:(in absentia) proclaimed 3537:Bihar famine of 1873–1874 3473:Imperial Forestry Service 2663:At its annual session in 2647:incident at Chauri Chaura 2610:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 2495:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 1946:Defence of India Act 1915 1663:1909 Prevailing Religions 1429:Servants of India Society 1380:It was, however, Viceroy 1239:Great Famine of 1876–1878 703:, though not officially. 455: 445: 435: 430: 426: 413: 398: 385: 372: 368: 360: 350: 346: 334: 324:• 1858–1859 (first) 322: 318: 308: 304: 290: 280:• 1858–1862 (first) 278: 274: 264: 260: 248: 236: 224: 212: 200: 196: 186: 176: 166: 135: 117: 103: 91: 59: 54: 47: 27982:Multi Commodity Exchange 27601:Intelligence Bureau (IB) 26296:Indo-Pakistani conflicts 24269:Self-proclaimed monarchy 23487:Turks and Caicos Islands 22794:(protectorate) 1907–1949 22739: 22366:(integrated into the UK) 22196:Indian annexation of Goa 22042:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 21554:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 21319:Indian National Congress 21118:Non-cooperation movement 19920:(Hardinge Simpole, 2008) 19879:Shaikh, Farzana (1989), 19254:Gilmartin, David. 1988. 19125:Chatterji, Joya (1993), 19104:Chandavarkar, Rajnarayan 19041:Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope 18683:(1998), covers 1599–1947 18358:Chhabra, G. S. (2005) , 18101:26 November 2022 at the 17785:(1995), pp. 10–12, 34–35 17340:Buchanan, Colin (2015). 17231:Mantena, Karuna (2010). 16895:Dolly, Sequeria (2021). 16648:. The Nobel Foundation. 16282:. 1921. pp. 39–44. 16223:. 1901. pp. 57–62. 15583:. Macmillan. p. 9. 15303:Railways in Modern India 15278:Railways in Modern India 14865:National Maritime Museum 14733:National Maritime Museum 14695:National Maritime Museum 14657:National Maritime Museum 14375:National Maritime Museum 13828:23 February 2021 at the 13622:. Macmillan. p. 212 13110:D. N. Panigrahi (2004). 12876:Muldoon, Andrew (2009). 11263:Glanville, Luke (2013), 11106:Aurengzeb ... 1658–1707 10774:Vejdani, Farzin (2015), 10674:Lelyveld, David (1993). 10275: 9114:Gurjara-Pratihara Empire 9094:Eastern Chalukya Kingdom 8695:Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire 7858:in recent decades, with 7751:converts to Christianity 7703:Missionaries from other 7475:of the unarmed civilian 7268:During the British Raj, 7202:Indian famine of 1896–97 7138:Rajputana famine of 1869 6044:Demographics of Pakistan 5957:Sappers and Miners, 1896 5627:National Maritime Museum 5492:others nominated and 102 5355:Indian Councils Act 1861 5269:(1945–1947; head of the 5205:Indian Rebellion of 1857 5157:in the aftermath of the 4417:becoming prime minister. 4011:Indian Councils Act 1909 3835:Lord Curzon of Kedleston 3738:Indian Councils Act 1892 3466:Rajputana famine of 1869 3388:Indian Councils Act 1861 3381:passed into law in 1860. 2960:Indian National Congress 2635:Indian National Congress 2578:non-cooperation movement 2570:Indian National Congress 2310:and the founding of the 2250:Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel 2101:Kheda Satyagraha of 1918 2060:Irish home rule movement 1961:Indian National Congress 1950:Indian Press Act of 1910 1927:Indian National Congress 1760:Indian Councils Act 1909 1682:Indian National Congress 1543:Eastern Bengal and Assam 1399:Indian National Congress 1342:Indian National Congress 1277:Indian National Congress 1259:Indian National Congress 1096:Indian Rebellion of 1857 889:until 1947 and used the 708:Indian Rebellion of 1857 250:• 1936–1947 (last) 172:Indians, British Indians 27826:Enforcement Directorate 27287:Indian-origin religions 27278:National parks of India 27087:Highest point by states 26849:Economic liberalisation 26103:Archaeological cultures 24537:Vatican City (Holy See) 23770:1919–1942 and 1945–1968 23595:18th and 19th centuries 23411:Queen Charlotte Islands 23371:North-Western Territory 23343:1665–1674 and 1702–1776 22946:1781–1784 and 1795–1819 22611:1923–1965 and 1979–1980 22294:Commonwealth of Nations 22201:Indian Independence Act 21787:Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan 21762:Jatindra Mohan Sengupta 21732:Dukkipati Nageswara Rao 21469:Kandukuri Veeresalingam 21449:Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai 21284:All-India Muslim League 21238:Royal Air Force strikes 21203:Round table conferences 21193:Chittagong armoury raid 21083:Hindu–German Conspiracy 21066:Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy 20836:Porto Grande de Bengala 20452:Mantena, Rama Sundari. 20426:Contemporary South Asia 19976:Encyclopædia Britannica 19818:Archive.org, borrowable 19339:Gould, William (2004), 19275:excerpt and text search 18839:excerpt and text search 18714:Modern India, 1885–1947 18434:Excerpt and text search 17783:: Ideologies of the Raj 17493:Oxford University Press 17401:Tovey, Phillip (2017). 17328:Indian Tales of the Raj 16135:. 1881. pp. 9–18. 15518:D'Souza, Rohan (2006). 15362:. IRFCA. Archived from 14869:Royal Museums Greenwich 14797:www.bharatiyahockey.org 14737:Royal Museums Greenwich 14699:Royal Museums Greenwich 14661:Royal Museums Greenwich 14379:Royal Museums Greenwich 14109:10.11588/ao.2016.0.8820 14091:Kumari, Savita (2016). 13352:Bayly & Harper 2007 13144:Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan 12207:excerpt and text search 12042:18 October 2017 at the 11508:Marshall (2001), p. 384 11439:Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar 11435:India Executive Council 11202:Wright, Edmund (2015), 10835:The Wonder That Is Urdu 9214:Western Chalukya Empire 8357:Mature Harappan culture 7705:Christian denominations 7370:Mountstuart Elphinstone 7168:Great Famine of 1876–78 7153:Bihar famine of 1873–74 6040:Demographics of Myanmar 5488:nominated officials, 13 5431:Industries and Supplies 5422:Food and transportation 4505:Interpretation Act 1889 4402:Battle of Monte Cassino 4283:separated off from the 4247:Indian Military Academy 4208:Indian Forest Act, 1927 4169:British Indian passport 4133:Battle of Megiddo, 1918 4019:Department of Education 3903:North-Western Provinces 3760:. Establishment of the 3723:Imperial Service Troops 3702:University of Allahabad 3677:Third Anglo-Burmese War 3630:Second Anglo-Afghan War 3611:Second Anglo-Afghan War 3502:Ministry of Agriculture 3359:1858 reorganisation of 3073:Western Desert Campaign 3039:(right) presiding, and 3033:Chaudhari Khaliquzzaman 2802:1939–1945: World War II 2695:Round Table Conferences 2511:Round Table Conferences 2010:reunification of Bengal 1719:Second Anglo-Afghan War 1710:Census of British India 1697:All-India Muslim League 1403:Womesh Chunder Bonerjee 1368:Second Anglo-Afghan War 1160:Stereographic image of 583:Somaliland Protectorate 403:Indian Independence Act 389:Government of India Act 136:Official languages 18:British Empire in India 28796:Arts and entertainment 28431:Science and technology 28367:Information technology 28047:Government initiatives 26943:Sacred rivers of India 26933:Sacred groves of India 26487:Science and technology 26316:Science and technology 24819:Islands of Refreshment 24249:Legitimacy (political) 23520:West Indies Federation 22709:) and continued as an 22292:Current member of the 21987:Syama Prasad Mukherjee 21892:Purushottam Das Tandon 21258:Praja Mandala movement 21072:The Indian Sociologist 20700:, major primary source 20698:. The Clarendon press. 20633:Quotations related to 20490:Philips, Cyril H. ed. 20350:Andrews, C.F. (2017). 20027:Ballhatchet, Kenneth. 19169:. G. Allen and Unwin. 18865:Wolpert, Stanley, ed. 18849:A New History of India 18693:, Palgrave Macmillan, 17432:The Religions of India 17430:Dalal, Roshen (2014). 17326:Zareer Masani (1988). 16868:Nigel Collett (2006). 16612:17 August 2008 at the 16499:Kumar & Desai 1983 16487:Kumar & Desai 1983 16451:Kumar & Desai 1983 16396:Kumar & Desai 1983 15967:Parameswara Krishnan, 15208:R.R. Bhandari (2005). 15065:10.1093/ref:odnb/36421 14767:www.flagcollection.com 14623:www.flagcollection.com 14571:10.1093/past/164.1.169 14474:10.1093/past/164.1.169 13118:. Routledge. pp. 12703:10.1093/past/131.1.130 12315:. G. Allen and Unwin. 11984:. Springer Dordrecht. 11564:. 2008. Archived from 11558:"Nepal: Cultural life" 11459:Smith, George (1882). 11168:Studying Indian Cinema 11104:Akbar I ... 1556–1605 10494:" (990,233 persons), " 10415:" (398,409 persons), " 10288:a quasi-federation of 10120:Science and technology 8504:Three Crowned Kingdoms 8346:Early Harappan culture 8161:(2,500,000–250,000 BC) 7821: 7798:Bharatiya Janata Party 7682:Church Mission Society 7658: 7634:Protestantism in India 7607: 7600:University of Calcutta 7588: 7557: 7523:Vidurashwatha massacre 7469:vehicle-ramming attack 7451:Indian Imperial Police 7330:to develop and deploy 7304:first cholera pandemic 7299: 7083:Agra famine of 1837–38 6061: 5958: 5942: 5836: 5820: 5812: 5719: 5537: 5434:Works, Mines and Power 5425:Transport and Railways 5319: 5304: 5241:; these included: Sir 5200: 4542:, was set up in 1878. 4520: 4332:Syria–Lebanon campaign 4304:North African campaign 4269:Marquess of Linlithgow 4242:Royal Indian Air Force 4158:Third Anglo-Afghan War 3982:million Jains, and 8.4 3962:million Hindus, and 63 3872:Victoria Memorial Hall 3577:Chief Commissionership 3516:Chief Commissionership 3400:, financial member of 3375:University of Calcutta 2942:Congress launched the 2897: 2671:, issued a demand for 2454: 2406: 2381:1917–1919: Rowlatt Act 2128: 2120: 1942:Revolutionary violence 1753:Municipal Corporations 1360:Monier Monier-Williams 1029:Great Uprising of 1857 985:moving relevant images 883:Persian Gulf Residency 533:Persian Gulf Residency 158:Other Indian languages 28753:Socio-economic issues 28701:Law colleges in India 28691:Universities in India 27939:Reserve Bank of India 26742:Independence movement 26540:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 26195:Religious persecution 26053:Religious nationalism 25913:European and Eurasian 25717:Countries and regions 24630:Saint Kitts and Nevis 24219:Criticism of monarchy 24209:Abolition of monarchy 23442:Saint Kitts and Nevis 22713:state until the 1979 22319:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 22211:Political integration 21952:Shyamji Krishna Varma 21737:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 21682:Bhupendra Kumar Datta 21514:Rettamalai Srinivasan 21474:Mahadev Govind Ranade 21279:All India Kisan Sabha 21243:Coup d'état of Yanaon 21143:Qissa Khwani massacre 21128:Coolie-Begar movement 20943:Second Anglo-Sikh War 20627:at Wikimedia Commons 19843:(1998); 5000 entries 19816:(W. W. Norton, 1999) 19662:Ideologies of the Raj 19627:MacMillan, Margaret. 19507:Khan, Yasmin (2007), 19450:Hyam, Ronald (2007), 19144:Copland, Ian (2002), 18900:Baker, David (1993), 18867:Encyclopedia of India 18409:India: A Re-Statement 18390:Copland, Ian (2001), 18112:1 August 2019 at the 17734:63.3 (2020): 777–787. 16943:, Viking 1988, p. 166 16191:Frazer, R.W. (1897). 14528:Victorian Collections 14416:on 23 September 2024. 13819:Catholic Encyclopedia 13641:William Ford (1887). 13532:"Indian Independence" 13364:Bose, Sugata (2011), 12068:Bose & Jalal 2004 11465:. London: John Murray 10865:Bayly, C. A. (1988). 10328:of the Government of 10292:directly governed by 10269:British North America 10176:British Empire portal 10023:Specialised histories 9294:Kalachuris of Kalyani 9284:Kalachuris of Tripuri 8966:Western Ganga Kingdom 8894:Indo-Sassanid Kingdom 8844:Western Satrap Empire 8827:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 8817:Indo-Scythian Kingdom 8368:Late Harappan culture 8129:History of South Asia 8062:British rule in Burma 8032:Company rule in India 7834:South Asian languages 7811: 7739:St. Stephen's College 7735:Christ Church College 7641: 7632:Further information: 7597: 7583: 7554:University of Lucknow 7551: 7461:Qissa Khwani massacre 7389:Grant Medical College 7320:Third plague pandemic 7297:Bengal famine of 1943 7294: 7232:Bengal famine of 1943 7123:Orissa famine of 1866 7075:Company Rule in India 6972:Deaths (in millions) 6932:and help introduce a 6055: 6036:Demographics of India 6010:Bengal famine of 1770 5952: 5937: 5826: 5818: 5810: 5709: 5691:Further information: 5523: 5310: 5287: 5279:Syed Hussain Bilgrami 5247:Marquess of Salisbury 5233:and a fifteen-member 5183: 4513: 4390:Bengal famine of 1943 4257:Reserve Bank of India 4249:established in 1932. 4189:established in 1922. 4165:established in 1920. 4163:University of Rangoon 4125:Fall of Baghdad, 1917 4121:Mesopotamian campaign 4083:Mesopotamian campaign 3974:million Christians, 2 3942:million, including 62 3934:East Bengal and Assam 3717:Marquess of Lansdowne 3695:(ICS), and today the 3477:Indian Forest Service 3462:Orissa famine of 1866 3457:Anglo-Bhutan Duar War 3452:Sir John Lawrence, Bt 3420:Indian Police Service 3418:, later known as the 3266:Lord Pethick Lawrence 3138:Later that year, the 3113:Lord Pethick Lawrence 2886: 2862:Punjab Unionist Party 2808:India in World War II 2595:, founded in 1921 by 2451: 2394: 2316:Mesopotamian campaign 2137:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 2126: 2108: 1969:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 1587:Surendranath Banerjee 1557:). Curzon's act, the 1433:untouchable community 1425:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 1401:. The 70 men elected 1125:Lord William Bentinck 865:(from 1886 to 1937), 861:(from 1858 to 1937), 857:(from 1858 to 1937), 803:San Francisco in 1945 32:Company rule in India 28027:Economic development 27871:Voluntary guidelines 27866:Industrial licensing 26996:Environmental issues 26778:Non-Aligned Movement 26555:Seleucid–Mauryan war 26344:Traditional medicine 24462:United Arab Emirates 23970:Realm of New Zealand 23968:(transferred to the 23955:(transferred to the 23788:Realm of New Zealand 23389:Prince Edward Island 23267:1671–1816, 1833–1960 22037:Veeran Sundaralingam 21992:Tara Rani Srivastava 21927:Sahajanand Saraswati 21817:Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi 21702:Chandra Shekhar Azad 21607:Alluri Sitarama Raju 21564:Vitthal Ramji Shinde 21519:Sahajanand Saraswati 21439:Gopal Ganesh Agarkar 21339:Indian National Army 21183:Dharasana Satyagraha 21088:Champaran Satyagraha 20938:First Anglo-Sikh War 20532:History of Education 20459:Moor-Gilbert, Bart. 20220:Modern Asian Studies 20001:Wolpert, Stanley A. 19994:Wolpert, Stanley A. 19598:Lipsett, Chaldwell. 19540:Modern Asian Studies 19499:Kaminsky, Arnold P. 19403:Modern Asian Studies 19293:, Harvard U. Press, 19077:Modern Asian Studies 19007:. (Routledge, 2016). 18718:, Delhi: Macmillan, 18687:Robb, Peter (2002), 18637:Encarta Encyclopedia 18506:, Oxford: Oneworld, 18453:Judd, Denis (2004), 18407:Coupland, Reginald. 18239:Bandhu, Deep Chand. 17982:. 19 November 2022. 17457:The Indian Year Book 16916:. P. J. Publishing. 15716:10.1787/456125276116 15167:Modern Asian Studies 14965:10.1787/456125276116 14915:Baten, Jörg (2016). 14900:. Washington, D.C.: 13888:Robert Harry Drayton 13082:The Idea of Pakistan 12799:Modern Asian Studies 12756:Modern Asian Studies 12120:Stanley A. Wolpert, 11568:on 24 November 2015. 11484:Baten, Jörg (2016). 11447:V. T. Krishnamachari 11296:Pykett, Lyn (2006), 11165:Ahmed, Omar (2015), 10498:" (5,378 persons), " 10411:" (1,147 persons), " 10232:Direct colonial rule 9541:Ahmadnagar Sultanate 9343:Late medieval period 9254:Eastern Ganga Empire 8986:Vishnukundina Empire 8052:British Raj in India 7694:St. Paul's Cathedral 7643:St. Paul's Cathedral 7578:Morant Bay rebellion 7525:on 25 April 1938 at 7467:: In this armoured 7463:on 23 April 1930 in 7374:smallpox vaccination 5781:otherwise sell. The 5255:Minto–Morley Reforms 5159:Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 4975:Chief administrative 4604:Chief administrative 4407:British Labour Party 4057:as capital of India. 3894:Francis Younghusband 3704:established in 1887 3693:Indian Civil Service 3655:Education Commission 3643:University of Punjab 3371:University of Madras 3367:University of Bombay 3167:Dominion of Pakistan 2983:, presided by Bose. 2969:Indian National Army 2868:of the pro-Congress 2707:Indian Civil Service 2468:Bolshevik Revolution 2431:High Court of Madras 2427:High Court of Bombay 2359:Minto–Morley Reforms 2150:was different from " 2097:Champaran Satyagraha 2070:and in regions like 1981:Madan Mohan Malaviya 1923:1920 Summer Olympics 1784:revolutionary groups 1771:elective principle. 1648:Minto-Morley Reforms 1373:Vernacular Press Act 1352:Indian Civil Service 677:Direct rule in India 519:Dominion of Pakistan 86:are shown in yellow. 27789:Ministry of Finance 26793:Indo-Pakistani wars 26737:Partition of Bengal 26275:South Asian studies 25801:South Asian regions 25658:Trinidad and Tobago 25545:Commonwealth realms 25430:United Baltic Duchy 24573:Antigua and Barbuda 24565:Commonwealth realms 24259:Order of succession 24001:Since 2009 part of 23893:of April–June 1982. 23480:Trinidad and Tobago 23094:Antigua and Barbuda 22994:Straits Settlements 22022:V. K. Krishna Menon 21967:Subhas Chandra Bose 21852:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 21847:Mohammad Ali Jauhar 21742:Govind Ballabh Pant 21722:Dayananda Saraswati 21647:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 21444:Gopal Hari Deshmukh 21424:Dhondo Keshav Karve 21419:Dayananda Saraswati 21414:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 21389:A. Vaidyanatha Iyer 20902:Anglo-Maratha Wars 20260:Strobel, Margaret. 19775:Raja, Masood Ashraf 19735:Raghavan, Srinath. 19430:Headrick, Daniel R. 19313:Gopal, Sarvepalli. 19279:Gopal, Sarvepalli. 18597:Metcalf, Barbara D. 18536:The A to Z of India 18414:Dodwell H. H., ed. 17778:Thomas R. Metcalf, 17380:. pp. 117–19. 17252:10.3917/hp.011.0002 17140:The Express Tribune 17027:"Salanga Day today" 16593:13 May 2015 at the 16525:, pp. 263–281. 16370:. pp. 97–101. 15681:, pp. 105, 108 15460:Derbyshire, 157-67. 15366:on 25 November 2012 14773:on 7 September 2024 14743:on 7 September 2024 14667:on 7 September 2024 14629:on 7 September 2024 13877:Government of India 13647:. pp. 186–253. 13575:on 14 February 2015 12679:Nick Lloyd (2011). 11749:on 25 February 2009 11710:10.1093/shm/9.3.357 11319:Lowe, Lisa (2015), 11222:Crown rule in India 10258:Subsidiary alliance 9623:Early modern period 9470:Vijayanagara Empire 9450:Chitradurga Kingdom 9144:Bhauma-Kara Kingdom 8556:Shaishunaga dynasty 7842:South Asian cuisine 7826:South Asian culture 7814:Indian cricket team 7812:A supporter of the 7686:Diocese of Calcutta 7674:British Indian Army 7486:Spin Tangi massacre 7393:Elphinstone College 7035:Maratha Confederacy 7003:Maratha Confederacy 6987:Great Bengal Famine 6962: 6118: 5926:Irrigation in India 5854:profit maximization 5139:subsidiary alliance 5116:Chief Commissioner 5090:Chief Commissioner 5061:Chief Commissioner 5038:British Baluchistan 5032:Chief Commissioner 5006:Chief Commissioner 4933:Lieutenant-Governor 4901:Lieutenant-Governor 4849:Governor-in-Council 4761:Lieutenant-Governor 4733:Governor-in-Council 4693:Lieutenant-Governor 4585: 4536:order of knighthood 4350:Battle of Singapore 4342:Battle of Hong Kong 4187:University of Delhi 3930:Partition of Bengal 3774:finalised in 1893. 3361:British Indian Army 3270:Sir Stafford Cripps 3262:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 3206:newly drawn borders 3189:, and the viceroy, 3117:Sir Stafford Cripps 3009:(centre-right) and 2973:Battle of Singapore 2956:Subhas Chandra Bose 2944:Quit India Movement 2866:Abd al-Ghaffar Khan 2854:Krishak Praja Party 2820:Quit India Movement 2679:Hindustani language 2528:Gandhi with Besant 2334:(also known as the 2083:groups such as non- 2035:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 1965:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 1907:British Indian Army 1889:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 1566:Partition of Bengal 1559:Partition of Bengal 1441:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 1281:Calcutta University 1273:Allan Octavian Hume 1243:Indian Famine Codes 1168:, completed in 1888 1063:Sir Syed Ahmed Khan 871:Straits Settlements 847:Indo-Gangetic Plain 833:Geographical extent 730:into two sovereign 673:Crown rule in India 669:Indian subcontinent 601:Straits Settlements 336:• 1947 (last) 292:• 1947 (last) 28758:Standard of living 28448:Telecommunications 27965:Financial services 27886:Atmanirbhar Bharat 27806:Finance Commission 26971:Biosphere reserves 26727:Bengal Renaissance 26715:Commander-in-Chief 26680:East India Company 25709:South Asian topics 23153:Cape Breton Island 23044:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty 22886:Unfederated States 22701:Southern Rhodesia 22288:Commonwealth realm 22206:Partition of India 22052:Yashwantrao Holkar 22017:V. O. Chidamabaram 21972:Subramania Bharati 21902:Rahul Sankrityayan 21887:Pritilata Waddedar 21797:Shri Krishna Singh 21697:C. Rajagopalachari 21687:Bidhan Chandra Roy 21672:Bhavabhushan Mitra 21657:Begum Hazrat Mahal 21612:Annapurna Maharana 21484:Muthulakshmi Reddy 21429:G. Subramania Iyer 21123:Christmas Day Plot 20998:Indian nationalism 20948:Sannyasi rebellion 20846:East India Company 20777:1919–1947 editions 20558:Winks, Robin, ed. 20470:13 (2014). online. 20253:Sinha, Mrinalini. 20098:Gupta, Charu, ed. 20044:Population Studies 19996:Jinnah of Pakistan 19710:Discovery of India 19657:Metcalf, Thomas R. 19636:Metcalf, Thomas R. 19371:(1&2): 75–98, 18975:Bayly, Christopher 18940:Bayly, Christopher 18919:Bayly, Christopher 18893:Specialised topics 18804:A History of India 18781:A History of India 18690:A History of India 18601:Metcalf, Thomas R. 17952:. 14 August 2017. 17732:Historical Journal 17261:on 19 October 2017 17240:Histoire@Politique 16973:District Raebareli 16165:. pp. 87–95. 16106:. pp. 50–54. 16006:Far Eastern Survey 15875:. 15 August 2023. 15873:The Economic Times 14897:Flags of the World 14563:Past & Present 14538:on 13 October 2023 14466:Past & Present 14320:Studies in History 14032:, pp. 386–409 13759:Michael Edwardes, 13340:Bandyopadhyay 2004 13265:Bandyopadhyay 2004 13181:10.1353/jmh.0.0233 13024:Ramachandra Guha, 12842:, pp. 40, 156 12695:Past & Present 12248:, pp. 273–274 12234:Bandyopadhyay 2004 12201:V. Sankaran Nair, 12133:Michael Edwardes, 12031:F.H. Hinsley, ed. 11782:, pp. 150–151 11770:, pp. 149–150 11407:Mansergh, Nicholas 10239:(Hindi-Urdu words) 10100:Partition of India 9965:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 9913:Regional histories 9858:National histories 9745:Travancore Kingdom 9715:Thondaiman Kingdom 9585:Golkonda Sultanate 9194:Somavamshi Kingdom 9164:Rashtrakuta Empire 9104:Rashidun Caliphate 9026:Kabul Shahi Empire 8874:Nagas of Padmavati 8797:Indo-Greek Kingdom 8737:(230 BC – AD 1206) 8430:Vedic Civilisation 8378:Vedic Civilisation 8275:Ahar-Banas culture 8082:Partition of India 7822: 7794:Hindu nationalists 7766:Ideological impact 7672:The growth of the 7659: 7608: 7604:state universities 7558: 7510:on 28 May 1930 at 7366:Lepers Act of 1898 7336:Haffkine Institute 7300: 6954: 6930:discuss this issue 6116: 6062: 5997:East India Company 5959: 5837: 5821: 5813: 5761:textile production 5720: 5589:The rulers of the 5552:female infanticide 5542:East India Company 5538: 5320: 5318:from 1874 to 1878. 5305: 5201: 5199:from 1859 to 1866. 5193:East India Company 5102:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 4970:Population in 1901 4801:Chief Commissioner 4649:Chief Commissioner 4599:Population in 1901 4577: 4509:British Parliament 4449:Partition of India 4312:Operation Crusader 4231:Earl of Willingdon 4075:German East Africa 3932:; new province of 3845:Chief Commissioner 3793:Reorganisation of 3341:Presiding Viceroy 3160:partition of India 3087:Partition of India 3069:Operation Crusader 2658:Bardoli Satyagraha 2622:Reginald E.H. Dyer 2455: 2407: 2240:—one in the rural 2152:passive resistance 2129: 2121: 1050:on 1 November 1858 867:British Somaliland 716:East India Company 417:Partition of India 310:Secretary of State 28937: 28936: 28933: 28932: 28929: 28928: 28623: 28622: 28619: 28618: 28168:Jammu and Kashmir 27794:Finance ministers 27737: 27736: 27733: 27732: 27725:Women in politics 27700:Political parties 27633: 27632: 27629: 27628: 27439:Chief Secretaries 27412:State governments 27407:Cabinet Secretary 27360:Foreign relations 27319: 27318: 27315: 27314: 26871: 26870: 26867: 26866: 26859:COVID-19 pandemic 26732:Political reforms 26352: 26351: 26255:Traditional games 26240:South Asian Games 25828:General geography 25675: 25674: 25671: 25670: 25360:Piedmont-Sardinia 25112:Sip Song Chau Tai 24922:Thirteen Colonies 24663: 24662: 24067: 24066: 24024: 24023: 23900: 23899: 23832:Providence Island 23812: 23811: 23777: 23776: 23645:Western Australia 23613:Van Diemen's Land 23549: 23548: 23526:Associated States 23224:Columbia District 23058: 23057: 22912:Manila and Cavite 22730: 22729: 22609:Southern Rhodesia 22603:South-West Africa 22553:Northern Rhodesia 22465:Cape of Good Hope 22405: 22404: 22282:Current territory 22224: 22223: 22191:Republic of India 22027:Vallabhbhai Patel 22012:Ubaidullah Sindhi 21912:Ram Prasad Bismil 21807:M. Bhaktavatsalam 21767:Jatindra Nath Das 21692:Bipin Chandra Pal 21627:Babu Kunwar Singh 21597:Achyut Patwardhan 21354:Khudai Khidmatgar 21198:Gandhi–Irwin Pact 21138:Kakori conspiracy 21098:Rowlatt Committee 21061:Direct Action Day 21023:Swadeshi movement 21003:Khilafat Movement 20993:Hindu nationalism 20953:Rebellion of 1857 20876:Anglo-Mysore Wars 20866:Battle of Plassey 20623:Media related to 20605:978-0-230-27076-3 20524:Imperial Meridian 20363:978-1-315-44498-7 20307:978-0-521-36230-6 20144:Lockwood, David. 20126:978-0-521-22802-2 19962:Voigt, Johannes. 19909:978-0-19-579051-1 19890:978-0-521-36328-0 19839:Riddick, John F. 19822:Riddick, John F. 19806:978-0-521-03989-5 19788:978-0-19-547811-2 19767:978-0-559-80001-6 19729:978-0-19-924678-6 19705:Nehru, Jawaharlal 19690:978-0-19-924678-6 19672:978-0-521-58937-6 19649:978-81-85054-99-5 19620:978-0-521-89261-2 19585:978-1-113-34966-8 19520:978-0-300-12078-3 19461:978-0-521-86649-1 19361:Grove, Richard H. 19352:978-1-139-45195-6 19327:, Oxford U. Press 19300:978-0-674-47310-2 19264:978-0-520-06249-8 19236:978-0-521-00254-7 19200:978-1-85984-739-8 19176:978-0-04-954002-6 19155:978-0-521-89436-4 19136:978-0-521-52328-8 19117:978-0-521-59692-3 19058:978-0-19-924679-3 19039:Brown, Judith M. 18990:978-0-674-02153-2 18955:978-0-674-01748-1 18932:978-0-521-66360-1 18911:978-0-19-563049-7 18884:978-0-19-539394-1 18858:978-0-19-516677-4 18814:978-1-4443-2351-1 18790:978-0-19-565446-2 18768:978-0-14-013836-8 18725:978-0-333-90425-1 18700:978-0-230-34549-2 18679:Riddick, John F. 18672:Riddick, John F. 18665:978-0-582-31738-3 18614:978-0-521-68225-1 18577:978-1-84331-004-4 18556:978-0-521-00254-7 18534:Mansingh, Surjit 18513:978-1-85168-237-9 18495:978-0-521-45754-5 18485:Eclipse of Empire 18464:978-0-19-280358-0 18445:James, Lawrence. 18401:978-0-582-38173-5 18371:978-81-89093-08-2 18351:978-0-415-30787-1 18323:978-0-19-873113-9 18301:978-0-307-27028-3 18280:978-0-521-38650-0 18258:978-81-250-2596-2 18052:978-0-231-53993-7 17881:978-1-4438-6761-0 17809:10.1080/714041289 17717:978-1-61164-551-4 17692:978-0-8028-4900-7 17663:978-1-63087-485-8 17634:978-1-78138-563-0 17606:978-1-4674-4039-4 17581:978-1-4438-6928-7 17556:978-0-8028-3956-5 17527:978-0-567-66246-0 17502:978-0-19-160743-1 17412:978-1-78622-020-2 17387:978-1-62032-315-1 17355:978-1-4422-5016-1 17005:on 16 August 2022 16881:978-1-85285-575-8 16748:Proc. R. Soc. Med 16576:978-0-385-72027-4 16537:, pp. 13–14. 16513:, pp. 79–81. 16376:saoa.crl.28215532 16346:saoa.crl.25793234 16288:saoa.crl.25394121 16259:saoa.crl.25393779 16229:saoa.crl.25352838 16171:saoa.crl.25318666 16141:saoa.crl.25057654 16112:saoa.crl.25057647 15904:. 2 November 2022 15725:978-92-64-02261-4 15630:978-0-231-14002-7 15590:978-0-374-53080-8 15312:978-0-19-564828-7 15287:978-0-19-564828-7 15259:978-0-521-22802-2 15219:978-81-230-1254-4 15151:978-0-511-56333-1 15130:, p. 291–92. 15078:(Subscription or 14974:978-92-64-02261-4 14942:, pp. 337–80 14926:978-1-107-50718-0 14443:978-81-7646-742-1 14144:, pp. 422–46 14097:Art of the Orient 13928:978-0-7007-0425-5 13906:978-0-226-18488-3 13467:978-0-674-47310-2 13426:, pp. 170–71 13414:, pp. 172–73 13377:978-0-674-04754-9 13318:, pp. 31–31. 13267:, pp. 418–20 13255:, pp. 206–07 13201:John F. Riddick, 13129:978-1-280-04817-3 13096:978-0-8157-1502-3 12744:, pp. 373–74 12641:, pp. 195–96 12593:, pp. 205–07 12564:, pp. 203–04 12524:, pp. 216–17 12512:, pp. 210–13 12493:, pp. 214–15 12453:, pp. 200–01 12436:, pp. 201–02 12410:on 7 October 2018 12382:, pp. 197–98 12322:978-0-04-954002-6 11991:978-94-009-6395-5 11806:, pp. 147–48 11531:978-81-7755-257-7 11495:978-1-107-50718-0 11422:978-0-11-580016-0 11379:Kaul, Chandrika. 11365:978-1-107-02014-6 11332:978-0-8223-7564-7 11307:978-0-19-284034-9 11276:978-0-226-07708-6 11242:978-0-19-989270-9 11215:978-0-19-968569-1 11178:978-1-80034-738-0 11141:978-0-415-77408-6 11085:978-0-521-51430-9 11045:978-0-19-934003-3 10996:978-0-19-062561-0 10959:978-0-415-44787-4 10910:978-0-19-860981-0 10844:978-81-208-4301-1 10813:978-90-04-17731-4 10785:978-0-8047-9153-3 10756:978-0-7136-7841-3 10294:the British Crown 10218:Bangladesh portal 10164: 10163: 9849: 9848: 9843: 9842: 9763: 9762: 9665:Thanjavur Kingdom 9613: 9612: 9574:Bijapur Sultanate 9530:Deccan sultanates 9408:Tughlaq Sultanate 9355:Ghaznavid Dynasty 9333: 9332: 9204:Chaulukya Kingdom 9134:Mallabhum kingdom 9124:Umayyad Caliphate 8864:Bharshiva Dynasty 8760:(200 BC – AD 300) 8750:(230 BC – AD 220) 8746:Satavahana Empire 8724: 8723: 8720:(247 BC – AD 224) 8576:Macedonian Empire 8550:(450 BC – AD 489) 8538:Achaemenid Empire 8408: 8407: 8313: 8312: 8236: 8235: 8186: 8185: 8170:Madrasian culture 8123: 8122: 8090: 8089: 7997: 7996: 7954: 7953: 7785:Sir William Jones 7477:Khudai Khidmatgar 7345:, working in the 7324:Waldemar Haffkine 7262: 7261: 7247:Total (1765–1947) 6979:Bengal Presidency 6951: 6950: 6879: 6878: 6827:Total population 5829:Victoria Terminus 5745:finished textiles 5679:British Admiralty 5647:Royal Indian Navy 5599:Royal Indian Navy 5580:British Admiralty 5559:British Victorian 5391:Sayyid Ahmad Khan 5350:Executive Council 5329:India Act of 1784 5322:In Calcutta, the 5245:(1859–1866), the 5120: 5119: 5105: 5076: 5047: 5021: 4992: 4962: 4938: 4937: 4921: 4889: 4837: 4789: 4749: 4721: 4681: 4637: 4622:Arunachal Pradesh 4593: 4468: 4467: 4308:Operation Compass 4244:created in 1932. 4218:Gandhi–Irwin Pact 4017:Establishment of 3954:million men and 1 3624:Marquess of Ripon 3575:established as a 3475:in 1867 (now the 3391:Establishment of 3379:Indian Penal Code 3197:on 14 August and 3191:Louis Mountbatten 3179:Republic of India 3175:Dominion of India 3156:Louis Mountbatten 3140:British Exchequer 3129:Direct Action Day 2937:Winston Churchill 2882:Two-Nation Theory 2870:Khudai Khidmatgar 2842:Lahore Resolution 2733:million in 1939. 2479:Indian Penal Code 2439:Bombay presidency 2415:Rowlatt Committee 2400:Rowlatt Committee 2367:Indian Christians 2312:Home Rule leagues 2068:Madras Presidency 2047:Home Rule Leagues 2045:During 1916, two 1973:Pherozeshah Mehta 1919:League of Nations 1790:and the Punjab's 1737:Khwaja Salimullah 1570:Swadeshi movement 1487:Bengal Presidency 1465:Swadeshi movement 1390:Bengal Presidency 1308:Pherozeshah Mehta 1162:Victoria Terminus 1033:Doctrine of lapse 1008: 1007: 1000: 922:Kingdom of Sikkim 910:Madras Presidency 791:League of Nations 782:in 1937 as well. 740:Republic of India 621: 620: 617: 616: 613: 612: 505:Dominion of India 493: 492: 298:Louis Mountbatten 226:• 1910–1936 214:• 1901–1910 16:(Redirected from 29002: 28892:Physical culture 28713:Ethnic relations 28649: 28648: 28629: 28628: 28611:Mumbai Consensus 28163:Himachal Pradesh 28052:Numbering system 28042:Green revolution 27917:Historical Forex 27756: 27755: 27743: 27742: 27715:Scheduled groups 27518: 27517: 27454: 27453: 27338: 27337: 27325: 27324: 27307:Tourism in India 27302:History of India 27297:Culture of India 26907:Geology of India 26890: 26889: 26877: 26876: 26808:Naxal Insurgency 26803:White Revolution 26798:Green Revolution 26405: 26404: 26392: 26391: 26379: 26372: 26365: 26356: 26355: 26250:Physical culture 26145:Former countries 26140:Contemporary era 25840: 25702: 25695: 25688: 25679: 25678: 25599:Irish Free State 25365:Poland–Lithuania 24674: 24673: 24625:Papua New Guinea 24355: 24354: 24094: 24087: 24080: 24071: 24070: 24057: 24047: 24046: 24012:Antarctic Treaty 23973: 23960: 23945:Falkland Islands 23937:Tristan da Cunha 23929:Ascension Island 23906: 23905: 23857:Falkland Islands 23818: 23817: 23786:Now part of the 23658:Pitcairn Islands 23623:Auckland Islands 23592: 23591: 23578: 23571: 23564: 23555: 23554: 23540:Windward Islands 23494:Vancouver Island 23271:MassachusettsBay 23140:British Columbia 23064: 23063: 22880:Federated States 22736: 22735: 22646:Tristan da Cunha 22615:Southern Nigeria 22547:Northern Nigeria 22426:Ascension Island 22411: 22410: 22367: 22304: 22303: 22278:Former territory 22275: 22251: 22244: 22237: 22228: 22227: 22216:Simla Conference 22007:Tiruppur Kumaran 21977:Subramaniya Siva 21932:Sangolli Rayanna 21922:Rash Behari Bose 21862:Nagnath Naikwadi 21772:Jawaharlal Nehru 21717:Dadabhai Naoroji 21712:Chittaranjan Das 21602:A. K. Fazlul Huq 21524:Savitribai Phule 21349:Khaksar movement 21304:Berlin Committee 21289:Anushilan Samiti 21253:Independence Day 21213:Aundh Experiment 21188:Vedaranyam March 21093:Kheda Satyagraha 21078:Singapore Mutiny 20861:Portuguese India 20808: 20801: 20794: 20785: 20784: 20726: 20699: 20651: 20642: 20632: 20622: 20609: 20569:Winks, Robin W. 20555: 20515: 20506:(4): 1146–1180. 20449: 20420: 20391: 20367: 20338: 20310: 20292: 20276:(6): 1024–1026, 20270:Business History 20250: 20207: 20198: 20177: 20141: 20140: 20138: 20084:Dutt, Romesh C. 20074: 20007:full text online 19990: 19989: 19987: 19958: 19941: 19916:Thatcher, Mary. 19912: 19893: 19875: 19809: 19791: 19770: 19732: 19714: 19693: 19675: 19652: 19623: 19588: 19570: 19523: 19495: 19483: 19473: 19464: 19446: 19425: 19409:(6): 1189–1212, 19397: 19388: 19355: 19335: 19334: 19332: 19310: 19309: 19307: 19269:Gilmour, David. 19251: 19250: 19248: 19203: 19180: 19158: 19139: 19120: 19099: 19061: 19032: 19031: 19029: 19000: 18999: 18997: 18970: 18969: 18967: 18935: 18914: 18887: 18861: 18845:Wolpert, Stanley 18829: 18828: 18826: 18793: 18771: 18741:Somervell, D.C. 18728: 18717: 18703: 18668: 18644: 18639:, archived from 18617: 18592: 18591: 18589: 18570:, Anthem Press, 18559: 18524: 18516: 18498: 18467: 18424:Gilmour, David. 18404: 18386: 18385: 18383: 18354: 18326: 18310:Brown, Judith M. 18305: 18283: 18261: 18214: 18213: 18211: 18209: 18200:. 20 July 2020. 18190: 18184: 18183: 18181: 18179: 18152: 18146: 18145: 18143: 18141: 18122: 18116: 18093: 18087: 18086: 18084: 18082: 18063: 18057: 18056: 18036: 18027: 18026: 18024: 18022: 18011:The Conversation 18002: 17996: 17995: 17993: 17991: 17972: 17966: 17965: 17963: 17961: 17942: 17936: 17935: 17933: 17931: 17917: 17911: 17910: 17908: 17906: 17892: 17886: 17885: 17865: 17859: 17858: 17856: 17854: 17840: 17834: 17827: 17821: 17820: 17792: 17786: 17776: 17770: 17769: 17767: 17765: 17746: 17735: 17728: 17722: 17721: 17703: 17697: 17696: 17674: 17668: 17667: 17645: 17639: 17638: 17620: 17611: 17610: 17592: 17586: 17585: 17567: 17561: 17560: 17538: 17532: 17531: 17513: 17507: 17506: 17484: 17478: 17477: 17471: 17469: 17452: 17446: 17445: 17427: 17421: 17420: 17398: 17392: 17391: 17369: 17360: 17359: 17337: 17331: 17324: 17318: 17312: 17306: 17305: 17277: 17271: 17270: 17268: 17266: 17260: 17254:. Archived from 17237: 17228: 17222: 17221: 17219: 17217: 17205: 17199: 17196: 17190: 17188:Maria J. Stephan 17184: 17178: 17177: 17175: 17173: 17168:. 24 August 2016 17158: 17152: 17151: 17149: 17147: 17142:. 24 August 2016 17132: 17126: 17125: 17123: 17121: 17116:on 10 April 2018 17102: 17096: 17084: 17075: 17074: 17072: 17070: 17065:. The Daily Star 17058: 17052: 17040: 17034: 17024: 17015: 17014: 17012: 17010: 16991: 16985: 16984: 16982: 16980: 16965: 16956: 16950: 16944: 16934: 16928: 16927: 16907: 16901: 16900: 16892: 16886: 16885: 16865: 16859: 16858: 16856: 16854: 16840: 16834: 16833: 16831: 16829: 16824:on 20 April 2012 16814: 16808: 16807: 16805: 16803: 16788: 16782: 16781: 16771: 16739: 16733: 16732: 16730: 16728: 16713: 16707: 16706: 16704: 16702: 16697:on 16 April 2012 16687: 16681: 16668: 16662: 16661: 16659: 16657: 16642: 16636: 16623: 16617: 16616:, sciencemag.org 16604: 16598: 16585: 16579: 16568: 16562: 16556: 16550: 16544: 16538: 16532: 16526: 16520: 16514: 16508: 16502: 16496: 16490: 16484: 16478: 16472: 16466: 16460: 16454: 16448: 16442: 16436: 16423: 16417: 16411: 16405: 16399: 16393: 16387: 16386: 16384: 16382: 16363: 16357: 16356: 16354: 16352: 16334: 16328: 16327: 16325: 16323: 16305: 16299: 16298: 16296: 16294: 16276: 16270: 16269: 16267: 16265: 16246: 16240: 16239: 16237: 16235: 16217: 16211: 16210: 16208: 16206: 16188: 16182: 16181: 16179: 16177: 16158: 16152: 16151: 16149: 16147: 16129: 16123: 16122: 16120: 16118: 16099: 16093: 16090: 16084: 16083: 16055: 16049: 16048: 16036: 16030: 16029: 15998: 15992: 15987:Kingsley Davis, 15985: 15979: 15965: 15959: 15958: 15956: 15954: 15944: 15920: 15914: 15913: 15911: 15909: 15898: 15892: 15891: 15889: 15887: 15865: 15859: 15858: 15856: 15854: 15838: 15832: 15825: 15819: 15818: 15816: 15814: 15808: 15797: 15789: 15778: 15771: 15765: 15764: 15762: 15760: 15741: 15730: 15729: 15700: 15694: 15688: 15682: 15676: 15670: 15669: 15641: 15635: 15634: 15613: 15607: 15601: 15595: 15594: 15571: 15565: 15564: 15562: 15560: 15542: 15524: 15514: 15508: 15507: 15479: 15473: 15472:, p. 81–82. 15467: 15461: 15458: 15452: 15446: 15440: 15439: 15437: 15435: 15426:. Archived from 15413: 15404: 15403: 15394: 15388: 15387:, p. 78–79. 15382: 15376: 15375: 15373: 15371: 15352: 15343: 15336: 15330: 15323: 15317: 15316: 15298: 15292: 15291: 15270: 15264: 15263: 15245: 15239: 15233: 15224: 15223: 15205: 15199: 15198: 15162: 15156: 15155: 15137: 15131: 15125: 15119: 15118: 15090: 15084: 15083: 15075: 15073: 15071: 15052: 15044: 15035: 15032: 15026: 15020: 15014: 15013: 14985: 14979: 14978: 14949: 14943: 14937: 14931: 14930: 14912: 14906: 14905: 14891: 14885: 14884: 14882: 14880: 14871:. Archived from 14853: 14847: 14846: 14836: 14830: 14829: 14819: 14813: 14812: 14810: 14808: 14799:. Archived from 14789: 14783: 14782: 14780: 14778: 14759: 14753: 14752: 14750: 14748: 14739:. Archived from 14721: 14715: 14714: 14712: 14710: 14701:. Archived from 14683: 14677: 14676: 14674: 14672: 14663:. Archived from 14645: 14639: 14638: 14636: 14634: 14615: 14609: 14608: 14606: 14597: 14591: 14590: 14565:(164): 169–197. 14554: 14548: 14547: 14545: 14543: 14534:. Archived from 14520: 14514: 14513: 14503: 14497: 14496: 14468:(164): 169–197. 14457: 14451: 14450: 14427: 14418: 14417: 14401: 14395: 14394: 14392: 14390: 14381:. Archived from 14363: 14357: 14350: 14344: 14343: 14315: 14309: 14303: 14294: 14288: 14282: 14276: 14267: 14261: 14255: 14249: 14240: 14230: 14224: 14218: 14212: 14206: 14200: 14194: 14188: 14182: 14169: 14163: 14157: 14151: 14145: 14139: 14133: 14132: 14130: 14128: 14088: 14082: 14081: 14063: 14039: 14033: 14027: 14018: 14012: 14006: 13997: 13988: 13982: 13973: 13968:, ... (p. 463)" 13960: 13951: 13945: 13944: 13942: 13940: 13910: 13864: 13858: 13857: 13855: 13853: 13838: 13832: 13815: 13809: 13808: 13806: 13804: 13787: 13781: 13780: 13770: 13764: 13757: 13751: 13750: 13736: 13730: 13729: 13719: 13713: 13706: 13700: 13699: 13697: 13695: 13689: 13679: 13673: 13672: 13658: 13649: 13648: 13638: 13632: 13631: 13629: 13627: 13613: 13607: 13600: 13594: 13591: 13585: 13584: 13582: 13580: 13561: 13555: 13554: 13549: 13547: 13528: 13522: 13504: 13498: 13485: 13479: 13478: 13476: 13474: 13455: 13445: 13439: 13433: 13427: 13421: 13415: 13409: 13400: 13394: 13388: 13387: 13386: 13384: 13361: 13355: 13349: 13343: 13337: 13331: 13325: 13319: 13313: 13304: 13298: 13292: 13286: 13280: 13274: 13268: 13262: 13256: 13250: 13241: 13240: 13212: 13206: 13199: 13193: 13192: 13164: 13158: 13157: 13140: 13134: 13133: 13117: 13107: 13101: 13100: 13077:Stephen P. Cohen 13073: 13067: 13061: 13055: 13054: 13052: 13050: 13035: 13029: 13022: 13016: 13015: 13013: 13011: 12992: 12983: 12982: 12980: 12978: 12958: 12947: 12946:. 12 April 1937. 12935: 12929: 12923: 12921: 12919: 12913: 12897:10.7202/044403ar 12882: 12873: 12867: 12861: 12855: 12849: 12843: 12837: 12831: 12830: 12794: 12788: 12787: 12751: 12745: 12739: 12730: 12729: 12721: 12715: 12714: 12690: 12684: 12677: 12671: 12665: 12659: 12653: 12642: 12636: 12625: 12619: 12606: 12600: 12594: 12588: 12565: 12559: 12538: 12533:Balraj Krishna, 12531: 12525: 12519: 12513: 12507: 12494: 12488: 12475: 12469: 12454: 12448: 12437: 12431: 12420: 12419: 12417: 12415: 12409: 12403:. Archived from 12398: 12389: 12383: 12377: 12360: 12359: 12352: 12346: 12340: 12334: 12333: 12331: 12329: 12306: 12297: 12291: 12280: 12274: 12268: 12262: 12249: 12243: 12237: 12231: 12225: 12215: 12209: 12199: 12193: 12190: 12184: 12183: 12153: 12147: 12144: 12138: 12131: 12125: 12118: 12112: 12106: 12100: 12090: 12084: 12077: 12071: 12070:, pp. 80–81 12065: 12059: 12053: 12047: 12029: 12023: 12017: 12008: 12002: 11996: 11995: 11977: 11971: 11965: 11956: 11950: 11941: 11935: 11924: 11918: 11912: 11906: 11900: 11895: 11886: 11876: 11870: 11861: 11855: 11854: 11852: 11850: 11844: 11833: 11825: 11819: 11813: 11807: 11801: 11795: 11789: 11783: 11777: 11771: 11765: 11759: 11758: 11756: 11754: 11748: 11742:. Archived from 11741: 11728: 11722: 11721: 11693: 11687: 11681: 11675: 11669: 11660: 11659: 11657: 11655: 11636: 11630: 11629: 11627: 11625: 11606: 11600: 11599: 11597: 11595: 11576: 11570: 11569: 11554: 11548: 11542: 11536: 11535: 11515: 11509: 11506: 11500: 11499: 11481: 11475: 11474: 11472: 11470: 11456: 11450: 11432: 11431: 11429: 11403: 11397: 11396: 11394: 11392: 11376: 11370: 11368: 11349: 11343: 11340: 11315: 11291: 11290: 11288: 11258: 11252: 11249: 11225: 11198: 11192: 11190: 11161: 11155: 11153: 11123: 11117: 11114: 11094: 11092: 11065: 11059: 11057: 11025: 11019: 11016: 11010: 11008: 10979: 10973: 10971: 10941: 10935: 10932: 10917: 10891: 10885: 10884: 10862: 10856: 10855: 10830: 10821: 10820: 10799: 10793: 10792: 10771: 10765: 10764: 10742: 10736: 10735: 10729: 10727: 10671: 10665: 10664: 10659: 10657: 10636: 10630: 10629: 10624: 10622: 10597: 10591: 10588: 10568: 10561:Ancestor Worship 10546: 10540: 10533: 10527: 10520: 10514: 10405: 10399: 10392: 10386: 10379: 10373: 10370: 10364: 10361: 10355: 10352: 10346: 10343: 10337: 10319: 10313: 10306: 10300: 10286: 10220: 10215: 10214: 10213: 10206: 10201: 10200: 10199: 10192: 10187: 10186: 10185: 10178: 10173: 10172: 10171: 10156: 10149: 10142: 10105:Pakistan studies 9945:Himachal Pradesh 9785:Portuguese India 9781: 9780: 9777: 9735:Sikh Confederacy 9631: 9630: 9627: 9480:Bengal Sultanate 9419:Sayyid Sultanate 9397:Khalji Sultanate 9386:Mamluk Sultanate 9351: 9350: 9347: 9328: 9324: 9321: 9264:Kakatiya Kingdom 9174:Paramara Kingdom 9067: 9063: 9060: 9036: 9033: 8976:Kamarupa Kingdom 8939: 8935: 8932: 8925:Kalabhras Empire 8918: 8914: 8911: 8837: 8834: 8821:(50 BC – AD 400) 8801:(180 BC – AD 10) 8780: 8776: 8773: 8742: 8741: 8738: 8709: 8705: 8702: 8688: 8685: 8671: 8668: 8654: 8651: 8637: 8634: 8620: 8616: 8613: 8531: 8528: 8514: 8511: 8494:Haryanka dynasty 8484:Pradyota dynasty 8426: 8425: 8422: 8331: 8330: 8327: 8268: 8265: 8258:Anarta tradition 8254: 8253: 8250: 8218:Mehrgarh culture 8208:Bhirrana culture 8204: 8203: 8200: 8199:(10,800–3300 BC) 8166: 8165: 8162: 8152: 8151: 8139: 8125: 8124: 8115: 8108: 8101: 8018: 8017: 8011: 8010: 7975: 7974: 7968: 7967: 7961:Portuguese India 7902: 7901: 7891:Map of colonial 7889: 7875: 7874: 7622: 7496:district of the 7480:freedom fighters 7439:Salanga massacre 7313: 7272:, including the 7059:Doji bara famine 7047:Northern Circars 6963: 6953: 6946: 6943: 6937: 6910: 6909: 6902: 6721: 6606: 6546: 6486: 6426: 6366: 6306: 6246: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6158: 6119: 6115: 6082: 6078: 6071: 6067: 5999:, claiming that 5953:The Queen's Own 5879: 5868:, Rajasthan and 5730: 5674: 5658: 5642: 5618: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5407: 5403: 5324:governor-general 5303:under Crown rule 5301:viceroy of India 5235:Council of India 5187:(1800–1885) was 5185:Sir Charles Wood 5099: 5070: 5041: 5015: 4986: 4965:Total area in km 4960: 4955: 4954: 4911: 4908:United Provinces 4878:Himachal Pradesh 4859: 4811: 4771: 4743: 4703: 4659: 4615: 4591: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4576: 4573: 4532:Queen's Speeches 4456:and position of 4398:Italian campaign 4385:Battle of Imphal 4381:Battle of Kohima 4363:21 February 1947 4346:Battle of Malaya 4001:Creation of the 3993:23 November 1910 3985: 3981: 3978:million Sikhs, 1 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3915:United Provinces 3889:Emperor of India 3860:Inauguration of 3839:Creation of the 3831:18 November 1905 3670:Earl of Dufferin 3666:10 December 1888 3653:Creation of the 3620:13 December 1884 3604:Richard Strachey 3600:80 million. 3585:Empress of India 3471:Creation of the 3429:20 November 1863 3402:Council of India 3355:Viscount Canning 3335: 3334: 3327: 3315: 3303: 3291: 3253: 3241: 3229: 3217: 3183:Jawaharlal Nehru 3115:, and including 3064: 3052: 3041:Liaquat Ali Khan 3029: 3003: 2949:United Provinces 2926: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2850:A. K. Fazlul Huq 2846:Ab'ul Kalam Azad 2838: 2834: 2793: 2774: 2755:Ramsay MacDonald 2750: 2732: 2669:Jawaharlal Nehru 2654:Simon Commission 2632: 2629:dead, with 1,100 2628: 2614:Jallianwala Bagh 2588: 2565: 2553: 2532:to a meeting in 2525: 2503:Simon Commission 2464: 2460: 2293: 2274: 2195:cottage industry 2081: 2023:United Provinces 2019: 1904: 1885: 1866: 1843: 1832:Chakwal District 1820: 1788:Anushilan Samiti 1780:Emperor of India 1678:Hakim Ajmal Khan 1674: 1659: 1640: 1517:Tamil magazine, 1514: 1498: 1483:Viceroy of India 1475: 1334: 1319: 1300:Dadabhai Naoroji 1291: 1269: 1235:famines in India 1200: 1190: 1187: 1177: 1157: 1144:The 1909 map of 1141: 1087:Empress of India 1082: 1059: 1043: 1021: 1003: 996: 992: 968: 967: 960: 941: 906:Treaty of Amiens 724:Empress of India 662: 651: 646: 645: 642: 641: 638: 635: 609: 608: 591: 590: 573: 572: 559: 558: 541: 540: 527: 526: 513: 512: 497: 496: 480: 479: 473: 472: 457: 456: 405: 376:Indian Rebellion 300: 131:(1911/1931–1947) 96: 64: 45: 44: 21: 29010: 29009: 29005: 29004: 29003: 29001: 29000: 28999: 28940: 28939: 28938: 28925: 28897:Public holidays 28782: 28728:Life expectancy 28643: 28642: 28615: 28542: 28511: 28416:Pharmaceuticals 28247: 28116: 28056: 28022:COVID-19 impact 28008: 27960: 27890: 27777: 27750: 27729: 27661: 27625: 27567: 27507: 27503:District Courts 27443: 27434:Chief Ministers 27332: 27311: 27261: 27213: 27151: 27125:Western coastal 27120:Eastern coastal 27107:Mountain passes 27040: 27026:Protected areas 26952: 26948:Stones of India 26916: 26884: 26863: 26832: 26818:Space programme 26788:Sino-Indian War 26783:Five-Year Plans 26761: 26656: 26623: 26614:Delhi Sultanate 26580: 26571:Middle kingdoms 26564:Middle Kingdoms 26559: 26491: 26399: 26386: 26383: 26353: 26348: 26310: 26284: 26261: 26216: 26149: 26120:Middle kingdoms 26084: 26075:Stock exchanges 26030: 26007: 25963:Cultural sphere 25929: 25841: 25832: 25711: 25706: 25676: 25667: 25592:princely states 25540: 25476:Kingdom of Fiji 25449: 25195:Austria-Hungary 25163: 24926: 24860: 24659: 24645:Solomon Islands 24559: 24541: 24473: 24388: 24346: 24278: 24224:Democratization 24192: 24136: 24103: 24098: 24068: 24063: 24020: 23993: 23967: 23965:Ross Dependency 23954: 23911: 23896: 23871: 23823: 23808: 23778: 23773: 23729: 23724:Solomon Islands 23671:North Australia 23651:South Australia 23607:New South Wales 23585: 23582: 23545: 23265:Leeward Islands 23069: 23054: 23017: 22924:Muscat and Oman 22741: 22726: 22670: 22416: 22401: 22365: 22309: 22298: 22273: 22265: 22255: 22225: 22220: 22181:Cabinet Mission 22169: 22073:British leaders 22068: 22057:Yogendra Shukla 21962:Siraj ud-Daulah 21917:Rani Lakshmibai 21907:Rajendra Prasad 21897:R. Venkataraman 21842:Mithuben Petit‎ 21822:Mahadaji Shinde 21802:Lala Lajpat Rai 21637:Bahadur Shah II 21622:Ashfaqulla Khan 21592:Accamma Cherian 21587:Abul Kalam Azad 21579: 21573: 21544:Syed Ahmad Khan 21534:Sister Nivedita 21499:Pandita Ramabai 21494:Niralamba Swami 21459:J. B. Kripalani 21384:Ashfaqulla Khan 21376: 21370: 21309:Ghadar Movement 21267: 21148:Flag Satyagraha 21056:Revolutionaries 21038: 21032: 20975: 20969: 20871:Battle of Buxar 20817: 20812: 20719: 20707: 20616: 20614:Further reading 20606: 20588: 20500:History Compass 20376:History Compass 20364: 20346: 20341: 20308: 20136: 20134: 20127: 20016: 20011: 19985: 19983: 19910: 19891: 19835:Wayback Machine 19807: 19789: 19768: 19748:Wayback Machine 19730: 19691: 19673: 19650: 19621: 19591:Kumar, Deepak. 19586: 19521: 19462: 19444: 19353: 19330: 19328: 19305: 19303: 19301: 19246: 19244: 19237: 19201: 19193:, Verso Books, 19177: 19156: 19137: 19118: 19068:(1906) 495 pp. 19064:Buckland, C.E. 19059: 19027: 19025: 19012:Bose, Sudhindra 18995: 18993: 18991: 18965: 18963: 18956: 18933: 18912: 18895: 18890: 18885: 18859: 18824: 18822: 18815: 18791: 18769: 18753:Spear, Percival 18726: 18701: 18666: 18648:Panikkar, K. M. 18615: 18587: 18585: 18578: 18557: 18543:Marshall, P. J. 18514: 18496: 18465: 18402: 18381: 18379: 18372: 18352: 18324: 18302: 18281: 18259: 18243:(2003), 405 pp. 18236:(1934), 996 pp. 18228: 18223: 18218: 18217: 18207: 18205: 18192: 18191: 18187: 18177: 18175: 18154: 18153: 18149: 18139: 18137: 18124: 18123: 18119: 18114:Wayback Machine 18103:Wayback Machine 18094: 18090: 18080: 18078: 18065: 18064: 18060: 18053: 18037: 18030: 18020: 18018: 18003: 17999: 17989: 17987: 17974: 17973: 17969: 17959: 17957: 17944: 17943: 17939: 17929: 17927: 17919: 17918: 17914: 17904: 17902: 17894: 17893: 17889: 17882: 17866: 17862: 17852: 17850: 17842: 17841: 17837: 17828: 17824: 17799:(Book Review). 17793: 17789: 17777: 17773: 17763: 17761: 17748: 17747: 17738: 17729: 17725: 17718: 17704: 17700: 17693: 17675: 17671: 17664: 17656:. p. 120. 17646: 17642: 17635: 17621: 17614: 17607: 17593: 17589: 17582: 17568: 17564: 17557: 17549:. p. 127. 17539: 17535: 17528: 17514: 17510: 17503: 17485: 17481: 17467: 17465: 17454: 17453: 17449: 17442: 17428: 17424: 17413: 17399: 17395: 17388: 17370: 17363: 17356: 17348:. p. 117. 17338: 17334: 17325: 17321: 17313: 17309: 17278: 17274: 17264: 17262: 17258: 17235: 17229: 17225: 17215: 17213: 17206: 17202: 17197: 17193: 17185: 17181: 17171: 17169: 17160: 17159: 17155: 17145: 17143: 17134: 17133: 17129: 17119: 17117: 17104: 17103: 17099: 17085: 17078: 17068: 17066: 17059: 17055: 17041: 17037: 17025: 17018: 17008: 17006: 16993: 16992: 16988: 16978: 16976: 16967: 16966: 16959: 16951: 16947: 16935: 16931: 16924: 16908: 16904: 16893: 16889: 16882: 16866: 16862: 16852: 16850: 16842: 16841: 16837: 16827: 16825: 16816: 16815: 16811: 16801: 16799: 16790: 16789: 16785: 16740: 16736: 16726: 16724: 16723:on 5 March 2012 16715: 16714: 16710: 16700: 16698: 16689: 16688: 16684: 16678:Wayback Machine 16669: 16665: 16655: 16653: 16644: 16643: 16639: 16633:Wayback Machine 16624: 16620: 16614:Wayback Machine 16605: 16601: 16595:Wayback Machine 16586: 16582: 16569: 16565: 16557: 16553: 16545: 16541: 16533: 16529: 16521: 16517: 16509: 16505: 16497: 16493: 16489:, pp. 530. 16485: 16481: 16473: 16469: 16461: 16457: 16449: 16445: 16439:Fieldhouse 1996 16437: 16426: 16418: 16414: 16406: 16402: 16394: 16390: 16380: 16378: 16364: 16360: 16350: 16348: 16336: 16335: 16331: 16321: 16319: 16306: 16302: 16292: 16290: 16278: 16277: 16273: 16263: 16261: 16247: 16243: 16233: 16231: 16219: 16218: 16214: 16204: 16202: 16189: 16185: 16175: 16173: 16159: 16155: 16145: 16143: 16131: 16130: 16126: 16116: 16114: 16100: 16096: 16091: 16087: 16056: 16052: 16037: 16033: 16018:10.2307/3022159 15999: 15995: 15986: 15982: 15966: 15962: 15952: 15950: 15942:10.25336/p6hw3r 15935:(3–4): 248–51. 15921: 15917: 15907: 15905: 15900: 15899: 15895: 15885: 15883: 15867: 15866: 15862: 15852: 15850: 15841:Hickel, Jason. 15839: 15835: 15826: 15822: 15812: 15810: 15806: 15795: 15791: 15790: 15781: 15772: 15768: 15758: 15756: 15743: 15742: 15733: 15726: 15704:Maddison, Angus 15701: 15697: 15689: 15685: 15677: 15673: 15642: 15638: 15631: 15614: 15610: 15602: 15598: 15591: 15572: 15568: 15558: 15556: 15540:10.1.1.629.7369 15527:History Compass 15522: 15515: 15511: 15480: 15476: 15468: 15464: 15459: 15455: 15447: 15443: 15433: 15431: 15430:on 16 July 2008 15414: 15407: 15396: 15395: 15391: 15383: 15379: 15369: 15367: 15354: 15353: 15346: 15337: 15333: 15324: 15320: 15313: 15299: 15295: 15288: 15274:Thorner, Daniel 15271: 15267: 15260: 15246: 15242: 15234: 15227: 15220: 15206: 15202: 15163: 15159: 15152: 15138: 15134: 15126: 15122: 15091: 15087: 15077: 15069: 15067: 15045: 15038: 15033: 15029: 15021: 15017: 14986: 14982: 14975: 14953:Maddison, Angus 14950: 14946: 14938: 14934: 14927: 14913: 14909: 14892: 14888: 14878: 14876: 14875:on 24 July 2022 14855: 14854: 14850: 14837: 14833: 14820: 14816: 14806: 14804: 14803:on 2 March 2024 14791: 14790: 14786: 14776: 14774: 14761: 14760: 14756: 14746: 14744: 14723: 14722: 14718: 14708: 14706: 14705:on 24 July 2022 14685: 14684: 14680: 14670: 14668: 14647: 14646: 14642: 14632: 14630: 14617: 14616: 14612: 14604: 14598: 14594: 14555: 14551: 14541: 14539: 14522: 14521: 14517: 14504: 14500: 14458: 14454: 14444: 14428: 14421: 14403: 14402: 14398: 14388: 14386: 14385:on 24 July 2022 14365: 14364: 14360: 14351: 14347: 14316: 14312: 14304: 14297: 14289: 14285: 14277: 14270: 14262: 14258: 14250: 14243: 14231: 14227: 14219: 14215: 14207: 14203: 14195: 14191: 14183: 14172: 14164: 14160: 14152: 14148: 14140: 14136: 14126: 14124: 14089: 14085: 14040: 14036: 14028: 14021: 14013: 14009: 13998: 13991: 13983: 13976: 13953: 13952: 13948: 13938: 13936: 13929: 13907: 13865: 13861: 13851: 13849: 13840: 13839: 13835: 13830:Wayback Machine 13816: 13812: 13802: 13800: 13789: 13788: 13784: 13779:. 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Everett. 13771: 13767: 13758: 13754: 13737: 13733: 13720: 13716: 13707: 13703: 13693: 13691: 13680: 13676: 13659: 13652: 13639: 13635: 13625: 13623: 13614: 13610: 13601: 13597: 13592: 13588: 13578: 13576: 13563: 13562: 13558: 13545: 13543: 13530: 13529: 13525: 13505: 13501: 13495: 13486: 13482: 13472: 13470: 13468: 13446: 13442: 13434: 13430: 13422: 13418: 13410: 13403: 13395: 13391: 13382: 13380: 13378: 13362: 13358: 13350: 13346: 13338: 13334: 13326: 13322: 13314: 13307: 13299: 13295: 13287: 13283: 13275: 13271: 13263: 13259: 13251: 13244: 13217:India Quarterly 13213: 13209: 13200: 13196: 13165: 13161: 13141: 13137: 13130: 13108: 13104: 13097: 13074: 13070: 13062: 13058: 13048: 13046: 13037: 13036: 13032: 13023: 13019: 13009: 13007: 12994: 12993: 12986: 12976: 12974: 12959: 12950: 12938:"Sword For Pen" 12936: 12932: 12917: 12915: 12911: 12880: 12874: 12870: 12862: 12858: 12850: 12846: 12838: 12834: 12795: 12791: 12752: 12748: 12740: 12733: 12722: 12718: 12697:(131): 130–64. 12691: 12687: 12678: 12674: 12666: 12662: 12654: 12645: 12637: 12628: 12620: 12609: 12601: 12597: 12589: 12568: 12560: 12541: 12532: 12528: 12520: 12516: 12508: 12497: 12489: 12478: 12470: 12457: 12449: 12440: 12432: 12423: 12413: 12411: 12407: 12401:LA84 Foundation 12396: 12390: 12386: 12378: 12363: 12354: 12353: 12349: 12341: 12337: 12327: 12325: 12323: 12307: 12300: 12292: 12283: 12275: 12271: 12263: 12252: 12244: 12240: 12232: 12228: 12216: 12212: 12200: 12196: 12191: 12187: 12154: 12150: 12145: 12141: 12132: 12128: 12119: 12115: 12107: 12103: 12092:Helen S. Dyer, 12091: 12087: 12078: 12074: 12066: 12062: 12054: 12050: 12044:Wayback Machine 12030: 12026: 12018: 12011: 12003: 11999: 11992: 11978: 11974: 11966: 11959: 11951: 11944: 11936: 11927: 11919: 11915: 11907: 11903: 11896: 11889: 11877: 11873: 11866:, p. 259, 11862: 11858: 11848: 11846: 11842: 11831: 11827: 11826: 11822: 11814: 11810: 11802: 11798: 11790: 11786: 11778: 11774: 11766: 11762: 11752: 11750: 11746: 11739: 11735: 11729: 11725: 11694: 11690: 11682: 11678: 11670: 11663: 11653: 11651: 11638: 11637: 11633: 11623: 11621: 11608: 11607: 11603: 11593: 11591: 11578: 11577: 11573: 11556: 11555: 11551: 11543: 11539: 11532: 11516: 11512: 11507: 11503: 11496: 11482: 11478: 11468: 11466: 11457: 11453: 11443:Firoz Khan Noon 11427: 11425: 11423: 11404: 11400: 11390: 11388: 11377: 11373: 11366: 11350: 11346: 11333: 11318: 11308: 11295: 11286: 11284: 11277: 11262: 11259: 11255: 11243: 11228: 11216: 11201: 11188: 11186: 11179: 11164: 11151: 11149: 11142: 11127: 11124: 11120: 11111: 11109: 11107: 11105: 11103: 11101: 11090: 11088: 11086: 11070:Lapidus, Ira M. 11068: 11055: 11053: 11046: 11029: 11026: 11022: 11006: 11004: 10997: 10982: 10969: 10967: 10960: 10945: 10942: 10938: 10920: 10911: 10895: 10892: 10888: 10877: 10863: 10859: 10851: 10845: 10831: 10824: 10814: 10800: 10796: 10786: 10772: 10768: 10757: 10743: 10739: 10725: 10723: 10672: 10668: 10655: 10653: 10638: 10637: 10633: 10620: 10618: 10599: 10598: 10594: 10589: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10571: 10554: 10553: 10550: 10549: 10547: 10543: 10534: 10530: 10521: 10517: 10507:Scheduled Caste 10504: 10503: 10485: 10484: 10470: 10469: 10455: 10454: 10440: 10439: 10425: 10424: 10406: 10402: 10393: 10389: 10380: 10376: 10371: 10367: 10362: 10358: 10353: 10349: 10344: 10340: 10334:Princely States 10320: 10316: 10307: 10303: 10287: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10216: 10211: 10209: 10204:Pakistan portal 10202: 10197: 10195: 10188: 10183: 10181: 10174: 10169: 10167: 10160: 10131: 10130: 10129: 10024: 10016: 10015: 10014: 9914: 9906: 9905: 9904: 9859: 9851: 9850: 9845: 9844: 9778: 9775: 9773:Colonial states 9765: 9764: 9655:Madurai Kingdom 9628: 9625: 9615: 9614: 9563:Bidar Sultanate 9552:Berar sultanate 9520:Ladakh Kingdom 9510:Gajapati Empire 9490:Garhwal Kingdom 9375:Delhi Sultanate 9348: 9345: 9335: 9334: 9326: 9322: 9304:Chutiya Kingdom 9274:Zamorin Kingdom 9065: 9061: 9053:Maukhari Empire 9043:Chalukya Empire 9034: 8996:Maitraka Empire 8937: 8933: 8916: 8912: 8904:Vakataka Empire 8884:Sasanian Empire 8835: 8778: 8774: 8756:Kuninda Kingdom 8739: 8736: 8734:Middle Kingdoms 8726: 8725: 8716:Parthian Empire 8707: 8703: 8686: 8669: 8652: 8635: 8618: 8614: 8529: 8512: 8423: 8420: 8410: 8409: 8328: 8325: 8315: 8314: 8266: 8251: 8248: 8238: 8237: 8228:Edakkal culture 8201: 8198: 8188: 8187: 8179:Soanian culture 8163: 8160: 8149: 8119: 8072:Princely states 8012: 8008: 8007: 8006: 7969: 7965: 7964: 7963: 7896: 7873: 7806: 7804:Cultural impact 7768: 7759: 7747:zenana missions 7636: 7630: 7628:Missionary work 7620: 7546: 7540: 7531:Bombay Province 7508:Takkar massacre 7447:Bengal Province 7443:Raiganj Upazila 7409: 7343:Sir Ronald Ross 7311: 7265: 7263: 7241: 7226: 7211: 7196: 7177: 7162: 7147: 7132: 7117: 7092: 7068: 7028: 6996: 6961: 6960: 6947: 6941: 6938: 6936:to the article. 6927: 6922:, specifically 6911: 6907: 6900: 6894: 6886:Main articles: 6884: 6125: 6114: 6080: 6076: 6069: 6065: 6050: 6034:Main articles: 6032: 6001:Warren Hastings 5988: 5947: 5928: 5922: 5906:Indian Railways 5877: 5848:(GIPR) and the 5805: 5799: 5737: 5728: 5704: 5702:Economic trends 5699: 5689: 5682: 5675: 5666: 5659: 5650: 5643: 5634: 5619: 5591:Princely states 5568: 5518: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5405: 5178: 5131: 5125: 5123:Princely states 5109: 5098: 5080: 5073:Kodagu district 5069: 5051: 5040: 5025: 5014: 4996: 4985: 4976: 4972:(in thousands) 4971: 4966: 4959: 4950: 4948:Minor provinces 4925: 4924:280,000 km 4910: 4893: 4892:250,000 km 4862:Punjab Province 4858: 4841: 4840:370,000 km 4810: 4793: 4792:270,000 km 4770: 4753: 4752:440,000 km 4742: 4725: 4724:320,000 km 4702: 4685: 4684:390,000 km 4658: 4641: 4640:130,000 km 4614: 4605: 4600: 4590: 4582: 4571: 4568: 4562: 4560:Major provinces 4500:Princely States 4487: 4475:Main articles: 4473: 4452: 4447: 4444:Radcliffe Award 4442: 4429: 4422: 4418: 4405: 4392: 4388: 4375: 4367:Viscount Wavell 4362: 4352: 4340:Indian Army in 4339: 4328:Anglo-Iraqi War 4294: 4293:to India, 1942. 4291:Cripps' mission 4289: 4287: 4279:, and with the 4274: 4264: 4254: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4226: 4212: 4210: 4197: 4190: 4182:Earl of Reading 4177: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4142: 4136: 4112:Lord Chelmsford 4107: 4097: 4079:Battle of Tanga 4064: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4052: 4027: 4016: 4014: 4009: 4005: 3992: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3937: 3928: 3926: 3920: 3918: 3901: 3892: 3879: 3865: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3848: 3830: 3823: 3818: 3809: 3800: 3798: 3784: 3777: 3775: 3769: 3755: 3745: 3735: 3734:leased in 1899 3730: 3727:princely states 3713:11 October 1894 3712: 3705: 3700: 3690: 3680: 3675: 3665: 3658: 3652: 3650: 3645:established in 3641: 3639: 3633: 3619: 3609: 3607: 3601: 3592: 3579: 3563: 3551:Prince of Wales 3548: 3546: 3540: 3531:Lord Northbrook 3526: 3519: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3492:8 February 1872 3491: 3483:Nicobar Islands 3480: 3470: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3448:12 January 1869 3447: 3428: 3416:Imperial Police 3413: 3396: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3364: 3350: 3331: 3328: 3319: 3316: 3307: 3304: 3295: 3292: 3280: 3273: 3268:; far right is 3256:Members of the 3254: 3245: 3242: 3233: 3230: 3221: 3218: 3093: 3083: 3076: 3065: 3056: 3053: 3044: 3030: 3021: 3015:Lord Linlithgow 3011:Rajendra Prasad 3004: 2924: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2852:of the leftist 2836: 2832: 2826:Lord Linlithgow 2822: 2804: 2797: 2794: 2785: 2775: 2766: 2751: 2730: 2703: 2691:Salt Satyagraha 2643:non-cooperation 2630: 2626: 2604: 2597:Lala Lajpat Rai 2589: 2580: 2566: 2557: 2554: 2545: 2526: 2517: 2491: 2462: 2458: 2419:Sir Basil Scott 2389: 2383: 2320:Lord Chelmsford 2304: 2303: 2302: 2301: 2300: 2297:Lord Chelmsford 2294: 2286: 2285: 2275: 2264: 2258: 2226:Rajendra Prasad 2103: 2093: 2079: 2017: 1915:founding member 1902: 1898:First World War 1892: 1886: 1877: 1872:shown with the 1867: 1858: 1844: 1835: 1821: 1812: 1800: 1685: 1675: 1666: 1660: 1651: 1641: 1632: 1539:Bengal Province 1522: 1515: 1506: 1499: 1490: 1476: 1467: 1459:Main articles: 1457: 1421:Pandita Ramabai 1356:dominion status 1345: 1335: 1326: 1320: 1311: 1292: 1283: 1270: 1261: 1255: 1245:, the earliest 1207: 1201: 1192: 1188: 1178: 1169: 1158: 1149: 1146:Indian Railways 1142: 1133: 1090: 1083: 1074: 1065:founder of the 1060: 1051: 1044: 1035: 1022: 1013: 1004: 993: 978: 969: 965: 958: 952: 945: 942: 928:were a British 926:Maldive Islands 835: 807:Summer Olympics 795:founding member 697:princely states 649: 632: 628: 606: 600: 588: 582: 570: 556: 551:Colony of Burma 550: 538: 524: 510: 504: 487: 477: 438: 419: 406: 401: 391: 378: 337: 325: 296: 293: 285:Charles Canning 281: 251: 239: 227: 215: 203: 162: 130: 126: 124: 112:Princely States 99: 87: 84:Princely states 50: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 29008: 28998: 28997: 28992: 28987: 28982: 28977: 28972: 28967: 28962: 28957: 28952: 28935: 28934: 28931: 28930: 28927: 28926: 28924: 28923: 28922: 28921: 28911: 28910: 28909: 28899: 28894: 28889: 28884: 28879: 28874: 28873: 28872: 28862: 28857: 28852: 28847: 28842: 28837: 28836: 28835: 28825: 28824: 28823: 28813: 28808: 28803: 28798: 28792: 28790: 28784: 28783: 28781: 28780: 28775: 28770: 28765: 28760: 28755: 28750: 28745: 28740: 28735: 28730: 28725: 28720: 28715: 28710: 28709: 28708: 28703: 28698: 28693: 28683: 28682: 28681: 28671: 28666: 28661: 28655: 28653: 28645: 28644: 28641: 28640: 28633: 28625: 28624: 28621: 28620: 28617: 28616: 28614: 28613: 28608: 28603: 28598: 28593: 28588: 28586:Income Tax Act 28583: 28578: 28573: 28568: 28563: 28562: 28561: 28550: 28548: 28544: 28543: 28541: 28540: 28535: 28530: 28525: 28519: 28517: 28513: 28512: 28510: 28509: 28508: 28507: 28502: 28497: 28492: 28487: 28482: 28477: 28476: 28475: 28460: 28455: 28450: 28445: 28440: 28439: 28438: 28428: 28423: 28421:Pulp and paper 28418: 28413: 28412: 28411: 28409:Iron and Steel 28406: 28396: 28395: 28394: 28389: 28384: 28379: 28369: 28364: 28363: 28362: 28352: 28347: 28342: 28337: 28332: 28331: 28330: 28329: 28328: 28323: 28318: 28313: 28298: 28293: 28288: 28283: 28278: 28273: 28272: 28271: 28266: 28255: 28253: 28249: 28248: 28246: 28245: 28240: 28235: 28230: 28225: 28220: 28215: 28210: 28205: 28200: 28195: 28193:Madhya Pradesh 28190: 28185: 28180: 28175: 28170: 28165: 28160: 28155: 28150: 28145: 28140: 28135: 28130: 28128:Andhra Pradesh 28124: 28122: 28118: 28117: 28115: 28114: 28113: 28112: 28107: 28102: 28092: 28087: 28086: 28085: 28075: 28070: 28064: 28062: 28058: 28057: 28055: 28054: 28049: 28044: 28039: 28034: 28032:Liberalisation 28029: 28024: 28018: 28016: 28010: 28009: 28007: 28006: 28005: 28004: 27999: 27989: 27984: 27979: 27974: 27968: 27966: 27962: 27961: 27959: 27958: 27953: 27952: 27951: 27946: 27936: 27935: 27934: 27929: 27924: 27919: 27914: 27909: 27898: 27896: 27892: 27891: 27889: 27888: 27883: 27878: 27873: 27868: 27863: 27858: 27853: 27848: 27843: 27838: 27833: 27828: 27823: 27818: 27813: 27808: 27803: 27798: 27797: 27796: 27785: 27783: 27779: 27778: 27776: 27775: 27770: 27764: 27762: 27752: 27751: 27739: 27738: 27735: 27734: 27731: 27730: 27728: 27727: 27722: 27717: 27712: 27707: 27702: 27697: 27692: 27687: 27682: 27677: 27671: 27669: 27663: 27662: 27660: 27659: 27654: 27649: 27643: 27641: 27635: 27634: 27631: 27630: 27627: 27626: 27624: 27623: 27618: 27613: 27608: 27603: 27598: 27593: 27588: 27583: 27577: 27575: 27569: 27568: 27566: 27565: 27560: 27555: 27550: 27545: 27540: 27535: 27530: 27524: 27522: 27515: 27509: 27508: 27506: 27505: 27500: 27495: 27490: 27485: 27484: 27483: 27473: 27468: 27463: 27457: 27451: 27445: 27444: 27442: 27441: 27436: 27431: 27426: 27425: 27424: 27419: 27409: 27404: 27402:Civil Services 27399: 27394: 27392:Prime Minister 27389: 27387:Vice President 27384: 27379: 27378: 27377: 27372: 27362: 27357: 27352: 27346: 27344: 27334: 27333: 27321: 27320: 27317: 27316: 27313: 27312: 27310: 27309: 27304: 27299: 27294: 27289: 27283:Nature worship 27280: 27275: 27269: 27267: 27263: 27262: 27260: 27259: 27254: 27252:Municipalities 27249: 27244: 27239: 27234: 27229: 27223: 27221: 27215: 27214: 27212: 27211: 27206: 27205: 27204: 27199: 27189: 27184: 27183: 27182: 27172: 27167: 27161: 27159: 27153: 27152: 27150: 27149: 27144: 27139: 27134: 27129: 27128: 27127: 27122: 27117: 27109: 27104: 27099: 27094: 27089: 27084: 27079: 27077:Extreme points 27074: 27069: 27064: 27059: 27054: 27048: 27046: 27042: 27041: 27039: 27038: 27033: 27028: 27023: 27021:National parks 27018: 27013: 27008: 27003: 26998: 26993: 26988: 26983: 26981:Climate change 26978: 26973: 26968: 26962: 26960: 26954: 26953: 26951: 26950: 26945: 26940: 26935: 26930: 26924: 26922: 26918: 26917: 26915: 26914: 26909: 26904: 26898: 26896: 26886: 26885: 26873: 26872: 26869: 26868: 26865: 26864: 26862: 26861: 26856: 26851: 26846: 26840: 26838: 26834: 26833: 26831: 26830: 26825: 26820: 26815: 26813:Smiling Buddha 26810: 26805: 26800: 26795: 26790: 26785: 26780: 26775: 26769: 26767: 26763: 26762: 26760: 26759: 26754: 26749: 26744: 26739: 26734: 26729: 26724: 26719: 26718: 26717: 26707: 26702: 26697: 26692: 26690:1857 rebellion 26687: 26682: 26677: 26675:Princely state 26672: 26666: 26664: 26658: 26657: 26655: 26654: 26649: 26647:European trade 26644: 26639: 26633: 26631: 26625: 26624: 26622: 26621: 26616: 26611: 26606: 26601: 26596: 26594:Medieval India 26590: 26588: 26582: 26581: 26579: 26578: 26573: 26567: 26565: 26561: 26560: 26558: 26557: 26552: 26547: 26542: 26537: 26532: 26530:Yavana Kingdom 26527: 26522: 26517: 26512: 26507: 26501: 26499: 26493: 26492: 26490: 26489: 26484: 26479: 26477:Paper currency 26474: 26469: 26464: 26459: 26454: 26449: 26444: 26439: 26434: 26429: 26423: 26422: 26417: 26411: 26409: 26401: 26400: 26388: 26387: 26382: 26381: 26374: 26367: 26359: 26350: 26349: 26347: 26346: 26341: 26336: 26331: 26326: 26320: 26318: 26312: 26311: 26309: 26308: 26303: 26298: 26292: 26290: 26286: 26285: 26283: 26282: 26277: 26271: 26269: 26263: 26262: 26260: 26259: 26258: 26257: 26247: 26242: 26237: 26232: 26226: 26224: 26218: 26217: 26215: 26214: 26213: 26212: 26207: 26202: 26192: 26187: 26186: 26185: 26180: 26175: 26170: 26159: 26157: 26151: 26150: 26148: 26147: 26142: 26137: 26132: 26127: 26122: 26117: 26112: 26107: 26106: 26105: 26094: 26092: 26086: 26085: 26083: 26082: 26077: 26072: 26071: 26070: 26065: 26060: 26050: 26044: 26042: 26032: 26031: 26029: 26028: 26026:Climate change 26023: 26017: 26015: 26009: 26008: 26006: 26005: 26000: 25995: 25990: 25985: 25980: 25975: 25970: 25965: 25960: 25955: 25950: 25945: 25939: 25937: 25931: 25930: 25928: 25927: 25922: 25921: 25920: 25915: 25910: 25905: 25897: 25892: 25887: 25882: 25877: 25872: 25867: 25862: 25857: 25851: 25849: 25843: 25842: 25835: 25833: 25831: 25830: 25825: 25824: 25823: 25818: 25813: 25808: 25798: 25793: 25792: 25791: 25781: 25776: 25771: 25770: 25769: 25764: 25759: 25754: 25753: 25752: 25737: 25732: 25727: 25721: 25719: 25713: 25712: 25705: 25704: 25697: 25690: 25682: 25673: 25672: 25669: 25668: 25666: 25665: 25660: 25655: 25650: 25645: 25640: 25635: 25630: 25625: 25620: 25615: 25610: 25605: 25596: 25580: 25575: 25570: 25565: 25560: 25554: 25548: 25546: 25542: 25541: 25539: 25538: 25533: 25528: 25523: 25518: 25513: 25508: 25503: 25498: 25493: 25488: 25483: 25478: 25473: 25468: 25463: 25457: 25455: 25451: 25450: 25448: 25447: 25442: 25437: 25432: 25427: 25422: 25417: 25412: 25407: 25402: 25397: 25392: 25387: 25382: 25377: 25372: 25367: 25362: 25357: 25352: 25350:Ottoman Empire 25347: 25342: 25337: 25332: 25327: 25322: 25317: 25312: 25310:Kartli-Kakheti 25307: 25302: 25297: 25292: 25287: 25282: 25277: 25272: 25267: 25262: 25257: 25252: 25247: 25242: 25237: 25232: 25227: 25222: 25217: 25212: 25207: 25202: 25197: 25192: 25187: 25182: 25177: 25171: 25169: 25165: 25164: 25162: 25161: 25149: 25144: 25139: 25134: 25129: 25124: 25119: 25114: 25109: 25104: 25099: 25092: 25087: 25082: 25077: 25072: 25067: 25062: 25057: 25052: 25047: 25042: 25037: 25032: 25027: 25022: 25017: 25012: 25007: 25002: 24992: 24985: 24980: 24975: 24970: 24965: 24960: 24955: 24950: 24945: 24940: 24934: 24932: 24928: 24927: 24925: 24924: 24919: 24914: 24909: 24904: 24899: 24894: 24889: 24884: 24879: 24874: 24868: 24866: 24862: 24861: 24859: 24858: 24851: 24846: 24841: 24836: 24831: 24826: 24821: 24816: 24811: 24806: 24801: 24796: 24791: 24786: 24781: 24776: 24771: 24766: 24761: 24756: 24751: 24746: 24741: 24736: 24731: 24726: 24721: 24719:Central Africa 24716: 24711: 24706: 24701: 24696: 24691: 24686: 24680: 24678: 24671: 24665: 24664: 24661: 24660: 24658: 24657: 24655:United Kingdom 24652: 24647: 24642: 24637: 24632: 24627: 24622: 24621: 24620: 24615: 24605: 24600: 24595: 24590: 24585: 24580: 24575: 24569: 24567: 24561: 24560: 24558: 24557: 24551: 24549: 24543: 24542: 24540: 24539: 24534: 24529: 24524: 24519: 24514: 24509: 24504: 24499: 24494: 24489: 24483: 24481: 24475: 24474: 24472: 24471: 24464: 24459: 24454: 24449: 24444: 24439: 24434: 24429: 24424: 24419: 24414: 24409: 24404: 24398: 24396: 24390: 24389: 24387: 24386: 24379: 24374: 24369: 24363: 24361: 24352: 24348: 24347: 24345: 24344: 24339: 24334: 24329: 24324: 24319: 24314: 24312:Prince regnant 24309: 24308: 24307: 24297: 24292: 24286: 24284: 24280: 24279: 24277: 24276: 24271: 24266: 24261: 24256: 24251: 24246: 24241: 24236: 24231: 24229:Decolonization 24226: 24221: 24216: 24211: 24206: 24200: 24198: 24194: 24193: 24191: 24190: 24185: 24183:Personal union 24180: 24175: 24170: 24165: 24160: 24155: 24153:Constitutional 24150: 24144: 24142: 24138: 24137: 24135: 24134: 24129: 24124: 24119: 24114: 24108: 24105: 24104: 24097: 24096: 24089: 24082: 24074: 24065: 24064: 24062: 24061: 24051: 24041: 24035: 24029: 24026: 24025: 24022: 24021: 24019: 24018: 24015: 24008: 23998: 23995: 23994: 23992: 23991: 23983: 23975: 23962: 23949: 23941: 23933: 23925: 23916: 23913: 23912: 23902: 23901: 23898: 23897: 23895: 23894: 23887: 23876: 23873: 23872: 23870: 23869: 23861: 23853: 23847: 23841: 23838:Willoughbyland 23835: 23828: 23825: 23824: 23814: 23813: 23810: 23809: 23807: 23806: 23796: 23790: 23783: 23780: 23779: 23775: 23774: 23772: 23771: 23765: 23759: 23752: 23745: 23739: 23732: 23730: 23728: 23727: 23720: 23714: 23708: 23698: 23692: 23686: 23680: 23674: 23668: 23662: 23654: 23648: 23638: 23632: 23626: 23620: 23610: 23603: 23600: 23599: 23596: 23590: 23587: 23586: 23581: 23580: 23573: 23566: 23558: 23551: 23550: 23547: 23546: 23544: 23543: 23537: 23531: 23530: 23529: 23517: 23511: 23505: 23501:Virgin Islands 23497: 23491: 23483: 23477: 23471: 23468:South Carolina 23465: 23459: 23452: 23445: 23438: 23432: 23426: 23420: 23414: 23404: 23398: 23392: 23386: 23380: 23374: 23368: 23365:North Carolina 23362: 23356: 23350: 23344: 23338: 23332: 23326: 23320: 23314: 23308: 23302: 23299:Mosquito Coast 23296: 23288: 23282: 23281: 23280: 23268: 23262: 23255: 23249: 23243: 23237: 23231: 23228:Oregon Country 23221: 23217:Cayman Islands 23213: 23207: 23206: 23205: 23199: 23193: 23187: 23175: 23168: 23162: 23156: 23150: 23149: 23148: 23137: 23131: 23123: 23116: 23110: 23104: 23097: 23090: 23083: 23074: 23071: 23070: 23060: 23059: 23056: 23055: 23053: 23052: 23046: 23037: 23022: 23019: 23018: 23016: 23015: 23009: 23006:Trucial States 23003: 22997: 22991: 22985: 22979: 22978: 22977: 22965: 22959: 22953: 22947: 22941: 22940: 22939: 22927: 22921: 22915: 22909: 22903: 22902: 22901: 22895: 22889: 22883: 22871: 22865: 22859: 22853: 22847: 22841: 22835: 22829: 22823: 22817: 22801: 22795: 22789: 22783: 22773: 22767: 22766: 22765: 22753: 22746: 22743: 22742: 22732: 22731: 22728: 22727: 22725: 22724: 22718: 22699:Self-governing 22696: 22682: 22675: 22672: 22671: 22669: 22668: 22662: 22656: 22650: 22642: 22636: 22630: 22624: 22618: 22612: 22606: 22600: 22594: 22588: 22582: 22576: 22568: 22562: 22556: 22550: 22544: 22538: 22532: 22526: 22520: 22514: 22508: 22502: 22492: 22486: 22480: 22474: 22471:Central Africa 22468: 22462: 22456: 22450: 22440: 22430: 22421: 22418: 22417: 22407: 22406: 22403: 22402: 22400: 22399: 22393: 22392: 22391: 22385: 22376: 22375: 22374: 22359: 22356:Ionian Islands 22353: 22347: 22339: 22333: 22327: 22314: 22311: 22310: 22300: 22299: 22297: 22296: 22290: 22284: 22279: 22276: 22270: 22267: 22266: 22259:British Empire 22254: 22253: 22246: 22239: 22231: 22222: 22221: 22219: 22218: 22213: 22208: 22203: 22198: 22193: 22188: 22183: 22177: 22175: 22171: 22170: 22168: 22167: 22162: 22157: 22152: 22147: 22142: 22137: 22132: 22127: 22122: 22117: 22112: 22107: 22102: 22097: 22092: 22087: 22082: 22076: 22074: 22070: 22069: 22067: 22066: 22059: 22054: 22049: 22044: 22039: 22034: 22029: 22024: 22019: 22014: 22009: 22004: 21999: 21997:Tarak Nath Das 21994: 21989: 21984: 21979: 21974: 21969: 21964: 21959: 21954: 21949: 21947:Shuja-ud-Daula 21944: 21939: 21937:Sarojini Naidu 21934: 21929: 21924: 21919: 21914: 21909: 21904: 21899: 21894: 21889: 21884: 21882:Prafulla Chaki 21879: 21874: 21869: 21864: 21859: 21854: 21849: 21844: 21839: 21834: 21829: 21827:Mahatma Gandhi 21824: 21819: 21814: 21809: 21804: 21799: 21794: 21789: 21784: 21779: 21774: 21769: 21764: 21759: 21754: 21749: 21744: 21739: 21734: 21729: 21724: 21719: 21714: 21709: 21704: 21699: 21694: 21689: 21684: 21679: 21674: 21669: 21664: 21659: 21654: 21649: 21644: 21639: 21634: 21629: 21624: 21619: 21614: 21609: 21604: 21599: 21594: 21589: 21583: 21581: 21575: 21574: 21572: 21571: 21566: 21561: 21556: 21551: 21549:Vakkom Moulavi 21546: 21541: 21536: 21531: 21526: 21521: 21516: 21511: 21506: 21501: 21496: 21491: 21486: 21481: 21479:Mahatma Gandhi 21476: 21471: 21466: 21464:Jyotirao Phule 21461: 21456: 21451: 21446: 21441: 21436: 21431: 21426: 21421: 21416: 21411: 21406: 21404:B. R. Ambedkar 21401: 21396: 21394:Ayya Vaikundar 21391: 21386: 21380: 21378: 21372: 21371: 21369: 21368: 21361: 21356: 21351: 21346: 21341: 21336: 21331: 21326: 21321: 21316: 21311: 21306: 21301: 21296: 21291: 21286: 21281: 21275: 21273: 21269: 21268: 21266: 21265: 21260: 21255: 21250: 21245: 21240: 21235: 21230: 21225: 21223:Cripps Mission 21220: 21215: 21210: 21205: 21200: 21195: 21190: 21185: 21180: 21175: 21170: 21165: 21160: 21155: 21150: 21145: 21140: 21135: 21130: 21125: 21120: 21115: 21113:Noakhali riots 21110: 21105: 21100: 21095: 21090: 21085: 21080: 21075: 21068: 21063: 21058: 21053: 21048: 21042: 21040: 21034: 21033: 21031: 21030: 21025: 21020: 21015: 21010: 21005: 21000: 20995: 20990: 20985: 20979: 20977: 20976:and ideologies 20971: 20970: 20968: 20967: 20960: 20958:Radcliffe Line 20955: 20950: 20945: 20940: 20935: 20933:Vellore Mutiny 20930: 20925: 20924: 20923: 20918: 20913: 20908: 20900: 20899: 20898: 20893: 20888: 20883: 20873: 20868: 20863: 20858: 20853: 20848: 20843: 20838: 20833: 20827: 20825: 20819: 20818: 20811: 20810: 20803: 20796: 20788: 20782: 20781: 20780: 20779: 20774: 20769: 20756: 20750: 20742: 20736: 20734:online edition 20727: 20717: 20706: 20703: 20702: 20701: 20689: 20686: 20680: 20670: 20658:at Wiktionary 20615: 20612: 20611: 20610: 20604: 20587: 20584: 20583: 20582: 20574: 20567: 20560:Historiography 20556: 20538:(3): 315–329. 20527: 20516: 20495: 20488: 20485: 20478: 20471: 20464: 20457: 20450: 20432:(3): 331–332. 20421: 20392: 20382:(2): 363–375. 20371: 20368: 20362: 20345: 20342: 20340: 20339: 20322:(4): 337–380, 20311: 20306: 20293: 20265: 20258: 20251: 20226:(3): 593–622, 20215: 20208: 20189:(3): 109–130, 20178: 20160:(3): 535–551. 20149: 20142: 20125: 20110: 20105:Hyam, Ronald. 20103: 20096: 20082: 20075: 20050:(3): 521–545, 20039: 20032: 20025: 20020:Anstey, Vera. 20017: 20015: 20012: 20010: 20009: 19999: 19992: 19967: 19960: 19921: 19914: 19908: 19895: 19889: 19876: 19847: 19837: 19820: 19810: 19805: 19792: 19787: 19771: 19766: 19750: 19733: 19728: 19715: 19701: 19694: 19689: 19676: 19671: 19653: 19648: 19632: 19625: 19619: 19603: 19596: 19589: 19584: 19571: 19546:(3): 545–580, 19535: 19526:Khan, Yasmin. 19524: 19519: 19504: 19497: 19484: 19474: 19465: 19460: 19447: 19442: 19426: 19398: 19357: 19351: 19336: 19318: 19311: 19299: 19284: 19277: 19267: 19252: 19235: 19218: 19211: 19206:Dewey, Clive. 19204: 19199: 19181: 19175: 19160: 19154: 19141: 19135: 19122: 19116: 19100: 19083:(3): 780–819, 19072: 19062: 19057: 19044: 19037: 19033: 19008: 19001: 18989: 18971: 18954: 18936: 18931: 18915: 18910: 18896: 18894: 18891: 18889: 18888: 18883: 18870: 18863: 18857: 18841: 18831: 18813: 18795: 18789: 18773: 18767: 18749: 18739: 18737:Percival Spear 18729: 18724: 18704: 18699: 18684: 18677: 18670: 18664: 18651: 18645: 18643:on 24 May 2024 18628: 18621:Moon, Penderel 18618: 18613: 18593: 18576: 18561: 18555: 18539: 18532: 18525: 18517: 18512: 18499: 18494: 18476: 18469: 18463: 18450: 18443: 18436: 18422: 18412: 18405: 18400: 18387: 18370: 18355: 18350: 18328: 18322: 18306: 18300: 18285: 18279: 18263: 18257: 18244: 18237: 18229: 18227: 18224: 18222: 18219: 18216: 18215: 18185: 18147: 18117: 18088: 18058: 18051: 18028: 17997: 17967: 17937: 17912: 17887: 17880: 17860: 17835: 17822: 17787: 17771: 17736: 17723: 17716: 17698: 17691: 17685:. p. 60. 17669: 17662: 17640: 17633: 17612: 17605: 17587: 17580: 17562: 17555: 17533: 17526: 17508: 17501: 17495:. p. 93. 17479: 17447: 17441:978-8184753967 17440: 17422: 17411: 17393: 17386: 17361: 17354: 17332: 17319: 17307: 17272: 17223: 17200: 17191: 17179: 17153: 17127: 17097: 17076: 17053: 17048:The Daily Star 17035: 17031:The Daily Star 17016: 16986: 16957: 16955:, p. 169. 16945: 16929: 16923:978-0956554949 16922: 16902: 16887: 16880: 16860: 16835: 16809: 16783: 16734: 16708: 16682: 16663: 16637: 16618: 16599: 16580: 16563: 16551: 16539: 16527: 16515: 16503: 16501:, p. 531. 16491: 16479: 16467: 16465:, p. 488. 16455: 16453:, p. 529. 16443: 16441:, p. 132. 16424: 16412: 16400: 16398:, p. 528. 16388: 16358: 16329: 16300: 16271: 16241: 16212: 16183: 16153: 16124: 16094: 16085: 16050: 16031: 16002:Kingsley Davis 15993: 15980: 15977:978-8176466387 15960: 15915: 15893: 15860: 15833: 15820: 15779: 15766: 15731: 15724: 15695: 15683: 15679:Tomlinson 1993 15671: 15636: 15629: 15608: 15596: 15589: 15575:Gilmour, David 15566: 15509: 15474: 15462: 15453: 15441: 15405: 15389: 15377: 15344: 15331: 15318: 15311: 15293: 15286: 15265: 15258: 15240: 15225: 15218: 15200: 15157: 15150: 15132: 15120: 15085: 15036: 15027: 15015: 14980: 14973: 14944: 14940:Tomlinson 1975 14932: 14925: 14907: 14904:. p. 384. 14886: 14848: 14831: 14814: 14784: 14754: 14716: 14678: 14640: 14610: 14592: 14549: 14515: 14498: 14452: 14442: 14419: 14396: 14358: 14345: 14310: 14306:Steinberg 1947 14295: 14291:Steinberg 1947 14283: 14279:Steinberg 1947 14268: 14264:Steinberg 1947 14256: 14252:Steinberg 1947 14241: 14235:, p. 72, 14225: 14213: 14201: 14189: 14187:, pp. 426 14170: 14158: 14156:, pp. 424 14146: 14134: 14083: 14034: 14030:Markovits 2004 14019: 14007: 13989: 13974: 13946: 13927: 13905: 13859: 13833: 13821:(1910) vol. 7 13810: 13782: 13765: 13752: 13731: 13714: 13701: 13674: 13650: 13633: 13608: 13595: 13586: 13556: 13523: 13499: 13480: 13466: 13440: 13428: 13416: 13401: 13399:, p. 345. 13389: 13376: 13356: 13344: 13342:, p. 427. 13332: 13320: 13305: 13303:, p. 313. 13293: 13291:, p. 297. 13281: 13269: 13257: 13242: 13207: 13194: 13175:(2): 497–529. 13159: 13135: 13128: 13102: 13095: 13068: 13056: 13030: 13017: 12984: 12948: 12930: 12868: 12856: 12854:, p. 394. 12844: 12832: 12805:(3): 493–518. 12789: 12746: 12742:Markovits 2004 12731: 12716: 12685: 12672: 12660: 12643: 12626: 12607: 12595: 12566: 12539: 12526: 12514: 12495: 12476: 12455: 12438: 12421: 12384: 12361: 12347: 12335: 12321: 12298: 12281: 12269: 12250: 12238: 12226: 12210: 12194: 12185: 12148: 12139: 12126: 12113: 12101: 12085: 12072: 12060: 12048: 12024: 12009: 11997: 11990: 11972: 11957: 11955:, p. 126. 11942: 11925: 11913: 11901: 11898:Oldenburg 2007 11887: 11879:Oldenburg 2007 11871: 11868:Oldenburg 2007 11856: 11820: 11808: 11796: 11784: 11772: 11760: 11723: 11688: 11676: 11661: 11631: 11601: 11571: 11549: 11537: 11530: 11510: 11501: 11494: 11476: 11451: 11421: 11398: 11371: 11364: 11344: 11342: 11341: 11331: 11316: 11306: 11298:Wilkie Collins 11293: 11275: 11253: 11251: 11250: 11241: 11226: 11214: 11199: 11177: 11162: 11140: 11118: 11116: 11115: 11084: 11066: 11044: 11020: 11018: 11017: 10995: 10980: 10958: 10936: 10934: 10933: 10918: 10909: 10886: 10875: 10857: 10843: 10822: 10812: 10794: 10784: 10766: 10755: 10737: 10686:(4): 665–682. 10666: 10631: 10592: 10579: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10570: 10569: 10541: 10528: 10515: 10400: 10387: 10374: 10365: 10356: 10347: 10338: 10326:summer capital 10314: 10301: 10280: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10255: 10250: 10245: 10240: 10234: 10229: 10227:Colonial India 10223: 10222: 10221: 10207: 10193: 10179: 10162: 10161: 10159: 10158: 10151: 10144: 10136: 10133: 10132: 10128: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10026: 10025: 10022: 10021: 10018: 10017: 10013: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9916: 9915: 9912: 9911: 9908: 9907: 9903: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9861: 9860: 9857: 9856: 9853: 9852: 9847: 9846: 9841: 9840: 9837: 9831: 9830: 9827: 9821: 9820: 9817: 9811: 9810: 9807: 9801: 9800: 9797: 9791: 9790: 9787: 9779: 9771: 9770: 9767: 9766: 9761: 9760: 9757: 9751: 9750: 9747: 9741: 9740: 9737: 9731: 9730: 9727: 9725:Maratha Empire 9721: 9720: 9717: 9711: 9710: 9707: 9705:Sikkim Kingdom 9701: 9700: 9697: 9695:Marava Kingdom 9691: 9690: 9687: 9681: 9680: 9677: 9671: 9670: 9667: 9661: 9660: 9657: 9651: 9650: 9647: 9641: 9640: 9637: 9629: 9621: 9620: 9617: 9616: 9611: 9610: 9607: 9601: 9600: 9597: 9595:Keladi Kingdom 9591: 9590: 9587: 9580: 9579: 9576: 9569: 9568: 9565: 9558: 9557: 9554: 9547: 9546: 9543: 9536: 9535: 9532: 9526: 9525: 9522: 9516: 9515: 9512: 9506: 9505: 9502: 9500:Mysore Kingdom 9496: 9495: 9492: 9486: 9485: 9482: 9476: 9475: 9472: 9466: 9465: 9462: 9456: 9455: 9452: 9446: 9445: 9442: 9436: 9435: 9432: 9430:Lodi Sultanate 9425: 9424: 9421: 9414: 9413: 9410: 9403: 9402: 9399: 9392: 9391: 9388: 9381: 9380: 9377: 9371: 9370: 9367: 9365:Ghurid Dynasty 9361: 9360: 9357: 9349: 9341: 9340: 9337: 9336: 9331: 9330: 9316: 9310: 9309: 9306: 9300: 9299: 9296: 9290: 9289: 9286: 9280: 9279: 9276: 9270: 9269: 9266: 9260: 9259: 9256: 9250: 9249: 9246: 9240: 9239: 9236: 9234:Hoysala Empire 9230: 9229: 9226: 9224:Lohara Kingdom 9220: 9219: 9216: 9210: 9209: 9206: 9200: 9199: 9196: 9190: 9189: 9186: 9180: 9179: 9176: 9170: 9169: 9166: 9160: 9159: 9156: 9150: 9149: 9146: 9140: 9139: 9136: 9130: 9129: 9126: 9120: 9119: 9116: 9110: 9109: 9106: 9100: 9099: 9096: 9090: 9089: 9086: 9084:Tibetan Empire 9080: 9079: 9076: 9070: 9069: 9055: 9049: 9048: 9045: 9039: 9038: 9028: 9022: 9021: 9018: 9012: 9011: 9008: 9002: 9001: 8998: 8992: 8991: 8988: 8982: 8981: 8978: 8972: 8971: 8968: 8962: 8961: 8958: 8956:Kadamba Empire 8952: 8951: 8948: 8942: 8941: 8927: 8921: 8920: 8906: 8900: 8899: 8896: 8890: 8889: 8886: 8880: 8879: 8876: 8870: 8869: 8866: 8860: 8859: 8856: 8850: 8849: 8846: 8840: 8839: 8829: 8823: 8822: 8819: 8813: 8812: 8809: 8803: 8802: 8799: 8793: 8792: 8789: 8783: 8782: 8768: 8762: 8761: 8758: 8752: 8751: 8748: 8740: 8732: 8731: 8728: 8727: 8722: 8721: 8718: 8712: 8711: 8697: 8691: 8690: 8680: 8678:Pallava Empire 8674: 8673: 8663: 8657: 8656: 8646: 8640: 8639: 8629: 8623: 8622: 8608: 8602: 8601: 8598: 8596:Seleucid India 8592: 8591: 8588: 8582: 8581: 8578: 8572: 8571: 8568: 8562: 8561: 8558: 8552: 8551: 8548: 8544: 8543: 8540: 8534: 8533: 8523: 8521:Maha Janapadas 8517: 8516: 8506: 8500: 8499: 8496: 8490: 8489: 8486: 8480: 8479: 8476: 8469: 8468: 8465: 8458: 8457: 8456:(1300–1000 BC) 8454: 8447: 8446: 8443: 8436: 8435: 8432: 8424: 8416: 8415: 8412: 8411: 8406: 8405: 8402: 8395: 8394: 8393:(2000–1600 BC) 8391: 8384: 8383: 8380: 8374: 8373: 8372:(1900–1300 BC) 8370: 8363: 8362: 8361:(2600–1900 BC) 8359: 8352: 8351: 8350:(3300–2600 BC) 8348: 8341: 8340: 8339:(3300–1300 BC) 8337: 8329: 8326:(3300–1300 BC) 8321: 8320: 8317: 8316: 8311: 8310: 8307: 8301: 8300: 8299:(1600–1300 BC) 8297: 8291: 8290: 8287: 8281: 8280: 8279:(3000–1500 BC) 8277: 8271: 8270: 8260: 8252: 8249:(3500–1500 BC) 8244: 8243: 8240: 8239: 8234: 8233: 8232:(5000–3000 BC) 8230: 8224: 8223: 8222:(7000–3300 BC) 8220: 8214: 8213: 8212:(7570–6200 BC) 8210: 8202: 8194: 8193: 8190: 8189: 8184: 8183: 8181: 8175: 8174: 8172: 8164: 8156: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8144: 8141: 8140: 8132: 8131: 8121: 8120: 8118: 8117: 8110: 8103: 8095: 8092: 8091: 8088: 8087: 8084: 8078: 8077: 8074: 8068: 8067: 8064: 8058: 8057: 8054: 8048: 8047: 8044: 8038: 8037: 8034: 8028: 8027: 8024: 8014: 8013: 8002: 7999: 7998: 7995: 7994: 7991: 7985: 7984: 7981: 7971: 7970: 7959: 7956: 7955: 7952: 7951: 7948: 7942: 7941: 7938: 7932: 7931: 7928: 7922: 7921: 7918: 7912: 7911: 7908: 7906:Austrian India 7898: 7897: 7890: 7882: 7881: 7879:Colonial India 7872: 7869: 7850:(particularly 7848:British sports 7805: 7802: 7767: 7764: 7758: 7755: 7629: 7626: 7542:Main article: 7539: 7536: 7535: 7534: 7520: 7505: 7483: 7458: 7436: 7425: 7408: 7405: 7397:Deccan College 7328:microbiologist 7260: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7243: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7228: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7213: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7198: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7179: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7164: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7149: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7134: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7119: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7103: 7102: 7094: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7079: 7078: 7070: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7055: 7054: 7030: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019:Chalisa famine 7015: 7014: 6998: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6983: 6982: 6974: 6973: 6970: 6967: 6955: 6952: 6949: 6948: 6914: 6912: 6905: 6883: 6880: 6877: 6876: 6873: 6870: 6867: 6864: 6861: 6858: 6855: 6852: 6849: 6846: 6843: 6840: 6837: 6834: 6831: 6828: 6824: 6823: 6820: 6817: 6814: 6811: 6808: 6805: 6802: 6799: 6796: 6793: 6790: 6787: 6784: 6781: 6778: 6775: 6771: 6770: 6767: 6764: 6761: 6758: 6755: 6752: 6749: 6746: 6743: 6740: 6737: 6734: 6731: 6728: 6725: 6722: 6711: 6710: 6707: 6704: 6701: 6698: 6695: 6692: 6689: 6686: 6683: 6680: 6677: 6674: 6671: 6668: 6665: 6662: 6656: 6655: 6652: 6649: 6646: 6643: 6640: 6637: 6634: 6631: 6628: 6625: 6622: 6619: 6616: 6613: 6610: 6607: 6596: 6595: 6592: 6589: 6586: 6583: 6580: 6577: 6574: 6571: 6568: 6565: 6562: 6559: 6556: 6553: 6550: 6547: 6540:Zoroastrianism 6536: 6535: 6532: 6529: 6526: 6523: 6520: 6517: 6514: 6511: 6508: 6505: 6502: 6499: 6496: 6493: 6490: 6487: 6476: 6475: 6472: 6469: 6466: 6463: 6460: 6457: 6454: 6451: 6448: 6445: 6442: 6439: 6436: 6433: 6430: 6427: 6416: 6415: 6412: 6409: 6406: 6403: 6400: 6397: 6394: 6391: 6388: 6385: 6382: 6379: 6376: 6373: 6370: 6367: 6356: 6355: 6352: 6349: 6346: 6343: 6340: 6337: 6334: 6331: 6328: 6325: 6322: 6319: 6316: 6313: 6310: 6307: 6296: 6295: 6292: 6289: 6286: 6283: 6280: 6277: 6274: 6271: 6268: 6265: 6262: 6259: 6256: 6253: 6250: 6247: 6236: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6152: 6151: 6148: 6145: 6142: 6139: 6136: 6133: 6130: 6127: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6108: 6031: 6028: 6016:P. J. Marshall 5987: 5984: 5946: 5943: 5924:Main article: 5921: 5918: 5913:British Empire 5870:Andhra Pradesh 5861:Lord Dalhousie 5801:Main article: 5798: 5795: 5736: 5733: 5716:Queen Victoria 5703: 5700: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5683: 5676: 5669: 5667: 5660: 5653: 5651: 5644: 5637: 5635: 5625:, held at the 5620: 5613: 5567: 5564: 5517: 5514: 5457: 5456: 5453: 5450: 5449:Communications 5447: 5444: 5441: 5438: 5435: 5432: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5420: 5417: 5312:Lord Salisbury 5299:and the first 5227: 5226: 5223: 5216: 5203:Following the 5177: 5174: 5129:Princely state 5127:Main article: 5124: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5114: 5111: 5106: 5092: 5091: 5085: 5082: 5077: 5067:Coorg Province 5063: 5062: 5056: 5053: 5048: 5034: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5022: 5008: 5007: 5001: 4998: 4993: 4979: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4949: 4946: 4936: 4935: 4930: 4927: 4922: 4904: 4903: 4898: 4895: 4890: 4852: 4851: 4846: 4843: 4838: 4814:Andhra Pradesh 4804: 4803: 4798: 4795: 4790: 4774:Madhya Pradesh 4764: 4763: 4758: 4755: 4750: 4736: 4735: 4730: 4727: 4722: 4696: 4695: 4690: 4687: 4682: 4652: 4651: 4646: 4643: 4638: 4608: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4594: 4564:Main article: 4561: 4558: 4481:Princely state 4472: 4469: 4466: 4465: 4451:, August 1947 4446:, August 1947 4436: 4431: 4430:15 August 1947 4425: 4424: 4415:Clement Attlee 4369: 4364: 4358: 4357: 4354:Burma campaign 4271: 4266: 4265:1 October 1943 4260: 4259: 4233: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4204: 4199: 4193: 4192: 4184: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4114: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4036:Visit of King 4034: 4029: 4023: 4022: 3999: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3868:Queen Victoria 3837: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3820:Bubonic plague 3806:Tirah campaign 3791: 3786: 3785:6 January 1899 3780: 3779: 3758:The Great Game 3756:High point of 3748:princely state 3746:Revolution in 3740:, opening the 3719: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3689:in full play. 3687:The Great Game 3672: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3626: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3581:Queen Victoria 3570: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3557:, in 1875–76. 3543:a child prince 3533: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3498: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3454: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3435: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3410:paper currency 3357: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3329: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3286: 3284: 3279: 3276: 3275: 3274: 3264:. Far left is 3255: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3212: 3187:prime minister 3082: 3079: 3078: 3077: 3066: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3047: 3045: 3031: 3024: 3022: 3007:Mahatma Gandhi 3005: 2998: 2992:Burma Campaign 2988:U-Go offensive 2933:Cripps mission 2858:Fazl-i-Hussain 2816:Cripps Mission 2803: 2800: 2799: 2798: 2795: 2788: 2786: 2776: 2769: 2767: 2763:B. R. Ambedkar 2752: 2745: 2738:1937 elections 2702: 2699: 2606: 2605: 2590: 2583: 2581: 2567: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2548: 2546: 2527: 2520: 2490: 2487: 2411:Sidney Rowlatt 2396:Sidney Rowlatt 2382: 2379: 2295: 2288: 2287: 2276: 2269: 2268: 2267: 2266: 2265: 2257: 2254: 2185:untouchability 2110:Mahatma Gandhi 2092: 2089: 1990:Turkish Sultan 1894: 1893: 1887: 1880: 1878: 1868: 1861: 1859: 1845: 1838: 1836: 1830:, hailed from 1828:Victoria Cross 1822: 1815: 1799: 1796: 1705:Lord Kitchener 1687: 1686: 1676: 1669: 1667: 1661: 1654: 1652: 1642: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1564:Following the 1524: 1523: 1516: 1509: 1507: 1500: 1493: 1491: 1477: 1470: 1456: 1449: 1347: 1346: 1336: 1329: 1327: 1321: 1314: 1312: 1304:W. C. Bonerjee 1293: 1286: 1284: 1271: 1264: 1254: 1251: 1226:infrastructure 1209: 1208: 1202: 1195: 1193: 1179: 1172: 1170: 1159: 1152: 1150: 1143: 1136: 1132: 1129: 1100:Lord Dalhousie 1092: 1091: 1084: 1077: 1075: 1061: 1054: 1052: 1048:Queen Victoria 1045: 1038: 1036: 1023: 1016: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1005: 972: 970: 963: 954:Main article: 951: 948: 947: 946: 943: 936: 875:Trucial States 834: 831: 799:United Nations 750:). Later, the 736:Union of India 720:Queen Victoria 685:United Kingdom 619: 618: 615: 614: 611: 610: 603: 593: 592: 585: 575: 574: 567: 565:Colony of Aden 561: 560: 553: 543: 542: 535: 529: 528: 521: 515: 514: 507: 494: 491: 490: 481: 469: 468: 463: 453: 452: 447: 443: 442: 439: 436: 433: 432: 428: 427: 424: 423: 420: 414: 411: 410: 407: 399: 396: 395: 392: 386: 383: 382: 379: 373: 370: 369: 366: 365: 362: 358: 357: 352: 348: 347: 344: 343: 338: 335: 332: 331: 329:Edward Stanley 326: 323: 320: 319: 316: 315: 312: 306: 305: 302: 301: 294: 291: 288: 287: 282: 279: 276: 275: 272: 271: 268: 262: 261: 258: 257: 252: 249: 246: 245: 240: 237: 234: 233: 228: 225: 222: 221: 216: 213: 210: 209: 204: 201: 198: 197: 194: 193: 190: 184: 183: 178: 174: 173: 170: 164: 163: 161: 160: 155: 145: 139: 137: 133: 132: 119: 115: 114: 105: 101: 100: 97: 89: 88: 65: 57: 56: 52: 51: 48: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 29007: 28996: 28993: 28991: 28988: 28986: 28983: 28981: 28978: 28976: 28973: 28971: 28968: 28966: 28963: 28961: 28958: 28956: 28953: 28951: 28950:British India 28948: 28947: 28945: 28920: 28917: 28916: 28915: 28912: 28908: 28905: 28904: 28903: 28900: 28898: 28895: 28893: 28890: 28888: 28885: 28883: 28880: 28878: 28875: 28871: 28868: 28867: 28866: 28863: 28861: 28858: 28856: 28853: 28851: 28848: 28846: 28843: 28841: 28838: 28834: 28831: 28830: 28829: 28826: 28822: 28819: 28818: 28817: 28814: 28812: 28809: 28807: 28804: 28802: 28799: 28797: 28794: 28793: 28791: 28789: 28785: 28779: 28776: 28774: 28771: 28769: 28766: 28764: 28761: 28759: 28756: 28754: 28751: 28749: 28746: 28744: 28741: 28739: 28736: 28734: 28731: 28729: 28726: 28724: 28721: 28719: 28716: 28714: 28711: 28707: 28704: 28702: 28699: 28697: 28694: 28692: 28689: 28688: 28687: 28684: 28680: 28677: 28676: 28675: 28672: 28670: 28667: 28665: 28662: 28660: 28657: 28656: 28654: 28650: 28646: 28639: 28635: 28634: 28630: 28626: 28612: 28609: 28607: 28604: 28602: 28601:Insurance Act 28599: 28597: 28594: 28592: 28591:Companies Act 28589: 28587: 28584: 28582: 28579: 28577: 28574: 28572: 28569: 28567: 28564: 28560: 28557: 28556: 28555: 28552: 28551: 28549: 28545: 28539: 28536: 28534: 28531: 28529: 28526: 28524: 28521: 28520: 28518: 28514: 28506: 28503: 28501: 28498: 28496: 28493: 28491: 28488: 28486: 28483: 28481: 28478: 28474: 28471: 28470: 28469: 28466: 28465: 28464: 28461: 28459: 28456: 28454: 28451: 28449: 28446: 28444: 28441: 28437: 28436:Biotechnology 28434: 28433: 28432: 28429: 28427: 28424: 28422: 28419: 28417: 28414: 28410: 28407: 28405: 28402: 28401: 28400: 28397: 28393: 28390: 28388: 28385: 28383: 28380: 28378: 28375: 28374: 28373: 28370: 28368: 28365: 28361: 28358: 28357: 28356: 28353: 28351: 28348: 28346: 28343: 28341: 28340:Entertainment 28338: 28336: 28333: 28327: 28324: 28322: 28319: 28317: 28314: 28312: 28309: 28308: 28307: 28304: 28303: 28302: 28299: 28297: 28294: 28292: 28289: 28287: 28284: 28282: 28279: 28277: 28274: 28270: 28267: 28265: 28262: 28261: 28260: 28257: 28256: 28254: 28250: 28244: 28241: 28239: 28238:Uttar Pradesh 28236: 28234: 28231: 28229: 28226: 28224: 28221: 28219: 28216: 28214: 28211: 28209: 28206: 28204: 28201: 28199: 28196: 28194: 28191: 28189: 28186: 28184: 28181: 28179: 28176: 28174: 28171: 28169: 28166: 28164: 28161: 28159: 28156: 28154: 28151: 28149: 28146: 28144: 28141: 28139: 28136: 28134: 28131: 28129: 28126: 28125: 28123: 28119: 28111: 28108: 28106: 28103: 28101: 28098: 28097: 28096: 28093: 28091: 28088: 28084: 28081: 28080: 28079: 28076: 28074: 28071: 28069: 28066: 28065: 28063: 28059: 28053: 28050: 28048: 28045: 28043: 28040: 28038: 28035: 28033: 28030: 28028: 28025: 28023: 28020: 28019: 28017: 28015: 28011: 28003: 28000: 27998: 27995: 27994: 27993: 27990: 27988: 27985: 27983: 27980: 27978: 27975: 27973: 27970: 27969: 27967: 27963: 27957: 27954: 27950: 27947: 27945: 27942: 27941: 27940: 27937: 27933: 27930: 27928: 27925: 27923: 27922:Digital rupee 27920: 27918: 27915: 27913: 27910: 27908: 27905: 27904: 27903: 27900: 27899: 27897: 27893: 27887: 27884: 27882: 27881:Make in India 27879: 27877: 27874: 27872: 27869: 27867: 27864: 27862: 27859: 27857: 27854: 27852: 27849: 27847: 27844: 27842: 27839: 27837: 27836:Foreign trade 27834: 27832: 27831:External debt 27829: 27827: 27824: 27822: 27819: 27817: 27814: 27812: 27809: 27807: 27804: 27802: 27799: 27795: 27792: 27791: 27790: 27787: 27786: 27784: 27780: 27774: 27771: 27769: 27766: 27765: 27763: 27761: 27757: 27753: 27749: 27744: 27740: 27726: 27723: 27721: 27718: 27716: 27713: 27711: 27708: 27706: 27703: 27701: 27698: 27696: 27693: 27691: 27688: 27686: 27683: 27681: 27678: 27676: 27673: 27672: 27670: 27668: 27664: 27658: 27655: 27653: 27650: 27648: 27645: 27644: 27642: 27640: 27636: 27622: 27619: 27617: 27614: 27612: 27609: 27607: 27604: 27602: 27599: 27597: 27594: 27592: 27589: 27587: 27584: 27582: 27579: 27578: 27576: 27574: 27570: 27564: 27561: 27559: 27556: 27554: 27551: 27549: 27546: 27544: 27541: 27539: 27536: 27534: 27531: 27529: 27526: 27525: 27523: 27519: 27516: 27514: 27510: 27504: 27501: 27499: 27496: 27494: 27493:Chief Justice 27491: 27489: 27488:Supreme Court 27486: 27482: 27479: 27478: 27477: 27474: 27472: 27469: 27467: 27464: 27462: 27459: 27458: 27455: 27452: 27450: 27446: 27440: 27437: 27435: 27432: 27430: 27427: 27423: 27420: 27418: 27415: 27414: 27413: 27410: 27408: 27405: 27403: 27400: 27398: 27395: 27393: 27390: 27388: 27385: 27383: 27380: 27376: 27373: 27371: 27368: 27367: 27366: 27363: 27361: 27358: 27356: 27355:Energy policy 27353: 27351: 27348: 27347: 27345: 27343: 27339: 27335: 27331: 27326: 27322: 27308: 27305: 27303: 27300: 27298: 27295: 27293: 27290: 27288: 27284: 27281: 27279: 27276: 27274: 27271: 27270: 27268: 27264: 27258: 27255: 27253: 27250: 27248: 27245: 27243: 27240: 27238: 27235: 27233: 27230: 27228: 27225: 27224: 27222: 27220: 27216: 27210: 27207: 27203: 27200: 27198: 27195: 27194: 27193: 27190: 27188: 27185: 27181: 27178: 27177: 27176: 27173: 27171: 27168: 27166: 27163: 27162: 27160: 27158: 27154: 27148: 27145: 27143: 27140: 27138: 27135: 27133: 27130: 27126: 27123: 27121: 27118: 27116: 27115:Indo-Gangetic 27113: 27112: 27110: 27108: 27105: 27103: 27100: 27098: 27095: 27093: 27090: 27088: 27085: 27083: 27080: 27078: 27075: 27073: 27070: 27068: 27065: 27063: 27060: 27058: 27055: 27053: 27050: 27049: 27047: 27043: 27037: 27034: 27032: 27029: 27027: 27024: 27022: 27019: 27017: 27014: 27012: 27009: 27007: 27004: 27002: 26999: 26997: 26994: 26992: 26989: 26987: 26984: 26982: 26979: 26977: 26974: 26972: 26969: 26967: 26964: 26963: 26961: 26959: 26955: 26949: 26946: 26944: 26941: 26939: 26936: 26934: 26931: 26929: 26926: 26925: 26923: 26919: 26913: 26910: 26908: 26905: 26903: 26900: 26899: 26897: 26895: 26891: 26887: 26883: 26878: 26874: 26860: 26857: 26855: 26852: 26850: 26847: 26845: 26842: 26841: 26839: 26835: 26829: 26826: 26824: 26823:The Emergency 26821: 26819: 26816: 26814: 26811: 26809: 26806: 26804: 26801: 26799: 26796: 26794: 26791: 26789: 26786: 26784: 26781: 26779: 26776: 26774: 26771: 26770: 26768: 26764: 26758: 26755: 26753: 26750: 26748: 26745: 26743: 26740: 26738: 26735: 26733: 26730: 26728: 26725: 26723: 26720: 26716: 26713: 26712: 26711: 26708: 26706: 26703: 26701: 26698: 26696: 26693: 26691: 26688: 26686: 26683: 26681: 26678: 26676: 26673: 26671: 26668: 26667: 26665: 26663: 26659: 26653: 26650: 26648: 26645: 26643: 26640: 26638: 26635: 26634: 26632: 26630: 26626: 26620: 26617: 26615: 26612: 26610: 26607: 26605: 26602: 26600: 26597: 26595: 26592: 26591: 26589: 26587: 26583: 26577: 26574: 26572: 26569: 26568: 26566: 26562: 26556: 26553: 26551: 26548: 26546: 26545:Kushan Empire 26543: 26541: 26538: 26536: 26533: 26531: 26528: 26526: 26523: 26521: 26520:Mahajanapadas 26518: 26516: 26513: 26511: 26508: 26506: 26503: 26502: 26500: 26498: 26494: 26488: 26485: 26483: 26480: 26478: 26475: 26473: 26470: 26468: 26465: 26463: 26460: 26458: 26455: 26453: 26450: 26448: 26445: 26443: 26440: 26438: 26435: 26433: 26430: 26428: 26425: 26424: 26421: 26418: 26416: 26413: 26412: 26410: 26406: 26402: 26398: 26393: 26389: 26380: 26375: 26373: 26368: 26366: 26361: 26360: 26357: 26345: 26342: 26340: 26337: 26335: 26332: 26330: 26327: 26325: 26322: 26321: 26319: 26317: 26313: 26307: 26304: 26302: 26299: 26297: 26294: 26293: 26291: 26287: 26281: 26278: 26276: 26273: 26272: 26270: 26268: 26264: 26256: 26253: 26252: 26251: 26248: 26246: 26243: 26241: 26238: 26236: 26233: 26231: 26228: 26227: 26225: 26223: 26219: 26211: 26208: 26206: 26203: 26201: 26198: 26197: 26196: 26193: 26191: 26188: 26184: 26181: 26179: 26176: 26174: 26171: 26169: 26166: 26165: 26164: 26161: 26160: 26158: 26156: 26152: 26146: 26143: 26141: 26138: 26136: 26133: 26131: 26128: 26126: 26123: 26121: 26118: 26116: 26113: 26111: 26108: 26104: 26101: 26100: 26099: 26096: 26095: 26093: 26091: 26087: 26081: 26078: 26076: 26073: 26069: 26066: 26064: 26061: 26059: 26056: 26055: 26054: 26051: 26049: 26046: 26045: 26043: 26041: 26037: 26033: 26027: 26024: 26022: 26019: 26018: 26016: 26014: 26010: 26004: 26001: 25999: 25996: 25994: 25991: 25989: 25986: 25984: 25981: 25979: 25976: 25974: 25971: 25969: 25966: 25964: 25961: 25959: 25956: 25954: 25951: 25949: 25946: 25944: 25943:Architecture‎ 25941: 25940: 25938: 25936: 25932: 25926: 25923: 25919: 25916: 25914: 25911: 25909: 25906: 25904: 25901: 25900: 25899:Other groups 25898: 25896: 25893: 25891: 25890:Tibeto-Burman 25888: 25886: 25883: 25881: 25878: 25876: 25873: 25871: 25868: 25866: 25863: 25861: 25860:Austroasiatic 25858: 25856: 25853: 25852: 25850: 25848: 25847:Ethnic groups 25844: 25839: 25829: 25826: 25822: 25819: 25817: 25814: 25812: 25809: 25807: 25804: 25803: 25802: 25799: 25797: 25794: 25790: 25787: 25786: 25785: 25782: 25780: 25777: 25775: 25772: 25768: 25765: 25763: 25760: 25758: 25755: 25751: 25748: 25747: 25746: 25743: 25742: 25741: 25738: 25736: 25733: 25731: 25728: 25726: 25723: 25722: 25720: 25718: 25714: 25710: 25703: 25698: 25696: 25691: 25689: 25684: 25683: 25680: 25664: 25661: 25659: 25656: 25654: 25651: 25649: 25646: 25644: 25641: 25639: 25636: 25634: 25631: 25629: 25626: 25624: 25621: 25619: 25616: 25614: 25611: 25609: 25606: 25604: 25600: 25597: 25594: 25593: 25588: 25584: 25581: 25579: 25576: 25574: 25571: 25569: 25566: 25564: 25561: 25558: 25555: 25553: 25550: 25549: 25547: 25543: 25537: 25534: 25532: 25529: 25527: 25524: 25522: 25519: 25517: 25514: 25512: 25509: 25507: 25504: 25502: 25499: 25497: 25494: 25492: 25489: 25487: 25484: 25482: 25479: 25477: 25474: 25472: 25471:Easter Island 25469: 25467: 25464: 25462: 25459: 25458: 25456: 25452: 25446: 25443: 25441: 25438: 25436: 25433: 25431: 25428: 25426: 25423: 25421: 25418: 25416: 25413: 25411: 25408: 25406: 25403: 25401: 25398: 25396: 25393: 25391: 25388: 25386: 25383: 25381: 25378: 25376: 25373: 25371: 25368: 25366: 25363: 25361: 25358: 25356: 25353: 25351: 25348: 25346: 25343: 25341: 25338: 25336: 25333: 25331: 25328: 25326: 25323: 25321: 25318: 25316: 25313: 25311: 25308: 25306: 25303: 25301: 25298: 25296: 25293: 25291: 25288: 25286: 25283: 25281: 25278: 25276: 25273: 25271: 25268: 25266: 25263: 25261: 25258: 25256: 25253: 25251: 25248: 25246: 25243: 25241: 25238: 25236: 25233: 25231: 25228: 25226: 25223: 25221: 25218: 25216: 25213: 25211: 25208: 25206: 25203: 25201: 25198: 25196: 25193: 25191: 25188: 25186: 25183: 25181: 25178: 25176: 25173: 25172: 25170: 25166: 25159: 25158: 25153: 25150: 25148: 25145: 25143: 25140: 25138: 25135: 25133: 25130: 25128: 25125: 25123: 25120: 25118: 25115: 25113: 25110: 25108: 25105: 25103: 25100: 25098: 25097: 25093: 25091: 25088: 25086: 25083: 25081: 25078: 25076: 25073: 25071: 25068: 25066: 25063: 25061: 25058: 25056: 25053: 25051: 25048: 25046: 25043: 25041: 25038: 25036: 25033: 25031: 25028: 25026: 25023: 25021: 25018: 25016: 25013: 25011: 25010:Jabal Shammar 25008: 25006: 25003: 25000: 24996: 24993: 24991: 24990: 24986: 24984: 24981: 24979: 24976: 24974: 24971: 24969: 24966: 24964: 24961: 24959: 24956: 24954: 24951: 24949: 24946: 24944: 24941: 24939: 24936: 24935: 24933: 24929: 24923: 24920: 24918: 24915: 24913: 24910: 24908: 24905: 24903: 24900: 24898: 24895: 24893: 24890: 24888: 24885: 24883: 24880: 24878: 24875: 24873: 24870: 24869: 24867: 24863: 24857: 24856: 24852: 24850: 24847: 24845: 24842: 24840: 24837: 24835: 24832: 24830: 24827: 24825: 24822: 24820: 24817: 24815: 24812: 24810: 24807: 24805: 24802: 24800: 24797: 24795: 24792: 24790: 24787: 24785: 24782: 24780: 24777: 24775: 24772: 24770: 24767: 24765: 24762: 24760: 24757: 24755: 24752: 24750: 24747: 24745: 24742: 24740: 24737: 24735: 24732: 24730: 24727: 24725: 24722: 24720: 24717: 24715: 24712: 24710: 24707: 24705: 24702: 24700: 24697: 24695: 24692: 24690: 24687: 24685: 24682: 24681: 24679: 24675: 24672: 24670: 24666: 24656: 24653: 24651: 24648: 24646: 24643: 24641: 24638: 24636: 24633: 24631: 24628: 24626: 24623: 24619: 24616: 24614: 24611: 24610: 24609: 24606: 24604: 24601: 24599: 24596: 24594: 24591: 24589: 24586: 24584: 24581: 24579: 24576: 24574: 24571: 24570: 24568: 24566: 24562: 24556: 24553: 24552: 24550: 24548: 24544: 24538: 24535: 24533: 24530: 24528: 24525: 24523: 24520: 24518: 24515: 24513: 24510: 24508: 24505: 24503: 24502:Liechtenstein 24500: 24498: 24495: 24493: 24490: 24488: 24485: 24484: 24482: 24480: 24476: 24470: 24469: 24465: 24463: 24460: 24458: 24455: 24453: 24450: 24448: 24445: 24443: 24440: 24438: 24435: 24433: 24430: 24428: 24425: 24423: 24420: 24418: 24415: 24413: 24410: 24408: 24405: 24403: 24400: 24399: 24397: 24395: 24391: 24385: 24384: 24380: 24378: 24375: 24373: 24370: 24368: 24365: 24364: 24362: 24360: 24356: 24353: 24349: 24343: 24340: 24338: 24335: 24333: 24330: 24328: 24325: 24323: 24320: 24318: 24315: 24313: 24310: 24306: 24305:Queen regnant 24303: 24302: 24301: 24298: 24296: 24293: 24291: 24288: 24287: 24285: 24281: 24275: 24272: 24270: 24267: 24265: 24264:Republicanism 24262: 24260: 24257: 24255: 24252: 24250: 24247: 24245: 24244:Head of state 24242: 24240: 24237: 24235: 24232: 24230: 24227: 24225: 24222: 24220: 24217: 24215: 24212: 24210: 24207: 24205: 24202: 24201: 24199: 24195: 24189: 24186: 24184: 24181: 24179: 24178:Non-sovereign 24176: 24174: 24171: 24169: 24166: 24164: 24161: 24159: 24156: 24154: 24151: 24149: 24146: 24145: 24143: 24139: 24133: 24130: 24128: 24125: 24123: 24120: 24118: 24115: 24113: 24110: 24109: 24106: 24102: 24095: 24090: 24088: 24083: 24081: 24076: 24075: 24072: 24060: 24056: 24052: 24050: 24042: 24039: 24036: 24034: 24031: 24030: 24027: 24016: 24013: 24009: 24006: 24005: 24000: 23999: 23996: 23989: 23988: 23984: 23981: 23980: 23976: 23971: 23966: 23963: 23958: 23953: 23950: 23947: 23946: 23942: 23939: 23938: 23934: 23931: 23930: 23926: 23923: 23922: 23918: 23917: 23914: 23907: 23903: 23892: 23891:Falklands War 23888: 23886: 23882: 23878: 23877: 23874: 23867: 23866: 23862: 23859: 23858: 23854: 23851: 23848: 23845: 23842: 23839: 23836: 23833: 23830: 23829: 23826: 23822:South America 23819: 23815: 23805: 23801: 23797: 23795: 23791: 23789: 23785: 23784: 23781: 23769: 23766: 23763: 23760: 23757: 23753: 23750: 23746: 23743: 23740: 23737: 23734: 23733: 23731: 23725: 23721: 23718: 23715: 23712: 23711:Union Islands 23709: 23706: 23702: 23699: 23696: 23693: 23690: 23687: 23684: 23681: 23678: 23675: 23672: 23669: 23666: 23663: 23660: 23659: 23655: 23652: 23649: 23646: 23642: 23639: 23636: 23633: 23630: 23627: 23624: 23621: 23618: 23614: 23611: 23608: 23605: 23604: 23602: 23601: 23597: 23594: 23593: 23588: 23579: 23574: 23572: 23567: 23565: 23560: 23559: 23556: 23552: 23541: 23538: 23535: 23532: 23527: 23524: 23523: 23521: 23518: 23515: 23512: 23509: 23506: 23503: 23502: 23498: 23495: 23492: 23489: 23488: 23484: 23481: 23478: 23475: 23472: 23469: 23466: 23463: 23460: 23457: 23453: 23450: 23446: 23443: 23439: 23436: 23433: 23430: 23427: 23424: 23423:Rupert's Land 23421: 23418: 23415: 23412: 23408: 23405: 23402: 23399: 23396: 23393: 23390: 23387: 23384: 23383:Paulet affair 23381: 23378: 23375: 23372: 23369: 23366: 23363: 23360: 23357: 23354: 23351: 23348: 23345: 23342: 23339: 23336: 23333: 23330: 23329:New Hampshire 23327: 23324: 23321: 23318: 23317:New Brunswick 23315: 23312: 23309: 23306: 23303: 23300: 23297: 23294: 23293: 23289: 23286: 23283: 23278: 23275: 23274: 23272: 23269: 23266: 23263: 23260: 23256: 23253: 23250: 23247: 23244: 23241: 23238: 23235: 23232: 23229: 23225: 23222: 23219: 23218: 23214: 23211: 23208: 23203: 23200: 23197: 23194: 23191: 23188: 23185: 23182: 23181: 23180: 23176: 23173: 23169: 23166: 23163: 23160: 23157: 23154: 23151: 23147: 23144: 23143: 23141: 23138: 23135: 23132: 23129: 23128: 23124: 23121: 23117: 23114: 23111: 23108: 23105: 23102: 23098: 23095: 23091: 23088: 23084: 23081: 23080: 23076: 23075: 23072: 23068:North America 23065: 23061: 23051: 23047: 23045: 23041: 23038: 23036: 23032: 23028: 23024: 23023: 23020: 23013: 23010: 23007: 23004: 23001: 22998: 22995: 22992: 22989: 22988:South Vietnam 22986: 22983: 22980: 22975: 22972: 22971: 22969: 22966: 22963: 22960: 22957: 22954: 22951: 22948: 22945: 22942: 22937: 22934: 22933: 22931: 22928: 22925: 22922: 22919: 22916: 22913: 22910: 22907: 22904: 22899: 22896: 22893: 22890: 22887: 22884: 22881: 22878: 22877: 22875: 22872: 22869: 22866: 22863: 22860: 22857: 22854: 22851: 22848: 22845: 22842: 22839: 22836: 22833: 22830: 22827: 22824: 22821: 22818: 22815: 22811: 22807: 22806: 22802: 22799: 22796: 22793: 22790: 22787: 22784: 22781: 22777: 22774: 22771: 22768: 22763: 22760: 22759: 22757: 22754: 22751: 22748: 22747: 22744: 22737: 22733: 22723: 22719: 22716: 22712: 22708: 22704: 22700: 22697: 22694: 22690: 22686: 22683: 22681: 22677: 22676: 22673: 22666: 22663: 22660: 22657: 22654: 22651: 22648: 22647: 22643: 22640: 22637: 22634: 22631: 22628: 22625: 22622: 22619: 22616: 22613: 22610: 22607: 22604: 22601: 22598: 22595: 22592: 22589: 22586: 22583: 22580: 22577: 22574: 22573: 22569: 22566: 22563: 22560: 22557: 22554: 22551: 22548: 22545: 22542: 22539: 22536: 22533: 22530: 22527: 22524: 22521: 22518: 22515: 22512: 22509: 22506: 22503: 22500: 22496: 22493: 22490: 22487: 22484: 22481: 22478: 22475: 22472: 22469: 22466: 22463: 22460: 22457: 22454: 22451: 22448: 22444: 22441: 22438: 22434: 22431: 22428: 22427: 22423: 22422: 22419: 22412: 22408: 22397: 22394: 22389: 22386: 22383: 22380: 22379: 22377: 22372: 22369: 22368: 22363: 22360: 22357: 22354: 22351: 22348: 22345: 22344: 22340: 22337: 22334: 22331: 22328: 22325: 22321: 22320: 22316: 22315: 22312: 22305: 22301: 22295: 22291: 22289: 22285: 22283: 22280: 22277: 22272: 22271: 22268: 22264: 22260: 22252: 22247: 22245: 22240: 22238: 22233: 22232: 22229: 22217: 22214: 22212: 22209: 22207: 22204: 22202: 22199: 22197: 22194: 22192: 22189: 22187: 22184: 22182: 22179: 22178: 22176: 22172: 22166: 22163: 22161: 22158: 22156: 22153: 22151: 22148: 22146: 22143: 22141: 22138: 22136: 22133: 22131: 22128: 22126: 22123: 22121: 22118: 22116: 22113: 22111: 22108: 22106: 22103: 22101: 22098: 22096: 22093: 22091: 22088: 22086: 22083: 22081: 22078: 22077: 22075: 22071: 22065: 22064: 22060: 22058: 22055: 22053: 22050: 22048: 22045: 22043: 22040: 22038: 22035: 22033: 22030: 22028: 22025: 22023: 22020: 22018: 22015: 22013: 22010: 22008: 22005: 22003: 22000: 21998: 21995: 21993: 21990: 21988: 21985: 21983: 21980: 21978: 21975: 21973: 21970: 21968: 21965: 21963: 21960: 21958: 21955: 21953: 21950: 21948: 21945: 21943: 21942:Satyapal Dang 21940: 21938: 21935: 21933: 21930: 21928: 21925: 21923: 21920: 21918: 21915: 21913: 21910: 21908: 21905: 21903: 21900: 21898: 21895: 21893: 21890: 21888: 21885: 21883: 21880: 21878: 21875: 21873: 21870: 21868: 21867:Nana Fadnavis 21865: 21863: 21860: 21858: 21855: 21853: 21850: 21848: 21845: 21843: 21840: 21838: 21835: 21833: 21832:Mangal Pandey 21830: 21828: 21825: 21823: 21820: 21818: 21815: 21813: 21810: 21808: 21805: 21803: 21800: 21798: 21795: 21793: 21792:Khudiram Bose 21790: 21788: 21785: 21783: 21780: 21778: 21775: 21773: 21770: 21768: 21765: 21763: 21760: 21758: 21755: 21753: 21750: 21748: 21745: 21743: 21740: 21738: 21735: 21733: 21730: 21728: 21725: 21723: 21720: 21718: 21715: 21713: 21710: 21708: 21707:Chetram Jatav 21705: 21703: 21700: 21698: 21695: 21693: 21690: 21688: 21685: 21683: 21680: 21678: 21677:Bhikaiji Cama 21675: 21673: 21670: 21668: 21667:Bharathidasan 21665: 21663: 21660: 21658: 21655: 21653: 21652:Basawon Singh 21650: 21648: 21645: 21643: 21640: 21638: 21635: 21633: 21630: 21628: 21625: 21623: 21620: 21618: 21615: 21613: 21610: 21608: 21605: 21603: 21600: 21598: 21595: 21593: 21590: 21588: 21585: 21584: 21582: 21576: 21570: 21567: 21565: 21562: 21560: 21557: 21555: 21552: 21550: 21547: 21545: 21542: 21540: 21539:Sri Aurobindo 21537: 21535: 21532: 21530: 21527: 21525: 21522: 21520: 21517: 21515: 21512: 21510: 21509:Ram Mohan Roy 21507: 21505: 21502: 21500: 21497: 21495: 21492: 21490: 21489:Narayana Guru 21487: 21485: 21482: 21480: 21477: 21475: 21472: 21470: 21467: 21465: 21462: 21460: 21457: 21455: 21452: 21450: 21447: 21445: 21442: 21440: 21437: 21435: 21432: 21430: 21427: 21425: 21422: 21420: 21417: 21415: 21412: 21410: 21407: 21405: 21402: 21400: 21397: 21395: 21392: 21390: 21387: 21385: 21382: 21381: 21379: 21373: 21367: 21366: 21362: 21360: 21357: 21355: 21352: 21350: 21347: 21345: 21342: 21340: 21337: 21335: 21332: 21330: 21327: 21325: 21322: 21320: 21317: 21315: 21312: 21310: 21307: 21305: 21302: 21300: 21297: 21295: 21292: 21290: 21287: 21285: 21282: 21280: 21277: 21276: 21274: 21272:Organisations 21270: 21264: 21261: 21259: 21256: 21254: 21251: 21249: 21246: 21244: 21241: 21239: 21236: 21234: 21233:Bombay Mutiny 21231: 21229: 21226: 21224: 21221: 21219: 21218:Indian Legion 21216: 21214: 21211: 21209: 21206: 21204: 21201: 21199: 21196: 21194: 21191: 21189: 21186: 21184: 21181: 21179: 21176: 21174: 21171: 21169: 21166: 21164: 21161: 21159: 21158:1928 Protests 21156: 21154: 21151: 21149: 21146: 21144: 21141: 21139: 21136: 21134: 21131: 21129: 21126: 21124: 21121: 21119: 21116: 21114: 21111: 21109: 21106: 21104: 21103:Rowlatt Bills 21101: 21099: 21096: 21094: 21091: 21089: 21086: 21084: 21081: 21079: 21076: 21074: 21073: 21069: 21067: 21064: 21062: 21059: 21057: 21054: 21052: 21049: 21047: 21044: 21043: 21041: 21035: 21029: 21026: 21024: 21021: 21019: 21016: 21014: 21011: 21009: 21006: 21004: 21001: 20999: 20996: 20994: 20991: 20989: 20986: 20984: 20981: 20980: 20978: 20972: 20966: 20965: 20961: 20959: 20956: 20954: 20951: 20949: 20946: 20944: 20941: 20939: 20936: 20934: 20931: 20929: 20926: 20922: 20919: 20917: 20914: 20912: 20909: 20907: 20904: 20903: 20901: 20897: 20894: 20892: 20889: 20887: 20884: 20882: 20879: 20878: 20877: 20874: 20872: 20869: 20867: 20864: 20862: 20859: 20857: 20854: 20852: 20849: 20847: 20844: 20842: 20839: 20837: 20834: 20832: 20829: 20828: 20826: 20824: 20820: 20816: 20809: 20804: 20802: 20797: 20795: 20790: 20789: 20786: 20778: 20775: 20773: 20770: 20768: 20765: 20764: 20763: 20760: 20757: 20754: 20751: 20748: 20747: 20743: 20740: 20737: 20735: 20731: 20728: 20724: 20723: 20718: 20716: 20712: 20709: 20708: 20697: 20696: 20690: 20687: 20684: 20681: 20678: 20675: 20671: 20669: 20665: 20662:Judd, Denis. 20661: 20660: 20659: 20657: 20656: 20650: 20645: 20641: 20637:at Wikiquote 20636: 20631: 20626: 20621: 20607: 20601: 20597: 20596: 20590: 20589: 20586:Miscellaneous 20580: 20575: 20572: 20568: 20565: 20561: 20557: 20553: 20549: 20545: 20541: 20537: 20533: 20528: 20525: 20521: 20517: 20513: 20509: 20505: 20501: 20496: 20493: 20489: 20486: 20483: 20479: 20476: 20472: 20469: 20465: 20462: 20458: 20455: 20451: 20447: 20443: 20439: 20435: 20431: 20427: 20422: 20418: 20414: 20410: 20406: 20402: 20398: 20393: 20389: 20385: 20381: 20377: 20372: 20369: 20365: 20359: 20355: 20354: 20348: 20347: 20337: 20333: 20329: 20325: 20321: 20317: 20312: 20309: 20303: 20299: 20294: 20291: 20287: 20283: 20279: 20275: 20271: 20266: 20263: 20259: 20256: 20252: 20249: 20245: 20241: 20237: 20233: 20229: 20225: 20221: 20216: 20213: 20209: 20206: 20202: 20197: 20192: 20188: 20184: 20179: 20175: 20171: 20167: 20163: 20159: 20155: 20150: 20147: 20143: 20132: 20128: 20122: 20118: 20117: 20111: 20108: 20104: 20101: 20097: 20095: 20091: 20087: 20083: 20080: 20076: 20073: 20069: 20065: 20061: 20057: 20053: 20049: 20045: 20040: 20037: 20033: 20030: 20026: 20023: 20019: 20018: 20008: 20004: 20000: 19997: 19993: 19981: 19977: 19973: 19968: 19965: 19961: 19957: 19953: 19949: 19945: 19940: 19935: 19931: 19927: 19922: 19919: 19915: 19911: 19905: 19901: 19896: 19892: 19886: 19882: 19877: 19873: 19869: 19865: 19861: 19858:(47): 69–77. 19857: 19853: 19848: 19846: 19842: 19838: 19836: 19832: 19829: 19825: 19821: 19819: 19815: 19811: 19808: 19802: 19798: 19793: 19790: 19784: 19780: 19776: 19772: 19769: 19763: 19759: 19755: 19751: 19749: 19745: 19742: 19738: 19734: 19731: 19725: 19721: 19716: 19712: 19711: 19706: 19702: 19699: 19695: 19692: 19686: 19682: 19677: 19674: 19668: 19664: 19663: 19658: 19654: 19651: 19645: 19641: 19637: 19633: 19630: 19626: 19622: 19616: 19612: 19608: 19604: 19601: 19597: 19594: 19590: 19587: 19581: 19577: 19572: 19569: 19565: 19561: 19557: 19553: 19549: 19545: 19541: 19536: 19533: 19529: 19525: 19522: 19516: 19512: 19511: 19505: 19502: 19498: 19493: 19489: 19488:Jalal, Ayesha 19485: 19481: 19480: 19475: 19471: 19466: 19463: 19457: 19453: 19448: 19445: 19443:0-19-505115-7 19439: 19435: 19431: 19427: 19424: 19420: 19416: 19412: 19408: 19404: 19399: 19396: 19392: 19387: 19382: 19378: 19374: 19370: 19366: 19362: 19358: 19354: 19348: 19344: 19343: 19337: 19326: 19325: 19319: 19316: 19312: 19302: 19296: 19292: 19291: 19285: 19282: 19278: 19276: 19272: 19268: 19265: 19261: 19257: 19253: 19242: 19238: 19232: 19228: 19224: 19219: 19216: 19215:History Today 19212: 19209: 19205: 19202: 19196: 19192: 19191: 19186: 19182: 19178: 19172: 19168: 19167: 19161: 19157: 19151: 19147: 19142: 19138: 19132: 19128: 19123: 19119: 19113: 19109: 19105: 19101: 19098: 19094: 19090: 19086: 19082: 19078: 19073: 19071: 19067: 19063: 19060: 19054: 19050: 19045: 19042: 19038: 19034: 19023: 19019: 19018: 19013: 19009: 19006: 19002: 18992: 18986: 18982: 18981: 18976: 18972: 18961: 18957: 18951: 18947: 18946: 18941: 18937: 18934: 18928: 18924: 18920: 18916: 18913: 18907: 18903: 18898: 18897: 18886: 18880: 18876: 18871: 18868: 18864: 18860: 18854: 18850: 18846: 18842: 18840: 18836: 18832: 18820: 18816: 18810: 18806: 18805: 18800: 18799:Stein, Burton 18796: 18792: 18786: 18782: 18778: 18777:Stein, Burton 18774: 18770: 18764: 18760: 18759: 18754: 18750: 18748: 18744: 18740: 18738: 18734: 18730: 18727: 18721: 18716: 18715: 18709: 18708:Sarkar, Sumit 18705: 18702: 18696: 18692: 18691: 18685: 18682: 18678: 18675: 18671: 18667: 18661: 18657: 18652: 18649: 18646: 18642: 18638: 18634: 18629: 18626: 18622: 18619: 18616: 18610: 18606: 18602: 18598: 18594: 18583: 18579: 18573: 18569: 18568: 18562: 18558: 18552: 18548: 18544: 18540: 18537: 18533: 18530: 18526: 18523: 18518: 18515: 18509: 18505: 18500: 18497: 18491: 18487: 18486: 18481: 18477: 18474: 18470: 18466: 18460: 18456: 18451: 18448: 18444: 18441: 18437: 18435: 18431: 18427: 18423: 18421: 18417: 18413: 18410: 18406: 18403: 18397: 18393: 18388: 18377: 18373: 18367: 18363: 18362: 18356: 18353: 18347: 18343: 18342: 18337: 18336:Jalal, Ayesha 18333: 18329: 18325: 18319: 18315: 18311: 18307: 18303: 18297: 18293: 18292: 18286: 18282: 18276: 18272: 18268: 18264: 18260: 18254: 18250: 18245: 18242: 18238: 18235: 18231: 18230: 18203: 18199: 18195: 18189: 18173: 18169: 18165: 18161: 18160:The Economist 18157: 18151: 18135: 18131: 18127: 18121: 18115: 18111: 18108: 18105:Md Abu Nasim 18104: 18100: 18097: 18092: 18076: 18072: 18068: 18062: 18054: 18048: 18044: 18043: 18035: 18033: 18016: 18012: 18008: 18001: 17985: 17981: 17977: 17971: 17955: 17951: 17947: 17941: 17926: 17922: 17916: 17901: 17897: 17891: 17883: 17877: 17873: 17872: 17864: 17849: 17845: 17839: 17832: 17826: 17818: 17814: 17810: 17806: 17803:(3): 314–16. 17802: 17798: 17797:Asian Affairs 17791: 17784: 17782: 17775: 17759: 17755: 17754:History.ac.uk 17751: 17745: 17743: 17741: 17733: 17727: 17719: 17713: 17709: 17702: 17694: 17688: 17684: 17680: 17673: 17665: 17659: 17655: 17651: 17644: 17636: 17630: 17626: 17619: 17617: 17608: 17602: 17598: 17591: 17583: 17577: 17573: 17566: 17558: 17552: 17548: 17544: 17537: 17529: 17523: 17519: 17512: 17504: 17498: 17494: 17490: 17483: 17476: 17463: 17459: 17458: 17451: 17443: 17437: 17433: 17426: 17419: 17414: 17408: 17404: 17397: 17389: 17383: 17379: 17375: 17368: 17366: 17357: 17351: 17347: 17343: 17336: 17329: 17323: 17317:, p. 431 17316: 17311: 17303: 17299: 17295: 17291: 17288:(4): 557–78. 17287: 17283: 17276: 17257: 17253: 17249: 17245: 17241: 17234: 17227: 17211: 17204: 17195: 17189: 17183: 17167: 17163: 17157: 17141: 17137: 17131: 17115: 17111: 17107: 17101: 17094: 17093: 17092:The Asian Age 17088: 17083: 17081: 17064: 17057: 17050: 17049: 17044: 17039: 17032: 17028: 17023: 17021: 17004: 17000: 16996: 16990: 16974: 16970: 16964: 16962: 16954: 16949: 16942: 16938: 16937:Bipan Chandra 16933: 16925: 16919: 16915: 16914: 16906: 16898: 16891: 16883: 16877: 16873: 16872: 16864: 16849: 16845: 16839: 16823: 16819: 16813: 16797: 16793: 16787: 16779: 16775: 16770: 16765: 16761: 16757: 16754:(3): 135–40. 16753: 16749: 16745: 16738: 16722: 16718: 16712: 16696: 16692: 16686: 16679: 16675: 16672: 16667: 16651: 16647: 16641: 16634: 16630: 16627: 16622: 16615: 16611: 16608: 16603: 16596: 16592: 16589: 16584: 16577: 16573: 16567: 16561:, p. 173 16560: 16555: 16548: 16543: 16536: 16531: 16524: 16519: 16512: 16507: 16500: 16495: 16488: 16483: 16476: 16471: 16464: 16459: 16452: 16447: 16440: 16435: 16433: 16431: 16429: 16422:, p. 83. 16421: 16416: 16410:, p. 80. 16409: 16404: 16397: 16392: 16377: 16373: 16369: 16362: 16347: 16343: 16339: 16333: 16317: 16313: 16312: 16304: 16289: 16285: 16281: 16275: 16260: 16256: 16252: 16245: 16230: 16226: 16222: 16216: 16200: 16196: 16195: 16194:British India 16187: 16172: 16168: 16164: 16157: 16142: 16138: 16134: 16128: 16113: 16109: 16105: 16098: 16089: 16081: 16077: 16073: 16069: 16065: 16061: 16054: 16046: 16042: 16041:Asian Profile 16035: 16027: 16023: 16019: 16015: 16011: 16007: 16003: 15997: 15990: 15984: 15978: 15974: 15970: 15964: 15948: 15943: 15938: 15934: 15930: 15926: 15919: 15903: 15897: 15882: 15878: 15874: 15870: 15864: 15848: 15844: 15837: 15830: 15824: 15805: 15801: 15794: 15788: 15786: 15784: 15776: 15770: 15754: 15750: 15746: 15740: 15738: 15736: 15727: 15721: 15717: 15713: 15709: 15705: 15699: 15692: 15687: 15680: 15675: 15667: 15663: 15659: 15655: 15652:(4): 404–32. 15651: 15647: 15640: 15632: 15626: 15622: 15618: 15612: 15606:, p. 259 15605: 15600: 15592: 15586: 15582: 15581: 15576: 15570: 15554: 15550: 15546: 15541: 15536: 15533:(4): 621–28. 15532: 15528: 15521: 15513: 15505: 15501: 15497: 15493: 15489: 15485: 15478: 15471: 15470:Headrick 1988 15466: 15457: 15451:, p. 73. 15450: 15445: 15429: 15425: 15424: 15419: 15412: 15410: 15401: 15400: 15393: 15386: 15385:Headrick 1988 15381: 15365: 15361: 15357: 15351: 15349: 15341: 15335: 15328: 15322: 15314: 15308: 15304: 15297: 15289: 15283: 15279: 15275: 15269: 15261: 15255: 15251: 15244: 15238:, p. 72. 15237: 15232: 15230: 15221: 15215: 15211: 15204: 15196: 15192: 15188: 15184: 15180: 15176: 15173:(3): 521–45. 15172: 15168: 15161: 15153: 15147: 15143: 15136: 15129: 15128:Headrick 1988 15124: 15116: 15112: 15108: 15104: 15101:(4): 413–60. 15100: 15096: 15089: 15081: 15066: 15062: 15058: 15057: 15051: 15043: 15041: 15031: 15024: 15019: 15011: 15007: 15003: 14999: 14996:(4): 507–23. 14995: 14991: 14984: 14976: 14970: 14966: 14962: 14958: 14954: 14948: 14941: 14936: 14928: 14922: 14918: 14911: 14903: 14899: 14898: 14890: 14874: 14870: 14866: 14862: 14861:www.rmg.co.uk 14858: 14852: 14844: 14843: 14835: 14827: 14826: 14818: 14802: 14798: 14794: 14788: 14772: 14768: 14764: 14758: 14742: 14738: 14734: 14730: 14729:www.rmg.co.uk 14726: 14720: 14704: 14700: 14696: 14692: 14691:www.rmg.co.uk 14688: 14682: 14666: 14662: 14658: 14654: 14653:www.rmg.co.uk 14650: 14644: 14628: 14624: 14620: 14614: 14603: 14596: 14588: 14584: 14580: 14576: 14572: 14568: 14564: 14560: 14553: 14537: 14533: 14529: 14525: 14519: 14511: 14510: 14502: 14495: 14491: 14487: 14483: 14479: 14475: 14471: 14467: 14463: 14456: 14449: 14445: 14439: 14435: 14434: 14426: 14424: 14415: 14411: 14410: 14406: 14400: 14384: 14380: 14376: 14372: 14371:www.rmg.co.uk 14368: 14362: 14355: 14349: 14341: 14337: 14333: 14329: 14326:(1): 87–126. 14325: 14321: 14314: 14307: 14302: 14300: 14292: 14287: 14280: 14275: 14273: 14265: 14260: 14253: 14248: 14246: 14238: 14234: 14229: 14223:, p. 195 14222: 14217: 14210: 14205: 14199:, p. 104 14198: 14193: 14186: 14181: 14179: 14177: 14175: 14167: 14162: 14155: 14150: 14143: 14138: 14122: 14118: 14114: 14110: 14106: 14102: 14098: 14094: 14087: 14079: 14075: 14071: 14067: 14062: 14057: 14054:(1): 90–103. 14053: 14049: 14045: 14038: 14031: 14026: 14024: 14016: 14011: 14005: 14001: 13996: 13994: 13986: 13981: 13979: 13971: 13967: 13963: 13958: 13957: 13950: 13934: 13930: 13924: 13921:. Routledge. 13920: 13919: 13913: 13908: 13902: 13898: 13893: 13889: 13885: 13882: 13878: 13874: 13873: 13868: 13863: 13847: 13843: 13837: 13831: 13827: 13824: 13820: 13814: 13798: 13794: 13793: 13786: 13778: 13777: 13769: 13762: 13756: 13748: 13744: 13743: 13735: 13727: 13726: 13718: 13711: 13710:History Today 13705: 13688: 13687: 13678: 13670: 13666: 13665: 13657: 13655: 13646: 13645: 13637: 13621: 13620: 13612: 13606:(2008) p. 237 13605: 13602:Maria Misra, 13599: 13590: 13574: 13570: 13566: 13560: 13553: 13541: 13537: 13533: 13527: 13520: 13516: 13512: 13508: 13503: 13493: 13489: 13484: 13469: 13463: 13459: 13454: 13453: 13444: 13438:, p. 172 13437: 13432: 13425: 13420: 13413: 13408: 13406: 13398: 13393: 13379: 13373: 13369: 13368: 13360: 13353: 13348: 13341: 13336: 13330:, p. 69. 13329: 13324: 13317: 13312: 13310: 13302: 13297: 13290: 13285: 13278: 13273: 13266: 13261: 13254: 13249: 13247: 13238: 13234: 13230: 13226: 13222: 13218: 13211: 13205:(2006) p. 142 13204: 13198: 13190: 13186: 13182: 13178: 13174: 13170: 13163: 13155: 13151: 13145: 13139: 13131: 13125: 13121: 13116: 13115: 13106: 13098: 13092: 13088: 13084: 13083: 13078: 13072: 13066:, p. 190 13065: 13060: 13044: 13040: 13034: 13027: 13021: 13005: 13001: 12997: 12991: 12989: 12972: 12968: 12964: 12957: 12955: 12953: 12945: 12944: 12939: 12934: 12927: 12910: 12906: 12902: 12898: 12894: 12891:(2): 160–88. 12890: 12886: 12879: 12872: 12866:, p. 154 12865: 12860: 12853: 12848: 12841: 12836: 12828: 12824: 12820: 12816: 12812: 12808: 12804: 12800: 12793: 12785: 12781: 12777: 12773: 12769: 12765: 12761: 12757: 12750: 12743: 12738: 12736: 12727: 12726:History Today 12720: 12712: 12708: 12704: 12700: 12696: 12689: 12682: 12676: 12670:, p. 208 12669: 12664: 12658:, p. 304 12657: 12652: 12650: 12648: 12640: 12635: 12633: 12631: 12624:, p. 190 12623: 12618: 12616: 12614: 12612: 12604: 12599: 12592: 12587: 12585: 12583: 12581: 12579: 12577: 12575: 12573: 12571: 12563: 12558: 12556: 12554: 12552: 12550: 12548: 12546: 12544: 12536: 12530: 12523: 12518: 12511: 12506: 12504: 12502: 12500: 12492: 12487: 12485: 12483: 12481: 12474:, p. 199 12473: 12468: 12466: 12464: 12462: 12460: 12452: 12447: 12445: 12443: 12435: 12430: 12428: 12426: 12406: 12402: 12395: 12388: 12381: 12376: 12374: 12372: 12370: 12368: 12366: 12357: 12351: 12344: 12339: 12324: 12318: 12314: 12313: 12305: 12303: 12296:, p. 201 12295: 12290: 12288: 12286: 12279:, p. 286 12278: 12273: 12267:, p. 200 12266: 12261: 12259: 12257: 12255: 12247: 12242: 12235: 12230: 12224:(2008) p. 184 12223: 12219: 12214: 12208: 12204: 12198: 12189: 12181: 12177: 12173: 12169: 12166:(3): 221–37. 12165: 12161: 12160: 12152: 12143: 12136: 12130: 12123: 12117: 12111:, p. 197 12110: 12105: 12099: 12095: 12089: 12083:(1996) p. 116 12082: 12076: 12069: 12064: 12058:, p. 170 12057: 12052: 12045: 12041: 12038: 12034: 12028: 12022:, p. 888 12021: 12016: 12014: 12007:, p. 169 12006: 12001: 11993: 11987: 11983: 11976: 11970:, p. 97. 11969: 11964: 11962: 11954: 11949: 11947: 11940:, p. 260 11939: 11934: 11932: 11930: 11923:, p. 159 11922: 11917: 11911:, p. 258 11910: 11905: 11899: 11894: 11892: 11885:, p. 258 11884: 11880: 11875: 11869: 11865: 11860: 11841: 11837: 11830: 11824: 11818:, p. 151 11817: 11812: 11805: 11800: 11794:, p. 150 11793: 11788: 11781: 11776: 11769: 11764: 11745: 11738: 11733: 11727: 11719: 11715: 11711: 11707: 11704:(3): 357–82. 11703: 11699: 11692: 11685: 11680: 11674:, p. 147 11673: 11668: 11666: 11649: 11645: 11641: 11635: 11619: 11615: 11611: 11605: 11589: 11585: 11581: 11575: 11567: 11563: 11559: 11553: 11546: 11541: 11533: 11527: 11523: 11522: 11514: 11505: 11497: 11491: 11487: 11480: 11464: 11463: 11455: 11448: 11444: 11440: 11436: 11424: 11418: 11414: 11413: 11408: 11402: 11386: 11382: 11375: 11367: 11361: 11357: 11356: 11348: 11339: 11334: 11328: 11324: 11323: 11317: 11314: 11309: 11303: 11299: 11294: 11282: 11278: 11272: 11268: 11267: 11261: 11260: 11257: 11248: 11244: 11238: 11234: 11233: 11227: 11224: 11223: 11217: 11211: 11207: 11206: 11200: 11197: 11184: 11180: 11174: 11170: 11169: 11163: 11160: 11147: 11143: 11137: 11133: 11132: 11126: 11125: 11122: 11113: 11100: 11087: 11081: 11077: 11076: 11071: 11067: 11064: 11051: 11047: 11041: 11037: 11033: 11028: 11027: 11024: 11015: 11002: 10998: 10992: 10988: 10987: 10981: 10978: 10965: 10961: 10955: 10951: 10950: 10944: 10943: 10940: 10931: 10927: 10923: 10919: 10916: 10912: 10906: 10902: 10898: 10894: 10893: 10890: 10883: 10878: 10876:0-521-25092-7 10872: 10868: 10861: 10854: 10846: 10840: 10836: 10829: 10827: 10819: 10815: 10809: 10805: 10798: 10791: 10787: 10781: 10777: 10770: 10763: 10758: 10752: 10748: 10741: 10734: 10721: 10717: 10713: 10709: 10705: 10701: 10697: 10693: 10689: 10685: 10681: 10677: 10670: 10663: 10651: 10647: 10646: 10641: 10635: 10628: 10616: 10612: 10611: 10606: 10604: 10596: 10587: 10585: 10580: 10566: 10562: 10558: 10545: 10538: 10532: 10525: 10519: 10512: 10508: 10501: 10497: 10493: 10489: 10482: 10478: 10474: 10467: 10463: 10459: 10452: 10448: 10444: 10437: 10433: 10429: 10422: 10418: 10414: 10410: 10404: 10397: 10391: 10384: 10378: 10369: 10360: 10351: 10342: 10335: 10331: 10330:British India 10327: 10323: 10318: 10311: 10305: 10299: 10295: 10291: 10285: 10281: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10224: 10219: 10208: 10205: 10194: 10191: 10180: 10177: 10166: 10157: 10152: 10150: 10145: 10143: 10138: 10137: 10135: 10134: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10027: 10020: 10019: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9980:Uttar Pradesh 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9917: 9910: 9909: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9862: 9855: 9854: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9832: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9822: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9812: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9802: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9792: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9782: 9774: 9769: 9768: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9752: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9742: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9732: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9722: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9712: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9702: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9692: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9682: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9672: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9662: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9652: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9642: 9638: 9636: 9635:Mughal Empire 9633: 9632: 9624: 9619: 9618: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9602: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9592: 9588: 9586: 9582: 9581: 9577: 9575: 9571: 9570: 9566: 9564: 9560: 9559: 9555: 9553: 9549: 9548: 9544: 9542: 9538: 9537: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9527: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9517: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9507: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9497: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9487: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9477: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9467: 9463: 9461: 9460:Reddy Kingdom 9458: 9457: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9447: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9437: 9433: 9431: 9427: 9426: 9422: 9420: 9416: 9415: 9411: 9409: 9405: 9404: 9400: 9398: 9394: 9393: 9389: 9387: 9383: 9382: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9372: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9362: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9352: 9344: 9339: 9338: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9311: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9301: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9291: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9281: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9271: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9261: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9251: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9241: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9231: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9221: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9211: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9201: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9191: 9187: 9185: 9184:Yadava Empire 9182: 9181: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9171: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9161: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9151: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9141: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9131: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9121: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9111: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9101: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9091: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9081: 9077: 9075: 9074:Harsha Empire 9072: 9071: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9050: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9040: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9023: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9013: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9003: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8993: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8983: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8973: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8963: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8953: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8943: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8922: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8901: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8891: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8881: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8871: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8861: 8857: 8855: 8854:Kushan Empire 8852: 8851: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8841: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8824: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8814: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8804: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8794: 8790: 8788: 8787:Shunga Empire 8785: 8784: 8769: 8767: 8766:Mitra Dynasty 8764: 8763: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8753: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8743: 8735: 8730: 8729: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8713: 8708: AD 500 8704: 250 BC 8698: 8696: 8693: 8692: 8687: 250 AD 8681: 8679: 8676: 8675: 8670: 300 BC 8664: 8662: 8659: 8658: 8653: 300 BC 8647: 8645: 8644:Chera Kingdom 8642: 8641: 8636: 300 BC 8630: 8628: 8627:Pandya Empire 8625: 8624: 8619: 300 AD 8615: 300 BC 8609: 8607: 8606:Sangam period 8604: 8603: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8593: 8589: 8587: 8586:Maurya Empire 8584: 8583: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8573: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8563: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8553: 8549: 8546: 8545: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8535: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8518: 8513: 600 BC 8507: 8505: 8502: 8501: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8491: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8481: 8477: 8475: 8471: 8470: 8467:(1200–600 BC) 8466: 8464: 8460: 8459: 8455: 8453: 8449: 8448: 8445:(1500–600 BC) 8444: 8442: 8438: 8437: 8434:(1500–500 BC) 8433: 8431: 8428: 8427: 8421:(1500–200 BC) 8419: 8414: 8413: 8404:(1600–500 BC) 8403: 8401: 8397: 8396: 8392: 8390: 8386: 8385: 8382:(2000–500 BC) 8381: 8379: 8376: 8375: 8371: 8369: 8365: 8364: 8360: 8358: 8354: 8353: 8349: 8347: 8343: 8342: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8332: 8324: 8319: 8318: 8309:(1400–700 BC) 8308: 8306: 8305:Jorwe culture 8303: 8302: 8298: 8296: 8295:Malwa culture 8293: 8292: 8289:(1600–750 BC) 8288: 8286: 8285:Pandu culture 8283: 8282: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8272: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8255: 8247: 8242: 8241: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8225: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8215: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8205: 8197: 8192: 8191: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8167: 8159: 8154: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8133: 8130: 8127: 8126: 8116: 8111: 8109: 8104: 8102: 8097: 8096: 8094: 8093: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8079: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8069: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8059: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8049: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8039: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8029: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8019: 8016: 8015: 8005: 8004:British India 8001: 8000: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7986: 7982: 7980: 7979:Casa da Índia 7977: 7976: 7973: 7972: 7962: 7958: 7957: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7943: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7933: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7923: 7919: 7917: 7916:Swedish India 7914: 7913: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7903: 7900: 7899: 7894: 7888: 7884: 7883: 7880: 7877: 7876: 7868: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7819: 7815: 7810: 7801: 7799: 7795: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7763: 7754: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7701: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7684:in 1814, the 7683: 7679: 7675: 7670: 7668: 7664: 7661:In 1889, the 7656: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7635: 7625: 7618: 7613: 7605: 7601: 7596: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7579: 7575: 7569: 7566: 7562: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7532: 7528: 7527:Vidurashwatha 7524: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7506: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7484: 7481: 7478: 7474: 7473:mass shooting 7470: 7466: 7462: 7459: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7426: 7423: 7422:Reginald Dyer 7419: 7416: 7415: 7414: 7411: 7404: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7381: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7358: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7339: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7309: 7305: 7298: 7293: 7289: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7266: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7244: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7214: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7184: 7181: 7180: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7165: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7150: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7135: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7120: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7105: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7095: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7077: 7076: 7071: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7056: 7053: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7031: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7013: 7012: 7008: 7004: 6999: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6984: 6981: 6980: 6975: 6964: 6958: 6945: 6935: 6934:summary style 6931: 6925: 6921: 6919: 6915:This article 6913: 6904: 6903: 6899: 6893: 6889: 6874: 6871: 6868: 6865: 6862: 6859: 6856: 6853: 6850: 6847: 6844: 6841: 6838: 6835: 6832: 6829: 6826: 6825: 6821: 6818: 6815: 6812: 6809: 6806: 6803: 6800: 6797: 6794: 6791: 6788: 6785: 6782: 6779: 6776: 6773: 6772: 6768: 6765: 6762: 6759: 6756: 6753: 6750: 6747: 6744: 6741: 6738: 6735: 6732: 6729: 6720: 6716: 6713: 6712: 6708: 6705: 6702: 6699: 6696: 6693: 6690: 6687: 6684: 6681: 6678: 6675: 6672: 6669: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6653: 6650: 6647: 6644: 6641: 6638: 6635: 6632: 6629: 6626: 6623: 6620: 6617: 6614: 6611: 6608: 6605: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6593: 6590: 6587: 6584: 6581: 6578: 6575: 6572: 6569: 6566: 6563: 6560: 6557: 6554: 6551: 6548: 6545: 6541: 6538: 6537: 6533: 6530: 6527: 6524: 6521: 6518: 6515: 6512: 6509: 6506: 6503: 6500: 6497: 6494: 6491: 6488: 6485: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6473: 6470: 6467: 6464: 6461: 6458: 6455: 6452: 6449: 6446: 6443: 6440: 6437: 6434: 6431: 6428: 6425: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6413: 6410: 6407: 6404: 6401: 6398: 6395: 6392: 6389: 6386: 6383: 6380: 6377: 6374: 6371: 6368: 6365: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6353: 6350: 6347: 6344: 6341: 6338: 6335: 6332: 6329: 6326: 6323: 6320: 6317: 6314: 6311: 6308: 6305: 6301: 6298: 6297: 6293: 6290: 6287: 6284: 6281: 6278: 6275: 6272: 6269: 6266: 6263: 6260: 6257: 6254: 6251: 6248: 6245: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6159: 6154: 6153: 6124: 6120: 6105: 6104: 6103: 6100: 6096: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6073: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6027: 6024: 6020: 6017: 6013: 6011: 6007: 6006:Mughal Empire 6002: 5998: 5994: 5983: 5981: 5975: 5973: 5969: 5964: 5963:British Crown 5956: 5951: 5941: 5936: 5934: 5933:David Gilmour 5927: 5917: 5914: 5909: 5907: 5902: 5898: 5896: 5892: 5887: 5881: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5841: 5834: 5830: 5825: 5817: 5809: 5804: 5794: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5778: 5776: 5775:Jamsetji Tata 5772: 5770: 5769:iron industry 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5732: 5724: 5717: 5713: 5708: 5698: 5694: 5680: 5673: 5668: 5664: 5663:1936 Olympics 5657: 5652: 5648: 5641: 5636: 5632: 5631:Star of India 5628: 5624: 5617: 5612: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5587: 5585: 5582:flag book. A 5581: 5577: 5573: 5572:Star of India 5563: 5560: 5555: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5522: 5513: 5511: 5507: 5502: 5498: 5465: 5463: 5454: 5451: 5448: 5445: 5442: 5439: 5436: 5433: 5430: 5427: 5424: 5421: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5398: 5394: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5358: 5356: 5351: 5347: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5325: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5259:E. S. Montagu 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5224: 5221: 5217: 5214: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5206: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5173: 5171: 5167: 5162: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5147:Mughal Empire 5144: 5143:British India 5140: 5136: 5130: 5115: 5112: 5107: 5103: 5097: 5094: 5093: 5089: 5086: 5083: 5078: 5074: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5060: 5057: 5054: 5049: 5045: 5039: 5036: 5035: 5031: 5028: 5023: 5019: 5013: 5010: 5009: 5005: 5002: 4999: 4994: 4990: 4984: 4983:Ajmer-Merwara 4981: 4980: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4956: 4953: 4945: 4943: 4934: 4931: 4928: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4914:Uttar Pradesh 4909: 4906: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4896: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4857: 4854: 4853: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4820:and parts of 4819: 4815: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4796: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4776:and parts of 4775: 4769: 4766: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4756: 4751: 4747: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4734: 4731: 4728: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4708:and parts of 4707: 4701: 4698: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4603: 4598: 4595: 4587: 4575: 4567: 4557: 4555: 4551: 4550:British Crown 4547: 4543: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4527: 4525: 4519: 4516: 4512: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4501: 4496: 4495:Native States 4492: 4491:British India 4486: 4482: 4478: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4427: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4360: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4292: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4262: 4261: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227:18 April 1936 4224: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4209: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198:18 April 1931 4195: 4194: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4175: 4174: 4170: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4145: 4140: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4105: 4104: 4101: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4065:World War I, 4056: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4025: 4024: 4020: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4003:Railway Board 4000: 3998: 3997:Earl of Minto 3995: 3990: 3989: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3863: 3851: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3828: 3827: 3821: 3816: 3813:beginning in 3812: 3807: 3803: 3796: 3792: 3790: 3789:Earl of Elgin 3787: 3782: 3781: 3773: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3739: 3733: 3732:Gilgit Agency 3728: 3724: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3710: 3709: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3688: 3684: 3678: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3663: 3662: 3656: 3648: 3644: 3637: 3631: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3605: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3561: 3560: 3556: 3553:, the future 3552: 3549:Visit of the 3544: 3538: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527:12 April 1876 3524: 3523: 3517: 3513: 3503: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3478: 3474: 3467: 3463: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3434: 3433:Earl of Elgin 3431: 3426: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3362: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351:21 March 1862 3348: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3326: 3321: 3314: 3309: 3302: 3297: 3290: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3252: 3247: 3240: 3235: 3228: 3223: 3216: 3211: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3161: 3157: 3151: 3149: 3148:native forces 3145: 3141: 3136: 3134: 3133:British India 3130: 3125: 3120: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3092: 3088: 3074: 3070: 3063: 3058: 3051: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3028: 3023: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3002: 2997: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2921: 2896: 2894: 2893: 2885: 2883: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2829: 2827: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2792: 2787: 2784: 2783:Herbert Baker 2780: 2779:Edwin Lutyens 2773: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2749: 2744: 2743: 2742: 2739: 2734: 2726: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2636: 2633:wounded. The 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2587: 2582: 2579: 2575: 2574:Muslim League 2571: 2564: 2559: 2552: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2524: 2519: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2475:Rowlatt Bills 2471: 2469: 2450: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2371:Anglo-Indians 2368: 2364: 2360: 2354: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2327: 2325: 2324:Edwin Montagu 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2298: 2292: 2283: 2279: 2278:Edwin Montagu 2273: 2263: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2207: 2202: 2201: 2196: 2192: 2191: 2186: 2182: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2144: 2138: 2134: 2125: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2088: 2086: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1985: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1899: 1890: 1884: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1865: 1860: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1842: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1824:Khudadad Khan 1819: 1814: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1729: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1693: 1683: 1679: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1639: 1634: 1633: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1610: 1609:Bande Mataram 1605: 1604:Sri Aurobindo 1601: 1597: 1596: 1595:Bande Mataram 1590: 1588: 1584: 1583: 1578: 1577: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1526:The viceroy, 1520: 1513: 1508: 1504: 1497: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1474: 1469: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1454: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1414: 1413:Thomas Baring 1410: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1343: 1339: 1333: 1328: 1324: 1318: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1290: 1285: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1268: 1263: 1262: 1260: 1250: 1248: 1247:famine scales 1244: 1240: 1236: 1230: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1217:British crown 1214: 1205: 1199: 1194: 1183: 1176: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1156: 1151: 1147: 1140: 1135: 1134: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1121: 1115: 1113: 1112:Uttar Pradesh 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1094:Although the 1088: 1081: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1058: 1053: 1049: 1042: 1037: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1020: 1015: 1014: 1002: 999: 990: 986: 982: 976: 973:This section 971: 962: 961: 957: 940: 935: 934: 933: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 894: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 830: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 783: 781: 777: 773: 770:in 1989. The 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 704: 702: 701:Indian Empire 698: 695:, called the 694: 690: 689:British India 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 661: 657: 653: 652: 644: 626: 604: 602: 599: 595: 594: 586: 584: 581: 577: 576: 568: 566: 563: 562: 554: 552: 549: 545: 544: 536: 534: 531: 530: 522: 520: 517: 516: 508: 506: 503: 499: 498: 495: 489: 488:Mughal Empire 486: 482: 475: 474: 471: 470: 467: 464: 462: 459: 458: 454: 451: 448: 444: 440: 434: 429: 425: 421: 418: 412: 408: 404: 397: 394:2 August 1858 393: 390: 384: 380: 377: 371: 367: 363: 359: 356: 353: 349: 345: 342: 339: 333: 330: 327: 321: 317: 313: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 289: 286: 283: 277: 273: 269: 267: 263: 259: 256: 253: 247: 244: 241: 235: 232: 229: 223: 220: 217: 211: 208: 205: 199: 195: 191: 189: 185: 182: 179: 175: 171: 169: 165: 159: 156: 153: 149: 146: 144: 141: 140: 138: 134: 129: 123: 120: 116: 113: 109: 106: 102: 95: 90: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 68:British India 63: 58: 53: 46: 43: 41: 37: 33: 19: 28877:Martial arts 28801:Architecture 28674:Demographics 28659:Caste system 28636:Society and 28286:Construction 28068:By net worth 27902:Indian rupee 27705:Reservations 27573:Intelligence 27476:Human rights 27461:Constitution 27219:Subdivisions 26912:Indian Plate 26902:Fossil Parks 26837:Contemporary 26752:World War II 26694: 26629:Early Modern 26619:Vijayanagara 26515:Vedic period 26385:India topics 26245:Martial arts 26135:Colonial era 26130:Early modern 26080:Caste system 25865:Austronesian 25806:Northwestern 25648:South Africa 25643:Sierra Leone 25590: 25586: 25420:Two Sicilies 25355:Papal States 25155: 25094: 24987: 24853: 24613:Cook Islands 24466: 24452:Saudi Arabia 24381: 24002: 23985: 23977: 23943: 23935: 23927: 23921:Saint Helena 23919: 23863: 23855: 23705:Cook Islands 23656: 23629:New Hebrides 23598:20th century 23514:West Florida 23499: 23485: 23417:Rhode Island 23395:Pennsylvania 23353:Newfoundland 23290: 23215: 23165:East Florida 23136:16th c.–1880 23125: 23077: 22974:Crown Colony 22962:Pulo Condore 22936:Crown Colony 22930:North Borneo 22849: 22803: 22762:Protectorate 22711:unrecognised 22705:in 1965 (as 22644: 22597:South Africa 22585:Sierra Leone 22572:Saint Helena 22570: 22565:Orange River 22443:Bechuanaland 22424: 22382:Protectorate 22341: 22317: 22281: 22261:and Current 22186:Constitution 22174:Independence 22061: 22032:Vanchinathan 21662:Bhagat Singh 21617:Annie Besant 21578:Independence 21559:Vinoba Bhave 21363: 21359:Swaraj Party 21263:Lucknow Pact 21173:Purna Swaraj 21163:Nehru Report 21070: 20974:Philosophies 20962: 20928:Polygar Wars 20856:French India 20850: 20841:Dutch Bengal 20831:Colonisation 20772:1921 edition 20767:1930 edition 20758: 20752: 20745: 20738: 20729: 20721: 20715:1861 edition 20710: 20694: 20673: 20663: 20654: 20617: 20598:. Springer. 20594: 20577: 20570: 20563: 20559: 20535: 20531: 20523: 20519: 20503: 20499: 20491: 20481: 20474: 20467: 20460: 20453: 20429: 20425: 20403:(1): 23–41. 20400: 20396: 20379: 20375: 20352: 20319: 20315: 20297: 20273: 20269: 20261: 20254: 20223: 20219: 20211: 20186: 20182: 20157: 20153: 20145: 20137:15 September 20135:, retrieved 20115: 20106: 20099: 20089: 20085: 20078: 20047: 20043: 20035: 20028: 20021: 20002: 19995: 19984:, retrieved 19975: 19963: 19929: 19925: 19917: 19899: 19880: 19855: 19851: 19840: 19823: 19813: 19796: 19778: 19757: 19736: 19719: 19709: 19697: 19680: 19661: 19639: 19628: 19610: 19599: 19592: 19575: 19543: 19539: 19531: 19527: 19509: 19500: 19491: 19478: 19469: 19451: 19433: 19406: 19402: 19368: 19364: 19341: 19329:, retrieved 19323: 19314: 19304:, retrieved 19289: 19280: 19270: 19255: 19245:, retrieved 19226: 19214: 19207: 19189: 19165: 19145: 19126: 19107: 19080: 19076: 19065: 19048: 19040: 19028:15 September 19026:, retrieved 19016: 19004: 18996:21 September 18994:, retrieved 18979: 18966:22 September 18964:, retrieved 18944: 18922: 18901: 18874: 18866: 18848: 18834: 18823:, retrieved 18803: 18780: 18757: 18742: 18732: 18713: 18689: 18680: 18673: 18655: 18641:the original 18636: 18624: 18604: 18586:, retrieved 18566: 18546: 18535: 18521: 18503: 18484: 18472: 18454: 18446: 18439: 18429: 18425: 18419: 18415: 18408: 18391: 18382:15 September 18380:, retrieved 18360: 18340: 18332:Bose, Sugata 18313: 18290: 18270: 18267:Bayly, C. A. 18248: 18240: 18233: 18221:Bibliography 18206:. Retrieved 18197: 18188: 18176:. Retrieved 18159: 18150: 18138:. Retrieved 18129: 18120: 18091: 18079:. Retrieved 18071:HistoryExtra 18070: 18061: 18041: 18019:. Retrieved 18010: 18000: 17988:. Retrieved 17979: 17970: 17958:. Retrieved 17949: 17940: 17928:. Retrieved 17925:HistoryExtra 17924: 17915: 17903:. Retrieved 17899: 17890: 17870: 17863: 17851:. Retrieved 17847: 17838: 17830: 17825: 17800: 17796: 17790: 17779: 17774: 17762:. Retrieved 17753: 17731: 17726: 17707: 17701: 17678: 17672: 17649: 17643: 17624: 17596: 17590: 17571: 17565: 17542: 17536: 17517: 17511: 17488: 17482: 17473: 17466:. Retrieved 17456: 17450: 17431: 17425: 17416: 17402: 17396: 17373: 17341: 17335: 17327: 17322: 17310: 17285: 17281: 17275: 17263:. Retrieved 17256:the original 17243: 17239: 17226: 17214:. Retrieved 17203: 17194: 17182: 17170:. Retrieved 17165: 17156: 17144:. Retrieved 17139: 17130: 17118:. Retrieved 17114:the original 17109: 17100: 17090: 17067:. Retrieved 17056: 17047: 17038: 17030: 17007:. Retrieved 17003:the original 16998: 16989: 16977:. Retrieved 16972: 16948: 16940: 16932: 16912: 16905: 16896: 16890: 16870: 16863: 16851:. Retrieved 16847: 16838: 16826:. Retrieved 16822:the original 16812: 16800:. Retrieved 16786: 16751: 16747: 16737: 16725:. Retrieved 16721:the original 16711: 16699:. Retrieved 16695:the original 16685: 16666: 16654:. Retrieved 16640: 16621: 16602: 16583: 16566: 16554: 16542: 16530: 16518: 16506: 16494: 16482: 16477:, p. 7. 16470: 16458: 16446: 16415: 16403: 16391: 16379:. Retrieved 16361: 16349:. Retrieved 16332: 16320:. Retrieved 16310: 16303: 16291:. Retrieved 16274: 16262:. Retrieved 16244: 16232:. Retrieved 16215: 16203:. Retrieved 16193: 16186: 16174:. Retrieved 16156: 16144:. Retrieved 16127: 16115:. Retrieved 16097: 16088: 16066:(1): 33–63. 16063: 16059: 16053: 16047:(5): 441–60. 16044: 16040: 16034: 16012:(8): 76–79. 16009: 16005: 15996: 15988: 15983: 15968: 15963: 15951:. Retrieved 15932: 15928: 15918: 15906:. Retrieved 15896: 15884:. Retrieved 15872: 15863: 15851:. Retrieved 15846: 15836: 15828: 15823: 15811:. Retrieved 15799: 15774: 15769: 15757:. Retrieved 15751:. F. Smith. 15748: 15707: 15698: 15693:, p. 12 15686: 15674: 15649: 15645: 15639: 15620: 15611: 15599: 15579: 15569: 15557:. Retrieved 15530: 15526: 15512: 15487: 15483: 15477: 15465: 15456: 15444: 15432:. Retrieved 15428:the original 15421: 15398: 15392: 15380: 15368:. Retrieved 15364:the original 15359: 15339: 15334: 15326: 15321: 15302: 15296: 15277: 15268: 15249: 15243: 15209: 15203: 15170: 15166: 15160: 15141: 15135: 15123: 15098: 15094: 15088: 15068:. Retrieved 15054: 15030: 15025:, p. 37 15018: 14993: 14989: 14983: 14956: 14947: 14935: 14916: 14910: 14896: 14889: 14877:. Retrieved 14873:the original 14860: 14851: 14841: 14834: 14824: 14817: 14807:14 September 14805:. Retrieved 14801:the original 14796: 14787: 14777:13 September 14775:. Retrieved 14771:the original 14766: 14757: 14745:. Retrieved 14741:the original 14728: 14719: 14707:. Retrieved 14703:the original 14690: 14681: 14669:. Retrieved 14665:the original 14652: 14643: 14633:13 September 14631:. Retrieved 14627:the original 14622: 14613: 14595: 14562: 14552: 14542:23 September 14540:. Retrieved 14536:the original 14527: 14518: 14508: 14501: 14493: 14465: 14455: 14447: 14432: 14414:the original 14407: 14399: 14387:. Retrieved 14383:the original 14370: 14361: 14353: 14348: 14323: 14319: 14313: 14286: 14259: 14239:, p. 72 14228: 14216: 14211:, p. 76 14204: 14192: 14168:, p. 96 14161: 14149: 14137: 14125:. Retrieved 14100: 14096: 14086: 14051: 14047: 14037: 14017:, p. 56 14010: 13987:, p. 60 13969: 13961: 13955: 13949: 13937:. Retrieved 13917: 13911: 13896: 13891: 13883: 13880: 13876: 13869: 13866: 13862: 13850:. Retrieved 13836: 13818: 13813: 13801:. Retrieved 13791: 13785: 13775: 13768: 13760: 13755: 13741: 13734: 13724: 13717: 13709: 13704: 13692:. Retrieved 13685: 13677: 13663: 13643: 13636: 13624:. Retrieved 13618: 13611: 13603: 13598: 13589: 13577:. Retrieved 13573:the original 13568: 13559: 13551: 13544:. Retrieved 13535: 13526: 13510: 13502: 13483: 13471:. Retrieved 13451: 13443: 13431: 13419: 13392: 13383:21 September 13381:, retrieved 13366: 13359: 13354:, p. 2. 13347: 13335: 13328:Wolpert 2006 13323: 13296: 13284: 13272: 13260: 13223:(1): 69–74. 13220: 13216: 13210: 13202: 13197: 13172: 13168: 13162: 13156:(3): 136–37. 13153: 13152:(Critique). 13149: 13138: 13113: 13105: 13081: 13071: 13059: 13047:. Retrieved 13033: 13028:(2007) p. 43 13025: 13020: 13008:. Retrieved 12999: 12975:. Retrieved 12966: 12941: 12933: 12925: 12918:15 September 12916:. Retrieved 12888: 12884: 12871: 12859: 12852:Brendon 2008 12847: 12835: 12802: 12798: 12792: 12762:(1): 47–73. 12759: 12755: 12749: 12725: 12719: 12694: 12688: 12680: 12675: 12663: 12603:Chhabra 2005 12598: 12537:(2007) ch. 2 12534: 12529: 12517: 12412:. Retrieved 12405:the original 12400: 12387: 12355: 12350: 12338: 12326:. Retrieved 12311: 12272: 12246:Wolpert 2004 12241: 12229: 12221: 12213: 12202: 12197: 12188: 12163: 12157: 12151: 12142: 12137:(1965) p. 77 12134: 12129: 12121: 12116: 12104: 12093: 12088: 12080: 12075: 12063: 12051: 12032: 12027: 12000: 11981: 11975: 11916: 11904: 11874: 11859: 11847:. Retrieved 11836:sas.ed.ac.uk 11835: 11823: 11811: 11799: 11787: 11775: 11763: 11751:. Retrieved 11744:the original 11731: 11726: 11701: 11697: 11691: 11679: 11652:. Retrieved 11643: 11634: 11622:. Retrieved 11613: 11604: 11592:. Retrieved 11583: 11574: 11566:the original 11561: 11552: 11540: 11520: 11513: 11504: 11485: 11479: 11467:. Retrieved 11461: 11454: 11428:19 September 11426:, retrieved 11411: 11401: 11389:. Retrieved 11374: 11354: 11347: 11336: 11321: 11311: 11297: 11285:, retrieved 11265: 11256: 11246: 11231: 11221: 11219: 11204: 11194: 11187:, retrieved 11167: 11157: 11150:, retrieved 11130: 11121: 11098: 11096: 11089:, retrieved 11074: 11061: 11054:, retrieved 11035: 11023: 11012: 11005:, retrieved 10985: 10975: 10968:, retrieved 10948: 10939: 10929: 10925: 10914: 10900: 10889: 10880: 10866: 10860: 10848: 10834: 10817: 10803: 10797: 10789: 10775: 10769: 10760: 10746: 10740: 10731: 10724:. Retrieved 10683: 10679: 10669: 10661: 10654:, retrieved 10644: 10640:"Simla Town" 10634: 10626: 10619:, retrieved 10609: 10602: 10595: 10544: 10531: 10524:Anglo-Indian 10518: 10403: 10390: 10377: 10368: 10359: 10350: 10341: 10317: 10304: 10296:through the 10284: 10190:India portal 10045:Demographics 10035:Architecture 9834: 9815:French India 9805:Danish India 9685:Bengal Subah 9675:Bhoi dynasty 9605:Koch Kingdom 9440:Ahom Kingdom 9314:Deva Kingdom 9006:Huna Kingdom 8946:Gupta Empire 8848:(AD 35–405 ) 8807:Kanva Empire 8779: 50 BC 8661:Chola Empire 8600:(312–303 BC) 8590:(321–184 BC) 8580:(330–323 BC) 8570:(380–321 BC) 8566:Nanda Empire 8560:(424–345 BC) 8542:(550–330 BC) 8498:(684–424 BC) 8488:(799–684 BC) 8478:(700–200 BC) 8400:Swat culture 8246:Chalcolithic 8158:Palaeolithic 8051: 8022:EIC in India 7946:French India 7936:Danish India 7892: 7846: 7823: 7769: 7760: 7733: 7702: 7671: 7660: 7651:metropolitan 7612:liberal arts 7609: 7589: 7584: 7570: 7563:(1800–1859) 7559: 7454: 7412: 7410: 7385:Robert Grant 7382: 7359: 7340: 7301: 7267: 7264: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7098: 7097: 7073: 7033: 7001: 6977: 6939: 6916: 6872:386,666,623 6866:350,529,557 6860:316,128,721 6854:313,547,840 6848:294,361,056 6842:287,223,431 6836:253,891,821 6830:190,563,048 6480:Christianity 6291:255,280,369 6285:239,613,929 6279:216,734,586 6273:217,586,892 6267:207,147,026 6261:207,731,727 6255:188,685,913 6249:139,248,568 6101: 6097: 6074: 6063: 6025: 6021: 6014: 5993:Edmund Burke 5989: 5976: 5960: 5938: 5929: 5910: 5905: 5903: 5899: 5886:narrow gauge 5882: 5874: 5858: 5842: 5838: 5790: 5787:Dorabji Tata 5779: 5773: 5753:stiff tariff 5738: 5725: 5721: 5621:Flag of the 5601:flew a blue 5588: 5576:Lord Reading 5569: 5556: 5539: 5534:Delhi Durbar 5516:Legal system 5506:commissioner 5503: 5499: 5466: 5458: 5399: 5395: 5367:non-official 5366: 5362: 5359: 5346:Lord Canning 5340: 5321: 5297:Company rule 5289:Lord Canning 5243:Charles Wood 5239:India Office 5228: 5202: 5176:Organisation 5163: 5135:vassal state 5132: 5087: 5058: 5003: 4951: 4941: 4939: 4782:Chhattisgarh 4569: 4544: 4528: 4521: 4517: 4514: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4488: 4454:India Office 4285:India Office 4281:Burma Office 4255:Creation of 4178:3 April 1926 4108:2 April 1921 4093:, 1915–16); 4091:Siege of Kut 4050:Delhi Durbar 4028:4 April 1916 3905:(previously 3744:to Indians. 3589:Delhi Durbar 3510:Creation of 3496:Earl of Mayo 3398:James Wilson 3203: 3164: 3152: 3137: 3124:public trial 3121: 3094: 3019:World War II 2985: 2953: 2941: 2930: 2922: 2898: 2890: 2887: 2878: 2830: 2823: 2759:Samuel Hoare 2735: 2727: 2715: 2704: 2674:Purna Swaraj 2672: 2662: 2651: 2640: 2607: 2601:Bhagat Singh 2529: 2507:Purna Swaraj 2472: 2456: 2408: 2402:recommended 2375:Annie Besant 2355: 2328: 2308:Lucknow Pact 2305: 2233: 2216:district in 2211: 2204: 2198: 2188: 2178: 2174: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2155: 2147: 2141: 2130: 2118:South Africa 2051:Annie Besant 2044: 2038: 2014:Lucknow Pact 1993: 1986: 1958: 1954:Annie Besant 1938:Lord Harding 1931: 1895: 1870:Annie Besant 1847: 1810:Lucknow Pact 1801: 1792:Ghadar Party 1773: 1757: 1745: 1726: 1688: 1662: 1623: 1619: 1607: 1593: 1591: 1580: 1574: 1563: 1536: 1525: 1518: 1502: 1452: 1437: 1427:founded the 1418: 1411: 1407: 1395:utilitarians 1379: 1371: 1348: 1322: 1231: 1210: 1118: 1116: 1108: 1093: 1070: 994: 974: 930:protectorate 895: 879:Persian Gulf 836: 786: 784: 734:states: the 705: 700: 680: 676: 672: 624: 622: 597: 579: 547: 501: 484: 466:Succeeded by 465: 460: 450:Indian rupee 437:• Total 409:18 July 1947 341:William Hare 238:• 1936 42: 40: 28919:Traditional 28596:Banking Act 28581:SARFESI Act 28495:Electricity 28316:Oil and gas 28306:Electricity 28259:Agriculture 28243:West Bengal 28233:Uttarakhand 28198:Maharashtra 28037:Licence Raj 27992:Black money 27851:Remittances 27695:Nationalism 27680:Citizenship 27513:Enforcement 27498:High Courts 27375:Rajya Sabha 27036:sanctuaries 26986:Earthquakes 26958:Environment 26773:Integration 26747:1943 famine 26695:British Raj 26662:Late modern 26586:Middle Ages 26550:Alchon Huns 26462:Mathematics 26452:Linguistics 26098:Archaeology 26013:Environment 25903:Afro-Asians 25725:Afghanistan 25587:British Raj 25559:(Sri Lanka) 25445:Württemberg 25157:South Yemen 25045:Maguindanao 24938:Afghanistan 24699:Barotseland 24635:Saint Lucia 24608:New Zealand 24517:Netherlands 24290:Chhatrapati 24274:Sovereignty 24214:Aristocracy 24038:Anglosphere 23756:New Zealand 23665:New Zealand 23534:West Jersey 23449:Saint Lucia 23435:Saint Kitts 23429:Saint Croix 23409:1763–1791* 23377:Nova Scotia 23323:New England 23279:, 1691–1776 23246:East Jersey 23234:Connecticut 23113:Bay Islands 23000:Transjordan 22918:Mesopotamia 22756:Afghanistan 22750:Aden Colony 22535:Niger Coast 22501:) 1874–1957 22477:East Africa 22459:Cape Colony 22449:) 1884–1966 22439:) 1868–1966 22130:Mountbatten 21752:Hemu Kalani 21632:Bagha Jatin 21569:Vivekananda 21324:India House 21208:Act of 1935 20983:Ambedkarism 20851:British Raj 20655:british raj 20644:British Raj 20635:British Raj 20625:British Raj 19754:Rai, Lajpat 19331:21 February 19306:21 February 19185:Davis, Mike 18825:13 February 18747:online free 18130:The Tribune 17950:India Today 17900:www.bbc.com 17848:Nikkei Asia 17756:. History. 17468:10 February 17315:Moore 2001a 16549:, p. 7 16535:Koomar 2009 15908:14 February 15886:14 February 15853:14 February 15617:Bear, Laura 15490:(2): 1–15. 14879:7 September 14747:8 September 14709:7 September 14671:8 September 14389:7 September 14185:Moore 2001a 14154:Moore 2001a 14142:Moore 2001a 14127:17 November 14103:: 217–229. 13803:20 February 13694:21 February 13626:21 February 13515:Sarkar 2004 13473:21 February 13002:. History. 13000:History.com 12924:; Muldoon, 12668:Ludden 2002 12605:, p. 2 12328:21 February 12294:Ludden 2002 12265:Ludden 2002 12218:Peter Heehs 12124:(1962) p 67 12109:Ludden 2002 12046:pp. 411–36. 11753:15 February 10601:"Calcutta ( 10537:Nat Worship 10421:Kumbhipatia 10417:Kabirpanthi 10396:Edward VIII 10030:Agriculture 10000:South India 9975:Maharashtra 9925:Balochistan 9865:Afghanistan 9839:(1858–1947) 9835:British Raj 9829:(1757–1858) 9825:Company Raj 9819:(1759–1954) 9809:(1620–1869) 9799:(1605–1825) 9795:Dutch India 9789:(1510–1961) 9776:(1510–1961) 9759:(1799–1849) 9755:Sikh Empire 9749:(1729–1947) 9739:(1707–1799) 9729:(1674–1818) 9719:(1650–1948) 9709:(1642–1975) 9699:(1600–1750) 9689:(1576–1757) 9679:(1541–1804) 9669:(1532–1673) 9659:(1529–1736) 9649:(1540–1556) 9639:(1526–1858) 9626:(1526–1858) 9609:(1515–1947) 9599:(1499–1763) 9589:(1518–1687) 9578:(1492–1686) 9567:(1492–1619) 9556:(1490–1574) 9545:(1490–1636) 9534:(1490–1596) 9524:(1470–1842) 9514:(1434–1541) 9504:(1399–1947) 9494:(1358–1803) 9484:(1352–1576) 9474:(1336–1646) 9464:(1325–1448) 9454:(1300–1779) 9444:(1228–1826) 9434:(1451–1526) 9423:(1414–1451) 9412:(1320–1414) 9401:(1290–1320) 9390:(1206–1290) 9379:(1206–1526) 9369:(1170–1206) 9346:(1206–1526) 9327: 1300 9323: 1200 9308:(1187–1673) 9298:(1156–1184) 9278:(1102–1766) 9268:(1083–1323) 9258:(1078–1434) 9248:(1070–1230) 9244:Sena Empire 9238:(1040–1347) 9228:(1003–1320) 9154:Pala Empire 9016:Rai Kingdom 8858:(AD 60–240) 8791:(185–73 BC) 8547:Ror Dynasty 8267: 3950 8009:(1600–1947) 7966:(1505–1961) 7926:Dutch India 7864:local games 7737:(1866) and 7574:Edward Eyre 7544:Macaulayism 7455:Salanga Day 7286:Amartya Sen 7099:British Raj 7051:Madras City 7011:Madras City 6706:25,441,489 6688:10,295,168 6405:12,786,806 6399:11,571,268 6393:10,721,453 6351:92,058,096 6345:77,677,545 6339:68,735,233 6333:66,647,299 6327:62,458,077 6321:57,321,164 6315:50,121,585 6309:40,882,537 5895:East Africa 5891:Mesopotamia 5595:1877 Durbar 5484:members (26 5476:elected, 26 5472:members (32 5410:secretaries 5291:, the last 5251:John Morley 5170:residencies 5044:Balochistan 4942:East Bengal 4918:Uttarakhand 4778:Maharashtra 4710:Maharashtra 4666:West Bengal 4601:(millions) 4596:Total area 4583: 1907 4394:Indian Army 4372:Indian Army 4296:Indian Army 4171:introduced 4139:Rowlatt Act 4137:Passage of 4117:Indian Army 4098:Passage of 4067:Indian Army 3815:Bundelkhand 3795:Indian Army 3766:Afghanistan 3762:Durand Line 3636:Ilbert Bill 3573:Baluchistan 3568:Lord Lytton 3564:8 June 1880 3459:(1864–1865) 2856:in Bengal, 2483:Rowlatt Act 2387:Rowlatt Act 2175:Hind Swaraj 2031:Shaukat Ali 1934:Mesopotamia 1911:Middle East 1856:World War I 1852:Mesopotamia 1764:John Morley 1733:Dacca Nawab 1715:1857 Mutiny 1547:West Bengal 1528:Lord Curzon 1479:Lord Curzon 1386:Ilbert Bill 1189: 1873 863:Upper Burma 859:Lower Burma 851:Thar Desert 843:Pondicherry 780:Aden Colony 760:Upper Burma 756:Lower Burma 746:(later the 738:(later the 728:partitioned 693:paramountcy 625:British Raj 461:Preceded by 381:10 May 1857 351:Legislature 243:Edward VIII 125:(1858–1911) 28944:Categories 28870:television 28860:Literature 28664:Corruption 28387:Television 28355:Healthcare 28276:Automotive 28223:Tamil Nadu 28090:Labour law 28073:Demography 27876:NITI Aayog 27782:Governance 27768:BSE SENSEX 27720:Secularism 27675:Censorship 27466:Penal Code 27365:Parliament 27342:Government 27147:Waterfalls 26991:Ecoregions 26854:Pokhran-II 26652:Bengal War 26467:Metallurgy 26200:Bangladesh 26110:Bronze Age 25993:Philosophy 25978:Literature 25875:Indo-Aryan 25855:Andamanese 25730:Bangladesh 25653:Tanganyika 25568:The Gambia 25496:Niuē-Fekai 25435:Yugoslavia 25335:Montenegro 25142:Upper Yafa 25137:Upper Asir 24774:Madagascar 24507:Luxembourg 24239:Government 24204:Abdication 24173:Hereditary 24101:Monarchies 23990:since 1908 23982:since 1908 23948:since 1833 23940:since 1816 23932:since 1815 23924:since 1658 23881:department 23868:since 1908 23860:since 1833 23661:since 1838 23641:Swan River 23635:Queensland 23522:1958–1962 23504:since 1666 23490:since 1799 23341:New Jersey 23311:New Albion 23295:since 1632 23292:Montserrat 23273:1629–1691 23220:since 1670 23142:1858–1866 23130:since 1619 23082:since 1650 23035:Bangladesh 22970:1841–1946 22932:1882–1963 22898:Federation 22876:1819–1826 22814:Seychelles 22758:1839–1842 22649:since 1816 22633:Tanganyika 22591:Somaliland 22579:Seychelles 22575:since 1658 22495:Gold Coast 22489:The Gambia 22433:Basutoland 22429:since 1815 22371:Free State 22364:1542–1800 22350:Heligoland 22346:since 1713 22160:Linlithgow 22100:Chelmsford 22090:Cornwallis 22002:Tatya Tope 21872:Nana Saheb 21777:K. Kamaraj 21727:Dhan Singh 21642:Bakht Khan 21294:Arya Samaj 21228:Quit India 21178:Salt March 21037:Events and 21013:Satyagraha 20579:Frykenberg 19607:Low, D. A. 19386:1885/51009 19247:9 November 18480:Low, D. A. 17265:1 February 17172:4 December 17146:4 December 16559:Davis 2001 16547:Davis 2001 16475:Davis 2001 16420:Grove 2007 16408:Grove 2007 15953:25 January 15847:Al Jazeera 15800:Nios.ac.uk 15691:Brown 1994 15604:Stein 2001 15559:20 January 15449:Satya 2008 15236:Satya 2008 15082:required.) 15070:28 January 15023:Davis 2001 14237:Bayly 1990 14233:Peers 2006 14221:Bayly 1990 14209:Peers 2006 14166:Brown 1994 14002:, p. 13939:9 November 13852:24 January 13507:Brown 1994 13397:Stein 2001 13277:Stein 2010 12656:Stein 2001 12639:Brown 1994 12622:Spear 1990 12591:Brown 1994 12562:Brown 1994 12522:Brown 1994 12510:Brown 1994 12491:Brown 1994 12472:Brown 1994 12451:Brown 1994 12434:Brown 1994 12414:9 December 12380:Brown 1994 12277:Stein 2001 12056:Spear 1990 12005:Spear 1990 11938:Stein 2001 11921:Stein 2001 11909:Stein 2001 11883:Stein 2001 11864:Stein 2001 11849:6 November 11816:Spear 1990 11804:Spear 1990 11792:Spear 1990 11780:Spear 1990 11768:Spear 1990 11684:Spear 1990 11672:Spear 1990 11654:2 December 11644:Britannica 11624:2 December 11614:Britannica 11545:Codrington 11097:Table 14. 10897:"Raj, the" 10575:References 10552:responses. 10310:suzerainty 10110:Philosophy 10090:Metallurgy 10080:Literature 10005:Tamil Nadu 9870:Bangladesh 9645:Sur Empire 9359:(977–1186) 9325: – c. 9288:(675–1210) 9218:(973–1189) 9208:(942–1244) 9198:(882–1110) 9188:(850–1334) 9178:(800–1327) 9158:(750–1174) 9138:(694–1947) 9118:(650–1036) 9098:(624–1075) 9066: 700 9064: – c. 9062: 550 9035: 500 8980:(350–1100) 8970:(350–1000) 8938: 600 8936: – c. 8934: 250 8917: 500 8915: – c. 8913: 250 8836: 130 8811:(75–26 BC) 8777: – c. 8775: 150 8706: – c. 8672:– AD 1279) 8655:– AD 1102) 8638:– AD 1345) 8617: – c. 8530: 600 8515:– AD 1600) 8323:Bronze Age 7830:influenced 7773:Cornwallis 7713:Methodists 7282:Mike Davis 7236:1943–1944 7221:1899–1900 7206:1896–1897 7191:1888–1889 7172:1876–1878 7157:1873–1874 7142:1868–1870 7127:1865–1867 7112:1860–1861 7087:1837–1838 7063:1789–1795 7023:1783–1784 6991:1769–1770 6918:duplicates 6896:See also: 6777:5,450,896 6766:1,449,286 6760:1,252,105 6754:1,178,596 6748:1,248,182 6742:1,334,148 6736:1,416,638 6730:1,221,896 6700:8,280,347 6694:9,774,611 6682:8,584,148 6676:9,280,467 6670:6,570,092 6531:6,316,549 6525:6,296,763 6519:4,754,064 6513:3,876,203 6507:2,923,241 6501:2,284,380 6495:1,862,634 6471:5,691,447 6465:4,335,771 6459:3,238,803 6453:3,014,466 6447:2,195,339 6441:1,907,833 6435:1,853,426 6429:1,174,436 6387:9,476,759 6381:7,131,361 6375:3,418,884 6369:2,832,851 6087:, Greater 6030:Demography 5920:Irrigation 5749:free trade 5714:depicting 5665:in Berlin. 5584:Red Ensign 5275:K.G. Gupta 5088:ex officio 5059:ex officio 5004:ex officio 4987:(parts of 4882:Chandigarh 4818:Tamil Nadu 4662:Bangladesh 4546:Suzerainty 4503:). In its 4202:Lord Irwin 4042:Queen Mary 3900:(1903–04) 3885:Edward VII 3808:(1896–97) 3555:Edward VII 3535:Deaths in 3439:Dharamsala 3408:, creates 3406:income tax 3085:See also: 2889: [ 2806:See also: 2711:Quit India 2542:loin-cloth 2493:See also: 2441:, and the 2385:See also: 2350:diarchical 2260:See also: 2230:Satyagraha 2168:Satyagraha 2164:Satyagraha 2156:Satyagraha 2148:Satyagraha 2143:Satyagraha 2095:See also: 1804:See also: 1728:Anand Math 1723:Arya Samaj 1692:Lord Minto 1644:Lord Minto 1455:, violence 1382:Lord Ripon 1364:Max Müller 1294:Congress, 1257:See also: 1204:Lord Ripon 1182:Agra canal 656:Hindustani 219:Edward VII 177:Government 168:Demonym(s) 148:Hindustani 82:, and the 28902:Sculpture 28855:Festivals 28821:Webcomics 28773:Sexuality 28723:Languages 28686:Education 28516:Regulator 28463:Transport 28360:Hospitals 28296:Education 28264:Livestock 28228:Telangana 28218:Rajasthan 28178:Karnataka 28173:Jharkhand 27977:Insurance 27956:Inflation 27861:Subsidies 27760:Companies 27690:Democracy 27685:Elections 27657:Air Force 27382:President 27370:Lok Sabha 27247:Districts 27202:Southeast 27197:Southwest 27187:Northeast 27180:Northwest 27142:Volcanoes 27102:Mountains 27045:Landforms 26882:Geography 26757:Partition 26722:Zamindari 26505:Stone Age 26442:Economics 26427:Astronomy 26408:Overviews 26267:Education 25988:Mythology 25973:Languages 25885:Nuristani 25870:Dravidian 25796:Sri Lanka 25762:Northeast 25750:Northwest 25623:Mauritius 25516:Rarotonga 25501:Nuku Hiva 25491:Mangareva 25466:Bora Bora 25345:Neuchâtel 25315:Lithuania 25220:Catalonia 25107:Sri Lanka 25060:Manchukuo 25035:Kurdistan 24989:Indonesia 24912:Talamanca 24872:Araucanía 24855:and other 24834:Wassoulou 24578:Australia 24254:Oligarchy 23974:1841–1947 23961:1841–1933 23852:1831–1966 23846:1670–1688 23840:1651–1667 23834:1631–1641 23764:1914–1962 23758:1907–1947 23751:1901–1942 23749:Australia 23744:1900–1974 23738:1900–1970 23726:1893–1978 23719:1892–1979 23713:1889–1948 23707:1888–1901 23701:Rarotonga 23697:1884–1902 23691:1877–1976 23685:1874–1970 23679:1851–1901 23673:1846–1847 23667:1841–1907 23653:1836–1901 23647:1829–1901 23637:1824–1901 23631:1824–1980 23625:1807–1863 23619:1803–1901 23609:1788–1901 23542:1833–1960 23536:1674–1702 23528:1967–1983 23516:1763–1783 23510:1607–1776 23496:1849–1866 23482:1889–1962 23476:1862–1863 23470:1712–1776 23464:1635–1644 23458:1627–1979 23451:1605–1979 23444:1882–1983 23437:1623–1983 23431:1625–1650 23425:1670–1870 23419:1636–1776 23413:1853–1863 23403:1620–1691 23397:1681–1776 23391:1763–1873 23379:1713–1867 23373:1859–1870 23367:1712–1776 23361:1583–1907 23355:1907–1949 23349:1664–1776 23337:1637–1662 23335:New Haven 23331:1680–1776 23325:1686–1689 23319:1784–1867 23307:1628–1983 23301:1655–1860 23287:1632–1776 23261:1655–1962 23254:1733–1776 23248:1674–1702 23242:1701–1776 23236:1636–1776 23230:1818–1846 23212:1663–1712 23204:1867–1931 23198:1841–1867 23192:1791–1841 23186:1791–1841 23174:1762–1974 23167:1763–1783 23161:1763–1978 23155:1754–1820 23146:1866–1871 23122:1871–1981 23115:1643–1860 23109:1624–1966 23103:1670–1973 23096:1860–1981 23089:1632–1860 23014:1898–1930 23008:1892–1971 23002:1921–1946 22996:1826–1946 22990:1945–1946 22984:1946–1963 22982:Singapore 22976:1946–1963 22964:1702–1705 22958:1786–1946 22952:1923–1948 22950:Palestine 22938:1946–1963 22926:1891–1971 22920:1920–1932 22914:1762–1764 22908:1796–1965 22900:1948–1957 22894:1946–1948 22888:1885–1946 22882:1895–1946 22870:1848–1946 22864:1918–1961 22858:1811–1816 22852:1858–1947 22846:1841–1997 22844:Hong Kong 22840:1878–1960 22834:1795–1948 22828:1888–1984 22822:1824–1948 22810:Mauritius 22800:1874–1963 22788:1757–1947 22782:1812–1824 22772:1685–1824 22770:Bencoolen 22764:1879–1919 22752:1839–1967 22667:1887–1897 22661:1890–1963 22655:1890–1962 22641:1900–1910 22639:Transvaal 22635:1922–1961 22629:1899–1956 22623:1893–1968 22621:Swaziland 22617:1900–1914 22605:1915–1931 22599:1910–1931 22593:1884–1960 22587:1792–1961 22581:1903–1976 22567:1900–1910 22561:1891–1964 22559:Nyasaland 22555:1924–1964 22549:1900–1914 22543:1914–1960 22537:1884–1900 22531:1856–1910 22525:1810–1968 22523:Mauritius 22519:1807–1808 22513:1862–1906 22507:1920–1963 22491:1816–1965 22485:1882–1922 22479:1895–1920 22473:1891–1907 22467:1806–1910 22461:1795–1803 22455:1919–1961 22453:Cameroons 22390:1813–1964 22384:1800–1813 22373:1921–1931 22358:1809–1864 22352:1807–1890 22343:Gibraltar 22338:1878–1960 22332:1794–1796 22286:*Current 22135:Wellesley 22120:Dalhousie 21982:Surya Sen 21877:P. Kakkan 21837:Mir Qasim 21812:M. N. Roy 21747:Har Dayal 21580:activists 21409:Baba Amte 21399:Ayyankali 21377:reformers 21299:Azad Hind 21039:movements 21018:Socialism 20679:pp 55–79. 20552:144515505 20446:145802033 20336:144217855 20290:153716644 20248:144581168 20072:146480332 19956:150456443 19864:0012-9976 19568:143348610 19423:146232991 19395:162783898 19097:147335168 19070:full text 18801:(2010) , 18779:(2001) , 18755:(1990) , 18710:(2004) , 18338:(2004) , 18312:(1994) , 18208:4 January 18178:4 January 18168:0013-0613 18140:4 January 18081:4 January 18021:4 January 17990:4 January 17960:4 January 17930:31 August 17905:31 August 17817:0306-8374 17302:159825918 17216:18 August 17069:19 August 17009:16 August 16979:16 August 16969:"History" 16853:18 August 16802:9 January 16511:Bose 1916 16080:144517813 15881:0013-0389 15849:(Opinion) 15666:144605629 15577:(2007) . 15535:CiteSeerX 15504:168461253 15423:The Hindu 15360:Irfca.org 15195:146480332 15115:144471617 14579:0031-2746 14482:0031-2746 14340:144532499 14117:2658-1671 14078:251601027 14070:2710-3617 13488:Hyam 2007 13436:Judd 2004 13424:Judd 2004 13412:Judd 2004 13237:150945957 13189:153886117 13064:Robb 2002 12905:154900649 12827:143984571 12784:146445282 12343:Robb 2002 12180:145706327 11287:23 August 10716:144180838 10700:0010-4175 10557:Confucian 10511:Ad-Dharmi 10500:Ad-Dharmi 10488:Brahmanic 10473:Brahmanic 10458:Brahmanic 10443:Brahmanic 10428:Brahmanic 10060:Education 10050:Dynasties 9970:Rajasthan 9955:Karnataka 9900:Sri Lanka 9168:(753–982) 9148:(736–916) 9128:(661–750) 9108:(632–661) 9088:(618–841) 9078:(606–647) 9047:(543–753) 9020:(489–632) 9010:(475–576) 9000:(475–767) 8990:(420–624) 8960:(345–525) 8950:(280–550) 8898:(230–360) 8888:(224–651) 8878:(210–340) 8868:(170–350) 8831:(AD 21 – 8689:– AD 800) 8441:Janapadas 8269:–1900 BC) 8196:Neolithic 8076:1721–1949 8066:1824–1948 8056:1858–1947 8046:1797–1813 8036:1757–1858 8026:1600–1757 7993:1628–1633 7983:1434–1833 7950:1668–1954 7940:1620–1869 7930:1605–1825 7920:1731–1813 7910:1778–1785 7606:in India. 7538:Education 7432:Raebareli 7306:began in 7252:1769–1944 7108:Rajputana 7039:Hyderabad 6123:Religious 6083:million: 5603:jack flag 5536:, of 1903 5462:secretary 5437:Education 5408:members ( 5110:(16,000) 5052:(46,000) 5026:(30,000) 4989:Rajasthan 4834:Telangana 4826:Karnataka 4718:Karnataka 4674:Jharkhand 4626:Meghalaya 4081:, 1914); 3866:Death of 3591:of 1877. 3199:New Delhi 3177:, (later 2981:Azad Hind 2954:Earlier, 2453:majority. 2246:Ahmedabad 2214:Champaran 2055:Home Rule 2006:Jerusalem 1747:with the 1576:Bhadralok 1505:movement. 902:Sri Lanka 778:known as 255:George VI 128:New Delhi 55:1858–1947 28887:Painting 28850:Folklore 28806:Blogging 28748:Religion 28733:Literacy 28468:Aviation 28453:Textiles 28392:Printing 28382:FM Radio 28350:Gambling 28345:Forestry 28281:Chemical 28095:Pensions 28002:National 27944:Governor 27895:Currency 27856:Taxation 27773:NIFTY 50 27710:Scandals 27667:Politics 27639:Military 27350:Agencies 27330:Politics 27266:See also 27082:Glaciers 27031:Wildlife 26921:Heritage 26766:Republic 26700:Railways 26670:Colonial 26642:Marathas 26609:Kakatiya 26497:Ancient 26472:Military 26457:Maritime 26432:Clothing 26415:Timeline 26289:Military 26210:Pakistan 26173:Hinduism 26168:Buddhism 26155:Religion 26125:Medieval 26115:Iron Age 26040:Politics 26003:Surnames 25925:Diaspora 25821:Southern 25811:Northern 25784:Pakistan 25774:Maldives 25638:Rhodesia 25633:Pakistan 25552:Barbados 25521:Rimatara 25511:Rapa Iti 25440:Valencia 25415:Tavolara 25405:Scotland 25370:Portugal 25330:Moldavia 25215:Bulgaria 25210:Brittany 25185:Asturias 25065:Mongolia 25055:Maldives 24917:Trinidad 24907:Suriname 24865:Americas 24849:Zimbabwe 24844:Zanzibar 24829:Wituland 24804:Ngazidja 24799:Ndzuwani 24734:Ethiopia 24457:Thailand 24437:Malaysia 24417:Cambodia 24367:Eswatini 24163:Elective 24148:Absolute 24049:Category 23885:Colombia 23800:Kiribati 23677:Victoria 23617:Tasmania 23508:Virginia 23474:Stickeen 23462:Saybrook 23401:Plymouth 23347:New York 23285:Maryland 23277:Province 23240:Delaware 23210:Carolina 23202:Dominion 23196:Province 23159:Dominica 23107:Barbados 23079:Anguilla 23050:disputed 23031:Pakistan 22906:Maldives 22780:Billiton 22707:Rhodesia 22693:Tanzania 22689:Cameroon 22665:Zululand 22659:Zanzibar 22447:Botswana 22165:Hastings 22125:Bentinck 21344:Jugantar 20988:Gandhism 20417:67841003 20174:96476257 20131:archived 20088:(1901); 19980:archived 19872:40278213 19831:Archived 19777:(2010), 19756:(2008), 19744:Archived 19707:(1946), 19659:(1997), 19638:(1991), 19609:(2002), 19490:(1993), 19432:(1988), 19241:archived 19187:(2001), 19106:(1998), 19022:archived 19014:(1916), 18960:archived 18921:(2000), 18847:(2004), 18819:archived 18603:(2006), 18582:archived 18545:(2001), 18482:(1993), 18376:archived 18269:(1990), 18202:Archived 18172:Archived 18134:Archived 18110:Archived 18099:Archived 18075:Archived 18015:Archived 17984:Archived 17980:BBC News 17954:Archived 17764:2 August 17758:Archived 17462:Archived 17246:(2): 3. 17120:24 April 16999:I G News 16828:29 April 16796:Archived 16778:19993010 16727:29 April 16701:29 April 16674:Archived 16650:Archived 16629:Archived 16610:Archived 16591:Archived 16523:Rai 2008 16316:Archived 16199:Archived 15947:Archived 15813:2 August 15804:Archived 15802:. NIOS. 15759:2 August 15753:Archived 15706:(2006). 15619:(2007). 15553:Archived 15434:2 August 15370:2 August 14955:(2006). 14121:Archived 14048:Al-Duhaa 13966:Carnatic 13933:Archived 13846:Archived 13826:Archived 13797:Archived 13579:2 August 13546:2 August 13540:Archived 13316:Low 1993 13301:Low 2002 13289:Low 2002 13079:(2004). 13043:Archived 13010:2 August 13004:Archived 12977:2 August 12971:Archived 12909:Archived 12864:Low 1993 12840:Low 1993 12040:Archived 12037:contents 11840:Archived 11718:11618727 11648:Archived 11618:Archived 11588:Archived 11586:. 2008. 11580:"Bhutan" 11469:2 August 11445:and Sir 11433:Quote: " 11409:(1974), 11385:Archived 11281:archived 11183:archived 11146:archived 11072:(2014), 11050:archived 11001:archived 10964:archived 10720:Archived 10650:archived 10615:archived 10603:Kalikata 10324:was the 10125:Timeline 10115:Religion 10095:Military 10085:Maritime 10075:Language 10065:Indology 9895:Pakistan 9885:Maldives 9583: – 9572: – 9561: – 9550: – 9539: – 9428: – 9417: – 9406: – 9395: – 9384: – 8532:–300 BC) 8472: – 8461: – 8450: – 8439: – 8418:Iron Age 8398: – 8387: – 8366: – 8355: – 8344: – 7871:See also 7860:football 7838:entering 7789:Macaulay 7777:Zamindar 7717:missions 7709:Lutheran 7698:dioceses 7678:Anglican 7617:Oxbridge 7378:smallpox 7351:Calcutta 7332:vaccines 7316:pandemic 7106:Eastern 6942:May 2017 6813:152,398 6795:129,900 6591:114,890 6585:109,752 6579:101,778 6573:100,096 6489:896,658 6411:232,003 6360:Buddhism 6240:Hinduism 6112:Religion 6093:Calcutta 5968:Railways 5945:Policies 5797:Railways 5735:Industry 5526:Maharaja 5446:Commerce 5375:Calcutta 5363:official 5220:Calcutta 5166:agencies 5081:(1,600) 4997:(2,700) 4977:officer 4967:(sq mi) 4884:and the 4634:Nagaland 4606:officer 4493:and the 4338:, 1941) 4334:, 1941, 4330:, 1941, 4220:, 1931. 4055:Calcutta 4048:at last 4038:George V 3917:in 1904 3913:renamed 3876:Calcutta 3847:(1901). 3843:under a 3685:(1885). 3649:in 1882 3518:(1872). 3441:in 1863 3395:in 1861 3260:meeting 3101:Calcutta 3043:(centre) 2781:and Sir 2618:Amritsar 2572:and the 2530:en route 2429:and the 2340:Imperial 2190:swadeshi 2085:Brahmins 2027:Mohammad 1994:Khalifah 1776:George V 1717:and the 1684:in 1921. 1624:swadeshi 1620:Swadeshi 1582:Swadeshi 1503:Swadeshi 1453:Swadeshi 1445:Ganapati 1302:, Hume, 793:, and a 744:Pakistan 732:dominion 446:Currency 231:George V 207:Victoria 122:Calcutta 28907:tallest 28828:Cuisine 28788:Culture 28743:Prisons 28738:Poverty 28679:Indians 28652:Society 28638:culture 28458:Tourism 28311:Nuclear 28291:Defence 28269:Fishing 28252:Sectors 28203:Mizoram 28158:Haryana 28153:Gujarat 28083:Poverty 28014:History 27987:Bullion 27972:Banking 27927:Coinage 27912:History 27748:Economy 27521:Federal 27232:Borders 27165:Central 27157:Regions 27137:Valleys 27111:Plains 27092:Islands 27052:Beaches 27016:Geology 27006:Forests 26976:Climate 26894:Geology 26705:Economy 26685:Plassey 26637:Mughals 26599:Hoysala 26525:Mauryas 26437:Coinage 26397:History 26334:History 26280:History 26230:Cricket 26183:Sikhism 26178:Jainism 26163:Dharmic 26090:History 26036:Economy 26021:Monsoon 25998:Scripts 25968:Fashion 25958:Cuisine 25935:Culture 25918:Semitic 25908:Chinese 25816:Eastern 25767:Islands 25628:Nigeria 25603:Ireland 25531:Tahuata 25506:Raiatea 25486:Huahine 25461:Abemama 25454:Oceania 25425:Tuscany 25380:Romania 25375:Prussia 25340:Navarre 25320:Majorca 25300:Ireland 25295:Imereti 25290:Iceland 25285:Hungary 25280:Hanover 25275:Granada 25265:Germany 25260:Georgia 25255:Galicia 25245:Finland 25235:Corsica 25230:Cilicia 25200:Bavaria 25190:Austria 25175:Albania 25147:Vietnam 25090:Sarawak 25080:Qu'aiti 25015:Kathiri 24978:Dapitan 24953:Bukhara 24902:Miskito 24824:Tunisia 24814:Shilluk 24724:Dahomey 24714:Burundi 24704:Bagirmi 24684:Adamawa 24603:Jamaica 24598:Grenada 24583:Bahamas 24547:Oceania 24497:Denmark 24492:Belgium 24487:Andorra 24402:Bahrain 24377:Morocco 24372:Lesotho 24351:Current 24342:Pharaoh 24295:Emperor 24234:Dynasty 24188:Regency 24168:Federal 24158:Diarchy 24112:Monarch 24040:culture 23794:Vanuatu 23584:Oceania 23259:Jamaica 23252:Georgia 23172:Grenada 23127:Bermuda 23101:Bahamas 23087:Antigua 22968:Sarawak 22680:Namibia 22541:Nigeria 22517:Madeira 22437:Lesotho 22396:Minorca 22362:Ireland 22330:Corsica 22257:Former 22085:Canning 21504:Periyar 21153:Bardoli 20921:Gwalior 20823:History 20677:excerpt 20573:(1966). 20526:online. 20456:(2012). 20264:(1991). 20257:(1995). 20205:3216953 20109:(1990). 20092:(1906) 20031:(1980). 20005:(1962) 19845:excerpt 19828:excerpt 19826:(2006) 19741:excerpt 19273:(2006) 18588:18 June 18432:(2007) 18226:Surveys 17095:(Delhi) 16939:et al, 16769:2181657 16656:15 June 16626:Malaria 16026:3022159 15749:Fsmitha 15010:2595587 13842:"India" 13049:10 June 12969:. BBC. 12967:History 12205:(1985) 12096:(1900) 12035:(1962) 11391:3 March 10726:8 April 10413:Satnami 10055:Economy 10040:Coinage 9960:Kashmir 9940:Gujarat 9037:– 1026) 8147:Outline 7856:cricket 7796:in the 7688:of the 7653:of the 7529:in the 7502:Pashtun 7449:: The 7362:leprosy 7355:malaria 6966:Famine 6928:Please 6819:60,014 6807:18,004 6801:37,101 6789:42,763 6783:59,985 6774:Others 6715:Jainism 6651:22,480 6645:24,141 6639:21,778 6633:20,980 6627:18,228 6621:17,194 6618:0.005% 6615:12,009 6612:0.004% 6600:Judaism 6567:94,190 6561:89,904 6555:85,397 6549:69,476 6420:Sikhism 6354:23.81% 6348:22.16% 6342:21.74% 6336:21.26% 6330:21.22% 6324:19.96% 6318:19.74% 6312:21.45% 6294:66.02% 6288:68.36% 6282:68.56% 6270:70.37% 6264:72.32% 6258:74.32% 6252:73.07% 5980:Int'l$ 5687:Economy 5443:Finance 5440:Defence 5265:), and 5191:of the 5151:Company 5050:120,000 4874:Haryana 4746:Myanmar 4714:Gujarat 4630:Mizoram 4554:viceroy 4160:, 1919 4155:, 1919 4141:, 1919 3752:Manipur 3683:Panjdeh 3628:End of 3338:Period 3195:Karachi 3185:as the 3181:) with 3169:(later 3109:Karachi 3071:in the 2736:In the 2538:Madurai 2345:Viceroy 2238:Gujarat 2114:Karachi 2076:Gujarat 1917:of the 1854:during 1741:Shahbag 1489:in 1905 1375:of 1878 1344:in 1890 1215:by the 950:History 877:of the 797:of the 768:Myanmar 714:of the 667:on the 654:; from 415:• 400:• 387:• 374:• 361:History 266:Viceroy 143:English 118:Capital 28816:Comics 28811:Cinema 28718:Health 28426:Retail 28399:Mining 28377:Cinema 28301:Energy 28213:Punjab 28208:Odisha 28188:Ladakh 28183:Kerala 28121:States 28078:Income 28061:People 27997:Bombay 27242:Cities 27132:Rivers 27067:Desert 27062:Coasts 27057:Canals 26482:Postal 26339:Swords 26222:Sports 26063:Muslim 25953:Cinema 25895:Turkic 25880:Iranic 25789:Punjab 25735:Bhutan 25663:Uganda 25613:Malawi 25578:Guyana 25557:Ceylon 25536:Tahiti 25526:Rurutu 25481:Hawaii 25410:Serbia 25395:Saxony 25385:Russia 25270:Greece 25250:France 25240:Cyprus 25225:Crimea 25205:Bosnia 25180:Aragon 25168:Europe 25132:Taiwan 25102:Sikkim 25085:Ryukyu 25070:Najran 24968:Chehab 24948:Bengal 24897:Mexico 24882:Brazil 24809:Rwanda 24789:Maravi 24689:Ankole 24677:Africa 24669:Former 24650:Tuvalu 24593:Canada 24588:Belize 24532:Sweden 24522:Norway 24512:Monaco 24479:Europe 24432:Kuwait 24427:Jordan 24412:Brunei 24407:Bhutan 24359:Africa 24332:Sultan 24283:Titles 24197:Topics 24059:Portal 23879:Now a 23850:Guiana 23804:Tuvalu 23407:Quebec 23179:Canada 23120:Belize 23012:Weihai 22956:Penang 22944:Padang 22874:Malaya 22868:Labuan 22862:Kuwait 22838:Cyprus 22832:Ceylon 22826:Brunei 22798:Borneo 22792:Bhutan 22786:Bengal 22722:Zambia 22653:Uganda 22415:Africa 22388:Colony 22378:Malta 22336:Cyprus 22324:Cyprus 22308:Europe 22274:Legend 22155:Cripps 22150:Outram 22140:Lytton 22105:Curzon 22080:Wavell 21375:Social 21028:Swaraj 20911:Second 20896:Fourth 20886:Second 20762:online 20755:(1914) 20668:online 20602: 20550: 20444: 20415: 20360: 20334: 20304: 20288: 20246: 20240:312453 20238: 20203: 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