Company rule in India

995: 4499: 7418:

quote the Arthashāstra: 'wives are there for having sons'. Practices such as female infanticide and the neglect of young girls were also developing at this time. Further, due to the increasingly hierarchical nature of the society, marriage was becoming a mere institution for childbearing and the formalization of relationships between groups. In turn, this may have contributed to the growth of increasingly instrumental attitudes towards women and girls (who moved home at marriage). It is important to note that, in all likelihood, these developments did not affect people living in large parts of the subcontinent—such as those in the south, and tribal communities inhabiting the forested hill and plateau areas of central and eastern India. That said, these deleterious features have continued to blight Indo-Aryan speaking areas of the subcontinent until the present day

2277:

practical dimension. An influence on the development of this revenue policy were the economic theories then current, which regarded agriculture as the engine of economic development, and consequently stressed the fixing of revenue demands in order to encourage growth. The expectation behind the permanent settlement was that knowledge of a fixed government demand would encourage the zamindars to increase both their average outcrop and the land under cultivation, since they would be able to retain the profits from the increased output; in addition, it was envisaged that land itself would become a marketable form of property that could be purchased, sold, or mortgaged. A feature of this economic rationale was the additional expectation that the zamindars, recognising their own best interest, would not make unreasonable demands on the peasantry.

1903:. It also nominated a Governor-General (Warren Hastings) and four councillors for administering the Bengal Presidency (and for overseeing the company's operations in India). "The subordinate Presidencies were forbidden to wage war or make treaties without the previous consent of the Governor-General of Bengal in Council, except in case of imminent necessity. The Governors of these Presidencies were directed in general terms to obey the orders of the Governor-General-in-Council, and to transmit to him intelligence of all important matters." However, the imprecise wording of the Act left it open to be variously interpreted; consequently, the administration in India continued to be hobbled by disunity between the provincial governors, between members of the council, and between the Governor-General himself and his Council. The 3076: 4259: 4473: 4742:, a number of applications they had received from private contractors in England for the construction of a wide-ranging railway network in India, and requested a feasibility report. They added that, in their view, the enterprise would be profitable only if large sums of money could be raised for the construction. The Court was concerned that in addition to the usual difficulties encountered in the construction of this new form of transportation, India might present some unique problems, among which they counted floods, tropical storms in coastal areas, damage by "insects and luxuriant tropical vegetation", and the difficulty of finding qualified technicians at a reasonable cost. It was suggested, therefore, that three experimental lines be constructed and their performance evaluated. 4968: 4295: 3356:, and which came to be grown in Bengal and northern Bihar. In 1788, the East India Company offered advances to ten British planters to grow indigo; however, since the new (landed) property rights defined in the Permanent Settlement, did not allow them, as Europeans, to buy agricultural land, they had to in turn offer cash advances to local peasants, and sometimes coerce them, to grow the crop. In early 19th century Europe, blue clothing was favoured as a fashion, and blue uniforms were common in the military; consequently, the demand for the dye was high. The European demand for the dye, however, proved to be unstable, and both creditors and cultivators bore the risk of the market crashes in 1827 and 1847. The peasant discontent in Bengal eventually led to the 9639: 4944: 5306: 4233: 2586:. In contrast to the soldiers in the armies of Indian rulers, the Bengal sepoys not only received high pay, but also received it reliably, thanks in great measure to the company's access to the vast land-revenue reserves of Bengal. Soon, bolstered both by the new musket technology and naval support, the Bengal army came to be widely well-regarded. The well-disciplined sepoys attired in red-coats and their British officers began to arouse "a kind of awe in their adversaries. In Maharashtra and in Java, the sepoys were regarded as the embodiment of demonic forces, sometimes of antique warrior heroes. Indian rulers adopted red serge jackets for their own forces and retainers as if to capture their magical qualities." 1019: 4461: 4516: 1007: 1031: 2090: 7473:

that has become a major social problem in modern India, among all castes, classes and even religions. (p. 90) ... the widow's head was shaved, she was expected to sleep on the ground, eat one meal a day, do the most menial tasks, wear only the plainest, meanest garments, and no ornaments. She was excluded from all festivals and celebrations, since she was considered inauspicious to all but her own children. This penitential life was enjoined because the widow could never quite escape the suspicion that she was in some way responsible for her husband's premature demise. ... The positions taken and the practices discussed by Manu and the other commentators and writers of

4275: 2013:; the trial, whose proceedings began in 1788, ended with Hastings' acquittal, in 1795. Although the effort was chiefly coordinated by Edmund Burke, it also drew support from within the British government. Burke accused Hastings not only of corruption, but—appealing to universal standards of justice—also of acting solely upon his own discretion, without concern for law, and of wilfully causing distress to others in India. Hastings' defenders countered that his actions were consistent with Indian customs and traditions. Although Burke's speeches at the trial drew applause and focused attention on India, Hastings was eventually acquitted, due in part to the revival of 4917:

large and complex construction project been undertaken in India, and no pool of semi-skilled labour was already organised to aid the engineers. The work, therefore, proceeded in fits and starts—many practical trials followed by a final construction that was undertaken with great caution and care—producing an outcome that was later criticised as being "built to a standard which was far in excess of the needs to the time". The Government of India's administrators, moreover, made up in their attention to the fine details of expenditure and management what they lacked in professional expertise. The resulting delays soon led to the appointment of a Committee of the

2257:. In their overall approach to revenue policy, Company officials were guided by two goals: first, preserving as much as possible the balance of rights and obligations that were traditionally claimed by the farmers who cultivated the land and the various intermediaries who collected tax on the state's behalf and who reserved a cut for themselves; and second, identifying those sectors of the rural economy that would maximise both revenue and security. Although their first revenue settlement turned out to be essentially the same as the more informal pre-existing Mughal one, the company had created a foundation for the growth of both information and bureaucracy. 3825: 3388: 5377: 4996: 5407: 2420: 3293:. More specifically, in the 1750s, mostly fine cotton and silk was exported from India to markets in Europe, Asia, and Africa; by the second quarter of the 19th century, raw materials, which chiefly consisted of raw cotton, opium, and indigo, accounted for most of India's exports. Also, from the late 18th century British cotton mill industry began to lobby the government to both tax Indian imports and allow them access to markets in India. Starting in the 1830s, British textiles began to appear in—and soon to inundate—the Indian markets, with the value of the textile imports growing from £5.2 million 1850 to £18.4 million in 1896. The 3411: 3108: 3128: 2392: 4956: 2436: 5358: 2125: 2106: 3056: 2078: 3845: 5338: 3427: 3873: 3861: 7510:

injunctions and moral prescriptions, women were firmly tied to the patriarchal family, ... Thus the Laws of Manu severely reduced the property rights of women, recommended a significant difference in ages between husband and wife and the relatively early marriage of women, and banned widow remarriage. Manu's preoccupation with chastity reflected possibly a growing concern for the maintenance of inheritance rights in the male line, a fear of women undermining the increasingly rigid caste divisions, and a growing emphasis on male asceticism as a higher spiritual calling.

3447: 49: 2408: 894: 906: 4378:), private individuals were, upon payment, only sparingly allowed their use. That situation changed in 1837, when, by Act XVII of that year, a public post, run by the company's Government, was established in the company's territory in India. Post offices were established in the principal towns and postmasters appointed. The postmasters of the Presidency towns oversaw a few provincial post offices in addition to being responsible for the main postal services between the provinces. By contrast, the 2699:" was added on the frontier. Two years later, this force consisted of "3 light field batteries, 5 regiments of cavalry, and 5 of infantry". The following year, "a garrison company was added, ... a sixth infantry regiment (formed from the Sind Camel Corps) in 1853, and one mountain battery in 1856". Similarly, a local force was raised after the annexation of Nagpur in 1854, and the "Oudh Irregular Force" was added after Oudh was annexed in 1856. Earlier, as a result of the treaty of 1800, the 4785: 1849:

then current—were acquired unscrupulously. By 1772, the Company needed British government loans to stay afloat, and there was fear in London that the company's corrupt practices could soon seep into British business and public life. The rights and duties of the British government with regards the company's new territories also came to be examined. The British parliament then held several inquiries and in 1773, during the premiership of

3034:", that is of adjusting to the way of life and customs of the Indian people and not trying to reform them. That changed after 1813, as the forces of reform in the home country, especially evangelical religion, Whiggish political outlook, and Utilitarian philosophy worked together to make the company an agent of Anglicization and modernisation. Christian missionaries became active, but made few converts. The Raj set out to outlaw 5242:, was appointed, did official enthusiasm and funds return to the Ganges canal project. Although the intervening impasse, had seemingly affected Cautely's health and required him to return to Britain in 1845 for recuperation, his European sojourn gave him an opportunity to study contemporary hydraulic works in Great Britain and Italy. By the time of his return to India even more supportive men were at the helm, both in the 4498: 2249:, who were then responsible for revenue collection for an entire district, were replaced with provincial councils at Patna, Murshidabad, and Calcutta, and with Indian collectors working within each district. The title, "collector", reflected "the centrality of land revenue collection to government in India: it was the government's primary function and it moulded the institutions and patterns of administration". 1994:, was in charge of the overall India policy. From 1784 onwards, the British government had the final word on all major appointments in India; a candidate's suitability for a senior position was often decided by the strength of his political connections rather than that of his administrative ability. Although this practice resulted in many Governor-General nominees being chosen from Britain's conservative 5117: 5109:, which took off from the left bank of the Jamna, also high in its course, presented a qualitatively different difficulty. Since it was cut through steeply sloped land, its flow became difficult to control, and it was never to function efficiently. With the decline of Mughal Empire power in the 18th century, both canals fell into disrepair and closed. The Western Jamna Canal was repaired by 9444: 4472: 3718:. The Supreme Court supplanted the Mayor's Court; however, it left the Court of Requests in place. Under the charter, the Supreme Court, moreover, had the authority to exercise all types of jurisdiction in the region of Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha, with the only caveat that in situations where the disputed amount was in excess of Rs. 4,000, their judgment could be appealed to the 4700:, insulated with pieces of sal wood fastened to their tops. Some of the conducting wires or rods were insulated, the insulating material being manufactured in either India or England; other stretches of wire remained uninsulated. By 1856, iron tubes had begun to be employed to provide support, and would see increased use in the second half of the 19th century all over India. 4258: 2506:(Hindi, lit. "easterners"), had been recruited by Mughal Empire armies for two hundred years; the East India Company continued this practice for the next 75 years, with these soldiers comprising up to eighty per cent of the Bengal army. British in Malabar also converted Thiyyar army, called as Thiyya pattalam into a special regiment centered at Thalassery called as The 3898:

its new dominion, especially in relation to education policy. During the 19th century, the Indian literacy rates were rumoured to be less than half of post independence levels which were 18.33% in 1951. The policy was pursued in the aid of three goals: "to sponsor Indians in their own culture, to advance knowledge of India, and to employ that knowledge in government".

4294: 5227:, with the Court's assent, granted funds to Cautley for a full survey of the swath of land that underlay and fringed the projected course of the canal. The Court of Directors, moreover, considerably enlarged the scope of the projected canal, which, in consequence of the severity and geographical extent of the famine, they now deemed to be the entire 2208:, in which between seven and ten million people—or between a quarter and third of the presidency's population—may have died. However, the company provided little relief either through reduced taxation or by relief efforts, and the economic and cultural impact of the famine was felt decades later, even becoming, a century later, the subject of 2363:

system of temporary settlements was the classification of agricultural fields according to soil type and produce, with average rent rates fixed for the period of the settlement. According to Mill, taxation of land rent would promote efficient agriculture and simultaneously prevent the emergence of a "parasitic landlord class". Mill advocated

4967: 4602:. The East India Company was nevertheless able to use the remaining intact lines to warn many outposts of impending disturbances. The political value of the new technology was, thus, driven home to the company, and, in the following year, not only were the destroyed lines rebuilt, but the network was expanded further by 2,000 miles. 7468:; that of the married man, when they became householders; ... Since the Hindu man was enjoined to take a wife at the appropriate period of life, the roles and nature of women presented some difficulty. Unlike the monastic ascetic, the Hindu man was exhorted to have sons, and could not altogether avoid either women or sexuality. ... 4232: 5305: 4382:(originally, collectors of land-tax) directed the District post offices, including their local postal services. Postal services required payment in cash, to be made in advance, with the amount charged usually varying with weight and distance. For example, the charge of sending a letter from Calcutta to Bombay was one 2264:, promulgated the permanent settlement of land revenues in the presidency, the first socio-economic regulation in colonial India. By the terms of the settlement rajas and taluqdars were recognised as zamindars and they were asked to collect the rent from the peasants and pay revenue to the company. It was named 7472:

approved of child brides, considering a girl of eight suitable for a man of twenty-four, and one of twelve appropriate for a man of thirty.(p. 89) If there was no dowry, or if the groom's family paid that of the bride, the marriage was ranked lower. In this ranking lay the seeds of the curse of dowry

4925:

Although, railway construction had barely begun in the last years of this rule, its foundations had been laid, and it would proceed apace for much of the next half century. By the turn of the 20th century, India would have over 28,000 miles of railways connecting most interior regions to the ports of

2987:

In the Indian rebellion of 1857 almost the entire Bengal army, both regular and irregular, revolted. It has been suggested that after the annexation of Oudh by the East India Company in 1856, many sepoys were disquieted both from losing their perquisites, as landed gentry, in the Oudh courts and from

2381:

officers working for the government. After the Company lost its trading rights, it became the single most important source of government revenue, roughly half of overall revenue in the middle of the 19th century; even so, between the years 1814 and 1859, the government of India ran debts in 33 years.

2362:

who formulated the Indian revenue policy between 1819 and 1830. "He believed that the government was the ultimate lord of the soil and should not renounce its right to 'rent', i.e. the profit left over on richer soil when wages and other working expenses had been settled." Another keystone of the new

2297:

Since the zamindars were never able to undertake costly improvements to the land envisaged under the Permanent Settlement, some of which required the removal of the existing farmers, they soon became rentiers who lived off the rent from their tenant farmers. In many areas, especially northern Bengal,

883:

with Indian princes during the first 75 years of Company rule. In the early 19th century, the territories of these princes accounted for two-third of India. When an Indian ruler, who was able to secure his territory, wanted to enter such an alliance, the Company welcomed it as an economical method of

4546:

signalling. During the period 1820–1830, the East India Company's Government in India seriously considered constructing signalling towers ("telegraph" towers), each a hundred feet high and separated from the next by eight miles, along the entire distance from Calcutta to Bombay. Although such towers

3897:

Education of Indians had become a topic of interest among East India Company officials from the outset of the company's rule in Bengal. In the last two decades of the 18th century and the first decade of the nineteenth, Company officials pursued a policy of conciliation towards the native culture of

2372:

system's abstract principles, class hierarchies in southern Indian villages had not entirely disappeared—for example village headmen continued to hold sway—and peasant cultivators sometimes came to experience revenue demands they could not meet. In the 1850s, a scandal erupted when it was discovered

2272:; it simultaneously defined the nature of land ownership in the presidency, and gave individuals and families separate property rights in occupied land. Since the revenue was fixed in perpetuity, it was fixed at a high level, which in Bengal amounted to £3 million at 1789–90 prices. According to the 2252:

The Company inherited a revenue collection system from the Mughals in which the heaviest proportion of the tax burden fell on the cultivators, with one-third of the production reserved for imperial entitlement; this pre-colonial system became the Company revenue policy's baseline. However, there was

1848:

of the rich region of Bengal, brought India into the public spotlight in Britain. The company's money management practices came to be questioned, especially as it began to post net losses even as some Company servants, the "Nabobs", returned to Britain with large fortunes, which—according to rumours

7417:

Therefore, by the time of the Mauryan Empire the position of women in mainstream Indo-Aryan society seems to have deteriorated. Customs such as child marriage and dowry were becoming entrenched; and a young women's purpose in life was to provide sons for the male lineage into which she married. To

4090:

Since English was increasingly being employed as the language of instruction, Persian was abolished as the official language of the company's administration and courts by 1837. However, bilingual educations was proving to be popular as well, and some institutions such as the Poona Sanskrit College

2367:

settlements which consisted of government measurement and assessment of each plot (valid for 20 or 30 years) and subsequent taxation which was dependent on the fertility of the soil. The taxed amount was nine-tenths of the "rent" in the early 19th century and gradually fell afterwards. However, in

1978:

below). The India Act also created in each of the three presidencies a number of administrative and military posts, which included: a Governor and three Councilors, one of which was the Commander in Chief of the Presidency army. Although the supervisory powers of the Governor-General-in-Council in

2992:

in 1856), but also make do without the "foreign service", remuneration that had previously been their due, and this caused resentment in the ranks. The Bombay and Madras armies, and the Hyderabad contingent, however, remained loyal. The Punjab Irregular Force not only did not revolt, it played an

2376:

Land revenue settlements constituted a major administrative activity of the various governments in India under Company rule. In all areas other than the Bengal Presidency, land settlement work involved a continually repetitive process of surveying and measuring plots, assessing their quality, and

4943: 4916:

expertise in India; consequently, all engineers had to be brought in from England. These engineers were unfamiliar not only with the language and culture of India, but also with the physical aspect of the land itself and its concomitant engineering requirements. Moreover, never before had such a

2276:

if the zamindars failed to pay the revenue on time, the zamindari right would be taken from them. According to one estimate, this was 20% higher than the revenue demand before 1757. Over the next century, partly as a result of land surveys, court rulings, and property sales, the change was given

1890:

over these new territories—asserted that the company could act as a sovereign power on behalf of the Crown. It could do this while concurrently being subject to oversight and regulation by the British government and parliament. The Court of Directors of the company were required under the Act to

1844:, all composed of merchants. The councils barely had enough powers for the effective management of their local affairs, and the ensuing lack of oversight of the overall Company operations in India led to some grave abuses by Company officers or their allies. Clive's victory, and the award of the 4703:

The first Telegraph Act for India was Parliament's Act XXXIV of 1854. When the public telegramme service was first set up in 1855, the charge was fixed at one rupee for every sixteen words (including the address) for every 400 miles of transmission. The charges were doubled for telegrammes sent

4577:

from "Calcutta to Agra, Agra to Bombay, Agra to Peshawar, and Bombay to Madras, extending in all over 3,050 miles and including forty-one offices". The permission was soon granted; by February 1855 all the proposed telegraph lines had been constructed and were being used to send paid messages.

2510:

in 1904. However, in order to avoid any friction within the ranks, the company also took pains to adapt its military practices to their religious requirements. Consequently, these soldiers dined in separate facilities; in addition, overseas service, considered polluting to their caste, was not

2285:

of the peasants by the zamindars became more prevalent as cash crops were cultivated to meet the Company revenue demands. Although commercialised cultivation was not new to the region, it had now penetrated deeper into village society and made it more vulnerable to market forces. The zamindars

4450:

delivered letters, newspapers, postcards, book packets, and parcels. These deliveries grew steadily in number; by 1861 (three years after the end of Company rule), a total of 889 post offices had been opened, and almost 43 million letters and over four and a half million newspapers were being

4317:

In the first half of the 19th century, the British legislated reforms against what they considered were iniquitous Indian practices. In most cases, the legislation alone was unable to change Indian society sufficiently for it to absorb both the ideal and the ethic underpinning the reform. For

7509:

The legal rights, as well as the ideal images, of women were increasingly circumscribed during the Gupta era. The Laws of Manu, compiled from about 200 to 400 C.E., came to be the most prominent evidence that this era was not necessarily a golden age for women. Through a combination of legal

3305:; consequently, demand for Indian cotton soared, and the prices soon quadrupled. This led many farmers in India to switch to cultivating cotton as a quick cash crop; however, with the end of the war in 1865, the demand plummeted again, creating another downturn in the agricultural economy. 1979:

Bengal (over Madras and Bombay) were extended—as they were again in the Charter Act of 1793—the subordinate presidencies continued to exercise some autonomy until both the extension of British possessions into becoming contiguous and the advent of faster communications in the next century.

5842:

Paradoxically, many British also clung to Persian. Indeed, the so-called Urdu that replaced Persian as the court language after 1837 was recognisably Persian as far as its nouns were concerned. The courtly heritage of Persian was also to exercise a constraint on the British cultivation of

4327:, enacted in the waning years of Company rule, provided legal safeguards against loss of certain forms of inheritance for a remarrying Hindu widow, though not of the inheritance due her from her deceased husband. However, very few widows actually remarried. Some Indian reformers, such as 3777:, only complicated the situation further. The appointment had to be annulled in 1781 by a parliamentary intervention with the enactment of the Declaration Act. The Act exempted the Executive Branch from the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. It recognised the independent existence of the 994: 2988:

the anticipation of any increased land-revenue payments that the annexation might augur. With British victories in wars or with annexation, as the extent of British jurisdiction expanded, the soldiers were now not only expected to serve in less familiar regions (such as in Burma in the

2286:

themselves were often unable to meet the increased demands that the company had placed on them; consequently, many defaulted, and by one estimate, up to one-third of their lands were auctioned during the first two decades following the permanent settlement. The new owners were often

3923:

The second goal was motivated by the concerns among some Company officials about being seen as foreign rulers. They argued that the company should try to win over its subjects by outdoing the region's previous rulers in the support of indigenous learning. Guided by this belief, the

3595:

were leased out to the Indian officials who had formerly performed them. This makeshift arrangement continued—with much accompanying disarray—until 1771, when the Court of Directors of the Company decided to obtain for the company the jurisdiction of both criminal and civil cases.

4274: 2331:. It was first tried in small scale by Captain Alexander Read in the areas that were taken over from the wars with Tipu Sultan. Subsequently, developed by Thomas Munro, this system was gradually extended all over South India. This was, in part, a consequence of the turmoil of the 2253:

vast variation across India in the methods by which the revenues were collected; with this complication in mind, a Committee of Circuit toured the districts of expanded Bengal Presidency in order to make a five-year settlement, consisting of five-yearly inspections and temporary

4515: 1950:

in England both to supervise the East India Company's affairs and to prevent the company's shareholders from interfering in the governance of India. The Board of Control consisted of six members, which included one Secretary of State from the British cabinet, as well as the

4460: 2036:, the British Parliament renewed the company's charter but terminated its monopoly except with regard to tea and trade with China, opening India both to private investment and missionaries. With increased British power in India, supervision of Indian affairs by the 2511:

required of them, and the army soon came to recognise Hindu festivals officially. "This encouragement of high caste ritual status, however, left the government vulnerable to protest, even mutiny, whenever the sepoys detected infringement of their prerogatives."

3920:. A few decades later a related perspective appeared among the governed population, one that was expressed by the conservative Bengali reformer Radhakanta Deb as the "duty of the Rulers of Countries to preserve and Customs and the religions of their subjects". 5022:

The first irrigation works undertaken during East India Company's rule were begun in 1817. Consisting chiefly of extensions or reinforcements of previous Indian works, these projects were limited to the plains north of Delhi and to the river deltas of the

3988:, were influenced by the Orientalist ethos and felt that the company's government in India should be responsive to Indian expectations. The Orientalist ethos would prevail in education policy well into the 1820s, and was reflected in the founding of the 4866:

miles long with an ascent of 1,831 feet. Construction began in 1856 and was completed in 1863, and, in the end, the line required a total of twenty five tunnels and fifteen miles of gradients (inclines) of 1 in 50 or steeper, the most extreme being the

4072:

instruction to Indians had the added consequence of making them more suitable for the company's burgeoning bureaucracy. By the early 1830s, the Anglicists had the upper hand in devising education policy in India. Many utilitarian ideas were employed in

3955:

The third related goal grew out of the philosophy then current among some Company officials that they would themselves become better administrators if they were better versed in the languages and cultures of India. It led in 1800 to the founding of the

3029:

convictions of their duty to represent their nation and to modernise India. At most there were about 600 of these men who managed the Raj's customs service, taxes, justice system, and its general administration. The company's original policy was one of

5746:"Hindoostanee" was instrumental for Company rule in that Gilchrist's grammar books, dictionaries, and translations helped to standardize Urdu as an official language for lower level judicial courts and revenue administration in 1837, replacing Persian. 4627:

feet long and 3/8 inch wide, end to end. These lines, which weighed 1,250 pounds per mile, were held aloft by fifteen-foot lengths of bamboo, planted into the ground at equal intervals—200 to the mile—and covered with a layer each of coal tar and

3510:—the rural overlords with the hereditary right to collect rent from peasant farmers—also had the power to administer justice. This they did with little routine oversight, being required to report only their judgments in capital punishment cases to the 4401:

After the recommendations of the commission appointed in 1850 to evaluate the Indian postal system were received, Act XVII of 1837 was superseded by the Indian Postal Act of 1854. Under its provisions, the entire postal department was headed by a

4840:, was opened in 1854 (see picture of locomotive below), and the entire line up to Raniganj would become functional by the time of the Indian rebellion of 1857. The Great Indian Peninsular Railway was permitted to extend its experimental line to 5167:

works during 1850–1857. The Punjab region, moreover, had much rudimentary irrigation by "inundation canals". Consisting of open cuts on the side of a river and involving no regulation, the inundation canals had been used in both the Punjab and

4908:

other than the provision of the underlying land free of charge, it had the onus of continuing to provide the 5 percent return in the event of net loss, and soon all anticipation of profits would fall by the wayside as the outlays would mount.

4504:

Since the four anna stamps were composed of two colours, they required two different printings, one for Queen Victoria's head in blue, and the other for the surrounding red frame. In these, rare stamps, shown on a letter mailed from Bombay to

3901:

The first goal was supported by some administrators, such as Warren Hastings, who envisaged the company as the successor of a great Empire, and saw the support of vernacular learning as only befitting that role. In 1781, Hastings founded the

3824: 2203:

found itself short of trained administrators, especially those familiar with local custom and law; tax collection was consequently farmed out. This uncertain foray into land taxation by the company, may have gravely worsened the impact of a

4995: 3075: 2056:. The Governor-General and his executive council were given exclusive legislative powers for the whole of British India. Since the British territories in north India had now extended up to Delhi, the Act also sanctioned the creation of a 4738:, had been established in 1825; in the following decade other inter-city railways were rapidly constructed between cities in England. In 1845, the Court of Directors of the East India Company, forwarded to the Governor-General of India, 4211:), of whom 200,000 were in primary schools. Over 5,000 primary schools and 142 secondary schools had been established in these provinces. Earlier, during the Indian rebellion of 1857, some civilian leaders, such as Khan Bhadur Khan of 2175:, supervised their activities. In this system, the assortment of rights associated with land were not possessed by a "land owner", but rather shared by the several parties with stake in the land, including the peasant cultivator, the 4322:

regions of India had long looked askance at the remarriage of widows in order to protect both what it considered was family honour and family property. Even adolescent widows were expected to live a life of austerity and denial. The

4037:, the Governor-General of India from 1793 to 1797. During this period, many Scottish Presbyterian missionaries also supported the British rulers in their efforts to spread English education and established many reputed colleges like 3547:

Europeans, were created in Fort William (Calcutta), Madras, and Bombay. Judgments handed down by a Mayor's Court could be disputed with an appeal to the respective Presidency government and, when the amount disputed was greater than

4103:

when it was established in 1845. During 1852–1853 some citizens of Bombay sent petitions to the British Parliament in support of both establishing and adequately funding university education in India. The petitions resulted in the

2476:, from Bengal—many of whom had fought against the British in the Battle of Plassey – were now suspect in British eyes, Hastings recruited farther west from the "major breeding ground" of India's infantry in eastern 4777:, a distance of some thirty nine miles. Although construction began first, in 1849, on the East Indian Railways line, with an outlay of £1 million, it was the first-leg of the Bombay-Kalyan line—a 21-mile stretch from Bombay to 3599:

Soon afterwards Warren Hastings arrived in Calcutta as the first Governor-General of the company's Indian dominions and resolved to overhaul the company's organisation and in particular its judicial affairs. In the interior, or

2280:

However, these expectations were not realised in practice, and in many regions of Bengal, the peasants bore the brunt of the increased demand, there being little protection for their traditional rights in the new legislation.

4704:

between 6PM and 6AM. These rates would remain fixed until 1882. In the year 1860–61, two years after the end of Company rule, India had 11,093 miles of telegraph lines and 145 telegraph offices. That year telegrams totalling

4223:), where during the period 1855–1857, nearly 200 primary, middle-, and high-schools had been opened by the company and tax levied on the population, relative calm prevailed and the schools remained open during the rebellion. 3808:

by adding a legal president to the bench. The Supreme Courts in Madras and Bombay were finally established in 1801 and 1823, respectively. Madras Presidency was also unusual in being the first to rely on village headmen and

4800:

be first constructed connecting the inland regions of each presidency with its chief port as well as each presidency with several others. His recommended trunk lines included the following ones: (i) from Calcutta, in the

797:

The expansion of the company's power chiefly took two forms. The first of these was the outright annexation of Indian states and subsequent direct governance of the underlying regions, which collectively came to comprise

3538:

in 1686 and 1698 respectively. In 1726, however, the Court of Directors of the Company felt that more customary justice was necessary for European residents in the presidency towns, and petitioned the King to establish

3529:

in 1683, the company was given the power to establish "courts of judicature" in locations of its choice, each court consisting of a lawyer and two merchants. This right was renewed in the subsequent charters granted by

3410: 4669:(through Agra), Agra to Bombay, and Bombay to Madras began in 1853. The conducting material chosen for these lines was now lighter, and the support stronger. The wood used for the support consisted of teak, sal, 3127: 4215:, had stressed the threat posed to the populace's religions by the new education programmes begun by the company; however, historical statistics have shown that this was not generally the case. For example, in 3387: 3860: 3320:

and which was grown in many parts of India, as the most profitable form of payment. However, since the Chinese authorities had banned the importation and consumption of opium, the Company engaged them in the

3046:. The 1830s and 1840s, however, were not times of prosperity: After its heavy spending on the military, the company had little money to engage in large-scale public works projects or modernisation programs. 1891:

submit all communications regarding civil, military, and revenue matters in India for scrutiny by the British government. For the governance of the Indian territories, the act asserted the supremacy of the

5258:

as Governor-General. Canal construction, under Cautley's supervision, now went into full swing. A 350-mile long canal, with another 300 miles of branch lines, eventually stretched between the headworks in

2105: 5779:

In 1837 Urdu was formally adopted by the British, in place of Perisan, as the language of interaction between the Government (which from then on conducted its affairs in English) and the local population.

3872: 4921:

in 1857–58 to investigate the matter. However, by the time the Committee concluded that all parties needed to honour the spirit rather than the letter of the contracts, Company rule in India had ended.

4426:). Postage stamps were introduced at this time and the postal rates fixed by weight, dependent no longer also on the distance travelled in the delivery. The lowest inland letter rate was half anna for 2435: 4796:. The Governor-General vigorously advocated the quick and widespread introduction of railways in India, pointing to their political, social, and economic advantages. He recommended that a network of 3750:, however, the judges and law-officers had no knowledge of English law, and were required only, by the Governor-General's order, "to proceed according to equity, justice, and good conscience, unless 2419: 5337: 3107: 3844: 3269:

In addition, as under Mughal Empire rule, land revenue collected in the Bengal Presidency helped finance the company's wars in other parts of India. Consequently, in the period 1760–1800, Bengal's

3005:

The reforms initiated after 1784 were designed to create an elite civil service where very talented young Britons would spend their entire careers. Advanced training was promoted especially at the

4949:

Photograph (1855) showing the construction of the Bhor Ghaut incline bridge, Bombay; the incline was conceived by George Clark, the Chief Engineer in the East India Company's Government of Bombay.

2044:

increased as well. By the 1820s British nationals could transact business or engage in missionary work under the protection of the Crown in the three presidencies. Finally, under the terms of The

5376: 3785:) or Regulations of the Government enacted by the British Parliament. This state of affairs continued until 1797, when a new Act extended the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court to the province of 4025:, the Chairman of the East India Company. Grant supported state-sponsored education in India 20 years before a similar system was set up in Britain. Among Grant's close evangelical friends were 3446: 4064:, who had begun to play an important role in fashioning Company policy. The utilitarians believed in the moral worth of an education that aided the good of society and promoted instruction in 4285: 7460:, where it was considered the only true path to spiritual liberation. (p. 88) Instead, Hindu men of upper castes, passed through several stages of life: that of initiate, when those of the 3426: 1959:, a member of the Bengal council and political adversary of Warren Hastings, that all lands in Bengal should be considered the "estate and inheritance of native land-holders and families". 2339:

was closer to traditional practice in the region and ideologically more progressive, allowing the benefits of Company rule to reach the lowest levels of rural society. At the heart of the

1907:

also attempted to address the prevalent corruption in India: Company servants were henceforth forbidden to engage in private trade in India or to receive "presents" from Indian nationals.

9164:

Annals of the Honorable East-India Company: from their establishment by the charter of queen Elizabeth, 1600 to the Union of the London and the English East India Companies 1707–8, Vol-II

2089: 2068:. In addition, in 1854, a lieutenant-governor was appointed for the region of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha, leaving the Governor-General to concentrate on the governance of India as a whole. 48: 9153:

Annals of the Honorable East-India Company: from their establishment by the charter of queen Elizabeth, 1600 to the Union of the London and the English East India Companies 1707–8, Vol-I

5113:

engineers and it reopened in 1820. The Doab Canal was reopened in 1830; its considerable renovation involved raising the embankment by an average height of 9 ft. for some 40 miles.

5357: 6169: 9493: 4955: 2703:

had begun to maintain a contingent force of 9,000 horse and 6,000-foot which was commanded by Company officers; in 1853, after a new treaty was negotiated, this force was assigned to

1955:. Around this time, there was also extensive debate in the British Parliament on the issue of landed rights in Bengal, with a consensus developing in support of the view advocated by 4466:

Lithograph of the General Post Office on Chowringhee Street, Calcutta, 1833, four years before the India-wide postal service was established under the Indian Postal Act of 1837.

3476:

Until the British gained control of Bengal in the mid-18th century, the system of justice there was presided over by the Nawab of Bengal himself, who, as the chief law officer,

7477:

are not quaint relics of the distant past, but alive and recurrent in India today – as the attempts to revive the custom of sati (widow immolation) in recent decades has shown.

2382:

With expanded dominion, even during non-deficit years, there was just enough money to pay the salaries of a threadbare administration, a skeleton police force, and the army.

1970:". At the same time the company's directors were now leaning towards Francis's view that the land-tax in Bengal should be made fixed and permanent, setting the stage for the 8635:

Broadberry, Stephen; Gupta, Bishnupriya (2009), "Lancashire, India, and shifting competitive advantage in cotton textiles, 1700–1850: the neglected role of factor prices",

5238:, appeared less receptive to large-scale public works, and for the duration of his tenure, withheld major funds for the project. Only in 1844, when a new Governor-General, 10134: 10116: 2593:

as Governor-General. However, the closing years of the 18th century saw, with Wellesley's campaigns, a new increase in the army strength. Thus in 1806, at the time of the

2470:

In 1772, when Hastings became the first Governor-General one of his first undertakings was the rapid expansion of the Presidency's army. Since the available soldiers, or

919:

In return, the Company undertook the "defence of these subordinate allies and treated them with traditional respect and marks of honor." Subsidiary alliances created the

4598:

on the southwest coast of India. During the Indian rebellion of 1857, more than seven hundred miles of telegraph lines were destroyed by the rebel forces, mainly in the

2391: 3932:

in 1791 during the administration of Lord Cornwallis. The promotion of knowledge of Asia had attracted scholars as well to the company's service. Earlier, in 1784, the

3281:, paradoxically, added to the economic downturn. During the period, 1780–1860, India changed from being an exporter of processed goods for which it received payment in 482: 455: 441: 427: 413: 399: 385: 371: 357: 4547:

were built in Bengal and Bihar, the India-wide semaphore network never took off. By mid-century, electric telegraphy had become viable, and hand signalling obsolete.

4525:"telegraph" signalling tower in Silwar (Bihar), 13 February 1823, thirty years before electric telegraphy was rapidly introduced into India by the East India Company. 4009:. The Anglicists supported instruction in the English language in order to impart to Indians what they considered modern Western knowledge. Prominent among them were 3362:

in 1859–60 and to the end of indigo production there. In Bihar, however, indigo production continued well into the 20th century; a centre of indigo production there,

3781:

and all subsidiary courts of the company. Furthermore, it headed off future legal turf wars by prohibiting the Supreme Court any jurisdiction in matters of revenue (

3345:; in addition, Hong Kong was ceded to the British Crown. Towards the end of the second quarter of the 19th century, opium export constituted 40% of India's exports. 2407: 2124: 1878:

himself wanted the company's territories to be taken over by the British state, he faced determined political opposition from many quarters, including some in the

4605:

O'Shaughnessy's experimental set-up of 1851–52 consisted of both overhead and underground lines; the latter included underwater ones that crossed two rivers, the

3312:

had greatly increased in Britain; since the money supply in India was restricted and the company was indisposed to shipping bullion from Britain, it decided upon

2024:

Soon rumblings appeared amongst merchants in London that the monopoly granted to the East India Company in 1600, intended to facilitate its competition against

6951: 6890: 5283:. The Ganges Canal, which required a total capital outlay of £2.15 million, was officially opened in 1854 by Lord Dalhousie. According to historian Ian Stone: 4904:. Each company was guaranteed a 5 per cent return on its capital outlay and, in addition, a share of half the profits. Although the Government of India had no 4079: 3815:

for cases involving small claims. This judicial system in the three presidencies was to survive the company's rule, the next major change coming only in 1861.

3055: 4829:

on the southeastern coast; and (iv) from Madras to the southwestern Malabar coast (see map above). The proposal was soon accepted by the Court of Directors.

3742:) created by Warren Hastings just the year before. In the new Supreme Court, the civil and criminal cases alike were interpreted and prosecuted accorded to 19:

This article is about the rule of the East India Company on the Indian subcontinent from 1773 to 1858. For rule by the British Crown from 1858 to 1947, see

4565:. Four telegraph offices, mainly for shipping-related business, were also opened along the river that year. The telegraph receiver used in the trial was a 4492:

anna blue, followed by 1 anna red, and 4 annas blue and red. The stamps were printed from lithographic stones at the Surveyor-General's Office in Calcutta.

1018: 905: 3564:

for lawsuits involving amounts less than Rs. 20 were introduced. Both types of courts were regulated by the Court of Directors of the East India Company.

10175: 1386: 4300:

An 1855 photograph of the same two institutions. In 1857, Grant Medical College became one of three institutions affiliated with the newly established

601:, and became directly involved in governance. The East India Company significantly expanded its influence throughout the Indian subcontinent after the 2183:

served as an intermediary who procured rent from the cultivator, and after withholding a percentage for his own expenses, made available the rest, as

2687:

As the East India Company expanded its territories, it added irregular "local corps", which were not as well trained as the army. In 1846, after the

1515: 1405: 4207:

which commenced in 1858. By 1861, 230,000 students were attending public educational institutions in the four provinces (the three Presidencies and

3488:, attended to the slightly less important cases. The ordinary lawsuits belonged to the jurisdiction of a hierarchy of court officials consisting of 10170: 1006: 893: 9142:

Historical and Ecclesiastical Sketches of Bengal; From the Earliest Settlement, Until the Virtual Conquest of that Country by the English, in 1757

884:

indirect rule, which did not involve the economic costs of direct administration or the political costs of gaining the support of alien subjects.

10080: 4569:

of O'Shaughnessy's design and manufactured in India. When the experiment was deemed to be a success a year later, the Governor-General of India,

3892: 1030: 9903: 8277:

Chakrabarti, D.K. 2003. The Archaeology of European Expansion in India, Gujarat, c. 16th–18th Centuries (2003) Delhi: Aryan Books International

5809:

It was only in 1837 that Persian lost its position as official language of India to Urdu and to English in the higher levels of administration.

2021:. Nonetheless, Burke's effort had the effect of creating a sense of responsibility in British public life for the company's dominion in India. 3575:

of Bengal, the right not only to collect revenue, but also to administer civil justice in Bengal. The administration of criminal justice, the

2589:

In 1796, under pressure from the company's board of directors in London, the Indian troops were re-organised and reduced during the tenure of

10165: 8262:

Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780–1870 (Cambridge Studies in Indian History and Society)

5255: 5002: 4739: 4570: 4117: 2048:, the British Parliament revoked the company's monopoly in the China trade and made it an agent for the administration of British India. The 1687: 775: 6177: 5211:, who balked at idea of cutting a canal through extensive low-lying land in order to reach the drier upland destination. However, after the 9500: 9400:

The Politics of Empire at the Accession of George III: The East India Company and the Crisis and Transformation of Britain's Imperial State

3543:. The petition was approved and Mayor's courts, each consisting of a Mayor and nine aldermen, and each having the jurisdiction in lawsuits 2077: 5219:

2,300,000 on famine relief, the idea of a canal became more attractive to the company's budget-conscious Court of Directors. In 1839, the

3765:

would act in opposition to each other and, predictably, many disputes resulted. Hastings' premature attempt to appoint the Chief Justice,

5652: 5523: 3789:(which had since been added to the company's dominions) and "all places for the time being included in Bengal". With the creation of the 2261: 1983: 1345: 1109: 1966:'divers Rajahs, Zamindars, Talukdars, and landholders' had been unjustly deprived of 'their lands, jurisdictions, rights, and privileges 10106: 8908:

Raj, Kapil (2000), "Colonial Encounters and the Forging of New Knowledge and National Identities: Great Britain and India, 1760–1850",

5247: 4022: 1918:

which would have transferred political power over India from the East India Company to a parliamentary commission. The bill passed the

1773: 10144: 10129: 9106: 4410:

were set apart from those of a Presidency Postmaster; the former administered the postal system of the larger provinces (such as the

3961: 1197: 5632: 4017:—were interested in spreading Christian belief; they also believed in using theology to promote liberal social reform, such as the 3866:

Coloured engraving of the judges and officers of Hindu (top row) and Muslim (bottom row) law in the Recorder Court in Bombay, 1805.

9713: 1962:

Mindful of the reports of abuse and corruption in Bengal by Company servants, the India Act itself noted numerous complaints that

10185: 10000: 9945: 9803: 7581:

Gorman, Mel (October 1971). "Sir William O'Shaughnessy, Lord Dalhousie, and the Establishment of the Telegraph System in India".

4120:, the then Governor-General of India. The dispatch outlined a broad plan of state-sponsored education for India, which included: 3945: 3517:

By the mid-18th century, the British too had completed a century and a half in India, and had a burgeoning presence in the three

6089: 6021: 5042:

successfully reinforced the dam, and his success prompted more irrigation projects on the river. A little farther north, on the

4264:

An engraving (1844) of a youth, who according to the engraver, Emily Eden, was "a favourite and successful young student at the

4099:, played an influential role in the planning of the first medical college in Bombay, which after his unexpected death was named 460: 4918: 4268:

in Calcutta, where scholars acquire a very perfect knowledge of English, and have a familiarity with the best English writers".

3298: 1717: 1473: 7448:

Darkness can be said to have pervaded one aspect of society during the inter-imperial centuries: the degradation of women. In

4832:

During this time work had been proceeding on the experimental lines as well. The first leg of the East Indian Railway line, a

9426: 9407: 9388: 9369: 9323: 9304: 9283: 9264: 9237: 9218: 9199: 9078: 9055: 9037: 9019: 8899: 8801: 8744: 8726: 8583: 8553: 8532: 8507: 8487: 8469: 8451: 8433: 8415: 8380: 8355: 8329: 8311: 8269: 8241: 8214: 8186: 8165: 8144: 8120: 8099: 8061: 8018: 7983: 7962: 7931: 7910: 7891: 7870: 7834: 7810: 7689: 7441: 7410: 7198: 6945: 6785: 6390: 5997: 5866: 5835: 5802: 5772: 5739: 5657: 5287:

It was the largest canal ever attempted in the world, five times greater in its length than all the main irrigating lines of

5239: 4324: 2993:

active role in suppressing the mutiny. The rebellion led to a complete re-organisation of the Indian army in 1858 in the new

1791: 1635: 6916: 4482:

stamps issued in 1854. Stamps were issued for the first time for all of British India in 1854. The lowest denomination was

3675:

in criminal cases, which were usually presided over by the judges of the civil appellate courts. All these too were under a

10010: 9875: 5235: 4582:. By 1857, the telegraph network had expanded to 4,555 miles of lines and sixty two offices, and had reached as far as the 2574:

was used in military campaigns in other parts of India and abroad: to provide crucial support to a weak Madras army in the

2003: 1712: 1610: 842:

in 1849-1856 (Period of tenure of Marquess of Dalhousie Governor General); however, Kashmir was immediately sold under the

9690: 4689:

columns. Some sections had uniformly strong support; one such was the 322-mile Bombay-Madras line, which was supported by

3878:

The Court-House Building on Apollo Street, Bombay (third building on left, just beyond the domed Ice House) shown in 1850.

10180: 9665: 9660: 3302: 3151: 2156: 1956: 783: 256: 9046:

Wylie, Diana (2001), "Disease, Diet, and Gender: Late Twentieth Century Perspectives on Empire", in Winks, Robin (ed.),

8576:

Ideology and Empire in Eighteenth Century India: The British in Bengal (Cambridge Studies in Indian History and Society)

9898: 9813: 8563: 8040: 4109: 4030: 4018: 1450: 10005: 8756:(July 1991), "'Deindustrialization' Revisited: The Handloom Weavers of the Central Provinces of India, c. 1800–1947", 3525:

had gradually given the East India Company more power to administer justice in these towns. In the charter granted by

3273:

was greatly diminished; furthermore, the closing of some local mints and close supervision of the rest, the fixing of

10096: 9743: 9342: 8391:

The Company weavers of Bengal: the East India Company and the organization of textile production in Bengal, 1750–1813

7502: 7152: 6884: 6099: 5224: 4654:-inch-thick (22 mm) chain cable. An underwater cable of length 2,070 yards was laid across the Hooghly river at 4113: 3683: 3308:

At this time, the East India Company's trade with China began to grow as well. In the early 19th century, demand for

2065: 1919: 1783: 1602: 1573: 190: 9718: 8944:

Ray, Rajat Kanta (July 1995), "Asian Capital in the Age of European Domination: The Rise of the Bazaar, 1800–1914",

6935: 6874: 4238:

A coloured-in photograph (1851) of Hindu College, Calcutta, which had been founded in 1817 by a committee headed by

1398: 10067: 9863: 9680: 6063: 5561: 4034: 2590: 2041: 1147: 706: 269: 127: 9010:

Tomlinson, B. R. (2001), "Economics and Empire: The Periphery and the Imperial Economy", in Porter, Andrew (ed.),

8695:"Deindustrialization in 18th and 19th century India: Mughal decline, climate shocks and British industrial ascent" 5101:, and some of its water was diverted to Delhi. During this time another canal was cut off the river. The 129-mile 2294:

employees of the Company who had a good grasp of the new system, and, in many cases, some had prospered under it.

10124: 10055: 10035: 9840: 9793: 9768: 7623: 4758: 4735: 4550: 5764:

Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice

4087:, which later aroused great controversy, was to influence education policy in India well into the next century. 3640:

constituted for such purpose, each consisting of four British judges. All these were under the authority of the

9788: 9517: 5794:

Tracing the Boundaries between Hindi and Urdu: Lost and Added in Translation between 20th Century Short Stories

3831: 2327:

system or the Munro system, in which the government settled land-revenue directly with the peasant farmers, or

2242: 2010: 6209: 4788:

Map of the completed and planned railway lines in India in 1871, thirteen years after the end of Company rule.

4362:

did exist, connecting the more important towns with their respective seats of provincial government (i.e. the

3042:(ritual banditry) and upgrade the status of women. Schools would be established in which they would teach the 1000:

Silver Half-Rupee 1787 Bengal Presidency, Murshidabad Mint, issued in the name of Shah Alam II, Mughal Emperor

9708: 5508: 3981: 3790: 2318: 2200: 1333: 4288:(right background) in Bombay made by G. R. Sargeant the year before the medical college was formally opened. 3804:, a similar course of legal changes unfolded; there, however, the Mayor's Courts were first strengthened to 2335:, which had prevented the emergence of a class of large landowners; in addition, Munro and others felt that 1886:. The result was a compromise in which the Regulating Act—although implying the ultimate sovereignty of the 1840:

towns of Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay, were governed by the mostly autonomous—and sporadically unmanageable—

10050: 9826: 9783: 9175:

The History of India From the Earliest Period to the Close of Lord Dalhousie's Administration – 1867, Vol-I

9092: 5704: 5698: 5668: 5625: 4335:, even offered money to men who would take widows as brides, but these men often deserted their new wives. 2597:, the combined strength of the three presidencies' armies stood at 154,500, making them one of the largest 1819: 1701: 1588: 1529: 1511: 831: 626: 618: 283: 4187:

in September 1857. The University of Bombay, for example, consisted of three affiliated institutions: the

1986:, not only had more power than Hastings, but also had the support of a powerful British cabinet minister, 10139: 9486: 9453: 5662: 4978: 4974: 4746: 4725: 4265: 4248: 3937: 3925: 3616:

judges employed by the company, who were assisted in the interpretation of customary Indian law by Hindu

2373:

that some Indian revenue agents of the company were using torture to meet the company's revenue demands.

2313:

The zamindari system was one of two principal revenue settlements undertaken by the Company in India. In

1952: 1883: 1859:, which established regulations, its long title stated, "for the better Management of the Affairs of the 1850: 1524: 1481: 1078: 972: 8890:

Kubicek, Robert (2001), "British Expansion, Empire, and Technological Change", in Porter, Andrew (ed.),

3964:, the then Governor-General. The college was later to play an important role both in the development of 3682:

Around this time the business affairs of the East India Company began to draw increased scrutiny in the

2306:

in Britain, agriculture in Bengal remained the province of the subsistence farming of innumerable small

10101: 9848: 8303: 7535:

Headrick, Daniel (2010). "A double-edged sword: Communications and imperial control in British India".

5435: 5331:; construction began in 1840, and the canal was opened by Governor-General Lord Dalhousie in April 1854 5212: 4125: 4074: 3417: 3367: 3006: 2049: 1815: 865:

The second form of asserting power involved treaties in which Indian rulers acknowledged the company's

650: 8665:

Caldwell, John C. (December 1998), "Malthus and the Less Developed World: The Pivotal Role of India",

9703: 9647: 9459: 5673: 5220: 4696:

sixteen feet high. Other sections had less secure support, consisting, in some cases, of sections of

4332: 4153:

Maintaining existing Government colleges and high-schools and increasing their number when necessary.

2209: 2053: 843: 734: 730: 590: 585:; or in 1773, when the Company abolished local rule (Nizamat) in Bengal and established a capital in 134: 9028:

Washbrook, D. A. (2001), "India, 1818–1860: The Two Faces of Colonialism", in Porter, Andrew (ed.),

8322:

Defending British India against Napoleon: The Foreign Policy of Governor-General Lord Minto, 1807–13

7562:

Rahman, Siddique Mahmudur (2002). "Postal Services During The East India Company's Rule In Bengal".

2221:

In 1772, under Warren Hastings, the East India Company took over revenue collection directly in the

9995: 9920: 9567: 5382:

Photograph (2008) of the head works of the Ganges Canal in Haridwar, viewed from the opposite side.

4792:

The feasibility of a train network in India was comprehensively discussed by Lord Dalhousie in his

4578:

O'Shaughnessy's instrument was used all over India until early 1857, when it was supplanted by the

4046: 3156:

After gaining the right to collect revenue in Bengal in 1765, the Company largely ceased importing

2714: 1939: 1802: 1722: 1679: 1628: 1306: 1286: 1189: 726: 622: 4135:(as primarily examining institutions for students studying in affiliated colleges) in each of the 9773: 9606: 5892:, pp. 53–59 "Chapter 7: The First Century of British Rule, 1757 to 1857: State and Economy." 5693: 5618: 5243: 4818: 4599: 4554: 4415: 4349: 4208: 4038: 3957: 3949: 3811: 3090: 2169:, or "land holders", collected revenue on behalf of the Mughal emperor, whose representative, or 1911: 1806: 1581: 1455: 1436: 1413: 1218: 1101: 1088: 803: 606: 104: 9973: 9968: 9955: 9910: 9778: 8257: 7820: 5406: 4176: 4042: 3985: 3672: 3535: 3371: 2696: 2575: 2029: 1855: 1618: 1597: 1394: 1131: 686: 658: 9276:

Rivalry for Trade in Tea and Textiles: The English and Dutch East Indian Companies (1700–1800)

9097:, London: Macmillan and Company Limited. 2nd edition. Pp. xiii, 1122, 7 maps, 5 coloured maps. 7973: 7679: 7142: 5856: 5825: 5792: 5729: 5291:

and Egypt put together, and longer by a third than even the largest USA navigation canal, the

4961:

Photograph (1858) of the Dapoorie viaduct over the Mula River near Poona in Bombay Presidency.

4557:, received permission in 1851 to conduct a trial run for a telegraph service from Calcutta to 4304:. The college was funded partly by the Jeejeebhoy family and partly by the East India Company. 4116:

of the East India Company, the chief official on Indian affairs in the British government, to

4003:

The Orientalists were, however, soon opposed by advocates of an approach that has been termed

1623: 571:, who had the support of the East India Company; or in 1765, when the Company was granted the 10030: 9890: 9853: 9836: 9735: 9628: 9402:. The Lewis Walpole Series in Eighteenth-Century Culture and History. Yale University Press. 8717:

Drayton, Richard (2001), "Science, Medicine, and the British Empire", in Winks, Robin (ed.),

8290:

Peasant Labour and Colonial Capital: Rural Bengal since 1770 (New Cambridge History of India)

7490: 7431: 7400: 7188: 6204: 5762: 5678: 5581: 5234:

The enthusiasm, however, proved to be short lived. Auckland's successor as Governor General,

5193: 4355: 4281: 4196: 4192: 4100: 3989: 3648:, consisting of the Governor of the Presidency and his Council, assisted by Indian officers. 3526: 2688: 2489: 2205: 2045: 1999: 1695: 1557: 1503: 1365: 1301: 839: 702: 698: 614: 610: 175: 8548:, Cambridge South Asian Studies, Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 392, 8545:

Canal Irrigation in British India: Perspectives on Technological Change in a Peasant Economy

6382:

Pistols at Dawn: Two Hundred Years of Political Rivalry from Pitt and Fox to Blair and Brown

4888:

Each of the three companies (and later five others that were given contracts in 1859) was a

2187:

to the state. Under the Mughal system, the land itself belonged to the state and not to the

778:

by 1773. It also proceeded by degrees to expand its dominions around Bombay and Madras. The

665:

on the Eastern coast of India in 1611 and the grant of the rights to establish a factory in

9725: 9102: 7666: 5827:

Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780–1870

5276: 5208: 4697: 4539: 4319: 4301: 4184: 4180: 4132: 3977: 3460: 3420:, Greater Manchester, England, was constructed in 1790–1793 for manufacturing muslin cloth. 3353: 2378: 2273: 2144: 1971: 1643: 1465: 1122: 956: 328: 7127:

Colin Newbury, "Patronage and Professionalism: Manning a Transitional Empire, 1760–1870".

3834:, who in 1800 became the first Chief Justice of the Fort of St. George (Madras) and wrote 3698:

consequently enacted the Regulating Act of 1773 under which the King-in-Council created a

2413:

Charles Cornwallis, the Governor-General of India when Permanent Settlement was introduced

737:—were similarly expanding in the region, the English Company's unremarkable beginnings on 8: 10075: 10045: 10022: 9990: 9821: 9758: 9621: 9611: 9140: 8980:

Roy, Tirthankar (Summer 2002), "Economic History and Modern India: Redefining the Link",

5688: 5320: 5204: 5047: 4913: 4905: 4713: 4188: 4050: 4026: 4014: 3805: 3531: 2014: 1943: 1935: 1297: 1213: 879: 791: 742: 674: 553: 362: 230: 95: 9940: 9173: 9162: 9151: 8333: 8300:

Imperial Power and Popular Politics: Class, Resistance and the State in India, 1850–1950

6937:

Jumbos and Jumping Devils: A Social History of Indian Circus - Nisha P.R. - Google Books

4632:

for insulation. The underwater cables had been manufactured in England and consisted of

9868: 9753: 9675: 9655: 9616: 8999: 8969: 8961: 8933: 8925: 8879: 8871: 8843: 8827: 8781: 8773: 8682: 8654: 8616: 8000: 7648: 7606: 7598: 7544: 5731:

England Re-Oriented: How Central and South Asian Travelers Imagined the West, 1750–1857

5601: 5541: 5292: 5066: 4573:, sought permission from the Court of Directors of the company for the construction of 4447: 4446:

tola, and 2 annas for a tola, a great reduction from the rates of 17 years before. The

4379: 4328: 4239: 4168: 4105: 3969: 3965: 3770: 3695: 3297:

too would have a major impact on India's cotton economy: with the outbreak of the war,

3294: 3290: 3081: 3014: 2989: 2700: 2425:

A Kochh Mandai woman of east Bengal with an agricultural knife and a freshly harvested

2303: 2057: 1797: 1245: 1237: 690: 634: 549: 446: 115: 24: 8792:

Heuman, Gad (2001), "Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Abolition", in Winks, Robin (ed.),

6380: 4934:, and together they would constitute the fourth-largest railway network in the world. 2225:(then Bengal and Bihar), establishing a Board of Revenue with offices in Calcutta and 10040: 9963: 9685: 9670: 9422: 9403: 9384: 9365: 9348: 9338: 9319: 9300: 9279: 9260: 9243: 9233: 9214: 9195: 9112: 9051: 9033: 9015: 8973: 8937: 8895: 8883: 8835: 8797: 8785: 8740: 8722: 8649: 8624: 8612: 8599:

Banthia, Jayant; Dyson, Tim (December 1999), "Smallpox in Nineteenth-Century India",

8579: 8549: 8528: 8503: 8483: 8465: 8447: 8429: 8411: 8376: 8351: 8325: 8307: 8265: 8237: 8210: 8182: 8161: 8140: 8116: 8095: 8057: 8036: 8014: 8004: 7979: 7958: 7927: 7906: 7887: 7866: 7860: 7830: 7806: 7685: 7610: 7498: 7437: 7406: 7194: 7148: 6941: 6880: 6781: 6386: 6095: 6013: 5993: 5862: 5831: 5821: 5798: 5768: 5735: 5260: 5125: 5089:

river had gradually choked the canal. Desilted and reopened several decades later by

5051: 5043: 5024: 4897: 4802: 4411: 4243: 4157: 4096: 4092: 3904: 3801: 3797: 3691: 3561: 3326: 3118: 3066: 2692: 2465: 2442: 2332: 2268:

because it fixed the land tax in perpetuity in return for landed property rights for

2222: 2115: 2096: 2018: 1923: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1833: 1758: 1519: 1431: 1269: 1261: 1249: 1241: 1126: 952: 948: 932: 779: 710: 602: 594: 572: 557: 296:• Nationalisation of the Company and assumption of direct administration by the 243: 217: 152: 8847: 8658: 7452:, the monastic tradition was not institutionalized as it was in the heterodoxies of 5207:

in 1836, it did not at first elicit much enthusiasm from its eventual architect Sir

2298:

they had to increasingly share the revenue with intermediate tenure holders, called

1048:) are not included in this table unless a major event occurred during their tenure. 9589: 8989: 8953: 8917: 8863: 8819: 8765: 8706: 8674: 8644: 8608: 7644: 7590: 5683: 5480: 4423: 3997: 3973: 3913: 3727: 3686:. After receiving a report by a committee, which condemned the Mayor's Courts, the 3358: 3043: 2507: 2302:, who supervised farming in the villages. Consequently, unlike the contemporaneous 2033: 1661: 1441: 1136: 722: 90: 8854:

Klein, Ira (July 2000), "Materialism, Mutiny and Modernisation in British India",

8565:

The Economy of Modern India, 1860–1970 (The New Cambridge History of India, III.3)

7829:. The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. II.1. Cambridge University Press. 5498: 9798: 9562: 9550: 9294: 9086:. Vol. IV: The Indian Empire, Administrative. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1909. 8543: 8497: 8231: 8204: 8176: 8155: 8134: 8110: 8089: 8074: 8051: 8008: 7952: 7945: 7921: 7881: 7824: 7800: 7469: 6920: 6913: 5185: 5090: 5062: 4986: 4901: 4837: 4731: 4655: 4558: 4371: 4359: 4354:

Before 1837, the East India Company's dominions in India had no universal public

4203:

in the different provinces and presidencies, and the policy was continued during

3944:

in the newly established Supreme Court of Bengal. Soon, Jones was to advance his

3933: 3909: 3637: 3612:, were constituted in each district; these courts were presided over by European 3568: 3553: 3322: 3035: 2196: 2111: 1707: 1422: 1418: 1337: 1257: 1209: 1179: 1117: 1070: 944: 920: 753: 598: 564: 561: 160: 67: 9930: 4175:

The Department of Public Instruction was in place by 1855. In January 1857, the

3659:, were created in the interior; these again consisted of Indian court officers ( 911:

India in 1837 and 1857, showing East India Company-governed territories in pink.

713:

to establish a presence on the eastern coast as well; far up that coast, in the

9935: 9925: 9695: 9601: 8994: 8753: 8373:

A Rule of Property for Bengal: An Essay on the Idea of the Permanent Settlement

8130: 7464:

received the sacred thread; that of student, when the upper castes studied the

6773: 5591: 5425: 5398: 5196:

in 1849–1856 (period of tenure of the Marquess of Dalhousie Governor General).

5177: 5078: 4893: 4574: 4543: 4522: 4010: 3618: 3557: 3133:

A new "writer" in the East India Company Civil Service arrives in Calcutta. A

3026: 3022: 2704: 2608: 2594: 1927: 1879: 1764: 1649: 1378: 1328: 1277: 1228: 1093: 855: 8957: 8867: 8823: 8769: 8710: 7402:

A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day

4973:

Photograph (1897) of the first locomotive, shown on the right and christened "

4659: 1836:, the East India Company territories in India, which consisted largely of the 57:

under Company rule (a) 1774–1804 and (b) 1805–1858 shown in two shades of pink

10159: 9763: 9448: 8302:, (Cambridge Studies in Indian History & Society). Cambridge and London: 8028: 7474: 6044: 5368: 5328: 5324: 5251: 5141: 5120:

The Ganges Canal highlighted in red stretching between its headworks off the

5082: 5039: 4849: 4810: 4762: 4705: 4681:), and was either fashioned into whole posts, or used in attachments to iron 4629: 4606: 4591: 4562: 4419: 4220: 3719: 3699: 3668: 3645: 3522: 3286: 3274: 2598: 2348: 2344: 2282: 2241:, the revenue collection system was extended to the territory with a Company 2171: 2162: 2037: 1995: 1653: 1491: 1320: 1265: 1233: 1224: 1161: 847: 827: 799: 762: 738: 376: 16:

Rule of the British East India Company on the Indian subcontinent (1757–1858)

9316:

Indian Ink: Script and Print in the Making of the English East India Company

9116: 8408:

The Making and Unmaking of Empires: Britain, India, and America c. 1750–1783

1946:

left the East India Company in political control of India but established a

9915: 9880: 9421:. Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series. Palgrave Macmillan. 8839: 8628: 7856: 5465: 5455: 5344: 5312: 5200: 5189: 5129: 5121: 5110: 5074: 5028: 4637: 4583: 4566: 4164: 4057: 3941: 3766: 3722:. Both the Act and the charter said nothing about the relation between the 3711: 3656: 3628:. For small claims, however, Registrars and Indian commissioners, known as 3480:, attended to cases qualifying for capital punishment in his headquarters, 3317: 3270: 2377:

recording landed rights, and constituted a large proportion of the work of

2245:

in charge. The following year—with a view to preventing corruption—Company

2025: 1987: 1915: 1738: 1732: 1460: 1369: 1045: 964: 936: 873:. Since the Company operated under financial constraints, it had to set up 819: 787: 757: 749: 714: 662: 630: 418: 404: 204: 9472: 9466: 9230:

Between Monopoly and Free Trade: The English East India Company, 1600–1757

9125:

India in the British Period: Being Part III of the Oxford History of India

8340:

Between Monopoly and Free Trade: The English East India Company, 1600–1757

7661:

Thorner, Daniel. "Great Britain and the development of India's railways".

4509:, the head was accidentally oriented upside-down in relation to the frame. 3667:), who were supervised by officials of the company. Also constituted were 2191:, who could transfer only his right to collect rent. On being awarded the 1051: 877:

underpinnings for its rule. The most important such support came from the

9557: 9545: 9525: 8810:

Klein, Ira (1988), "Plague, Policy and Popular Unrest in British India",

7852: 5647: 5571: 5445: 5077:

early in its course, the canal irrigated the Sultan's territories in the

4889: 4833: 4633: 4610: 4479: 4395: 4391: 4204: 3917: 3743: 3609: 3591:

remained in place. However, the company's new duties associated with the

3481: 3375: 3309: 3157: 3094: 3031: 3010: 2994: 2571: 2356: 2352: 2314: 2307: 2254: 2230: 1991: 1947: 1728: 1671: 1324: 1293: 1083: 960: 638: 475: 390: 119: 20: 7548: 7096:

Puri, B. N. (1967). "The Training of Civil Servants under the Company".

4418:), whereas the latter attended to the less important Provinces (such as 9748: 9638: 9530: 9509: 9003: 8686: 8282:

The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company: 1660–1760

7923:

The Lion and the Tiger: The Rise and Fall of the British Raj, 1600–1947

7602: 5149: 5098: 4927: 4587: 4579: 4061: 3761:

There was a good likelihood, therefore, that the Supreme Court and the

3521:

towns of Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta. During this time the successive

3452: 3349: 3160:, which it had hitherto used to pay for goods shipped back to Britain. 3113:

Military Orphan School for private soldiers of the East India Company,

2398: 2359: 2214: 1931: 1875: 1837: 1445: 1174: 940: 807: 508: 432: 54: 9383:. New Approaches to Asian History series. Cambridge University Press. 9127:, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press. 2nd edition. Pp. xxiv, 316 (469–784) 8965: 8929: 8875: 8831: 8777: 8735:

Frykenberg, Robert E. (2001), "India to 1858", in Winks, Robin (ed.),

8620: 7635:

Macpherson, W. J. (1955). "Investment in Indian railways, 1845–1875".

4912:

The technology of railway construction was still new and there was no

4784: 4613:. The overhead line was constructed by welding uninsulated iron rods, 3440:, Bihar (c. 1814). Patna was the centre of the Company opium industry. 899:

India in 1765 and 1805 showing East India Company Territories in pink.

9596: 9478: 9232:. Princeton Analytical Sociology Series. Princeton University Press. 5928: 5888:, pp. 56–91 "Chapter 3: The East India Company Raj, 1857–1850," 5180:

governors of Mughal West Punjab had ensured that many such canals in

5162: 5085:. By the mid-16th century, however, the fine sediment carried by the 4774: 4708:

500,000 in value were sent by the public, the working expense of the

4595: 4005: 3751: 3723: 3715: 3687: 3394: 3363: 3330: 3134: 3098: 2426: 2269: 1887: 1746: 1495: 968: 811: 568: 297: 123: 8678: 7594: 5884:, pp. 116–147 "Chapter 5: Early Modern India II: Company Raj", 5343:

Photograph (2008) of an East India Company-era (1854) bridge on the

4150:

Establishing teachers-training schools for all levels of instruction

3636:, were appointed. These in their turn were supervised by provincial 2130:

The trial of Warren Hastings in the Court of Westminster Hall, 1789.

786:(1772–1818) left it in control of large areas of India south of the 9858: 9584: 9574: 9077: 8921: 8916:(Nature and Empire: Science and the Colonial Enterprise): 119–134, 7453: 7449: 7370: 7355: 7055: 7038: 7015: 6987: 6468: 6353: 6306: 6251: 6239: 5910: 5364: 5288: 5268: 5157: 5133: 5086: 4781:—that, in 1853, was the first to be completed (see picture below). 4754: 4693: 4674: 4666: 4367: 4212: 4091:

commenced teaching both Sanskrit and English. Charles Grant's son,

3929: 3854:, the Chief Civil Court for Indians, on Chowringhee Road, Calcutta. 3707: 3506: 3018: 2497: 2481: 2447: 2323: 2291: 2166: 2152: 2148: 2095:

Government House, Fort St. George, Madras, the headquarters of the

1357: 924: 870: 866: 794:, no native power represented a threat for the Company any longer. 774:. The Company thus became the de facto ruler of large areas of the 670: 586: 504: 77: 9352: 9247: 9209:

Damodaran, Vinita; Winterbottom, Anna; Lester, Alan, eds. (2015).

9050:, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 277–289, 9032:, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 395–421, 8894:, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 247–269, 8796:, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 315–326, 8739:, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 194–213, 8721:, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 264–276, 6199: 717:, a factory was set up in Calcutta. Since, during this time other 9983: 9978: 9447:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

7457: 6924:

Vol.1. Johnson Reprint Corporation, 1962. Page. 278, Google Books

5348: 5316: 5264: 4931: 4826: 4770: 4690: 4686: 4140: 3786: 3282: 3039: 2502: 2287: 2238: 2184: 1667: 1657: 1165: 835: 9091:

Majumdar, R. C.; Raychaudhuri, H. C.; Datta, Kalikinkar (1950),

9014:, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 53–74, 8233:

The Indian Uprising of 1857–8: prisons, prisoners, and rebellion

7190:

In Search of Stability: Economics of Money, History of the Rupee

1914:

tried to reform colonial policy again with a bill introduced by

741:

offered no clues to what would become a lengthy presence on the

9535: 5990:

Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj

5280: 5272: 5181: 5153: 5148:, had been constructed by previous rulers. Taking off from the 5116: 5038:, was one such indigenous work in South India. In 1835–36, Sir 5034: 4982: 4822: 4806: 4750: 4641: 4506: 4375: 4216: 4144: 3755: 3588: 3456: 3401: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3114: 2583: 2493: 2064:

in 1856, this territory was extended and eventually became the

2032:

in a distant region, was no longer needed. In response, in the

1754: 1750: 1742: 1426: 1290: 1253: 1185: 1170: 771: 767: 756:(in Bihar) consolidated the company's power and forced emperor 682: 678: 655:

The Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies

578: 556:. This is variously taken to have commenced in 1757, after the 6369:"in Council", i.e. in concert with the advice of the Council. 5992:. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. pp. 172–181. 5199:

The first new British work—with no Indian antecedents—was the

4977:" (barely visible on the wheel casing), which was used by the 4658:, and another, 1,400 yards long, was laid across the Haldi at 4013:

who, after 1813—when the company's territories were opened to

1354:

Financial strain in East India Company after costly campaigns.

752:

in the 1757 Battle of Plassey and another victory in the 1764

9579: 9540: 8578:, Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 292, 8446:, Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press, Pp. 256, 8264:, Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 426, 7465: 7461: 5917: 5902: 5215:, during which the East India Company's administration spent 5169: 4844:. This extension required planning for the steep rise in the 4841: 4778: 4383: 3793:

in 1805, the jurisdiction would extend as far west as Delhi.

3437: 3398: 3313: 3085: 3062: 2485: 2477: 2472: 2234: 2226: 2061: 1768: 1675: 1565: 1487: 1316: 1205: 928: 859: 851: 823: 694: 666: 617:

became the first Governor General of India in 1834 under the

582: 524: 500: 9030:

Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century

9012:

Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century

8892:

Oxford History of the British Empire: The Nineteenth Century

5058:; these too would be extended under British administration. 4640:. Furthermore, in order to protect the cables from dragging 2517:

East India Company armies after the Re-organisation of 1796

657:. It gained a foothold in India with the establishment of a 637:

assumed the task of directly administering India in the new

23:. For the history of the East India Company until 1756, see 9208: 8462:

Business, Race, and Politics in British India, c. 1850–1860

8348:

The English Cotton Industry and the World Market, 1815–1896

5363:

Photograph (1860) of the head works of the Ganges Canal in

5228: 5173: 5055: 5001:

The trunk lines proposed by the Governor-General of India,

4814: 4387: 3993: 3624: 3556:. In 1753, the Mayor's courts were renewed under a revised 3278: 2579: 2009:

British political opinion was also shaped by the attempted

1810: 1592: 1312: 815: 99: 9337:. History for a Sustainable Future series. The MIT Press. 7903:

The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company

6876:

Global Encyclopedia of the South India Dalit's Ethnography

5192:

were still working efficiently at the time of the British

5160:, this left-bank canal was extended by the British in the 4219:

district in the then North-Western Provinces (present-day

2321:, who would later become Governor of Madras, promoted the 2229:, and moving the pre-existing Mughal revenue records from 1538: 9381:

India in the World Economy: From Antiquity to the Present

9090: 8482:, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. 800, 8410:, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. 400, 6780:(1st ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 37–42. 5216: 5172:

for many centuries. The energetic administrations of the

4716:

until the end of the year totalled Rs. 6.5 million.

4670: 4199:. The company's administration also founded high-schools 3549: 9335:

Monsoon Economies: India's History in a Changing Climate

8480:

Oxford History of the British Empire: Nineteenth Century

8399:

Bengal: The British Bridgehead, Eastern India, 1740–1828

6231: 6229: 6227: 5415:, distributed by the British Information Services (1942) 5203:

built between 1842 and 1854. Contemplated first by Col.

4817:

in north-central India (in, what was still being called

4124:

Establishing a Department of Public Instruction in each

3710:. The tribunal consisted of one Chief Justice and three 2445:, c. 1880. Two-thirds of the presidency fell under the 9135:(Macmillan and Company, 1934.) 699pp; from 1599 to 1933 8694: 8692: 8206:

Classical Political Economy and British Policy in India

6571: 6569: 5031:

delta, built some 1,500 years before, and known as the

3366:

district, became an early testing ground, in 1917, for

1052:

Governors-Generals of Fort William (Bengal) (1773–1834)

673:. In 1640, after receiving similar permission from the 9419:

Hybrid Knowledge in the Early East India Company World

8592: 7862:

Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy

7537:

Historical Social Research/Historische Sozialforschung

985:

Coins issued by the East India Company 1787 to 1840 CE

621:. The Company India ruled until 1858, when, after the 8693:

Clingingsmith, David; Williamson, Jeffrey G. (2008),

8365:

The Ruling Caste: Imperial Lives in the Victorian Raj

7523:

The imperial post offices of British India, 1837–1914

7280: 7278: 7116:

The Ruling Caste: Imperial Lives in the Victorian Raj

6385:. Internet Archive. London: Vintage. pp. 23–34. 6224: 3758:

was in point, or some Regulation expressly applied".

3730:(Governor-General); equally, they were silent on the 9048:

Oxford History of the British Empire: Historiography

8794:

Oxford History of the British Empire: Historiography

8737:

Oxford History of the British Empire: Historiography

8719:

Oxford History of the British Empire: Historiography

7802:

From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India

6566: 5263:

and—after splitting into two branches at Nanau near

4885:

miles at a gradient of 1 in 37 (see picture above).

3393:

Photograph of East India Company factory in Painam,

2397:

A riverside scene in rural east Bengal (present-day

1336:

established (1805) Subsidiary alliances created the

9064: 8568:, Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. 8292:, Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. 7826:

Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire

7493:, in Barbara N. Ramusack, Sharon L. Sievers (ed.), 7482: 7186: 3013:and morality and trained students in the classical 2695:

mainly for police work; in addition, in 1849, the "

1982:Still, the new Governor-General appointed in 1786, 1922:with the enthusiastic support of Foreign Secretary 1356:Cornwallis reappointed to bring peace, but dies in 705:, was leased by the Company in 1668. Following the 677:farther south, a second factory was established in 8401:, Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press 7736: 7275: 6872: 6756: 6754: 6752: 6750: 3690:issued a charter for a new judicial system in the 1778:Public Telegram services starts operation (1855). 1129:become semi-protected States under British (1791) 7760: 7702: 7700: 7180: 5855:John Barnhill (14 May 2014). R. W. McColl (ed.). 3972:. Advocates of these related goals were termed, " 1934:, who then dismissed the government and formed a 10157: 8350:, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Pp. 414, 7310: 7308: 6270: 6268: 6150: 1340:, of the Hindu maharajas and the Muslim nawabs. 9292: 8634: 7883:Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy 7681:The Great Indian Railways: A Cultural Biography 7671: 7170: 7168: 7166: 7164: 6747: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6640: 6638: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6317: 6315: 6285: 6283: 5756: 5754: 4358:, one that was shared by all regions. Although 3893:History of education in the Indian subcontinent 3348:Another major, though erratic, export item was 3164:Export of bullion to India, by EIC (1708–1810) 2564:Grand total, British and Indian troops: 70,000 2118:who oversaw the Company's territories in India. 854:, and thereby became a princely state. In 1854 9192:The East India Company and Religion, 1698–1858 9108:The History of British India from 1805 to 1835 7999: 7905:(Hardcover). New York: Bloomsbury publishing. 7772: 7748: 7724: 7712: 7697: 7366: 7364: 7284: 7214: 7212: 7210: 6999: 6972: 6911:L.Krishna Anandha Krishna Iyer(Divan Bahadur) 6856: 6854: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6760: 6579: 6560: 6543: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6416: 6414: 5975: 5901:Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1989: 5885: 5009:(shown in red on a 1908 railway map of India). 3908:, an institution in Calcutta for the study of 2707:and stopped being a part of the Nizam's army. 9494: 9293:Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004) . 8196: 7798: 7305: 7299: 7140: 7079: 6680: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6445: 6357: 6349: 6347: 6338: 6265: 6259: 6235: 6064:"Important Acts in India Before Independence" 5854: 5814: 5626: 4813:, annexed just three years before; (ii) from 4644:, the cables were attached to the links of a 3459:. Bengal was the world's largest producer of 1827: 1516:Thuggee and Dacoity Suppression Acts, 1836–48 9416: 9211:The East India Company and the Natural World 9133:Rise and fulfilment of British rule in India 8598: 8525:The Peasant Armed: The Indian Revolt of 1857 8367:(New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005). 8297: 7497:, Indiana University Press, pp. 27–29, 7423: 7392: 7339: 7337: 7335: 7295: 7293: 7161: 7129:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 6803: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6635: 6604: 6334: 6332: 6330: 6312: 6280: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6111: 5751: 5723: 5721: 5061:In plains above Delhi, the mid-14th century 4095:, who in 1834 was appointed Governor of the 2713:East India Company armies on the eve of the 2607:East India Company armies on the eve of the 2165:revenue system existing in pre-1765 Bengal, 1998:, there were some liberals as well, such as 931:. Prominent among the princely states were: 8464:, Delhi: Oxford University Press. Pp. 264, 8153: 7361: 7253: 7251: 7207: 6841: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6501: 6491: 6489: 6411: 6140: 6138: 5830:, Cambridge University Press, p. 286, 5784: 5734:, Cambridge University Press, p. 128, 5653:Presidencies and provinces of British India 4825:on the western coast; (iii) from Bombay to 2083:A view of Calcutta from Fort William, 1807. 1522:goes under British administration (1831–81) 1155: 533: 527: 320:1,940,000 km (750,000 sq mi) 10176:States and territories established in 1757 9501: 9487: 9273: 9254: 9074:(edited by Henry Dodwell. 1934) pp 399–589 8734: 8072:The History of British India: A Chronology 8033:The British Conquest and Dominion of India 7677: 7634: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7034: 7032: 7030: 7028: 7026: 7024: 6983: 6981: 6726: 6724: 6549: 6520: 6344: 6170:"British East India Company captures Aden" 5633: 5619: 4318:example, upper-caste Hindu society in the 4131:Establishing universities modelled on the 4033:and member of the British Parliament, and 3980:. Many leading Company officials, such as 3316:, which had a large underground market in 644: 47: 9362:An Economic History of Early Modern India 9027: 9009: 8993: 8648: 8561: 8502:(3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, 8426:The Aftermath of Revolt: India, 1857–1870 8202: 7971: 7900: 7851: 7495:Women in Asia: Restoring Women to History 7332: 7326: 7314: 7290: 7269: 7187:Sashi Sivramkrishna (13 September 2016). 7083: 6794: 6741: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6439: 6327: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6108: 6087: 5981: 5947: 5889: 5760: 5718: 4542:, the word "telegraph" had been used for 4422:and the major Political Agencies such as 4156:Vastly increasing vernacular schools for 3714:; all four judges were to be chosen from 2459: 9255:Gardner, Leigh; Roy, Tirthankar (2020). 9171: 8752: 8664: 8527:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 280, 8523:Stokes, Eric (1986), Bayly, C.A. (ed.), 8405: 8396: 8229: 7846:The Raj: India and the British 1600–1947 7684:, Bloomsbury Publishing, pp. 318–, 7534: 7488: 7371:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1909 7356:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1909 7248: 7061: 7056:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1909 7039:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1909 7016:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1909 6988:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1909 6879:. Global Vision Pub House. p. 230. 6778:The Economic History of India, 1857–1947 6692: 6585: 6486: 6469:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1909 6378: 6354:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1909 6321: 6307:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1909 6289: 6252:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1909 6240:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1909 6135: 5987: 5790: 5115: 5073:. Taking off from the right bank of the 4783: 4665:Work on the long lines from Calcutta to 3587:, and for criminal cases the prevailing 3009:(until 1853). Haileybury emphasised the 2195:or overlordship of Bengal following the 1805:(10 May 1857 – 20 June 1858) largely in 978: 653:("the Company") was founded in 1600, as 10171:1858 disestablishments in British India 9227: 9138: 8889: 8716: 8573: 8441: 8423: 8174: 7405:, Oxford University Press, p. 20, 7044: 7021: 6978: 6721: 6480: 6421: 6405: 4759:Great Indian Peninsular Railway Company 4394:(or three-quarter of a rupee) for each 4126:presidency or province of British India 3651:Similarly for criminal cases, Mofussil 3329:, gained access to five Chinese ports, 2691:, a frontier brigade was raised in the 1975: 1539:Governors-Generals of India (1834–1858) 1184:Company took control of coastal region 1024:Copper Half-Anna 1835, William IV, King 10158: 9508: 9397: 9313: 9189: 9101: 9072:The Cambridge shorter history of India 8791: 8522: 8477: 8345: 7950: 7580: 7561: 7382: 7230: 7193:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 91–. 6531: 6451: 6295: 6156: 5727: 5097:was itself tapped by Akbar's grandson 4745:Contracts were awarded in 1849 to the 4726:Rail transport in India § History 4056:However, the Anglicists also included 2977:Grand Total, British and Indian troops 1177:(1795) come under British protection. 577:, or the right to collect revenue, in 9482: 9167:, London, Black, Parry, and Kingsbury 9160: 9149: 9131:Thompson, Edward, and G. T. Garratt. 9122: 9070:Allan, J., and Sir T. Wolseley Haig. 9045: 8853: 8809: 8541: 8459: 8375:, Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 8256: 8154:Stein, Burton; Arnold, David (2010). 8129: 8049: 7954:India and South Asia: A Short History 7879: 7819: 7778: 7766: 7754: 7742: 7730: 7718: 7706: 7436:, John Wiley & Sons, p. 90, 7429: 7398: 7386: 7257: 7242: 7218: 7067: 7003: 6933: 6860: 6835: 6831: 6807: 6664: 6652: 6629: 6598: 6575: 6514: 6495: 6274: 6255: 6212:from the original on 19 December 2019 6144: 6129: 5963: 5959: 5820: 5658:Economic deindustrialisation of India 5271:(now Kanpur) and with the Jumna (now 5152:and supplying water to the cities of 4749:to construct a 120-mile railway from 4338: 3679:or a Chief Court of Criminal Appeal. 3397:, a major producer of the celebrated 2138: 1990:, who, as Secretary of State for the 685:island, not far from Surat, a former 10166:1757 establishments in British India 8982:The Journal of Economic Perspectives 8499:Economic History of India, 1857–1947 8370: 8287: 8115:(2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. 8108: 8094:(1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. 8087: 8053:India under Colonial Rule: 1700–1885 8027: 7975:A History of Modern India, 1480–1950 7919: 7792: 7343: 7174: 7095: 6819: 6730: 6716: 6704: 6668: 6617: 6433: 6091:A History of Modern India, 1480-1950 6061: 5881: 5861:. Infobase Publishing. p. 115. 5327:)". The canal was the brainchild of 5069:, had constructed the 150-mile long 3976:". The Orientalist group was led by 3552:4,000, with a further appeal to the 2206:famine that struck Bengal in 1769–70 1713:Caste Disabilities Removal Act, 1850 1586:Post Offices were established (1837) 9378: 9359: 9332: 9257:The Economic History of Colonialism 8979: 8943: 8907: 8593:Articles in journals or collections 8495: 8035:(Hardcover). Duckworth Publishing. 7865:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge. 6772: 6192: 6088:Markovits, Claude (February 2004). 6036: 5267:—the confluence with the Ganges at 4926:Karachi, Bombay, Madras, Calcutta, 4809:in the north-western region of the 3571:, the Company obtained in 1765 the 3325:, and at its conclusion, under the 3152:Economy of India under Company rule 2260:In 1793, the new Governor-General, 2157:Economy of India under Company rule 1893:Presidency of Fort William (Bengal) 1114:12 September 1786 – 28 October 1793 1012:Silver Rupee 1835, William IV, King 802:. The annexed regions included the 13: 9183: 8342:(Princeton University Press, 2014) 8324:( Rochester: Boydell Press, 2016) 8284:(Cambridge University Press, 1978) 7649:10.1111/j.1468-0289.1955.tb01558.x 6954:from the original on 14 April 2023 6893:from the original on 11 April 2023 6866: 6042: 4712:was Rs. 1.4 million, and the 4553:, a professor of chemistry in the 4343: 4325:Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856 2343:system was a particular theory of 1788:28 February 1856 – 1 November 1858 1692:12 January 1848 – 28 February 1856 1527:accepts British Suzerainty (1833) 1458:accepts British suzerainty (1818). 1036:Silver Rupee 1840, Victoria, Queen 14: 10197: 9436: 8667:Population and Development Review 8601:Population and Development Review 8298:Chandavarkar, Rajnarayan (1998), 8010:A Concise History of Modern India 7942:The East India Company: A History 7144:The East India Company: A History 6062:team, EduGeneral (9 March 2016). 6024:from the original on 23 June 2022 4981:in 1854 on its 23-mile line from 4386:; however, that from Calcutta to 4286:Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy Hospital 4242:. In 1855, the Government of the 4179:was established, followed by the 4114:President of the Board of Control 3471: 2066:United Provinces of Agra and Oudh 1800:founded (January–September 1857) 1463:accept British suzerainty (1819). 1075:20 October 1773 – 1 February 1785 9637: 9442: 9111:, London: James Madden and Co., 9065:Classic histories and gazetteers 8699:Explorations in Economic History 8650:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2008.00438.x 8613:10.1111/j.1728-4457.1999.00649.x 5562:British rule in Portuguese India 5405: 5375: 5356: 5336: 5304: 4994: 4966: 4954: 4942: 4765:, thirty miles away; and to the 4514: 4497: 4471: 4459: 4312: 4293: 4273: 4257: 4231: 3936:had been founded in Calcutta by 3871: 3859: 3843: 3823: 3445: 3425: 3409: 3386: 3126: 3106: 3074: 3061:A Royal Artillery encampment at 3054: 3000: 2434: 2418: 2406: 2390: 2123: 2114:, the first Governor-General of 2104: 2088: 2076: 1216:introduced by Wellesley (1798). 1029: 1017: 1005: 993: 904: 892: 480: 453: 439: 425: 411: 397: 383: 369: 355: 10125:Indian Institutes of Technology 10107:Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes 10036:South Asian Football Federation 9318:. University of Chicago Press. 9080:The Imperial Gazetteer of India 8393:(Oxford University Press, 1988) 7880:Brown, Judith Margaret (1994). 7799:Bandyopadhyay, Sekhara (2004). 7655: 7628: 7624:Stockton and Darlington Railway 7617: 7574: 7555: 7528: 7515: 7376: 7349: 7320: 7263: 7236: 7224: 7134: 7121: 7108: 7089: 7073: 7009: 6993: 6966: 6927: 6905: 6825: 6813: 6766: 6735: 6710: 6698: 6686: 6674: 6658: 6623: 6537: 6474: 6427: 6399: 6372: 6363: 6245: 6162: 6081: 6055: 6006: 5969: 5916:: to reign, rule; cognate with 5858:Encyclopedia of World Geography 4736:Stockton and Darlington Railway 4436:tola, followed by one anna for 3796:In the other two presidencies, 1578:4 March 1836 – 28 February 1842 1410:4 October 1813 – 9 January 1823 869:in return for limited internal 818:) (1801), Delhi (1803), Assam ( 567:was defeated and replaced with 10186:Former countries in South Asia 8428:, Riverdale Co. Pub. Pp. 352, 8209:, Cambridge University Press, 8139:. Vol. 2. Penguin Books. 8013:. Cambridge University Press. 7147:. Routledge. pp. 149–54. 5953: 5941: 5895: 5875: 5848: 5311:Watercolor (1863) titled "The 4252:and opened it to all students. 3610:civil courts of first instance 2011:Impeachment of Warren Hastings 1640:23 July 1844 – 12 January 1848 1603:Massacre of Elphinstone's army 1595:is captured by Company (1839) 1530:Government of India Act (1833) 1375:10 October 1805 – 31 July 1807 858:was annexed, and the state of 669:in 1612 by the Mughal Emperor 1: 9172:Marshman, John Clark (1867), 9156:, Black, Parry, and Kingsbury 7805:. New Delhi: Orient Longman. 7787: 7564:Bangladesh Historical Studies 7489:Ramusack, Barbara N. (1999), 6934:Nisha, P. R. (12 June 2020). 6051:. Punjabi University Patiala. 5509:Portuguese East India Company 4761:for a service from Bombay to 4533: 4398:(three-eighths of an ounce). 3791:Ceded and Conquered Provinces 3657:courts of criminal judicature 3583:, however, remained with the 3500:. In the rural areas, or the 3277:, and the standardisation of 2237:ceded the tributary state of 1562:22 April 1834 – 20 March 1835 1478:1 August 1823 – 13 March 1828 1391:31 July 1807 – 4 October 1813 1351:30 July 1805 – 5 October 1805 1334:Ceded and Conquered Provinces 1057: 709:, the Company was allowed by 9259:. Bristol University Press. 9094:An Advanced History of India 8478:Porter, Andrew, ed. (2001), 8082:Who Was Who in British India 6045:"Anglo-Sikh War I (1845–46)" 5791:Everaert, Christine (2009), 5705:The History of British India 5699:Secretary of State for India 5669:Government of India Act 1858 5128:and its confluence with the 3886: 3646:Chief Civil Court of Appeals 2559:Total Indian troops: 57,000 2233:to Calcutta. In 1773, after 1820:Government of India Act 1858 1792:Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act 1702:North-West Frontier Province 1615:28 February 1842 – June 1844 1512:Bengal Sati Regulation, 1829 1212:becomes first State to sign 1158:re-organised and down-sized. 1152:28 October 1793 – March 1798 832:North-West Frontier Province 748:The company's victory under 627:Government of India Act 1858 619:Government of India Act 1833 7: 9417:Winterbottom, Anna (2016). 8442:Metcalf, Thomas R. (1997), 8424:Metcalf, Thomas R. (1991), 8181:. Oxford University Press. 7926:. Oxford University Press. 7901:Dalrymple, William (2019). 7886:. Oxford University Press. 7663:Journal of Economic History 6940:. Oxford University Press. 6914:The Cochin Tribes and Caste 6873:Nagendra k.r.singh (2006). 5663:Glossary of the British Raj 5390: 4979:East Indian Railway Company 4747:East Indian Railway Company 4719: 4710:Indian Telegraph Department 3352:, which was extracted from 3301:was no longer available to 3097:'s former summer palace in 2368:spite of the appeal of the 1953:Chancellor of the Exchequer 1884:Parliament of Great Britain 1508:4 July 1828 – 22 April 1834 1079:Great Bengal famine of 1770 965:Gujarat Gaikwad territories 766:, or revenue collector, of 681:on the southeastern coast. 10: 10202: 10181:British East India Company 10130:Inventions and discoveries 10102:Sino-Indian border dispute 9849:Human rights in South Asia 9635: 9274:Nierstrasz, Chris (2015). 9123:Smith, Vincent A. (1921), 8995:10.1257/089533002760278749 8304:Cambridge University Press 8197:Monographs and collections 8050:Peers, Douglas M. (2006). 7972:Markovits, Claude (2004). 7525:(Phila Publications, 1990) 7285:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 7000:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 6973:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 6761:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 6580:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 6561:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 6544:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 5976:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 5886:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 5761:Schiffman, Harold (2011), 5054:, had constructed several 4805:, on the eastern coast to 4723: 4347: 4106:Education Dispatch of 1854 4080:Minute on Indian Education 4075:Thomas Babbington Macaulay 3890: 3850:An 1833 Lithograph of the 3368:Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi 3285:, to being an exporter of 3149: 3007:East India Company College 2712: 2463: 2142: 2050:Governor-General of Bengal 1828:Regulation of Company rule 1816:English East India Company 1202:18 May 1798 – 30 July 1805 651:English East India Company 550:British East India Company 18: 10115: 10089: 10066: 10021: 9954: 9889: 9835: 9812: 9734: 9646: 9516: 9460:Federal Research Division 9398:Vaughn, James M. (2019). 9190:Carson, Penelope (2012). 8958:10.1017/S0026749X00013986 8868:10.1017/S0026749X00003656 8824:10.1017/S0026749X00015729 8770:10.1017/S0026749X00013901 8711:10.1016/j.eeh.2007.11.002 8562:Tomlinson, B. R. (1993), 8496:Roy, Tirthankar (2011) , 8320:Das, Amita; Das, Aditya. 8175:Wolpert, Stanley (2008). 8080:Riddick, John F. (1998). 8070:Riddick, John F. (2006). 7678:Chatterjee, Arup (2019), 7098:Journal of Indian History 5728:Garcia, Humberto (2020), 5674:Governor-General of India 5221:Governor General of India 5017: 4333:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar 3998:Calcutta Sanskrit College 3769:, an old schoolmate from 3567:After its victory in the 2975: 2726: 2723: 2606: 2563: 2558: 2524: 2516: 2500:of this region, known as 2210:Bankim Chandra Chatterjee 2060:. With the annexation of 2054:Governor-General of India 1930:under pressure from King 1832:Until Clive's victory at 1700:Annexation of Punjab and 838:, were annexed after the 790:. With the defeat of the 496: 334: 324: 316: 311: 307: 294: 279: 266: 253: 240: 227: 214: 210: 200: 196: 181: 166: 147: 143: 133: 110: 83: 73: 62: 46: 41: 34: 10097:Indo-Pakistani conflicts 9379:Roy, Tirthankar (2012). 9360:Roy, Tirthankar (2013). 9333:Roy, Tirthankar (2022). 8574:Travers, Robert (2007), 8406:Marshall, P. J. (2007), 8397:Marshall, P. J. (1987), 8230:Anderson, Clare (2007), 7131:(2013) 42#2 pp: 193–213. 6049:Encyclopaedia of Sikhism 5988:Naravane, M. S. (2014). 5797:, BRILL, pp. 253–, 5712: 5250:as Lt. Governor, and in 5194:annexation of the Punjab 4836:railway, from Howrah to 4734:service in England, the 4555:Calcutta Medical College 4163:Introducing a system of 4047:Madras Christian College 3948:on the common origin of 3926:Benares Sanskrit College 3726:(Supreme Court) and the 3145: 3089:(Indian infantrymen) in 2715:Indian rebellion of 1857 2052:was redesignated as the 1940:William Pitt the Younger 1926:, but was vetoed by the 1897:Fort St. George (Madras) 1803:Indian Rebellion of 1857 1776:were introduced. (1854). 1774:Postage Stamps for India 1723:Second Anglo-Burmese War 1629:Indian Slavery Act, 1843 1589:Agra famine of 1837–1838 1307:Second Anglo-Maratha War 623:Indian Rebellion of 1857 462:See list of other states 9904:Archaeological cultures 9228:Erikson, Emily (2014). 8637:Economic History Review 8203:Ambirajan, S. (2007) , 8160:. John Wiley and Sons. 8075:excerpt and text search 7946:excerpt and text search 7940:Lawson, Philip (1993). 7637:Economic History Review 6379:Campbell, John (2010). 6016:Encyclopædia Britannica 5822:Bayly, Christopher Alan 5694:Opium Trading in Mumbai 5351:, Uttar Pradesh, India. 5244:North-Western Provinces 4819:North-Western Provinces 4600:North-Western Provinces 4416:North-Western Provinces 4350:Postal history of India 4209:North-Western Provinces 4189:Elphinstone Institution 4039:Scottish Church College 3966:modern Indian languages 3958:College of Fort William 3950:Indo-European languages 1807:North-Western Provinces 1706:Construction begins on 1582:North-Western Provinces 1482:First Anglo–Burmese War 1437:Third Anglo-Maratha War 1414:Anglo-Nepal War of 1814 1399:Occupation of Mauritius 1219:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War 1156:East India Company Army 1102:Second Anglo-Mysore War 1089:First Anglo-Maratha War 1044:The Governors-General ( 804:North-Western Provinces 645:Expansion and territory 284:Government of India Act 122:power on behalf of the 105:Languages of South Asia 84:Official languages 10117:Science and technology 9314:Ogborn, Miles (2007). 9278:. Palgrave Macmillan. 9213:. Palgrave Macmillan. 8346:Farnie, D. A. (1979), 8178:A New History of India 7951:Ludden, David (2002). 7665:1951; 11(4): 389–402. 7583:Technology and Culture 7521:Majumdar, Mohini Lal. 7430:Stein, Burton (2010), 7141:Philip Lawson (2014). 5297: 5213:Agra famine of 1837–38 5137: 5007:Railway minute of 1853 4794:Railway minute of 1853 4789: 4767:Madras Railway Company 4406:, and the duties of a 4197:Poona Sanskrit College 4183:in June 1857, and the 4177:University of Calcutta 4015:Christian missionaries 3990:Poona Sanskrit College 3986:Montstuart Elphinstone 3773:, to the bench of the 3673:appellate jurisdiction 3638:civil courts of appeal 3372:non-violent resistance 3017:Many students held to 2697:Punjab Irregular Force 2693:Cis-Sutlej Hill States 2576:Third Anglo-Mysore War 2460:Army and civil service 2161:In the remnant of the 2015:nationalism in Britain 1619:First Anglo-Afghan War 1598:First Anglo-Afghan War 1132:Third Anglo-Mysore War 953:Cis-Sutlej Hill States 589:, appointed its first 548:) was the rule of the 528: 9996:Religious persecution 9854:Religious nationalism 9714:European and Eurasian 9518:Countries and regions 9194:. The Boydell Press. 8460:Misra, Maria (1999), 8444:Ideologies of the Raj 8109:Robb, Peter (2011) . 8056:. Pearson Education. 8001:Metcalf, Barbara Daly 7491:"Women in South Asia" 7327:Bose & Jalal 2004 7315:Bose & Jalal 2004 7084:Bose & Jalal 2004 6205:World Digital Library 5948:Bose & Jalal 2004 5890:Bose & Jalal 2004 5767:, BRILL, p. 11, 5679:History of Bangladesh 5582:British rule in Burma 5552:Company rule in India 5285: 5119: 5027:. A small dam in the 4787: 4724:Further information: 4538:Before the advent of 4348:Further information: 4282:Grant Medical College 4280:An 1844 engraving of 4193:Grant Medical College 4101:Grant Medical College 3891:Further information: 3836:Elements of Hindu Law 3303:British manufacturers 3137:transport awaits him. 2689:Second Anglo-Sikh War 2578:in 1791, and also in 2480:and the lands around 2179:, and the state. The 2116:Fort William (Bengal) 2046:Saint Helena Act 1833 2000:Lord William Bentinck 1696:Second Anglo-Sikh War 1688:Marquess of Dalhousie 1660:to the British under 1366:George Hilario Barlow 979:The Governors-General 699:Catherine of Braganza 615:Lord William Bentinck 517:Company rule in India 176:Lord William Bentinck 126:and regulated by the 94:1837–1858: primarily 10145:Traditional medicine 9161:Bruce, John (1810), 9150:Bruce, John (1810), 8946:Modern Asian Studies 8856:Modern Asian Studies 8812:Modern Asian Studies 8758:Modern Asian Studies 8542:Stone, Ian (2002) , 8288:Bose, Sumit (1993), 8280:Chaudhuri, Kirti N. 8088:Robb, Peter (2002). 7920:Judd, Denis (2010). 6919:7 April 2023 at the 6014:"Battle of Wadgaon, 5572:British Raj in India 5209:Proby Thomas Cautley 5144:, the 130-mile long 5140:Farther west in the 4896:in England with its 4451:delivered annually. 4302:University of Bombay 4185:University of Madras 4181:University of Bombay 4158:elementary education 4133:University of London 4019:abolition of slavery 3978:Horace Hayman Wilson 3463:in the 19th century. 3038:(widow-burning) and 2441:Paddy fields in the 2379:Indian Civil Service 2274:Permanent Settlement 2145:Permanent Settlement 1972:Permanent Settlement 1720:laid in India (1851) 1644:First Anglo-Sikh War 1466:Central India Agency 1406:Marquess of Hastings 1123:Permanent Settlement 957:Central India Agency 880:subsidiary alliances 782:(1766–1799) and the 776:lower Gangetic plain 721:—established by the 275:1845–1846, 1848–1849 114:Administered by the 10076:South Asian studies 9602:South Asian regions 8084:, Covers 1599–1947. 7399:Dyson, Tim (2018), 6695:, pp. 141, 144 5689:History of Pakistan 5321:Saharanpur District 5205:John Russell Colvin 5103:Eastern Jamna Canal 5095:Western Jamna Canal 5071:Western Jamna Canal 5046:, the 16th century 4914:railway engineering 4906:capital expenditure 4714:capital expenditure 4551:W. B. O'Shaughnessy 4540:electric telegraphy 4380:District collectors 4320:Indo-Aryan speaking 4051:Elphinstone College 4027:William Wilberforce 3677:Sadr Nizāmat Adālat 3165: 2247:district collectors 2034:Charter Act of 1813 2017:in the wake of the 1912:Fox–North coalition 1814:Liquidation of the 1798:Indian universities 1624:Annexation of Sindh 1584:established (1836) 1453:was founded (1818). 1442:States of Rajputana 1298:Subsidiary Alliance 1268:districts; part of 1214:Subsidiary alliance 743:Indian subcontinent 697:in the marriage of 554:Indian subcontinent 363:Maratha Confederacy 231:Treaty of Allahabad 42:1757/1765/1773–1858 9510:South Asian topics 9296:A History of India 8389:Hossain, Hameeda. 8157:A History of India 8136:A History of India 8112:A History of India 8091:A History of India 8077:, covers 1599–1947 8005:Metcalf, Thomas R. 7433:A History of India 7329:, pp. 57, 110 7300:Bandyopadhyay 2004 7177:, pp. 131–134 7080:Bandyopadhyay 2004 6681:Bandyopadhyay 2004 6671:, pp. 126–129 6667:, pp. 45–47, 6620:, pp. 126–129 6446:Bandyopadhyay 2004 6358:Bandyopadhyay 2004 6339:Bandyopadhyay 2004 6260:Bandyopadhyay 2004 6236:Bandyopadhyay 2004 5602:Partition of India 5293:Pennsylvania Canal 5138: 5067:Firoz Shah Tughlaq 4790: 4732:inter-city railway 4448:Indian Post Office 4408:Postmaster-General 4339:Post and telegraph 4329:Raja Ram Mohan Roy 4249:Presidency College 4240:Raja Ram Mohun Roy 3970:Bengal Renaissance 3852:Sadr Diwāni Adālat 3832:Sir Thomas Strange 3775:Sadr Diwāni Adālat 3696:British Parliament 3642:Sadr Diwāni Adālat 3562:Courts of Requests 3484:. His deputy, the 3295:American Civil War 3291:manufactured goods 3175:Average per annum 3163: 3082:East India Company 2990:Anglo-Burmese Wars 2701:Nizam of Hyderabad 2538:Bombay Presidency 2304:Enclosure movement 2201:East India Company 2139:Revenue collection 2058:Presidency of Agra 1976:Revenue collection 1938:under Fox's rival 1861:East India Company 1680:Treaty of Amritsar 1461:Gaikwads of Baroda 1346:Charles Cornwallis 1110:Charles Cornwallis 844:Treaty of Amritsar 784:Anglo-Maratha Wars 760:to appoint it the 687:Portuguese outpost 675:Vijayanagara ruler 635:British government 607:Anglo-Maratha Wars 447:Carnatic Sultanate 257:Anglo-Maratha Wars 168:• 1834–1835 128:British Parliament 116:East India Company 87:1773–1858: English 25:East India Company 10153: 10152: 10056:Traditional games 10041:South Asian Games 9629:General geography 9428:978-1-349-56318-0 9409:978-0-300-20826-9 9390:978-1-107-00910-3 9371:978-0-415-69063-8 9325:978-0-226-62041-1 9306:978-0-415-32920-0 9285:978-1-349-57156-7 9266:978-1-5292-0763-7 9239:978-0-691-15906-5 9220:978-1-349-49109-4 9201:978-1-84383-732-9 9178:, Longmans, Green 9057:978-0-19-924680-9 9039:978-0-19-924678-6 9021:978-0-19-924678-6 8901:978-0-19-924678-6 8803:978-0-19-924680-9 8746:978-0-19-924680-9 8728:978-0-19-924680-9 8585:978-0-521-05003-6 8555:978-0-521-52663-0 8534:978-0-19-821570-7 8509:978-0-19-807417-5 8489:978-0-19-924678-6 8471:978-0-19-820711-5 8453:978-0-521-58937-6 8435:978-81-85054-99-5 8417:978-0-19-922666-5 8382:978-0-521-59692-3 8371:Guha, R. (1995), 8357:978-0-19-822478-5 8330:978-1-78327-129-0 8313:978-0-521-59692-3 8271:978-0-521-66360-1 8243:978-1-84331-295-6 8216:978-0-521-05282-5 8188:978-0-19-533756-3 8167:978-1-4051-9509-6 8146:978-0-14-013836-8 8122:978-0-230-34549-2 8101:978-0-333-69129-8 8063:978-0-582-31738-3 8020:978-0-521-86362-9 7985:978-1-84331-152-2 7964:978-1-85168-237-9 7933:978-0-19-280579-9 7912:978-1-63557-395-4 7893:978-0-19-873112-2 7872:978-0-415-30786-4 7836:978-0-521-38650-0 7812:978-81-250-2596-2 7793:General histories 7691:978-93-88414-23-4 7462:twice-born castes 7443:978-1-4443-2351-1 7412:978-0-19-882905-8 7200:978-1-351-99749-2 6947:978-0-19-099207-1 6787:978-0-19-565154-6 6392:978-1-84595-091-0 6200:"Official, India" 5999:978-8-1313-0034-3 5950:, pp. 47, 53 5868:978-0-8160-7229-3 5837:978-0-521-66360-1 5804:978-90-04-18223-3 5774:978-90-04-20145-3 5741:978-1-108-49564-6 5643: 5642: 5610: 5609: 5517: 5516: 5474: 5473: 5329:Sir Proby Cautley 5236:Lord Ellenborough 5052:Krishna Deva Raya 5044:Tungabhadra river 5025:Madras Presidency 4898:financial capital 4803:Bengal Presidency 4412:Bombay Presidency 4366:of Fort William ( 4244:Bengal Presidency 4097:Bombay Presidency 4021:. Among them was 3960:, in Calcutta by 3806:Recorder's Courts 3692:Bengal Presidency 3669:Courts of circuit 3416:"Mellor Mill" in 3327:Treaty of Nanjing 3267: 3266: 3119:Bengal Presidency 3067:Madras Presidency 3015:Indian languages. 3011:Anglican religion 2985: 2984: 2685: 2684: 2568: 2567: 2535:Madras Presidency 2532:Bengal Presidency 2466:Presidency armies 2443:Madras Presidency 2333:Anglo-Mysore Wars 2223:Bengal Presidency 2097:Madras Presidency 2019:French Revolution 1924:Charles James Fox 1825: 1824: 1759:Doctrine of Lapse 1611:Lord Ellenborough 1549:Period of Tenure 1546:Governor-General 1536: 1535: 1432:Cis-Sutlej states 1287:Treaty of Bassein 1198:Richard Wellesley 862:two years later. 780:Anglo-Mysore Wars 711:Emperor Aurangzeb 603:Anglo-Mysore Wars 558:Battle of Plassey 514: 513: 492: 491: 488: 487: 468: 467: 244:Anglo-Mysore Wars 218:Battle of Plassey 186: 183:• 1857–1858 171: 156: 149:• 1774–1785 118:functioning as a 10193: 10051:Physical culture 9946:Former countries 9941:Contemporary era 9641: 9503: 9496: 9489: 9480: 9479: 9463: 9446: 9445: 9432: 9413: 9394: 9375: 9356: 9329: 9310: 9289: 9270: 9251: 9224: 9205: 9179: 9168: 9157: 9146: 9139:Unknown (1829), 9128: 9119: 9103:Wilson, Horace H 9098: 9087: 9085: 9060: 9042: 9024: 9006: 8997: 8976: 8940: 8904: 8886: 8850: 8806: 8788: 8749: 8731: 8713: 8689: 8661: 8652: 8631: 8588: 8569: 8558: 8537: 8519: 8518: 8516: 8492: 8474: 8456: 8438: 8420: 8402: 8385: 8363:Gilmour, David. 8360: 8338:Erikson, Emily. 8316: 8293: 8274: 8253: 8252: 8250: 8236:, Anthem Press, 8226: 8225: 8223: 8192: 8171: 8150: 8126: 8105: 8067: 8046: 8024: 7996: 7994: 7992: 7978:. Anthem Press. 7968: 7937: 7916: 7897: 7876: 7840: 7816: 7782: 7776: 7770: 7769:, pp. 17–18 7764: 7758: 7752: 7746: 7745:, pp. 16–17 7740: 7734: 7728: 7722: 7716: 7710: 7704: 7695: 7694: 7675: 7669: 7659: 7653: 7652: 7632: 7626: 7621: 7615: 7614: 7578: 7572: 7571: 7559: 7553: 7552: 7532: 7526: 7519: 7513: 7512: 7486: 7480: 7479: 7427: 7421: 7420: 7396: 7390: 7380: 7374: 7368: 7359: 7353: 7347: 7341: 7330: 7324: 7318: 7312: 7303: 7297: 7288: 7282: 7273: 7267: 7261: 7255: 7246: 7240: 7234: 7228: 7222: 7221:, pp. 48–49 7216: 7205: 7204: 7184: 7178: 7172: 7159: 7158: 7138: 7132: 7125: 7119: 7112: 7106: 7105: 7093: 7087: 7086:, pp. 70–72 7077: 7071: 7065: 7059: 7053: 7042: 7036: 7019: 7013: 7007: 7006:, pp. 84–86 6997: 6991: 6985: 6976: 6970: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6931: 6925: 6909: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6870: 6864: 6863:, pp. 84–86 6858: 6839: 6829: 6823: 6817: 6811: 6805: 6792: 6791: 6770: 6764: 6763:, pp. 78–79 6758: 6745: 6739: 6733: 6728: 6719: 6714: 6708: 6702: 6696: 6690: 6684: 6678: 6672: 6662: 6656: 6655:, pp. 45–47 6650: 6633: 6627: 6621: 6615: 6602: 6596: 6583: 6573: 6564: 6558: 6547: 6541: 6535: 6529: 6518: 6517:, pp. 36–37 6512: 6499: 6493: 6484: 6478: 6472: 6466: 6449: 6443: 6437: 6431: 6425: 6418: 6409: 6403: 6397: 6396: 6376: 6370: 6367: 6361: 6351: 6342: 6336: 6325: 6319: 6310: 6304: 6293: 6287: 6278: 6272: 6263: 6249: 6243: 6233: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6196: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6176:. Archived from 6166: 6160: 6154: 6148: 6142: 6133: 6127: 6106: 6105: 6094:. Anthem Press. 6085: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6074: 6059: 6053: 6052: 6040: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6010: 6004: 6003: 5985: 5979: 5973: 5967: 5957: 5951: 5945: 5939: 5938:king (see RICH). 5899: 5893: 5879: 5873: 5872: 5852: 5846: 5845: 5843:Hindustani/Urdu. 5818: 5812: 5811: 5788: 5782: 5781: 5758: 5749: 5748: 5725: 5684:History of India 5635: 5628: 5621: 5538: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5495: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5481:Portuguese India 5422: 5421: 5411:Map of colonial 5409: 5395: 5394: 5379: 5360: 5340: 5308: 4998: 4970: 4958: 4946: 4919:House of Commons 4884: 4883: 4879: 4876: 4871:, a distance of 4869:Bor Ghat Incline 4865: 4864: 4860: 4857: 4769:for a line from 4679:Terminalia elata 4677:, or blackwood ( 4653: 4652: 4648: 4626: 4625: 4621: 4618: 4594:and the port of 4580:Morse instrument 4561:along the river 4518: 4501: 4491: 4490: 4486: 4475: 4463: 4445: 4444: 4440: 4435: 4434: 4430: 4404:Director-General 4364:Presidency towns 4360:courier services 4297: 4277: 4261: 4235: 4137:Presidency towns 4110:Sir Charles Wood 4093:Sir Robert Grant 4066:useful knowledge 3996:in 1821 and the 3934:Asiatick Society 3875: 3863: 3847: 3827: 3767:Sir Elijah Impey 3728:executive branch 3684:House of Commons 3655:, or Provincial 3449: 3436:(Storehouse) in 3429: 3413: 3390: 3359:Indigo rebellion 3341:, Shanghai, and 3166: 3162: 3130: 3110: 3078: 3058: 3044:English language 2710: 2709: 2604: 2603: 2514: 2513: 2508:Thiyyar Regiment 2438: 2422: 2410: 2394: 2127: 2108: 2092: 2080: 1969: 1965: 1948:Board of Control 1944:Pitt's India Act 1920:House of Commons 1662:Treaty of Lahore 1568:annexed (1834). 1558:William Bentinck 1543: 1542: 1504:William Bentinck 1395:Invasion of Java 1062:Period of Tenure 1059:Governor-General 1056: 1055: 1033: 1021: 1009: 997: 908: 896: 707:Anglo-Mughal War 591:Governor-General 547: 544: 541: 538: 535: 531: 484: 483: 472: 471: 457: 456: 443: 442: 429: 428: 415: 414: 401: 400: 387: 386: 373: 372: 359: 358: 352: 351: 336: 335: 286: 184: 169: 150: 135:Governor-General 51: 32: 31: 10201: 10200: 10196: 10195: 10194: 10192: 10191: 10190: 10156: 10155: 10154: 10149: 10111: 10085: 10062: 10017: 9950: 9921:Middle kingdoms 9885: 9876:Stock exchanges 9831: 9808: 9764:Cultural sphere 9730: 9642: 9633: 9512: 9507: 9455:Country Studies 9452: 9443: 9439: 9429: 9410: 9391: 9372: 9345: 9326: 9307: 9286: 9267: 9240: 9221: 9202: 9186: 9184:Further reading 9083: 9067: 9058: 9040: 9022: 8902: 8804: 8754:Harnetty, Peter 8747: 8729: 8679:10.2307/2808021 8595: 8586: 8556: 8535: 8514: 8512: 8510: 8490: 8472: 8454: 8436: 8418: 8383: 8358: 8314: 8272: 8248: 8246: 8244: 8221: 8219: 8217: 8199: 8189: 8168: 8147: 8131:Spear, Percival 8123: 8102: 8064: 8043: 8021: 7990: 7988: 7986: 7965: 7934: 7913: 7894: 7873: 7837: 7813: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7777: 7773: 7765: 7761: 7753: 7749: 7741: 7737: 7729: 7725: 7717: 7713: 7705: 7698: 7692: 7676: 7672: 7660: 7656: 7633: 7629: 7622: 7618: 7595:10.2307/3102572 7579: 7575: 7560: 7556: 7533: 7529: 7520: 7516: 7505: 7487: 7483: 7444: 7428: 7424: 7413: 7397: 7393: 7381: 7377: 7369: 7362: 7354: 7350: 7342: 7333: 7325: 7321: 7313: 7306: 7298: 7291: 7283: 7276: 7268: 7264: 7256: 7249: 7241: 7237: 7229: 7225: 7217: 7208: 7201: 7185: 7181: 7173: 7162: 7155: 7139: 7135: 7126: 7122: 7114:David Gilmour, 7113: 7109: 7104:(135): 749–771. 7094: 7090: 7082:, p. 171, 7078: 7074: 7066: 7062: 7054: 7045: 7037: 7022: 7014: 7010: 6998: 6994: 6986: 6979: 6971: 6967: 6957: 6955: 6948: 6932: 6928: 6921:Wayback Machine 6910: 6906: 6896: 6894: 6887: 6871: 6867: 6859: 6842: 6830: 6826: 6818: 6814: 6806: 6795: 6788: 6774:Roy, Tirthankar 6771: 6767: 6759: 6748: 6740: 6736: 6729: 6722: 6715: 6711: 6703: 6699: 6691: 6687: 6679: 6675: 6663: 6659: 6651: 6636: 6628: 6624: 6616: 6605: 6597: 6586: 6574: 6567: 6559: 6550: 6542: 6538: 6530: 6521: 6513: 6502: 6494: 6487: 6479: 6475: 6467: 6452: 6444: 6440: 6432: 6428: 6419: 6412: 6404: 6400: 6393: 6377: 6373: 6368: 6364: 6352: 6345: 6337: 6328: 6320: 6313: 6305: 6296: 6288: 6281: 6273: 6266: 6250: 6246: 6234: 6225: 6215: 6213: 6198: 6197: 6193: 6183: 6181: 6168: 6167: 6163: 6155: 6151: 6143: 6136: 6128: 6109: 6102: 6086: 6082: 6072: 6070: 6060: 6056: 6041: 6037: 6027: 6025: 6012: 6011: 6007: 6000: 5986: 5982: 5974: 5970: 5958: 5954: 5946: 5942: 5900: 5896: 5880: 5876: 5869: 5853: 5849: 5838: 5819: 5815: 5805: 5789: 5785: 5775: 5759: 5752: 5742: 5726: 5719: 5715: 5710: 5639: 5592:Princely states 5532: 5528: 5527: 5526: 5489: 5485: 5484: 5483: 5416: 5393: 5388: 5387: 5386: 5383: 5380: 5371: 5361: 5352: 5341: 5332: 5309: 5186:Dera Ghazi Khan 5091:Akbar the Great 5063:Sultan of Delhi 5020: 5015: 5014: 5013: 5010: 4999: 4990: 4975:multum in parvo 4971: 4962: 4959: 4950: 4947: 4902:pounds sterling 4881: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4862: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4728: 4722: 4656:Diamond Harbour 4650: 4646: 4645: 4623: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4575:telegraph lines 4559:Diamond Harbour 4536: 4531: 4530: 4529: 4526: 4519: 4510: 4502: 4493: 4488: 4484: 4483: 4476: 4467: 4464: 4442: 4438: 4437: 4432: 4428: 4427: 4372:Fort St. George 4352: 4346: 4344:Postal services 4341: 4315: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4305: 4298: 4289: 4278: 4269: 4262: 4253: 4236: 4169:private schools 4147:, and Calcutta) 3928:was founded in 3916:languages, and 3895: 3889: 3884: 3883: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3867: 3864: 3855: 3848: 3839: 3828: 3704:Presidency town 3653:nizāmat adālats 3569:Battle of Buxar 3560:; in addition, 3554:King-in-Council 3474: 3469: 3468: 3467: 3464: 3450: 3441: 3430: 3421: 3414: 3405: 3391: 3370:'s strategy of 3323:First Opium War 3299:American cotton 3289:and a buyer of 3158:gold and silver 3154: 3148: 3143: 3142: 3141: 3138: 3131: 3122: 3111: 3102: 3079: 3070: 3059: 3003: 2918:Military police 2893: 2865:and contingents 2864: 2755: 2753: 2599:standing armies 2468: 2462: 2457: 2456: 2455: 2452: 2439: 2430: 2423: 2414: 2411: 2402: 2395: 2262:Lord Cornwallis 2197:Battle of Buxar 2159: 2143:Main articles: 2141: 2136: 2135: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2119: 2112:Warren Hastings 2109: 2100: 2093: 2084: 2081: 1984:Lord Cornwallis 1967: 1963: 1830: 1813: 1801: 1795: 1784:Charles Canning 1777: 1772: 1762: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1715: 1711: 1708:Indian Railways 1705: 1699: 1665: 1647: 1627: 1622: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1585: 1541: 1523: 1518: 1514: 1485: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444:accept British 1440: 1435: 1430: 1416: 1397: 1381:(10 July 1806) 1355: 1338:princely states 1332: 1310: 1305: 1302:Battle of Delhi 1300: 1285: 1282:Ceded Provinces 1232: 1225:Pazhassi Revolt 1222: 1217: 1183: 1182:occupied (1796) 1180:Andaman Islands 1178: 1169: 1162:Pazhassi Revolt 1159: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1121: 1118:Cornwallis Code 1100: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1071:Warren Hastings 1054: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1025: 1022: 1013: 1010: 1001: 998: 987: 986: 981: 927:and the Muslim 923:, of the Hindu 921:princely states 917: 916: 915: 912: 909: 900: 897: 840:Anglo-Sikh Wars 754:Battle of Buxar 647: 611:Anglo-Sikh Wars 599:Warren Hastings 565:Siraj ud-Daulah 562:Nawab of Bengal 545: 542: 539: 536: 507: 503: 481: 454: 440: 426: 412: 398: 384: 370: 356: 300: 287: 282: 272: 270:Anglo-Sikh Wars 259: 246: 233: 220: 191:Charles Canning 187: 172: 161:Warren Hastings 157: 120:quasi-sovereign 102: 93: 88: 68:Princely states 58: 37: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10199: 10189: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10173: 10168: 10151: 10150: 10148: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10121: 10119: 10113: 10112: 10110: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10093: 10091: 10087: 10086: 10084: 10083: 10078: 10072: 10070: 10064: 10063: 10061: 10060: 10059: 10058: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10027: 10025: 10019: 10018: 10016: 10015: 10014: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9993: 9988: 9987: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9960: 9958: 9952: 9951: 9949: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9907: 9906: 9895: 9893: 9887: 9886: 9884: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9872: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9851: 9845: 9843: 9833: 9832: 9830: 9829: 9827:Climate change 9824: 9818: 9816: 9810: 9809: 9807: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9740: 9738: 9732: 9731: 9729: 9728: 9723: 9722: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9652: 9650: 9644: 9643: 9636: 9634: 9632: 9631: 9626: 9625: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9599: 9594: 9593: 9592: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9571: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9554: 9553: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9522: 9520: 9514: 9513: 9506: 9505: 9498: 9491: 9483: 9477: 9476: 9470: 9464: 9438: 9437:External links 9435: 9434: 9433: 9427: 9414: 9408: 9395: 9389: 9376: 9370: 9357: 9343: 9330: 9324: 9311: 9305: 9290: 9284: 9271: 9265: 9252: 9238: 9225: 9219: 9206: 9200: 9185: 9182: 9181: 9180: 9169: 9158: 9147: 9136: 9129: 9120: 9099: 9088: 9075: 9066: 9063: 9062: 9061: 9056: 9043: 9038: 9025: 9020: 9007: 8988:(3): 109–130, 8977: 8952:(3): 449–554, 8941: 8922:10.1086/649322 8912:, 2nd Series, 8905: 8900: 8887: 8862:(3): 545–580, 8851: 8818:(4): 723–755, 8807: 8802: 8789: 8764:(3): 455–510, 8750: 8745: 8732: 8727: 8714: 8705:(3): 209–234, 8690: 8673:(4): 675–696, 8662: 8643:(2): 279–305, 8632: 8607:(4): 649–689, 8594: 8591: 8590: 8589: 8584: 8571: 8559: 8554: 8539: 8533: 8520: 8508: 8493: 8488: 8475: 8470: 8457: 8452: 8439: 8434: 8421: 8416: 8403: 8394: 8387: 8381: 8368: 8361: 8356: 8343: 8336: 8318: 8312: 8295: 8285: 8278: 8275: 8270: 8254: 8242: 8227: 8215: 8198: 8195: 8194: 8193: 8187: 8172: 8166: 8151: 8145: 8127: 8121: 8106: 8100: 8085: 8078: 8068: 8062: 8047: 8042:978-0715621691 8041: 8029:Moon, Penderel 8025: 8019: 7997: 7984: 7969: 7963: 7948: 7938: 7932: 7917: 7911: 7898: 7892: 7877: 7871: 7849: 7842: 7835: 7817: 7811: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7783: 7771: 7759: 7747: 7735: 7723: 7711: 7696: 7690: 7670: 7654: 7643:(2): 177–186. 7627: 7616: 7589:(4): 581–601. 7573: 7554: 7527: 7514: 7503: 7481: 7442: 7422: 7411: 7391: 7375: 7360: 7348: 7331: 7319: 7304: 7289: 7274: 7270:Washbrook 2001 7262: 7247: 7235: 7223: 7206: 7199: 7179: 7160: 7153: 7133: 7120: 7107: 7088: 7072: 7060: 7043: 7020: 7008: 7002:, p. 61, 6992: 6977: 6965: 6946: 6926: 6904: 6885: 6865: 6840: 6834:, p. 47, 6824: 6812: 6793: 6786: 6765: 6746: 6742:Tomlinson 1993 6734: 6720: 6709: 6697: 6685: 6673: 6657: 6634: 6622: 6603: 6584: 6578:, p. 47, 6565: 6548: 6536: 6519: 6500: 6485: 6473: 6450: 6438: 6426: 6410: 6398: 6391: 6371: 6362: 6356:, p. 14, 6343: 6326: 6311: 6294: 6279: 6264: 6258:, p. 35, 6254:, p. 14, 6244: 6238:, p. 76, 6223: 6191: 6161: 6149: 6134: 6107: 6100: 6080: 6054: 6043:Hasrat, B. J. 6035: 6005: 5998: 5980: 5968: 5962:, p. 46, 5952: 5940: 5894: 5874: 5867: 5847: 5836: 5813: 5803: 5783: 5773: 5750: 5740: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5708: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5644: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5637: 5630: 5623: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5608: 5607: 5604: 5598: 5597: 5594: 5588: 5587: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5574: 5568: 5567: 5564: 5558: 5557: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5544: 5534: 5533: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5501: 5491: 5490: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5458: 5452: 5451: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5438: 5432: 5431: 5428: 5426:Austrian India 5418: 5417: 5410: 5402: 5401: 5399:Colonial India 5392: 5389: 5385: 5384: 5381: 5374: 5372: 5362: 5355: 5353: 5342: 5335: 5333: 5310: 5303: 5300: 5299: 5298: 5256:Lord Dalhousie 5248:James Thomason 5083:Eastern Punjab 5019: 5016: 5012: 5011: 5003:Lord Dalhousie 5000: 4993: 4991: 4972: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4941: 4938: 4937: 4936: 4848:valley in the 4740:Lord Dalhousie 4721: 4718: 4571:Lord Dalhousie 4535: 4532: 4528: 4527: 4520: 4513: 4511: 4503: 4496: 4494: 4477: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4458: 4455: 4454: 4453: 4374:(Madras), and 4356:postal service 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4314: 4311: 4307: 4306: 4299: 4292: 4290: 4279: 4272: 4270: 4263: 4256: 4254: 4237: 4230: 4227: 4226: 4225: 4173: 4172: 4161: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4129: 4118:Lord Dalhousie 4043:Wilson College 4035:Sir John Shore 4029:, a prominent 3962:Lord Wellesley 3905:Madrasa 'Aliya 3888: 3885: 3881: 3880: 3877: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3858: 3856: 3849: 3842: 3840: 3829: 3822: 3819: 3818: 3817: 3756:Muhammadan law 3606:diwāni adālats 3558:letters patent 3541:Mayor's Courts 3523:Royal Charters 3473: 3472:Justice system 3470: 3466: 3465: 3461:natural indigo 3451: 3444: 3442: 3431: 3424: 3422: 3415: 3408: 3406: 3392: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3380: 3354:natural indigo 3275:exchange rates 3265: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3257:1793/4-1809/10 3254: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3243: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3232: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3221: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3210: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3199: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3191:1734/5-1759/60 3188: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3177: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3150:Main article: 3147: 3144: 3140: 3139: 3132: 3125: 3123: 3112: 3105: 3103: 3080: 3073: 3071: 3060: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3048: 3002: 2999: 2983: 2982: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2894:(unclassified) 2889: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2860: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2827: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2796: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2764: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2728: 2727:Indian troops 2725: 2724:British troops 2722: 2718: 2717: 2683: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2669: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2655: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2641: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2619:British troops 2617: 2613: 2612: 2609:Vellore Mutiny 2601:in the world. 2595:Vellore Mutiny 2566: 2565: 2561: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2525:Indian troops 2523: 2522:British troops 2519: 2518: 2464:Main article: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2453: 2440: 2433: 2431: 2424: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2405: 2403: 2396: 2389: 2386: 2385: 2384: 2347:—and based on 2315:southern India 2140: 2137: 2133: 2132: 2129: 2122: 2120: 2110: 2103: 2101: 2094: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2070: 2004:Lord Dalhousie 1957:Philip Francis 1928:House of Lords 1905:Regulating Act 1895:over those of 1880:City of London 1856:Regulating Act 1853:, enacted the 1829: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1794:(25 July 1856) 1789: 1786: 1780: 1779: 1763:Annexation of 1737:Annexation of 1727:Annexation of 1718:telegraph line 1693: 1690: 1684: 1683: 1650:Jullundur Doab 1641: 1638: 1636:Henry Hardinge 1632: 1631: 1616: 1613: 1607: 1606: 1579: 1576: 1570: 1569: 1563: 1560: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1509: 1506: 1500: 1499: 1486:Annexation of 1479: 1476: 1470: 1469: 1417:Annexation of 1411: 1408: 1402: 1401: 1392: 1389: 1383: 1382: 1379:Vellore mutiny 1376: 1373: 1362: 1361: 1352: 1349: 1342: 1341: 1329:Maratha Empire 1203: 1200: 1194: 1193: 1153: 1150: 1144: 1143: 1115: 1112: 1106: 1105: 1076: 1073: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1053: 1050: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1004: 1002: 999: 992: 989: 988: 984: 983: 982: 980: 977: 914: 913: 910: 903: 901: 898: 891: 888: 887: 886: 846:(1850) to the 646: 643: 512: 511: 498: 494: 493: 490: 489: 486: 485: 478: 469: 466: 465: 458: 450: 449: 444: 436: 435: 430: 422: 421: 416: 408: 407: 402: 394: 393: 388: 380: 379: 374: 366: 365: 360: 348: 347: 342: 332: 331: 326: 322: 321: 318: 314: 313: 309: 308: 305: 304: 301: 295: 292: 291: 288: 280: 277: 276: 273: 267: 264: 263: 260: 254: 251: 250: 247: 241: 238: 237: 236:16 August 1765 234: 228: 225: 224: 221: 215: 212: 211: 208: 207: 202: 201:Historical era 198: 197: 194: 193: 188: 182: 179: 178: 173: 167: 164: 163: 158: 148: 145: 144: 141: 140: 137: 131: 130: 112: 108: 107: 85: 81: 80: 75: 71: 70: 64: 60: 59: 52: 44: 43: 39: 38: 35: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10198: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10163: 10161: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10122: 10120: 10118: 10114: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10094: 10092: 10088: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10073: 10071: 10069: 10065: 10057: 10054: 10053: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10028: 10026: 10024: 10020: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9998: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9966: 9965: 9962: 9961: 9959: 9957: 9953: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9905: 9902: 9901: 9900: 9897: 9896: 9894: 9892: 9888: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9856: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9846: 9844: 9842: 9838: 9834: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9819: 9817: 9815: 9811: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9744:Architecture‎ 9742: 9741: 9739: 9737: 9733: 9727: 9724: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9701: 9700:Other groups 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9691:Tibeto-Burman 9689: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9661:Austroasiatic 9659: 9657: 9654: 9653: 9651: 9649: 9648:Ethnic groups 9645: 9640: 9630: 9627: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9604: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9591: 9588: 9587: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9552: 9549: 9548: 9547: 9544: 9543: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9523: 9521: 9519: 9515: 9511: 9504: 9499: 9497: 9492: 9490: 9485: 9484: 9481: 9475:from Congress 9474: 9471: 9469:from Congress 9468: 9465: 9461: 9457: 9456: 9450: 9449:public domain 9441: 9440: 9430: 9424: 9420: 9415: 9411: 9405: 9401: 9396: 9392: 9386: 9382: 9377: 9373: 9367: 9364:. Routledge. 9363: 9358: 9354: 9350: 9346: 9344:9780262543583 9340: 9336: 9331: 9327: 9321: 9317: 9312: 9308: 9302: 9299:. Routledge. 9298: 9297: 9291: 9287: 9281: 9277: 9272: 9268: 9262: 9258: 9253: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9235: 9231: 9226: 9222: 9216: 9212: 9207: 9203: 9197: 9193: 9188: 9187: 9177: 9176: 9170: 9166: 9165: 9159: 9155: 9154: 9148: 9144: 9143: 9137: 9134: 9130: 9126: 9121: 9118: 9114: 9110: 9109: 9104: 9100: 9096: 9095: 9089: 9082: 9081: 9076: 9073: 9069: 9068: 9059: 9053: 9049: 9044: 9041: 9035: 9031: 9026: 9023: 9017: 9013: 9008: 9005: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8987: 8983: 8978: 8975: 8971: 8967: 8963: 8959: 8955: 8951: 8947: 8942: 8939: 8935: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8919: 8915: 8911: 8906: 8903: 8897: 8893: 8888: 8885: 8881: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8852: 8849: 8845: 8841: 8837: 8833: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8817: 8813: 8808: 8805: 8799: 8795: 8790: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8755: 8751: 8748: 8742: 8738: 8733: 8730: 8724: 8720: 8715: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8700: 8696: 8691: 8688: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8663: 8660: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8642: 8638: 8633: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8597: 8596: 8587: 8581: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8566: 8560: 8557: 8551: 8547: 8546: 8540: 8536: 8530: 8526: 8521: 8511: 8505: 8501: 8500: 8494: 8491: 8485: 8481: 8476: 8473: 8467: 8463: 8458: 8455: 8449: 8445: 8440: 8437: 8431: 8427: 8422: 8419: 8413: 8409: 8404: 8400: 8395: 8392: 8388: 8384: 8378: 8374: 8369: 8366: 8362: 8359: 8353: 8349: 8344: 8341: 8337: 8335: 8334:online review 8331: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8283: 8279: 8276: 8273: 8267: 8263: 8259: 8255: 8245: 8239: 8235: 8234: 8228: 8218: 8212: 8208: 8207: 8201: 8200: 8190: 8184: 8180: 8179: 8173: 8169: 8163: 8159: 8158: 8152: 8148: 8142: 8138: 8137: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8118: 8114: 8113: 8107: 8103: 8097: 8093: 8092: 8086: 8083: 8079: 8076: 8073: 8069: 8065: 8059: 8055: 8054: 8048: 8044: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8022: 8016: 8012: 8011: 8006: 8002: 7998: 7987: 7981: 7977: 7976: 7970: 7966: 7960: 7956: 7955: 7949: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7929: 7925: 7924: 7918: 7914: 7908: 7904: 7899: 7895: 7889: 7885: 7884: 7878: 7874: 7868: 7864: 7863: 7858: 7857:Jalal, Ayesha 7854: 7850: 7847: 7843: 7838: 7832: 7828: 7827: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7808: 7804: 7803: 7797: 7796: 7780: 7775: 7768: 7763: 7756: 7751: 7744: 7739: 7732: 7727: 7720: 7715: 7708: 7703: 7701: 7693: 7687: 7683: 7682: 7674: 7668: 7664: 7658: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7631: 7625: 7620: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7577: 7569: 7565: 7558: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7531: 7524: 7518: 7511: 7506: 7504:0-253-21267-7 7500: 7496: 7492: 7485: 7478: 7476: 7475:Dharmashastra 7471: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7445: 7439: 7435: 7434: 7426: 7419: 7414: 7408: 7404: 7403: 7395: 7388: 7384: 7379: 7373:, p. 414 7372: 7367: 7365: 7358:, p. 413 7357: 7352: 7346:, p. 137 7345: 7340: 7338: 7336: 7328: 7323: 7316: 7311: 7309: 7302:, p. 125 7301: 7296: 7294: 7286: 7281: 7279: 7272:, p. 403 7271: 7266: 7259: 7254: 7252: 7244: 7239: 7232: 7227: 7220: 7215: 7213: 7211: 7202: 7196: 7192: 7191: 7183: 7176: 7171: 7169: 7167: 7165: 7156: 7154:9781317897651 7150: 7146: 7145: 7137: 7130: 7124: 7117: 7111: 7103: 7099: 7092: 7085: 7081: 7076: 7069: 7064: 7058:, p. 338 7057: 7052: 7050: 7048: 7041:, p. 337 7040: 7035: 7033: 7031: 7029: 7027: 7025: 7018:, p. 335 7017: 7012: 7005: 7001: 6996: 6990:, p. 333 6989: 6984: 6982: 6974: 6969: 6953: 6949: 6943: 6939: 6938: 6930: 6923: 6922: 6918: 6915: 6908: 6892: 6888: 6886:9788182201675 6882: 6878: 6877: 6869: 6862: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6847: 6845: 6837: 6833: 6828: 6822:, p. 128 6821: 6816: 6809: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6789: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6769: 6762: 6757: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6743: 6738: 6732: 6727: 6725: 6718: 6713: 6707:, p. 127 6706: 6701: 6694: 6693:Marshall 1987 6689: 6682: 6677: 6670: 6666: 6661: 6654: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6639: 6631: 6626: 6619: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6600: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6589: 6581: 6577: 6572: 6570: 6562: 6557: 6555: 6553: 6545: 6540: 6534:, p. 134 6533: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6516: 6511: 6509: 6507: 6505: 6497: 6492: 6490: 6483:, p. 213 6482: 6477: 6470: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6447: 6442: 6436:, p. 161 6435: 6430: 6424:, p. 213 6423: 6417: 6415: 6408:, p. 211 6407: 6402: 6394: 6388: 6384: 6383: 6375: 6366: 6359: 6355: 6350: 6348: 6340: 6335: 6333: 6331: 6324:, p. 197 6323: 6322:Marshall 2007 6318: 6316: 6308: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6292:, p. 207 6291: 6290:Marshall 2007 6286: 6284: 6276: 6271: 6269: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6248: 6241: 6237: 6232: 6230: 6228: 6211: 6208:. 1890–1923. 6207: 6206: 6201: 6195: 6180:on 1 May 2021 6179: 6175: 6174:Wolfram Alpha 6171: 6165: 6159:, p. 133 6158: 6153: 6146: 6141: 6139: 6131: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6103: 6101:9781843310044 6097: 6093: 6092: 6084: 6069: 6065: 6058: 6050: 6046: 6039: 6023: 6019: 6017: 6009: 6001: 5995: 5991: 5984: 5977: 5972: 5965: 5961: 5956: 5949: 5944: 5937: 5933: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5919: 5915: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5898: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5878: 5870: 5864: 5860: 5859: 5851: 5844: 5839: 5833: 5829: 5828: 5823: 5817: 5810: 5806: 5800: 5796: 5795: 5787: 5780: 5776: 5770: 5766: 5765: 5757: 5755: 5747: 5743: 5737: 5733: 5732: 5724: 5722: 5717: 5707: 5706: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5645: 5636: 5631: 5629: 5624: 5622: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5613: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5589: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5569: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5559: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5525: 5524:British India 5521: 5520: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5502: 5500: 5499:Casa da Índia 5497: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5482: 5478: 5477: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5453: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5439: 5437: 5436:Swedish India 5434: 5433: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5414: 5408: 5404: 5403: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5378: 5373: 5370: 5369:Samuel Bourne 5366: 5359: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5339: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5307: 5302: 5301: 5296: 5294: 5290: 5284: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5257: 5253: 5252:British India 5249: 5245: 5241: 5240:Lord Hardinge 5237: 5232: 5230: 5226: 5225:Lord Auckland 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5166: 5164: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5142:Punjab region 5136:(now Kanpur). 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5118: 5114: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5059: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5040:Arthur Cotton 5037: 5036: 5030: 5026: 5008: 5004: 4997: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4969: 4964: 4957: 4952: 4945: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4933: 4929: 4923: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4886: 4870: 4851: 4850:Western Ghats 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4799: 4795: 4786: 4782: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4753:-Calcutta to 4752: 4748: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4727: 4717: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4701: 4699: 4695: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4663: 4661: 4657: 4643: 4639: 4636:covered with 4635: 4631: 4612: 4608: 4603: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4592:Nilgiri Hills 4589: 4585: 4581: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4545: 4541: 4524: 4517: 4512: 4508: 4500: 4495: 4481: 4474: 4469: 4462: 4457: 4456: 4452: 4449: 4425: 4421: 4420:Ajmer-Merwara 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4399: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4351: 4336: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4321: 4313:Social reform 4303: 4296: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4276: 4271: 4267: 4266:Hindu College 4260: 4255: 4251: 4250: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4229: 4228: 4224: 4222: 4221:Uttar Pradesh 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4170: 4166: 4165:grants-in-aid 4162: 4159: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4127: 4123: 4122: 4121: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4088: 4086: 4083:of 1835. The 4082: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4054: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4023:Charles Grant 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4007: 4001: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3953: 3951: 3947: 3946:famous thesis 3943: 3939: 3938:William Jones 3935: 3931: 3927: 3921: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3906: 3899: 3894: 3874: 3869: 3862: 3857: 3853: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3830:The house of 3826: 3821: 3820: 3816: 3814: 3813: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3720:Privy Council 3717: 3713: 3712:puisne judges 3709: 3705: 3701: 3700:Supreme Court 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3680: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3626: 3621: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3597: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3533: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3428: 3423: 3419: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3400: 3396: 3389: 3384: 3383: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3287:raw materials 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3248: 3246:1785/6-1792/3 3245: 3244: 3240: 3237: 3235:1776/7-1784/5 3234: 3233: 3229: 3226: 3224:1772/3-1775/6 3223: 3222: 3218: 3215: 3213:1766/7-1771/2 3212: 3211: 3207: 3204: 3202:1760/1-1765/6 3201: 3200: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3189: 3185: 3182: 3180:1708/9-1733/4 3179: 3178: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3167: 3161: 3159: 3153: 3136: 3129: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3109: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3077: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3057: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3001:Civil service 2998: 2996: 2991: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2916: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2891: 2890: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2862: 2861: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2765: 2761: 2758: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2730: 2720: 2719: 2716: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2622:Indian troops 2621: 2618: 2615: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2562: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2541: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2528: 2521: 2520: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2505: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2474: 2467: 2450: 2449: 2444: 2437: 2432: 2428: 2421: 2416: 2409: 2404: 2400: 2393: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2380: 2374: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2358: 2355:—promoted by 2354: 2350: 2349:David Ricardo 2346: 2345:economic rent 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2283:Forced labour 2278: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2256: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2219: 2217: 2216: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2199:in 1764, the 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2173: 2168: 2164: 2163:Mughal Empire 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2091: 2086: 2079: 2074: 2073: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2038:British Crown 2035: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1996:landed gentry 1993: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1977: 1974:(see section 1973: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1910:In 1783, the 1908: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1888:British Crown 1885: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1863:, as well in 1862: 1858: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1843: 1842:town councils 1839: 1835: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1760: 1757:(1854) under 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1735:opened (1854) 1734: 1730: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1703: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1590: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1574:Lord Auckland 1572: 1571: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1532: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1359: 1353: 1350: 1348:(second term) 1347: 1344: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1327:annexed from 1326: 1322: 1321:Agra division 1318: 1314: 1311:Remainder of 1308: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1234:Nawab of Oudh 1230: 1226: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1181: 1176: 1173:(1794) & 1172: 1167: 1163: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1141: 1139: 1133: 1128: 1124: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1103: 1098: 1096: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1049: 1047: 1032: 1027: 1020: 1015: 1008: 1003: 996: 991: 990: 976: 974: 970: 967:(1807–1820), 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 907: 902: 895: 890: 889: 885: 882: 881: 876: 872: 868: 863: 861: 857: 853: 849: 848:Dogra dynasty 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 800:British India 795: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 770:, Bihar, and 769: 765: 764: 759: 755: 751: 746: 744: 740: 739:coastal India 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 642: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 575: 570: 566: 563: 559: 555: 551: 530: 526: 522: 518: 510: 506: 502: 499: 497:Today part of 495: 479: 477: 474: 473: 470: 464: 463: 459: 452: 451: 448: 445: 438: 437: 434: 431: 424: 423: 420: 417: 410: 409: 406: 403: 396: 395: 392: 389: 382: 381: 378: 377:Mughal Empire 375: 368: 367: 364: 361: 354: 353: 350: 349: 346: 343: 341: 338: 337: 333: 330: 327: 323: 319: 315: 310: 306: 303:2 August 1858 302: 299: 298:British crown 293: 290:2 August 1858 289: 285: 278: 274: 271: 265: 261: 258: 252: 248: 245: 239: 235: 232: 226: 222: 219: 213: 209: 206: 203: 199: 195: 192: 189: 180: 177: 174: 170:(first India) 165: 162: 159: 154: 146: 142: 138: 136: 132: 129: 125: 124:British Crown 121: 117: 113: 109: 106: 101: 97: 92: 86: 82: 79: 76: 72: 69: 65: 61: 56: 50: 45: 40: 33: 30: 26: 22: 10046:Martial arts 9936:Colonial era 9931:Early modern 9881:Caste system 9666:Austronesian 9607:Northwestern 9454: 9418: 9399: 9380: 9361: 9334: 9315: 9295: 9275: 9256: 9229: 9210: 9191: 9174: 9163: 9152: 9141: 9132: 9124: 9107: 9093: 9079: 9071: 9047: 9029: 9011: 8985: 8981: 8949: 8945: 8913: 8909: 8891: 8859: 8855: 8815: 8811: 8793: 8761: 8757: 8736: 8718: 8702: 8698: 8670: 8666: 8640: 8636: 8604: 8600: 8575: 8564: 8544: 8524: 8513:, retrieved 8498: 8479: 8461: 8443: 8425: 8407: 8398: 8390: 8372: 8364: 8347: 8339: 8321: 8299: 8289: 8281: 8261: 8258:Bayly, C. A. 8247:, retrieved 8232: 8220:, retrieved 8205: 8177: 8156: 8135: 8111: 8090: 8081: 8071: 8052: 8032: 8009: 7989:. Retrieved 7974: 7957:. Oneworld. 7953: 7944:(Routledge) 7941: 7922: 7902: 7882: 7861: 7853:Bose, Sugata 7845: 7844:Bayly, C.A. 7825: 7821:Bayly, C. A. 7801: 7781:, p. 18 7774: 7762: 7757:, p. 17 7750: 7738: 7733:, p. 16 7726: 7721:, p. 15 7714: 7709:, p. 13 7680: 7673: 7662: 7657: 7640: 7636: 7630: 7619: 7586: 7582: 7576: 7567: 7563: 7557: 7543:(1): 51–65. 7540: 7536: 7530: 7522: 7517: 7508: 7494: 7484: 7447: 7432: 7425: 7416: 7401: 7394: 7389:, p. 91 7378: 7351: 7322: 7317:, p. 57 7287:, p. 76 7265: 7260:, p. 49 7245:, p. 18 7238: 7233:, p. 33 7226: 7189: 7182: 7143: 7136: 7128: 7123: 7115: 7110: 7101: 7097: 7091: 7075: 7070:, p. 88 7063: 7011: 6995: 6975:, p. 61 6968: 6958:25 September 6956:. Retrieved 6936: 6929: 6912: 6907: 6897:14 September 6895:. Retrieved 6875: 6868: 6838:, p. 65 6827: 6815: 6810:, p. 66 6777: 6768: 6744:, p. 43 6737: 6712: 6700: 6688: 6683:, p. 82 6676: 6660: 6632:, p. 55 6625: 6601:, p. 47 6582:, p. 78 6563:, p. 78 6546:, p. 20 6539: 6498:, p. 36 6481:Travers 2007 6476: 6471:, p. 15 6448:, p. 78 6441: 6429: 6422:Travers 2007 6406:Travers 2007 6401: 6381: 6374: 6365: 6360:, p. 77 6341:, p. 77 6309:, p. 14 6277:, p. 35 6262:, p. 76 6247: 6242:, p. 14 6214:. Retrieved 6203: 6194: 6182:. Retrieved 6178:the original 6173: 6164: 6152: 6147:, p. 68 6132:, p. 67 6090: 6083: 6071:. Retrieved 6067: 6057: 6048: 6038: 6026:. Retrieved 6015: 6008: 5989: 5983: 5978:, p. 56 5971: 5966:, p. 30 5955: 5943: 5935: 5931: 5924: 5920: 5913: 5906: 5897: 5877: 5857: 5850: 5841: 5826: 5816: 5808: 5793: 5786: 5778: 5763: 5745: 5730: 5703: 5665:(Urdu words) 5551: 5542:EIC in India 5466:French India 5456:Danish India 5412: 5345:Ganges Canal 5313:Ganges Canal 5286: 5233: 5201:Ganges Canal 5198: 5190:Muzaffargarh 5161: 5145: 5139: 5122:Ganges river 5111:British Army 5106: 5102: 5094: 5070: 5060: 5048:Vijayanagara 5032: 5029:Kaveri river 5021: 5006: 4924: 4911: 4887: 4868: 4852:, a section 4845: 4831: 4797: 4793: 4791: 4766: 4744: 4729: 4709: 4702: 4682: 4678: 4664: 4642:ship anchors 4638:gutta-percha 4604: 4584:hill station 4567:galvanoscope 4549: 4537: 4407: 4403: 4400: 4363: 4353: 4316: 4247: 4200: 4174: 4160:in villages. 4136: 4089: 4084: 4078: 4069: 4065: 4058:utilitarians 4055: 4049:(1837), and 4031:abolitionist 4011:evangelicals 4004: 4002: 3982:Thomas Munro 3974:Orientalists 3954: 3942:puisne judge 3922: 3903: 3900: 3896: 3851: 3835: 3810: 3795: 3782: 3779:Sadr Adālats 3778: 3774: 3763:Sadr Adālats 3762: 3760: 3748:Sadr Adālats 3747: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3708:Fort William 3703: 3681: 3676: 3664: 3660: 3652: 3650: 3641: 3633: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3613: 3605: 3601: 3598: 3592: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3566: 3544: 3540: 3518: 3516: 3511: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3477: 3475: 3433: 3374:against the 3357: 3347: 3307: 3271:money supply 3268: 3172:Bullion (£) 3155: 3084: 3004: 2986: 2976: 2942: 2863:Local forces 2721:Presidencies 2686: 2616:Presidencies 2588: 2569: 2501: 2492:rural Hindu 2471: 2469: 2446: 2375: 2369: 2364: 2340: 2336: 2328: 2322: 2319:Thomas Munro 2312: 2308:paddy fields 2299: 2296: 2279: 2265: 2259: 2251: 2246: 2220: 2213: 2192: 2188: 2180: 2176: 2170: 2160: 2023: 2008: 1988:Henry Dundas 1981: 1961: 1936:new ministry 1916:Edmund Burke 1909: 1904: 1873: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1854: 1845: 1841: 1831: 1733:Ganges Canal 1698:(1848–1849) 1600:(1839–1842) 1528: 1520:Mysore State 1474:Lord Amherst 1370:locum tenens 1281: 1273: 1137: 1104:(1780–1784) 1094: 1046:locum tenens 1043: 971:(1818), and 918: 878: 874: 864: 820:Ahom Kingdom 806:(comprising 796: 788:Sutlej River 761: 758:Shah Alam II 750:Robert Clive 747: 718: 715:Ganges Delta 663:Masulipatnam 654: 648: 631:India Office 595:Fort William 573: 520: 516: 515: 461: 419:Bengal Subah 405:Ahom kingdom 345:Succeeded by 344: 339: 223:23 June 1757 205:Early modern 153:Fort William 29: 9899:Archaeology 9814:Environment 9704:Afro-Asians 9526:Afghanistan 8515:19 February 8306:. Pp. 400, 8222:20 February 7383:Stokes 1986 7231:Farnie 1979 6532:Ludden 2002 6157:Ludden 2002 5648:British Raj 5529:(1600–1947) 5486:(1505–1961) 5446:Dutch India 5146:Hasli Canal 5130:Jumna river 5075:Jamna river 4890:joint stock 4834:broad gauge 4827:Madras city 4823:Bombay city 4798:trunk lines 4771:Madras city 4683:screw-piles 4634:copper wire 4284:(left) and 4246:renamed it 3968:and in the 3918:Islamic law 3744:English law 3622:and Muslim 3589:Islamic law 3536:William III 3482:Murshidabad 3478:Nawāb Nāzim 3455:factory in 3376:British Raj 3310:Chinese tea 3095:Tipu Sultan 3032:Orientalism 3027:Utilitarian 3023:evangelical 2995:British Raj 2572:Bengal Army 2357:utilitarian 2353:Law of Rent 2255:tax farming 2231:Murshidabad 1992:Home Office 1767:(1853) and 1729:Lower Burma 1672:Gulab Singh 1648:Sikhs cede 1498:from Burma 1490:, Manipur, 1425:, and east 1325:Bundelkhand 1323:, parts of 1294:Baji Rao II 1244:divisions; 1084:Rohilla War 822:1828), and 639:British Raj 560:, when the 521:Company Raj 519:(sometimes 476:British Raj 391:Sikh Empire 340:Preceded by 89:1773–1836: 66:Colony and 21:British Raj 10160:Categories 10001:Bangladesh 9911:Bronze Age 9794:Philosophy 9779:Literature 9676:Indo-Aryan 9656:Andamanese 9531:Bangladesh 9353:2021033921 9248:2014933831 9145:, Calcutta 8249:5 November 7991:5 November 7788:References 7779:Stone 2002 7767:Stone 2002 7755:Stone 2002 7743:Stone 2002 7731:Stone 2002 7719:Stone 2002 7707:Stone 2002 7387:Brown 1994 7258:Peers 2006 7243:Misra 1999 7219:Peers 2006 7068:Brown 1994 7004:Bayly 1987 6861:Bayly 1987 6836:Brown 1994 6832:Peers 2006 6808:Brown 1994 6665:Peers 2006 6653:Peers 2006 6630:Brown 1994 6599:Peers 2006 6576:Peers 2006 6515:Peers 2006 6496:Peers 2006 6420:Quoted in 6275:Peers 2006 6256:Peers 2006 6184:15 January 6145:Brown 1994 6130:Brown 1994 6068:EduGeneral 5964:Peers 2006 5960:Brown 1994 5150:Ravi river 5107:Doab Canal 5099:Shah Jahan 5081:region of 4928:Chittagong 4900:raised in 4730:The first 4698:toddy palm 4588:Ootacamund 4534:Telegraphy 4205:Crown rule 4195:, and the 4062:James Mill 3812:panchāyats 3771:Winchester 3716:barristers 3630:Sadr Amīns 3527:Charles II 3519:presidency 3486:Naib Nāzim 3453:Indigo dye 3350:indigo dye 3318:Qing China 3194:15,239,115 3183:12,189,147 2591:John Shore 2490:high caste 2484:including 2399:Bangladesh 2360:James Mill 2215:Anandamath 2042:Parliament 1932:George III 1876:Lord North 1851:Lord North 1838:presidency 1725:(1852–53) 1646:(1845–46) 1621:(1839–42) 1525:Bahawalpur 1496:Tenasserim 1446:suzerainty 1439:(1817–18) 1387:Lord Minto 1309:(1803–05) 1296:accepting 1289:signed by 1242:Rohilkhand 1175:Travancore 1148:John Shore 1142:(1791–92) 1134:(1789–92) 1086:(1773–74) 973:Bahawalpur 941:Travancore 814:, and the 808:Rohilkhand 723:Portuguese 703:Charles II 689:gifted to 509:Bangladesh 433:Oudh State 111:Government 103:but also: 96:Hindustani 55:South Asia 10068:Education 9789:Mythology 9774:Languages 9686:Nuristani 9671:Dravidian 9597:Sri Lanka 9563:Northeast 9551:Northwest 8974:145744242 8938:143243650 8884:143348610 8786:144468476 8133:(1990) . 7859:(2004) . 7611:111443299 7344:Robb 2002 7175:Robb 2002 6820:Robb 2002 6731:Bose 1993 6717:Guha 1995 6705:Robb 2002 6669:Robb 2002 6618:Robb 2002 6434:Guha 1995 5882:Robb 2002 5596:1721–1949 5586:1824–1948 5576:1858–1947 5566:1797–1813 5556:1757–1858 5546:1600–1757 5513:1628–1633 5503:1434–1833 5470:1668–1954 5460:1620–1869 5450:1605–1825 5440:1731–1813 5430:1778–1785 5367:taken by 5163:Bari Doab 5087:Himalayan 4894:domiciled 4757:; to the 4544:semaphore 4523:semaphore 4478:Two four 4424:Rajputana 4060:, led by 4006:Anglicist 4000:in 1824. 3887:Education 3746:; in the 3724:judiciary 3644:, or the 3507:zamindars 3494:muhtasils 3395:Sonargaon 3364:Champaran 3331:Guangzhou 3260:8,988,165 3249:4,476,207 3135:palanquin 3099:Bangalore 3091:red coats 2749:Artillery 2737:Artillery 2427:jackfruit 2270:zamindars 2266:permanent 2212:'s novel 2167:zamindars 1874:Although 1747:Sambalpur 1704:(1849–56) 1484:(1823–26) 1451:Singapore 1246:Allahabad 1238:Gorakhpur 1231:(1800–05) 1221:(1798–99) 1210:Hyderabad 1168:(1793–97) 1138:Doji bara 1099:(1783–84) 1091:(1777–83) 1081:(1769–73) 969:Rajputana 945:Hyderabad 925:maharajas 875:political 812:Gorakhpur 719:companies 569:Mir Jafar 262:1772–1818 249:1767–1799 53:Areas of 10090:Military 10011:Pakistan 9974:Hinduism 9969:Buddhism 9956:Religion 9926:Medieval 9916:Iron Age 9841:Politics 9804:Surnames 9726:Diaspora 9622:Southern 9612:Northern 9585:Pakistan 9575:Maldives 9473:Pakistan 9117:63943320 9105:(1845), 8848:42173746 8840:11617732 8659:54975143 8629:22053410 8260:(2000), 8031:(1989). 8007:(2006). 7823:(1987). 7549:20762428 7454:Buddhism 7450:Hinduism 6952:Archived 6917:Archived 6891:Archived 6776:(2000). 6210:Archived 6022:Archived 5824:(1999), 5391:See also 5365:Haridwar 5289:Lombardy 5277:mainstem 5269:Cawnpore 5231:region. 5158:Amritsar 5134:Cawnpore 4892:company 4846:Bor Ghat 4755:Raniganj 4720:Railways 4694:obelisks 4675:ironwood 4667:Peshawar 4660:Kedgeree 4609:and the 4368:Calcutta 4213:Bareilly 4201:en masse 4108:sent by 4053:(1856). 4045:(1832), 4041:(1830), 3930:Varanasi 3602:Mofussil 3581:Faujdāri 3532:James II 3502:Mofussil 3490:faujdārs 3263:528,715 3252:559,525 3219:161,381 3208:140,396 3197:586,119 3186:420,315 3093:outside 3019:Whiggish 2981:350,538 2971:311,038 2794:137,571 2759:Infantry 2740:Infantry 2681:154,500 2611:of 1806 2503:Purbiyas 2498:Brahmins 2448:Ryotwari 2370:ryotwari 2365:ryotwari 2341:ryotwari 2337:ryotwari 2324:ryotwari 2300:jotedars 2292:Kayastha 2243:Resident 2189:zamindar 2181:zamindar 2177:zamindar 2153:Ryotwari 2149:Zamindar 1882:and the 1749:(1849), 1741:(1848), 1682:(1846). 1666:Sale of 1605:(1842). 1468:(1819). 1358:Ghazipur 1331:(1805). 1284:, 1801) 1270:Mirzapur 1262:Mainpuri 1254:Cawnpore 1250:Fatehpur 1192:(1796). 975:(1833). 959:(1819), 955:(1815), 951:(1799), 947:(1798), 943:(1795), 939:(1794), 935:(1791), 871:autonomy 867:hegemony 826:(1843). 792:Marathas 671:Jahangir 625:and the 587:Calcutta 505:Pakistan 325:Currency 78:Calcutta 10135:History 10081:History 10031:Cricket 9984:Sikhism 9979:Jainism 9964:Dharmic 9891:History 9837:Economy 9822:Monsoon 9799:Scripts 9769:Fashion 9759:Cuisine 9736:Culture 9719:Semitic 9709:Chinese 9617:Eastern 9568:Islands 9004:3216953 8687:2808021 7603:3102572 7458:Jainism 6073:30 June 6028:23 June 5909:, from 5349:Roorkee 5317:Roorkee 5265:Aligarh 5261:Hardwar 5246:, with 5126:Hardwar 5050:ruler, 5005:in his 4932:Rangoon 4880:⁄ 4861:⁄ 4775:Arkonam 4691:granite 4687:masonry 4649:⁄ 4622:⁄ 4607:Hooghly 4596:Calicut 4590:in the 4563:Hooghly 4487:⁄ 4441:⁄ 4431:⁄ 4414:or the 4390:was 12 4068:. Such 3914:Persian 3838:(1825). 3787:Benares 3740:Nizāmat 3732:Adālats 3706:, i.e. 3702:in the 3661:pandits 3634:Munsifs 3619:pandits 3608:, or a 3577:Nizāmat 3545:between 3498:kotwāls 3402:muslins 3283:bullion 3279:coinage 3241:17,345 3238:156,106 3230:18,227 3216:968,289 3205:842,381 3121:, 1794. 3069:, 1804. 3040:thuggee 2968:211,926 2937:38,977 2887:32,554 2858:44,928 2826:49,252 2791:112,052 2752:Sappers 2746:Cavalry 2734:Cavalry 2678:130,000 2667:26,500 2653:64,000 2639:64,000 2494:Rajputs 2482:Banaras 2451:system. 2401:), 1860 2288:Brahmin 2239:Benaras 2185:revenue 1834:Plassey 1771:(1856). 1710:(1850) 1668:Kashmir 1658:Kashmir 1626:(1843) 1552:Events 1448:(1817). 1434:(1815). 1423:Garhwal 1304:(1803). 1229:Malabar 1223:Second 1166:Malabar 1095:Chalisa 1065:Events 836:Kashmir 691:England 659:factory 633:of the 552:on the 537: 523:, from 281:• 268:• 255:• 242:• 229:• 216:• 151:(first 91:Persian 74:Capital 10140:Swords 10023:Sports 9864:Muslim 9754:Cinema 9696:Turkic 9681:Iranic 9590:Punjab 9536:Bhutan 9451:. 9425: 9406: 9387: 9368: 9351: 9341: 9322: 9303: 9282: 9263: 9246: 9236: 9217: 9198: 9115: 9054: 9036: 9018: 9002: 8972: 8966:312868 8964: 8936: 8930:301944 8928: 8910:Osiris 8898: 8882: 8876:313141 8874: 8846: 8838: 8832:312523 8830: 8800: 8784: 8778:312614 8776: 8743: 8725: 8685: 8657: 8627: 8621:172481 8619: 8582: 8552: 8531: 8506: 8486: 8468: 8450: 8432: 8414: 8379: 8354: 8328: 8310: 8268: 8240: 8213: 8185: 8164: 8143: 8119: 8098: 8060: 8039: 8017: 7982: 7961: 7930: 7909: 7890: 7869: 7848:(1990) 7833: 7809: 7688: 7667:online 7609: 7601: 7547: 7501: 7440: 7409: 7197: 7151: 7118:(2005) 6944: 6883: 6784: 6389: 6216:30 May 6098: 5996: 5925:rēg-is 5865: 5834: 5801: 5771: 5738: 5281:Etawah 5273:Yamuna 5188:, and 5182:Multan 5178:Pathan 5154:Lahore 5132:below 5093:, the 5079:Hissar 5035:Anicut 5033:Grand 5018:Canals 4987:Pandua 4983:Howrah 4930:, and 4838:Pandua 4811:Punjab 4807:Lahore 4763:Kalyan 4751:Howrah 4507:Venice 4376:Bombay 4217:Etawah 4191:, the 4145:Bombay 4141:Madras 4139:(i.e. 4112:, the 4085:Minute 4070:useful 3910:Arabic 3802:Bombay 3798:Madras 3783:Diwāni 3736:Diwāni 3734:(both 3694:. The 3593:Diwāni 3573:Diwāni 3504:, the 3496:, and 3457:Bengal 3434:Godown 3432:Opium 3418:Marple 3343:Ningbo 3339:Fuzhou 3335:Xiamen 3227:72,911 3169:Years 3115:Howrah 3101:, 1804 3086:Sepoys 3025:, and 2962:11,256 2959:37,719 2956:39,500 2953:30,045 2913:7,756 2884:23,640 2855:33,861 2831:Bombay 2823:42,373 2799:Madras 2782:19,288 2779:21,432 2776:17,003 2767:Bengal 2762:Total 2756:Miners 2675:24,500 2664:20,000 2658:Bombay 2650:53,000 2647:11,000 2644:Madras 2636:57,000 2630:Bengal 2625:Total 2584:Ceylon 2556:13,000 2551:9,000 2548:24,000 2545:24,000 2488:. The 2473:Sepoys 2429:(1860) 2193:diwani 2155:, and 2030:French 1901:Bombay 1869:Europe 1867:as in 1846:diwani 1818:under 1796:First 1755:Jhansi 1751:Nagpur 1743:Jaipur 1739:Satara 1716:First 1678:under 1664:(1846) 1656:, and 1654:Hazara 1494:, and 1492:Arakan 1427:Sikkim 1419:Kumaon 1291:Peshwa 1278:Kumaun 1272:; and 1258:Etawah 1236:cedes 1186:Ceylon 1171:Jaipur 1160:First 1140:famine 1127:Cochin 1120:(1793) 1097:famine 949:Mysore 937:Jaipur 933:Cochin 929:nawabs 834:, and 828:Punjab 772:Orissa 768:Bengal 735:Danish 733:, and 731:French 683:Bombay 679:Madras 629:, the 609:, and 579:Bengal 574:diwani 185:(last) 139: 63:Status 10006:India 9991:Islam 9859:Hindu 9784:Music 9580:Nepal 9558:South 9546:North 9541:India 9467:India 9084:(PDF) 9000:JSTOR 8970:S2CID 8962:JSTOR 8934:S2CID 8926:JSTOR 8880:S2CID 8872:JSTOR 8844:S2CID 8828:JSTOR 8782:S2CID 8774:JSTOR 8683:JSTOR 8655:S2CID 8617:JSTOR 7607:S2CID 7599:JSTOR 7570:: 43. 7545:JSTOR 7466:Vedas 5903:Hindi 5713:Notes 5413:India 5347:near 5254:with 5170:Sindh 5165:Canal 5056:weirs 4842:Poona 4821:) to 4779:Thane 4630:pitch 4611:Haldi 4392:annas 4384:rupee 3752:Hindu 3688:Crown 3671:with 3665:qazis 3625:qazis 3585:Nawāb 3512:Nawāb 3438:Patna 3399:Dhaka 3314:opium 3146:Trade 3063:Arcot 2965:3,404 2950:6,769 2947:2,686 2943:Total 2879:2,118 2876:6,796 2849:1,997 2846:8,433 2843:9,360 2840:7,101 2837:1,578 2820:1,270 2817:2,407 2814:3,202 2811:8,708 2808:5,941 2805:2,128 2788:1,497 2785:4,734 2773:3,063 2770:1,366 2754:& 2743:Total 2705:Berar 2672:Total 2661:6,500 2633:7,000 2486:Bihar 2478:Awadh 2329:ryots 2227:Patna 2172:diwan 2026:Dutch 1865:India 1769:Awadh 1765:Berar 1676:Jammu 1566:Coorg 1488:Assam 1456:Cutch 1317:Delhi 1274:terai 1206:Nizam 1190:Dutch 1188:from 961:Cutch 856:Berar 852:Jammu 824:Sindh 763:diwan 727:Dutch 695:dowry 667:Surat 583:Bihar 525:Hindi 501:India 329:Rupee 36:India 9869:Sikh 9839:and 9423:ISBN 9404:ISBN 9385:ISBN 9366:ISBN 9349:LCCN 9339:ISBN 9320:ISBN 9301:ISBN 9280:ISBN 9261:ISBN 9244:LCCN 9234:ISBN 9215:ISBN 9196:ISBN 9113:OCLC 9052:ISBN 9034:ISBN 9016:ISBN 8896:ISBN 8836:PMID 8798:ISBN 8741:ISBN 8723:ISBN 8625:PMID 8580:ISBN 8550:ISBN 8529:ISBN 8517:2012 8504:ISBN 8484:ISBN 8466:ISBN 8448:ISBN 8430:ISBN 8412:ISBN 8377:ISBN 8352:ISBN 8326:ISBN 8308:ISBN 8266:ISBN 8251:2011 8238:ISBN 8224:2012 8211:ISBN 8183:ISBN 8162:ISBN 8141:ISBN 8117:ISBN 8096:ISBN 8058:ISBN 8037:ISBN 8015:ISBN 7993:2011 7980:ISBN 7959:ISBN 7928:ISBN 7907:ISBN 7888:ISBN 7867:ISBN 7831:ISBN 7807:ISBN 7686:ISBN 7499:ISBN 7470:Manu 7456:and 7438:ISBN 7407:ISBN 7195:ISBN 7149:ISBN 6960:2022 6942:ISBN 6899:2022 6881:ISBN 6782:ISBN 6387:ISBN 6218:2013 6186:2011 6096:ISBN 6075:2020 6030:2022 5994:ISBN 5929:OIr. 5911:Skr. 5863:ISBN 5832:ISBN 5799:ISBN 5769:ISBN 5736:ISBN 5606:1947 5325:U.P. 5229:Doab 5176:and 5174:Sikh 5156:and 4815:Agra 4480:anna 4396:tola 4388:Agra 4167:for 3994:Pune 3984:and 3940:, a 3912:and 3800:and 3738:and 3663:and 3632:and 3614:Zilā 3534:and 3036:sati 2892:" " 2582:and 2580:Java 2570:The 2496:and 2290:and 2235:Oudh 2062:Oudh 2040:and 2028:and 2002:and 1899:and 1811:Oudh 1809:and 1753:and 1745:and 1593:Aden 1319:and 1313:Doab 1266:Etah 1240:and 963:and 860:Oudh 816:Doab 649:The 581:and 543:rule 534:lit. 317:1858 312:Area 100:Urdu 9749:Art 8990:doi 8954:doi 8918:doi 8864:doi 8820:doi 8766:doi 8707:doi 8675:doi 8645:doi 8609:doi 7645:doi 7591:doi 5936:rīg 5921:rēx 5914:rāj 5907:rāj 5279:at 5217:Rs. 5124:in 5105:or 4985:to 4773:to 4706:Rs. 4685:or 4671:fir 4586:of 4370:), 4077:'s 3992:in 3754:or 3579:or 3550:Rs. 2852:637 2834:681 2802:639 2351:'s 1871:". 1674:of 1670:to 1276:of 1227:in 1208:of 1164:in 850:of 701:to 693:as 661:in 593:of 529:rāj 10162:: 9458:. 9347:. 9242:. 8998:, 8986:16 8984:, 8968:, 8960:, 8950:29 8948:, 8932:, 8924:, 8914:15 8878:, 8870:, 8860:34 8858:, 8842:, 8834:, 8826:, 8816:22 8814:, 8780:, 8772:, 8762:25 8760:, 8703:45 8701:, 8697:, 8681:, 8671:24 8669:, 8653:, 8641:62 8639:, 8623:, 8615:, 8605:25 8603:, 8332:. 8003:; 7855:; 7699:^ 7639:. 7605:. 7597:. 7587:12 7585:. 7568:19 7566:. 7541:35 7539:. 7507:, 7446:, 7415:, 7385:, 7363:^ 7334:^ 7307:^ 7292:^ 7277:^ 7250:^ 7209:^ 7163:^ 7102:45 7100:. 7046:^ 7023:^ 6980:^ 6950:. 6889:. 6843:^ 6796:^ 6749:^ 6723:^ 6637:^ 6606:^ 6587:^ 6568:^ 6551:^ 6522:^ 6503:^ 6488:^ 6453:^ 6413:^ 6346:^ 6329:^ 6314:^ 6297:^ 6282:^ 6267:^ 6226:^ 6202:. 6172:. 6137:^ 6110:^ 6066:. 6047:. 6020:. 5934:, 5932:rī 5927:, 5923:, 5918:L. 5905:, 5840:, 5807:, 5777:, 5753:^ 5744:, 5720:^ 5319:, 5315:, 5275:) 5223:, 5184:, 5065:, 4854:15 4673:, 4662:. 4615:13 4521:A 4331:, 4143:, 3952:. 3604:, 3514:. 3492:, 3378:. 3337:, 3333:, 3117:, 3065:, 3021:, 2997:. 2317:, 2310:. 2218:. 2151:, 2147:, 2006:. 1942:. 1652:, 1421:, 1360:. 1315:, 1264:, 1260:, 1256:, 1252:, 1248:, 830:, 810:, 745:. 729:, 725:, 641:. 613:. 605:, 597:, 532:, 9502:e 9495:t 9488:v 9462:. 9431:. 9412:. 9393:. 9374:. 9355:. 9328:. 9309:. 9288:. 9269:. 9250:. 9223:. 9204:. 8992:: 8956:: 8920:: 8866:: 8822:: 8768:: 8709:: 8677:: 8647:: 8611:: 8570:. 8538:. 8386:. 8317:. 8294:. 8191:. 8170:. 8149:. 8125:. 8104:. 8066:. 8045:. 8023:. 7995:. 7967:. 7936:. 7915:. 7896:. 7875:. 7841:. 7839:. 7815:. 7651:. 7647:: 7641:8 7613:. 7593:: 7551:. 7203:. 7157:. 6962:. 6901:. 6790:. 6395:. 6220:. 6188:. 6104:. 6077:. 6032:. 6018:" 6002:. 5871:. 5634:e 5627:t 5620:v 5323:( 5295:. 4989:. 4882:4 4878:3 4875:+ 4873:1 4863:4 4859:3 4856:+ 4651:8 4647:7 4624:2 4620:1 4617:+ 4489:2 4485:1 4443:2 4439:1 4433:4 4429:1 4171:. 4128:. 3404:. 3030:" 2099:. 1968:' 1964:" 1761:. 1429:. 1372:) 1368:( 1280:( 546:' 540:' 155:) 98:/ 27:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index