548:
747:
717:
621:
1033:
7714:
Northern Irish notes, but some unfamiliar with them may reject them. However, Scottish and
Northern Irish notes both tend to be accepted in Scotland and Northern Ireland, respectively. Merchants in England generally do not accept Jersey, Guernsey, Manx, Gibraltarian, and Falkland notes but Manx notes are generally accepted in Northern Ireland. Bank of England notes are generally accepted in the Falklands and Gibraltar, but for example, Scottish and Northern Irish notes are not. Since all of the notes are denominated in sterling, banks will exchange them for locally issued notes at face value, though some in the UK have had trouble exchanging Falkland Islands notes.
4144:
4757:
646:
58:
5458:
9787:
9815:
3757:
905:
6540:, sterling depreciated sharply, declining to £1 to US$ 1.38 on 23 January 2009 and falling below £1 to €1.25 against the euro in April 2008. There was a further decline during the remainder of 2008, most dramatically on 29 December when its euro rate hit an all-time low at €1.0219, while its US dollar rate depreciated. Sterling appreciated in early 2009, reaching a peak against the euro of £1 to €1.17 in mid-July. In the following months sterling remained broadly steady against the euro, with £1 valued on 27 May 2011 at €1.15 and US$ 1.65.
6533:
caused sterling to appreciate against other major currencies and, with the US dollar depreciating at the same time, sterling hit a 15-year high against the US dollar on 18 April 2007, with £1 reaching US$ 2 the day before, for the first time since 1992. Sterling and many other currencies continued to appreciate against the dollar; sterling hit a 26-year high of £1 to US$ 2.1161 on 7 November 2007 as the dollar fell worldwide. From mid-2003 to mid-2007, the pound/euro rate remained within a narrow range (€1.45 ± 5%).
3764:
935:
6521:
4616:
9829:
2962:
5070:
6163:
873:
6205:
18955:
6613:
2995:
15667:
15655:
15643:
9801:
5361:
4513:
3008:
4820:
2977:
7668:
7497:
18965:
6509:
6213:
6601:€1.30; the next day, this had fallen to £1 to €1.23. By October 2016, the exchange rate was £1 to €1.12, a fall of 14% since the referendum. By the end of August 2017 sterling was even lower, at £1 to €1.08. Against the US dollar, meanwhile, sterling fell from £1 to $ 1.466 to £1 to $ 1.3694 when the referendum result was first revealed, and down to £1 to $ 1.2232 by October 2016, a fall of 16%.
4289:
6089:, with the suggestion that the pound sterling be divided into one thousand parts, each called a "mil", or alternatively a farthing, as the pound was then equivalent to 960 farthings which could easily be rounded up to one thousand farthings in the new system. This did not result in the conversion of sterling into a decimal system, but it was agreed to establish a
6369:"Black Wednesday" saw interest rates jump from 10% to 15% in an unsuccessful attempt to stop the pound from falling below the ERM limits. The exchange rate fell to DM 2.20. Those who had argued for a lower GBP/DM exchange rate were vindicated since the cheaper pound encouraged exports and contributed to the economic prosperity of the 1990s.
7132:
5740:
7127:
51:
5520:
metric tons (27,600 long tons) of silver were received by China, principally from
European powers, in exchange for Chinese tea and other goods. In order to be able to purchase Chinese exports in this period, England initially had to export to other European nations and request payment in silver, until the
7682:
in the United
Kingdom is defined such that "a debtor cannot successfully be sued for non-payment if he pays into court in legal tender." Parties can alternatively settle a debt by other means with mutual consent. Strictly speaking, it is necessary for the debtor to offer the exact amount due as there
7622:
in circulation until 2016. The Bank of
England introduced £5 polymer banknotes in September 2016, and the paper £5 notes were withdrawn on 5 May 2017. A polymer £10 banknote was introduced on 14 September 2017, and the paper note was withdrawn on 1 March 2018. A polymer £20 banknote was introduced on
6470:
poll of 1,000 people suggested that 71% would vote no to the euro, 23% would vote yes, while 6% said they were unsure. Sterling did not join the Second
European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM II) after the euro was created. Denmark and the UK had opt-outs from entry to the euro. Theoretically, every EU
5531:
Domestic demand for silver bullion in
Britain further reduced silver coinage in circulation, as the improving fortunes of the merchant class led to increased demand for tableware. Silversmiths had always regarded coinage as a source of raw material, already verified for fineness by the government. As
7539:
In 1826, banks at least 65 miles (105 km) from London were given permission to issue their own paper money. From 1844, new banks were excluded from issuing notes in
England and Wales but not in Scotland and Ireland. Consequently, the number of private banknotes dwindled in England and Wales but
7446:
on their reverse; and the reverse of the pound coin showed the whole shield. The coins were issued gradually into circulation, starting in mid-2008. They have the same sizes, shapes and weights as those with the old designs which, apart from the round pound coin which was withdrawn in 2017, continue
7941:
Regarding the period 1750–1914 the document states: "Although there was considerable year on year fluctuation in price levels prior to 1914 (reflecting the quality of the harvest, wars, etc.) there was not the long-term steady increase in prices associated with the period since 1945". It goes on to
6592:
had given permission for up to £150 billion to be created if necessary. It was expected that the process would continue for three months, with results only likely in the long term. By 5 November 2009, some £175 billion had been injected using QE, and the process remained less effective in
5507:
guineas minted out of 12 troy ounces of 22-karat gold (hence, 7.6885 g fine gold) and initially worth £1 or 20 shillings. While its price in shillings was not legally fixed at first, its persistent trade value above 21 shillings reflected the poor state of clipped underweight silver coins tolerated
7713:
Bank of
England, Scottish, Northern Irish, Channel Islands, Isle of Man, Gibraltar, and Falkland banknotes may be offered anywhere in the UK, although there is no obligation to accept them as a means of payment, and acceptance varies. For example, merchants in England generally accept Scottish and
7563:
Due to repeated devaluations and spiralling inflation the Bank of
England reintroduced £10 notes in 1964. In 1969, the 10/– note was replaced by the 50p coin, again due to inflation. £20 Bank of England notes were reintroduced in 1970, followed by £50 in 1981. A £1 coin was introduced in 1983, and
6532:
Sterling and the euro fluctuate in value against one another, although there may be correlation between movements in their respective exchange rates with other currencies such as the US dollar. Inflation concerns in the UK led the Bank of
England to raise interest rates in late 2006 and 2007. This
6253:
was running a budget deficit, and the Labour government's strategy emphasised high public spending. Callaghan was told there were three possible outcomes: a disastrous free fall in sterling, an internationally unacceptable siege economy, or a deal with key allies to prop up the pound while painful
5519:
In the 17th century, English merchants tended to pay for imports in silver but were generally paid for exports in gold. This effect was notably driven by trade with the Far East, as the Chinese insisted on payments for their exports being settled in silver. From the mid-17th century, around 28,000
5110:
The troy ounce of sterling silver was henceforth raised in price by 50% from 40 to 60 silver pennies (each penny weighing 8 grains sterling silver and containing 0.4795 g (0.01542 ozt) fine silver). The gold half-angel of 40 grains (2.578 g (0.0829 ozt) fine gold) was raised in
11350:
is credited with introducing the system of money to central and southern England in the latter half of the eighth century, overseeing the minting of the earliest English silver pennies – emblazoned with his name. In practice they varied considerably in weight and 240 of them seldom
8362:
For example, the purchasing power of a pound in 2006 was slightly more than that of 10p in 1971; conversely, the purchasing power of a pound in 1971 was slightly less than that of £10 in 2006. The hypothetical "shopping basket" of goods and services that cost £10 in 1971 would cost £98.04 in 2006
6600:
caused a major decline in sterling against other world currencies as the future of international trade relationships and domestic political leadership became unclear. The referendum result weakened sterling against the euro by 5% overnight. The night before the vote, sterling was trading at £1 to
5485:
The silver basis of sterling remained essentially unchanged until the 1816 introduction of the Gold Standard, save for the increase in the number of pennies in a troy ounce from 60 to 62 (hence, 0.464 g fine silver in a penny). Its gold basis remained unsettled, however, until the gold guinea was
7508:
shortly after its foundation in 1694. Denominations were initially handwritten on the notes at the time of issue. From 1745, the notes were printed in denominations between £20 and £1,000, with any odd shillings added by hand. £10 notes were added in 1759, followed by £5 in 1793 and £1 and £2 in
7477:
copper coins introduced in 1971. No other coins from before 1982 are in circulation. Prior to the withdrawal from circulation in 1992, the oldest circulating coins usually dated from 1947: although older coins were still legal tender, inflation meant that their silver content was worth more than
6465:
The idea of replacing sterling with the euro was always controversial with the British public, partly because of sterling's identity as a symbol of British sovereignty and because it would, according to some critics, have led to suboptimal interest rates, harming the British economy. In December
10739:
The alphabetic code is based on another ISO standard, ISO 3166, which lists the codes for country names. The first two letters of the ISO 4217 three-letter code are the same as the code for the country name, and, where possible, the third letter corresponds to the first letter of the
11446:
The manuscript chronicle of the city of London says this king Henry III in 1258 coined a penny of fine gold of the weight of two sterlings and commanded it should go for 20 shillings if this be true these were the first pieces of gold coined in England NB The date should be 1257 and the value
5875:, holding 40% of the world's overseas investments. But after the end of the war, the country was highly indebted: Britain owed £850 million (about £52.3 billion today) with interest costing the country some 40% of all government spending. The British government under Prime Minister
3319:). Because the League's money was not frequently debased like that of England, English traders stipulated to be paid in pounds of the "Easterlings", which was contracted to "'sterling". The OED dismisses this theory as unlikely, since the stressed first syllable would not have been elided.
21670:
5555:, the gold guinea was fixed at 21 shillings (£1/1/-) in 1717. But without addressing the problem of underweight silver coins, and with the high resulting gold-silver ratio of 15.2, it gave sterling a firmer footing in gold guineas rather than silver shillings, resulting in a de facto
5715:. Some of these retained parity with sterling throughout their existence (e.g. the South African pound), while others deviated from parity after the end of the gold standard (e.g. the Australian pound). These currencies and others tied to sterling constituted the core of the
5915:
To try to resume stability, a version of the gold standard was reintroduced in 1925, under which the currency was fixed to gold at its pre-war peg, but one could only exchange currency for gold bullion, not for coins. On 21 September 1931, this was abandoned during the
5787:. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many other countries adopted the gold standard. As a consequence, conversion rates between different currencies could be determined simply from the respective gold standards. £1 sterling was equal to US$ 4.87 in the
3700:
in 1971, the pound has been divided into 100 pence (denoted on coinage, until 1981, as "new pence"). The symbol for the penny is "p"; hence an amount such as 50p (£0.50) properly pronounced "fifty pence" is often pronounced "fifty pee" /fɪfti piː/. The old sign
11210:"The History of Currency, 1252–1894: Being an Account of the Gold and Silver Moneys and Monetary Standards of Europe and America, Together with an Examination of the Effects of Currency and Exchange Phenomena on Commercial and National Progress and Well-being"
11178:"The History of Currency, 1252–1894: Being an Account of the Gold and Silver Moneys and Monetary Standards of Europe and America, Together with an Examination of the Effects of Currency and Exchange Phenomena on Commercial and National Progress and Well-being"
6883:
coins were added, but these denominations did not last. Gold coins included the half-crown, crown, angel, half-sovereign (10/–) and sovereign (£1). Elizabeth's reign also saw the introduction of the horse-drawn screw press to produce the first "milled" coins.
7949:
to around 10.0 and remaining in the range 8.5–10.0 at the end of the 19th century. The index was 9.8 in 1914 and peaked at 25.3 in 1920, before declining to 15.8 in 1933 and 1934—prices were only about three times as high as they had been 180 years earlier.
6055:, in 1847 whose efforts led to the introduction in 1848 of what was in effect the first decimal coin in the United Kingdom, the florin, valued at one-tenth of a pound. However, full decimalisation was resisted, although the florin coin, re-designated as
7547:
introduced notes for 10/– and £1 to replace gold coins. These circulated until 1928 when they were replaced by Bank of England notes. Irish independence reduced the number of Irish banks issuing sterling notes to five operating in Northern Ireland. The
4926:
resulted in further debasements toward the end of his reign, with the English penny reduced to 15 grains sterling silver (0.899 g fine silver) and the half-noble reduced to 54 grains (3.481 g fine gold). The gold-silver ratio went down to
11568:
The History of Currency, 1252–1894: Being an Account of the Gold and Silver Moneys and Monetary Standards of Europe and America, Together with an Examination of the Effects of Currency and Exchange Phenomena on Commercial and National Progress and
7643:
for the British pound by controlling the amount of money in circulation. It has a monopoly on the issuance of banknotes in England and Wales and regulates the amount of banknotes issued by seven authorized banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland.
4810:
The English penny remained nearly unchanged from 800 and was a prominent exception in the progressive debasements of coinage which occurred in the rest of Europe. The Tower Pound, originally divided into 240 pence, devalued to 243 pence by 1279.
6664:) in September 2011, then decreased to around 2.5% the following year. After a number of years when inflation remained near or below the Bank's 2% target, 2021 saw a significant and sustained increase on all indices: as of November 2021,
3165:
for sterling, issuing its own banknotes and regulating issuance of banknotes by private banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Sterling banknotes issued by other jurisdictions are not regulated by the Bank of England; their governments
7528:
also issued notes. Both banks issued some notes denominated in guineas as well as pounds. In the 19th century, regulations limited the smallest note issued by Scottish banks to be the £1 denomination, a note not permitted in England.
6108:
However, sterling was decimalised in various British colonial territories before the United Kingdom (and in several cases in line with William Brown's proposal that the pound be divided into 1,000 parts, called mils). These included
4714:(5,400 grains, 349.9 grams) of silver into 240 parts. In practice, the weights of the coins were not consistent, 240 of them seldom added up to a full pound; there were no shilling or pound coins and these units were used only as an
21976:
5767:
was adopted officially, with silver coins minted at a rate of 66 shillings to a troy pound (weight) of sterling silver, thus rendering them as "token" issues (i.e. not containing their value in precious metal). In 1817, the
7560:), all notes for £10 and above ceased production, leaving the bank to issue only 10/–, £1 and £5 notes. Scottish and Northern Irish issues were unaffected, with issues in denominations of £1, £5, £10, £20, £50 and £100.
10535:
6397:
explaining the reasons for this and the measures which will be taken to bring this measure of inflation back in line with the 2% target. On 17 April 2007, annual CPI inflation was reported at 3.1% (inflation of the
6337:
to the D–Mark on a 1:1 basis, meant that interest rates in other countries shadowing the D–Mark, especially the UK, were far too high relative to domestic circumstances, leading to a housing decline and recession.
17967:
5989:
government. Among the measures, tourists were banned from taking more than £50 out of the country in travellers' cheques and remittances, plus £15 in cash; this restriction was not lifted until 1979. Sterling was
11011:
4872:
The resulting gold-silver ratio of 1:12.55 was much higher than the ratio of 1:11 prevailing in the Continent, draining England of its silver coinage and requiring a more permanent remedy in 1351 in the form of
5726:
were not party to the sterling area because the above-mentioned silver shortage in England coincided with these colonies' formative years. As a result of equitable trade (and rather less equitable piracy), the
12057:. The statutory rules and orders revised, being the statutory rules and orders (other than those of a local, personal, or temporary character) in force on 31 December 1903. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). London:
6454:" be met, to increase the likelihood that any adoption of the euro would be in the national interest. In addition to these internal (national) criteria, the UK would have to meet the European Union's economic
7105:
which was then restored to .925. Inflation caused the farthing to cease production in 1956 and be demonetised in 1960. In the run-up to decimalisation, the halfpenny and half-crown were demonetised in 1969.
5890:
By 1917, production of gold sovereigns had almost halted (the remaining production was for collector's sets and other very specific occasions), and by 1920, the silver coinage was debased from its original
14224:
11311:
Silver coins known as "sterlings" were issued in the Saxon kingdoms, 240 of them being minted from a pound of silver... Hence, large payments came to be reckoned in "pounds of sterlings," a phrase later
10382:
10319:
Silver coins known as 'sterlings' were issued in the Saxon kingdoms, 240 of them being minted from a pound of silver... Hence, large payments came to be reckoned in 'pounds of sterlings', a phrase later
10504:
7648:
has reserve powers to give orders to the committee "if they are required in the public interest and by extreme economic circumstances" but such orders must be endorsed by Parliament within 28 days.
12245:
6393:(CPI)) very close to 2% per annum. Should CPI inflation be more than one percentage point above or below the target, the Governor of the Bank of England is required to write an open letter to the
7035:(half-crown) and 5/– (crown). The crown was only issued intermittently until 1900. It was followed by a new gold coinage in 1817 consisting of 10/– and £1 coins, known as the half sovereign and
4206:." and spoken as "three and six" or "three and sixpence" except for "1/1", "2/1" etc., which were spoken as "one and a penny", "two and a penny", etc. 5 shillings, for example, was written as "5
21144:
6979:
and 5/–. Due to the widespread export of silver in the 18th century, the production of silver coins gradually came to a halt, with the half crown and crown not issued after the 1750s, and the 6
7536:
began issuing sterling notes, later followed by other Irish banks. These notes included the unusual denominations of 30/– and £3. The highest denomination issued by the Irish banks was £100.
6132:
a plan to convert sterling into a decimal currency. As a result of this, on 15 February 1971, the UK decimalised sterling, replacing the shilling and the penny with a single subdivision, the
21226:
20946:
18466:
6077:, announcing soon afterwards that "the great question of a decimal coinage" was "now under serious consideration". A full proposal for the decimalisation of sterling was then tabled in the
19121:
10887:
6402:
was 4.8%). Accordingly, and for the first time, the Governor had to write publicly to the UK Government explaining why inflation was more than one percentage point higher than its target.
13410:
4835:
as payment for English wool provided substantial economic and trade opportunities but also unsettled the currency for the next 200 years. The first monetary changes in 1344 consisted of
10917:
6593:
the long term. In July 2012, the final increase in QE meant it had peaked at £375 billion, then holding solely UK Government bonds, representing one third of the UK national debt.
11429:
A View Of The Gold Coin And Coinage Of England: From Henry The Third To the Present Time. Consider'd with Regard to Type, Legend, Sorts, Rarity, Weight, Fineness, Value and Proportion
12292:
10771:
6739:) (i.e. 3 nobles to the pound), together with the half and quarter noble. Reforms in 1464 saw a reduction in value of the coinage in both silver and gold, with the noble renamed the
4952:
or 20 sols, while the silver half-groat (2 pence, fine silver 1.798 g) was worth close to 1 sol parisis (1.912 g). Also, after the Flemish monetary reform of 1434, the new
10609:
19100:
7357:
of the same value that it had in turn replaced. These first generation 10p coins and any remaining old florin coins were withdrawn from circulation over the following two years.
989:
974:
19499:
11033:
17972:
1739:
19494:
19489:
19484:
19095:
19090:
19085:
3422:
10865:
A trader from HSBC visits multiple chatrooms in an attempt to manipulate the 4pm WMR fix, declaring he is a net seller in "cable" (a slang term for GBP/USD currency pairing)
7699:
19479:
19474:
12114:
7089:
was later restored, the coins saw little circulation thereafter. In 1920, the silver standard, maintained at .925 since 1552, was reduced to .500. In 1937, a nickel-brass 3
22151:
7020:
for 8 reales. After 1800, a rate of 5/– for 8 reales was used. The Bank then issued silver tokens for 5/– (struck over Spanish dollars) in 1804, followed by tokens for 1/6
2886:
1910:
1896:
5977:
In 1961, 1964, and 1966, sterling came under renewed pressure, as speculators were selling pounds for dollars. In summer 1966, with the value of the pound falling in the
18895:
18120:
14157:
11133:
11007:
7960:: the index was 20.2 in 1940, 33.0 in 1950, 49.1 in 1960, 73.1 in 1970, 263.7 in 1980, 497.5 in 1990, 671.8 in 2000 and 757.3 in 2005. The smallest coin in 1971 was the
7564:
Bank of England £1 notes were withdrawn in 1988. Scottish and Northern Irish banks followed, with only the Royal Bank of Scotland continuing to issue this denomination.
7482:. Before decimalisation in 1971, a handful of change might have contained coins over 100 years old, bearing any of five monarchs' heads, especially in the copper coins.
4960:(shilling) of 1.63 g fine silver was valued close to 2 pence sterling at 1.8 g. This approximate pairing of English half-nobles and half-groats to Continental
2548:
1054:
5970:
Under continuing economic pressure, and despite months of denials that it would do so, on 19 September 1949 the government devalued the pound by 30.5% to US$ 2.80. The
5473:, Britain's foremost slave trading company. The RAC transported the gold used in the coin from West Africa to England after purchasing it from African merchants in the
21009:
20984:
13729:
4278:(2 shillings) remained legal tender after decimalisation (as 2½p, 5p and 10p respectively) until 1980, 1990 and 1993 respectively, but are now officially demonetised.
19396:
19001:
17716:
14056:
11728:"The big problem of large bills: The Bank of Amsterdam and the origins of central banking (Working Paper, No. 2005-16, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA)"
10681:
1862:
19391:
11081:
6028:., or £1/12/6. It was customary to specify some prices (for example professional fees and auction prices for works of art) in guineas (abbr: gn. or gns.), although
3604:, literally, "what for what", or, figuratively, "An equal exchange or substitution". The term "nicker" (also both singular and plural) may also refer to the pound.
20966:
12875:
10645:
6597:
3050:
2926:
1749:
1200:
12178:
6249:
advised the sale of sterling investments in the face of high taxes, in a story that ended with "goodbye, Great Britain. It was nice knowing you". At the time the
21014:
18925:
18736:
17691:
17663:
13093:
13067:
6047:
whether consideration had been given to decimalising the currency. Wrottesley raised the issue in the House of Commons again in 1833, and it was again raised by
3561:. The origins of this term are attributed to the fact that from the mid-19th century, the sterling/dollar exchange rate was transmitted via transatlantic cable.
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
14191:
11375:
10378:
21042:
13795:
13676:
13168:
9857:
6362:" (16 September 1992) as Britain's economic performance made the exchange rate unsustainable. The event was also triggered by comments by Bundesbank president
2610:
1175:
13856:
12733:
12624:
6703:) was the principal and often the only coin in circulation from the 8th century until the 13th century. Although some fractions of the penny were struck (see
4910:
These gold nobles, together with half-nobles (40 pence) and farthings or quarter-nobles (20 pence), became the first English gold coins produced in quantity.
17979:
13917:
12660:
10500:
7567:
UK notes include raised print (e.g. on the words "Bank of England"); watermarks; embedded metallic thread; holograms; and fluorescent ink visible only under
7346:
of the same value that it had in turn replaced. These first generation 5p coins and any remaining old shilling coins were withdrawn from circulation in 1991.
2566:
2148:
1190:
13879:"Can I use coins from Guernsey, Jersey, Gibraltar and the Isle of Man in the United Kingdom? Why are they made to the same specifications as British coins?"
18857:
16326:
11956:
11876:
11648:
5961:
4778:), with a Tower Pound (5,400 grains, 349.9 g) of 92.5% silver minted into 240 pennies, each penny containing 20.82 grains (1.349 g) of fine silver. Called
1040:
13194:
12233:
7465:
2017: A more secure twelve-sided bi-metallic £1 coin was introduced to reduce forgery. The old round £1 coin ceased to be legal tender on 15 October 2017.
22495:
21533:
21498:
21488:
5093:
was extravagant, and England loosened the importation of cheaper continental coins for exchange into full-valued English coins. All these contributed to
2648:
2412:
827:
13011:
22545:
22505:
21991:
21543:
21064:
13641:
13555:
12789:
10706:
1179:
1068:
832:
12408:
12378:
21891:
21206:
20999:
15413:
14659:
7386:
coin was introduced, replacing the original size that had been in use since 1969, and the first generation 50p coins were withdrawn from circulation.
5772:
was introduced, valued at 20/–. Struck in 22‑carat gold, it contained 113 grains or 7.32238 g (0.235420 ozt) of fine gold and replaced the
5637:
was not replaced by sterling until January 1826. The conversion rate had long been £13 Irish to £12 sterling. In 1928, six years after the
2623:
2619:
1770:
13821:
13316:
12766:
6604:
In September 2022, under the influence of inflation and tax cuts funded by borrowing, sterling's value reached an all-time low of just over $ 1.03.
6333:
in 1990, the reverse held true, as high German borrowing costs to fund Eastern reconstruction, exacerbated by the political decision to convert the
21493:
21054:
18837:
14104:
6725:, was introduced, with the half groat following in 1344. 1344 also saw the establishment of a gold coinage with the introduction (after the failed
6424:, ruled out membership in the eurozone for the foreseeable future, saying that the decision not to join had been right for Britain and for Europe.
6082:
4610:
4210:." or, more commonly, "5/–" (five shillings, no pence). Various coin denominations had, and in some cases continue to have, special names, such as
1889:
942:
14130:
11111:
7513:. In 1855, the notes were converted to being entirely printed, with denominations of £5, £10, £20, £50, £100, £200, £300, £500 and £1,000 issued.
6786:." (lower-case L) after them, equivalent to twenty shillings) in 1489. In 1526, several new denominations of gold coins were added, including the
21483:
20911:
13352:
10877:
2875:
1744:
1185:
586:
13470:
13440:
13402:
12979:
12062:
11510:
7908:
codes. "GBP" is usually used to represent all of them; informal abbreviations resembling ISO codes are used where the distinction is important.
21779:
21590:
21106:
18968:
18808:
17407:
15704:
12347:
10909:
6052:
3531:
code for the United Kingdom ("GB") and the first letter of "pound". In historical sources and some specialist banking uses, the abbreviation
3511:
Notable style guides recommend that the pound sign be used without any abbreviation or qualification to indicate sterling (e.g., £12,000). The
2110:
1195:
10093:
22490:
21555:
21201:
20979:
20191:
18994:
18783:
14025:
11767:
11401:
10852:
10306:
6086:
5871:
in 1914, with Bank of England and Treasury notes becoming legal tender. Before that war, the United Kingdom had one of the world's strongest
2851:
2553:
1933:
1449:
1369:
785:
506:
14360:
A Retrospective on the Bretton Woods System: Lessons for International Monetary Reform (National Bureau of Economic Research Project Report)
12943:
12098:
12087:
11710:
11543:
10202:
4198:(the solidus and denarius were Roman coins). A mixed sum of shillings and pence, such as 3 shillings and 6 pence, was written as "3/6" or "3
22415:
21886:
21665:
21269:
18820:
18713:
18510:
16908:
16811:
15979:
13947:
13379:
10598:
10415:
8563:
6294:, on a programme of fiscal austerity. Initially, sterling rocketed, moving above £1 to US$ 2.40, as interest rates rose in response to the
6066:
4774:
4765:
3649:
3641:
3043:
2906:
2601:
2528:
2497:
1454:
1364:
10474:
7900:
by their respective governments, and Bank of England notes have been made legal tender on the islands, forming a sort of one-way de facto
6939:
Following the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, the coinage was reformed, with the ending of production of hammered coins in 1662. The
6482:
as its currency. However, the subject was always politically controversial, and the UK negotiated an opt-out on this issue. Following the
5667:. In some areas it was used alongside local currencies. For example, the gold sovereign was legal tender in Canada despite the use of the
21831:
21642:
18803:
17656:
13886:
13769:
12152:
11734:
11298:
11213:
10446:
10273:
7594:". A giant is a one million pound note, and a titan is a one hundred million pound bank note. Giants and titans are used only within the
5630:
2871:
2658:
2280:
1205:
806:
11817:
11573:
11181:
10245:
7411:
was becoming worthwhile (with a premium of up to 11%, with smelting costs reducing this to around 4%)—although this is illegal, and the
6711:), it was more common to find pennies cut into halves and quarters to provide smaller change. Very few gold coins were struck, with the
6306:. Sterling fell sharply after 1980; at its lowest, £1 stood at just US$ 1.03 in March 1985, before rising to US$ 1.70 in December 1989.
21841:
21784:
21316:
21259:
20224:
18500:
17746:
15623:
14836:
11433:
9842:
6040:
5763:, and their value floated relative to gold. The Bank also issued silver tokens to alleviate the shortage of silver coins. In 1816, the
4631:
4274:
in 1947, and by the 1960s the silver coins were rarely seen. Silver/cupro-nickel sixpences, shillings (from any period after 1816) and
2823:
2086:
1134:
596:
14542:
J. K Whitaker and Maxwell W. Hudgins, Jr. (April 1977). "The Floating Pound Sterling of the Nineteen-Thirties: An Econometric Study".
13973:
11677:
11243:
10048:
9946:
7686:
Throughout the UK, £1 and £2 coins are legal tender for any amount, with the other coins being legal tender only for limited amounts.
3111:
Sterling is the world's oldest currency in continuous use since its inception. In 2022, it was the fourth-most-traded currency in the
22500:
22485:
22180:
21074:
20562:
19632:
18778:
18648:
18270:
14302:
14078:
13585:
12816:
10576:
9973:
2798:
2783:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
955:
11037:
10814:
7694:, but not in Scotland or Northern Ireland. (Bank of England 10/– and £1 notes were legal tender, as were Scottish banknotes, during
4984:
resulted in another reduction in the English penny to 12 grains sterling silver (0.719 g fine silver) and the introduction of a new
21826:
21685:
21637:
18987:
18830:
18773:
18601:
18090:
18010:
17995:
16319:
14929:
11611:
11471:
7443:
6267:
2768:
2763:
2232:
1810:
1215:
10487:
Then I went to Mr. Crew's and borrowed L10 of Mr. Andrewes for my own use, and so went to my office, where there was nothing to do
5532:
a result, sterling silver coins were being melted and fashioned into "sterling silverware" at an accelerating rate. An Act of the
601:
502:
21407:
21216:
21047:
17952:
17947:
17798:
17565:
13147:
10169:
7938:
published a research paper which included an index of prices for each year between 1750 and 2005, where 1974 was indexed at 100.
6255:
5982:
3036:
2594:
2261:
2174:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
677:
531:
19224:
12706:
12553:
4888:
weighing 120 grains (7.776 grams; 0.250 troy ounces) of the finest gold possible at the time (191/192 or 99.48% fine), (meaning
263:
22450:
22168:
21742:
21471:
21439:
21279:
21264:
21254:
21079:
21069:
21059:
21032:
18958:
18505:
18495:
18480:
18415:
17912:
17847:
17649:
14727:
14712:
14249:
12865:
12620:
6228:
6183:
6094:
6078:
6044:
5917:
5540:
standard of 95.83%. Silverware made purely from melted coins would be found wanting when the silversmith took his wares to the
2803:
2788:
2701:
2666:
2643:
2571:
2142:
2124:
1224:
1127:
979:
926:
20808:
19219:
19214:
19209:
11141:
7973:
The following table shows the equivalent amount of goods and services that, in a particular year, could be purchased with £1.
3023:
21861:
21434:
18867:
18862:
18788:
18063:
15618:
14635:
14468:
14446:
13283:
13224:
13123:
12905:
12826:
12799:
12278:
12118:
11536:"Noble (1361–1369) ENGLAND, KINGDOM – EDWARD III, 1327–1377 – n.d., Calais Wonderful coin with fine details. Very impressive"
11333:
11274:
7945:
The value of the index in 1751 was 5.1, increasing to a peak of 16.3 in 1813 before declining very soon after the end of the
6661:
6390:
6190:
effectively ended at this time, when the majority of its members also chose to float freely against sterling and the dollar.
6186:
a little, rising to almost US$ 2.65 in March 1972 from US$ 2.42, the upper bound of the band in which it had been fixed. The
6036:
5425:
5057:
of one French ounce (30.594 g), and in 1524 it would also be the model for a standardised German currency in the form of the
4577:
2986:
2916:
2828:
2818:
2808:
2753:
2671:
2561:
2069:
984:
917:
19204:
19199:
13736:
13250:
10878:"STERLING CABLE RATES $ 3.19 TO $ 7 SINCE 1914; Top Reached When War Started and Bottom on Feb. 3, 1920, as Support Stopped"
10523:
of silver coin of the old fineness, comprising over a thousand million pieces, have already been withdrawn from circulation.
6503:
258:
22535:
22520:
22515:
21728:
21550:
21211:
21184:
19834:
18763:
18680:
7914:
are responsible for the monetary policy of their own currencies (where they exist), and have their own ISO 4217 codes. The
6399:
6291:
6243:
rising to nearly 27% in 1975. Financial markets were beginning to believe the pound was overvalued, and in April that year
6224:
6216:
UK bonds 1960–2022: the yield on UK Government benchmark ten-year bonds increased to over 15% in the 1970s and early 1980s.
5784:
5536:
in 1697 tried to stem this tide by raising the minimum acceptable fineness on wrought plate from sterling's 92.5% to a new
5397:
5158:
4721:
4549:
3730:
2836:
2723:
2713:
2676:
2636:
2606:
2581:
2543:
2305:
2225:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1047:
780:
19126:
14048:
11059:
10670:
7750:
p) made for traditional wedding ceremonies and Christmas gifts, although rarely if ever seen in circulation, are formally
7591:
21901:
21846:
21789:
21708:
21652:
21620:
21454:
21139:
20904:
20161:
19940:
19899:
18852:
18768:
18621:
16312:
16004:
15192:
13707:
11901:
Flynn, Dennis O.; Giráldez, Arturo (2002). "Cycles of silver: global economic unity through the mid-eighteenth century".
11073:
7435:
7292:
7225:
1971: The decimal coinage was completed when decimalisation came into effect in 1971 with the introduction of the bronze
6650:
6563:
5183:
4800:
4138:
2813:
2778:
2773:
2733:
2718:
2708:
2691:
2686:
2681:
1958:
1024:
746:
716:
687:
547:
16209:
12871:
12855:
10634:
21876:
21856:
21799:
21764:
21412:
21380:
21344:
18798:
18449:
18437:
18393:
17907:
17400:
15697:
15421:
13041:
12174:
10793:
7726:
7718:
7439:
7383:
7200:
6093:
to look into the issue. However, largely due to the hostility to decimalisation of two of the appointed commissioners,
2793:
2758:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2728:
2696:
2285:
1015:
850:
557:
19116:
18626:
13089:
13063:
12002:
7587:
7016:
coins for circulation. A small counterstamp of the King's head was used. Until 1800, these circulated at a rate of 4/9
6227:
in 1976. He was immediately told the economy was facing huge problems, according to documents released in 2006 by the
5404:
4556:
21871:
21769:
21424:
21417:
21284:
21249:
21234:
21134:
20067:
18910:
18813:
18758:
18537:
18520:
18490:
18255:
18105:
17768:
17763:
14536:
14511:
14496:
14478:
14456:
14437:
14389:
14371:
14352:
14337:
14287:
14210:
13668:
13164:
12700:
12510:
11848:
11803:
11367:
10765:
10605:
10239:
10058:
10017:
9983:
7772:
7451:
7427:
7339:
7177:
6098:
5444:
4596:
2653:
2211:
1820:
1815:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1168:
1077:
1004:
591:
17942:
13791:
10968:
10943:
3584:" (singular and plural, except in the common phrase "quids in"). The term may have come via Italian immigrants from
21956:
21508:
21466:
21390:
21385:
21289:
21167:
19858:
19680:
19655:
19075:
18746:
18525:
17805:
16901:
16502:
15402:
15285:
14717:
13909:
13848:
12729:
12686:
12650:
10364:
10341:
8556:
7651:
Unlike banknotes which have separate issuers in Scotland and Northern Ireland, all British coins are issued by the
7474:
7455:
7431:
7423:
7404:
7365:
7350:
7299:
7248:
7244:
7226:
7204:
7181:
7117:
6559:(QE). This was the first time in the United Kingdom's history that this measure had been used, although the Bank's
6487:
6351:
6250:
6070:
5848:
4263:
4255:
3993:
3964:
3928:
3899:
3773:
3710:
2237:
2037:
2032:
1763:
858:
738:
672:
653:
282:
14280:
World Currency Monitor Annual, 1976–1989: Pound Sterling: The Value of the British Pound Sterling in Foreign Terms
12616:
7524:
was still the currency of Scotland, these notes were denominated in sterling in values up to £100. From 1727, the
22540:
22530:
22460:
22019:
21836:
21774:
21700:
21395:
21244:
21191:
21154:
21119:
21093:
20994:
20156:
19010:
18900:
18847:
18708:
18653:
18485:
18388:
17867:
17815:
17741:
14934:
14405:
8484:
8481:
8478:
8475:
8472:
8469:
8466:
8463:
7491:
6560:
6389:). The Bank is now responsible for setting its base rate of interest so as to keep inflation (as measured by the
6102:
6059:, survived the transfer to a full decimal system in 1971, with examples surviving in British coinage until 1993.
5378:
4530:
4259:
3977:
2921:
1164:
1146:
1113:
11945:
11865:
11641:
8515:
8512:
8509:
8506:
8503:
8500:
8497:
8494:
5411:
4563:
4266:
had disappeared from circulation, but coins (at least the penny) bearing the head of every British monarch from
3136:
22525:
22510:
21966:
21754:
21680:
21575:
21528:
21444:
21364:
21324:
21114:
20897:
20217:
20047:
19867:
19346:
18920:
18825:
18731:
18584:
18432:
18420:
18341:
17827:
17096:
17075:
14415:
14202:
13581:
13190:
12505:
Ma Tak Wo 2004, Illustrated Catalogue of Hong Kong Currency, Ma Tak Wo Numismatic Co., Ltd. Kowloon, Hong Kong.
12051:"Proclamation, dated December 20 1825, assimilating the Gold and Silver Coinages in Great Britain and Ireland."
9950:
7722:
7615:
7407:
coins (which are 97% copper) exceeded those coins' face value to such an extent that melting down the coins by
7335:, historically valued at five shillings (25p), was re-tariffed for future issues as a commemorative coin at £5.
6537:
6326:(DM), with the unintended result of a rapid rise in inflation as the economy boomed due to low interest rates.
5939:
at a rate of £1 = US$ 4.03. (Only the year before, it had been US$ 4.86.) This rate was maintained through the
5382:
4627:
4534:
2457:
2170:
2138:
2002:
1800:
1780:
881:
708:
627:
614:
539:
489:
13999:
13607:
13001:
11674:"A medieval silver coin; a double petard of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, Count of Flanders (1467–1477)"
4807:
weighing twice the silver penny and valued at 20 silver pence was also issued in 1257 but was not successful.
4748:
penny respectively were also minted, but small change was more commonly produced by cutting up a whole penny.
22470:
22455:
22408:
22175:
21981:
21911:
21881:
21851:
21816:
21718:
21690:
21608:
21516:
21400:
21179:
20929:
19625:
19594:
19456:
19298:
18842:
18751:
18690:
18616:
18403:
18383:
18162:
17686:
17672:
17393:
16572:
15690:
14794:
13090:"ECB's subscribed capital to remain steady after Bank of England leaves the European System of Central Banks"
6822:(1547–1553). This debasement was halted in 1552, and new silver coinage was introduced, including coins for 1
6552:
5872:
5247:
After 1551 new denominations were introduced, weighing similarly to 1464-issued coins but increased in value
3392:: the Bank of England has exclusively used the single bar variant since 1975. Historically, a simple capital
3225:
3206:
2999:
2246:
2007:
754:
17:
19181:
14518:
13645:
13545:
5559:. Silver and copper tokens issued by private entities partly relieved the problem of small change until the
22294:
22218:
22190:
22136:
21939:
21929:
21866:
21821:
21794:
21647:
21632:
21329:
21304:
21239:
21129:
20712:
20123:
20057:
19675:
19541:
18905:
18726:
18589:
18567:
18547:
18476:
18398:
18275:
18265:
18260:
17932:
17897:
17753:
16618:
16544:
15451:
14819:
14768:
14758:
12756:
12400:
12370:
11265:
Naismith, Rory (2014b). "Coinage". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald (eds.).
9852:
7911:
7782:
7470:
7419:
7400:
7361:
7240:
6657:
had already been cut to their lowest level ever (0.5%) and it was unlikely that they would be cut further.
5748:
5393:
5086:
4545:
3629:
2981:
2841:
2425:
2324:
2254:
2241:
2217:
2048:
2043:
277:
19336:
19264:
19176:
19171:
19166:
11503:"Content and Fineness of the Gold Coins of England and Great Britain: Henry III – Richard III (1257–1485)"
10997:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Third Edition. Houghton Mifflin. 20 August 1993.
3100:
is also used to refer to the British currency generally, often qualified in international contexts as the
22465:
22185:
22163:
22131:
22126:
22108:
22049:
21971:
21961:
21896:
21759:
21723:
21521:
21299:
20938:
20867:
20118:
20062:
20031:
19695:
19641:
19589:
19036:
19018:
18741:
18721:
18562:
18425:
18207:
18110:
17820:
17793:
17773:
17261:
16894:
15471:
15436:
15431:
15222:
14363:
13817:
13308:
12315:
10144:
9993:: The UK currency. The name originated from the pound Easterling, formerly used in trade with the Baltic.
9768:
8549:
7170:
6685:
6586:
6459:
6421:
6411:
6394:
6315:
6271:
6263:
5884:
4786:
that was traditionally used, and sterling silver coins did not wear down as rapidly as fine silver ones.
4134:
4050:
3633:
3140:
2891:
2451:
2310:
2117:
1151:
1082:
759:
620:
297:
19331:
19326:
19321:
19280:
19259:
19254:
19161:
19059:
19054:
19049:
14108:
7001:
guinea (7/–) were introduced in 1797. The copper penny was the only one of these coins to survive long.
6653:, the Governor of the Bank of England, had also suggested there were no other monetary options left, as
4029:
4024:
4019:
242:
237:
232:
22245:
22146:
21986:
20697:
20431:
20166:
20052:
20021:
19700:
18940:
18552:
17758:
16597:
14924:
14381:
14134:
11351:
added up to a pound. There were at that time no larger denomination coins – pounds and
11103:
9847:
7896:
are unregulated by the Bank of England and are issued independently. However, they are maintained at a
7792:
5680:
5521:
4981:
3012:
2330:
1979:
1923:
1775:
1141:
1092:
302:
19316:
19249:
19080:
19044:
15169:
13343:
11502:
4143:
4003:
3998:
3322:
227:
22475:
22381:
22141:
21946:
21919:
21429:
21309:
20540:
20210:
19959:
19908:
19685:
18572:
18410:
18346:
18336:
18331:
16383:
15812:
15187:
14814:
14753:
14628:
13462:
13432:
12970:
12050:
10707:"Maintenance Agency | ISO 4217 – Currency Code Maintenance: Get the Correct Currency Code | List One"
10641:
7393:
7256:
7211:
7004:
To alleviate the shortage of silver coins, between 1797 and 1804, the Bank of England counterstamped
6831:
6794:
5991:
5971:
5525:
5311:
5266:
4219:
3403:
3151:
2861:
2856:
2315:
2298:
2275:
2195:
2184:
1928:
1884:
1061:
312:
287:
12342:
4756:
22279:
21809:
21449:
21196:
20752:
20742:
20103:
20006:
19917:
19705:
19690:
19618:
17837:
17202:
16841:
16645:
16443:
15828:
15381:
15131:
15091:
14161:
11759:
11397:
10085:
10069:
7935:
7552:
had a drastic effect on the note production of the Bank of England. Fearful of mass forgery by the
7036:
6925:
6774:
6708:
6240:
5927:, with its value determined by its continued acceptance in the national and international economy.
5769:
5611:
5343:
4244:
3548:
2534:
2266:
1805:
1032:
660:
632:
307:
292:
19442:
19386:
15144:
14586:
14021:
12841:
Wren-Lewis, Simon, et al. (June 1991). "Evaluating the U.K.'s Choice of Entry Rate into the ERM",
10842:
10298:
7607:
6569:
The process saw the Bank of England creating new money for itself, which it then used to purchase
5779:
By the 19th century, sterling notes were widely accepted outside Britain. The American journalist
5081:
occurred amidst the 16th century influx of precious metals from the Americas arriving through the
3569:
Historically almost every British coin had a widely recognised nickname, such as "tanner" for the
22480:
22424:
22337:
22158:
22093:
21804:
21461:
20545:
20113:
20026:
19935:
19926:
19810:
18245:
17832:
17783:
17132:
15274:
14773:
14594:
14429:
14079:"British Royal Mint – What are the legal tender amounts acceptable for the United Kingdom coins?"
13818:"Act of Parliament gives devolved responsibility to the MPC with reserve powers for the Treasury"
12932:
12655:
12095:
12084:
11795:
Freedom's Debt: The Royal African Company and the Politics of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1672–1752
11707:
11535:
10206:
8372:
7730:
7343:
7267:
7185:
6921:
6839:
6704:
6347:
6287:
6245:
6074:
5978:
5560:
5371:
5282:
5274:
5141:
4935:
4864:
weighing 108 gr (6.998 g; 0.225 ozt) and valued at 6 shillings (or 72 pence). (or
4725:
4646:
4523:
4227:
4151:
3948:
3915:
3878:
3831:
3782:
3574:
3570:
3558:
3170:. Historically, sterling was also used to varying degrees by the colonies and territories of the
3112:
2901:
2158:
2129:
2063:
1938:
964:
146:
19437:
19432:
19427:
19370:
19365:
18030:
13939:
13375:
10407:
22274:
21339:
20577:
20277:
20202:
19555:
19191:
18930:
16783:
16627:
16219:
15487:
15391:
15149:
14669:
8778:
7942:
say that "Since 1945 prices have risen in every year with an aggregate rise of over 27 times".
7915:
7576:
7525:
6645:
The Bank of England had stated in 2009 that the decision had been taken to prevent the rate of
6386:
5965:
5840:
5812:
5021:
4795:
coins in 1266, and their subsequent popularity, led to additional denominations in the form of
3143:
2463:
1842:
1120:
700:
57:
19422:
17210:
15745:
13878:
12144:
11727:
11209:
10753:
10438:
10267:
7540:
proliferated in Scotland and Ireland. The last English private banknotes were issued in 1921.
3592:, the name for a number of currency units used in Italy until the 19th century; or from Latin
22429:
22269:
22225:
22088:
21674:
20732:
20483:
19954:
19780:
19144:
18685:
18675:
18442:
18290:
18157:
18135:
18068:
17872:
17778:
16996:
16636:
16488:
16428:
15846:
15658:
15217:
15197:
15106:
15086:
14944:
14707:
14684:
14664:
13761:
11793:
11566:
11467:
11177:
10677:
10550:
A View of the Silver Coin and Coinage of England from the Norman Conquest to the Present Time
10229:
9834:
7459:
7369:
7354:
7189:
7053:
7013:
6941:
6909:
6811:
6726:
6585:. The initial amount stated to be created through this method was £75 billion, although
6491:
6440:
6436:
6303:
6122:
6029:
5723:
5533:
5470:
4919:
4861:
4828:
4693:
4275:
4248:
4211:
4167:
3672:
3617:
3536:
3453:
2966:
2846:
2434:
2350:
1795:
16850:
16794:
16699:
11427:
7097:
coins were issued seven years later. In 1947, the remaining silver coins were replaced with
5418:
4570:
3515:
code "GBP" (e.g., GBP 12,000) may also be seen should disambiguation become necessary.
22289:
22230:
22195:
22083:
22056:
21567:
20787:
20737:
20652:
20436:
20309:
20128:
19973:
18665:
18658:
18313:
18250:
18222:
18197:
18192:
18167:
18125:
17927:
17882:
17877:
17706:
17190:
17089:
16830:
16709:
16602:
16397:
16214:
16076:
15941:
15446:
15242:
15232:
15227:
15139:
15116:
14621:
13969:
13403:"Exchange Rates Today: British Pound Slumps Vs Euro, Dollar As UK Services Hits Record Low"
11673:
11235:
8669:
7332:
6929:
6899:
6788:
6757:
6731:
6669:
6622:
6455:
6330:
6199:
6175:
6167:
5944:
5936:
5895:
to just .500 fine. That was due to a drastic increase in silver prices from an average 27/6
5852:
5816:
5457:
5289:
5175:
5122:
5094:
5082:
4977:
4885:
4215:
3467:
3263:
was the origin of its definition, manufacture, and name: the German name for the Baltic is
3218:
3132:
3116:
2190:
2180:
1916:
1721:
1716:
667:
409:
31:
20072:
16684:
14397:
The international role of the pound sterling: Its benefits and costs to the United Kingdom
14306:
14082:
13577:
10572:
5859:
on International Coinage examined the issues, resulting in a decision against joining it.
4877:
Pennies reduced further to 18 gr (1.2 g; 0.038 ozt) of sterling silver (or
8:
22366:
22284:
22262:
22257:
22240:
22235:
22213:
22103:
22061:
20747:
20622:
20612:
20607:
19893:
18285:
18240:
18232:
18177:
18085:
18020:
17711:
17534:
16944:
16458:
16146:
15930:
15759:
15375:
15359:
15269:
15247:
15237:
15046:
15036:
15026:
14844:
14826:
13006:
7897:
6556:
6548:
6451:
6062:
5708:
5671:. Several colonies and dominions adopted the pound as their own currency. These included
5607:
5466:
4923:
4769:
4680:
4650:
3756:
2576:
2383:
2153:
2092:
1997:
1992:
1953:
1902:
682:
569:
513:
16535:
15572:
15182:
12821:. Studies in Macroeconomic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 290.
12794:. Studies in Macroeconomic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 214.
11607:
11460:
5053:(480 grains, 31.1035 g) of sterling silver. It was approximately on a par with France's
3577:. Since decimalisation these have mostly fallen out of use except as parts of proverbs.
3389:
22361:
22317:
22098:
22076:
22071:
22039:
21951:
21124:
20818:
20762:
20702:
20682:
20657:
20642:
20302:
19565:
19513:
18361:
18351:
18318:
18217:
18187:
18080:
18055:
18015:
17295:
17043:
16939:
16746:
16689:
16091:
16085:
16051:
15946:
15670:
15492:
15154:
15121:
15096:
15081:
15076:
15051:
15041:
15031:
14949:
14555:
14345:
The political pound: British investment overseas and exchange controls past—and future?
14165:
12965:
12598:
12200:
12031:
11926:
11918:
9820:
9660:
7923:
7881:
7557:
6665:
6428:
6363:
6275:
5880:
5876:
5638:
5626:
5603:
5509:
4832:
4171:
3668:
3613:
3528:
3463:
2407:
2343:
2290:
2133:
1857:
1087:
866:
579:
474:
96:
17596:
13144:
11627:
which gives the fine silver content of a Stuiver as 3.4 × 0.479 or almost 1.63 g.
10177:
7131:
6450:
had pledged to hold a public referendum to decide on the adoption of the Euro should "
5883:
tried to make up for the deficit with a deflationary policy, but this only led to the
5646:
5462:
22376:
22322:
21924:
20637:
20617:
20503:
20446:
20329:
20093:
18130:
18100:
17544:
17519:
17504:
17231:
17161:
17151:
17116:
17053:
17001:
16929:
16866:
16820:
16704:
15919:
15855:
15666:
15654:
15642:
15577:
15111:
15061:
15056:
14939:
14909:
14904:
14899:
14789:
14532:
14507:
14492:
14489:
Rethinking Our Centralised Monetary System: The Case for a System of Local Currencies
14474:
14452:
14433:
14411:
14385:
14367:
14348:
14333:
14291:
14283:
14250:"Measuring Worth – Purchasing Power of Money in the United Kingdom from 1971 to 2009"
14216:
14206:
13064:"ECB welcomes ratification of agreement on orderly UK withdrawal from European Union"
12822:
12795:
12696:
12690:
12602:
12594:
12545:
12506:
12284:
12274:
11930:
11844:
11809:
11799:
11270:
10761:
10379:"History of the use of the single crossbar pound sign on Bank of England's banknotes"
10235:
10054:
10013:
9979:
9243:
7691:
7390:
6933:
6378:
6179:
6129:
6110:
5712:
5704:
5634:
2320:
1972:
1968:
1963:
818:
797:
771:
645:
14253:
11608:"The Vierlander, a precursor of the Euro. A first step towards monetary unification"
11586:
In 1427 a Mark (244.752 g) of silver was worth 8 livre tournois or 6.4 livre parisis
22371:
22354:
22349:
22332:
22312:
22118:
20971:
20722:
20627:
20587:
20498:
20488:
20411:
20235:
20186:
20181:
20176:
20108:
20088:
20016:
19728:
19153:
18915:
18356:
18305:
18115:
18095:
17570:
17509:
17458:
17180:
17123:
17084:
17038:
16986:
16981:
16971:
16694:
16423:
16350:
15951:
15899:
15582:
15562:
15557:
15426:
15330:
15258:
15101:
15071:
15066:
14894:
14889:
14884:
14849:
14547:
14524:
14473:. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) (7th ed.). Krause Publications.
14451:. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) (6th ed.). Krause Publications.
12590:
12577:
11910:
10969:"Quid | Definition of Quid by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com also meaning of Quid"
10722:
9862:
9164:
8538:
8529:
8375:
around the world, and its value relative to other currencies therefore fluctuates.
7976:
The table shows that from 1971 to 2023, the buying power of a pound fell by 94.4%.
7619:
7517:
7479:
7184:
which were the same size as, equivalent in value to, and circulated alongside, the
6589:
6578:
6334:
6090:
6035:
Formal parliamentary proposals to decimalise sterling were first made in 1824 when
5856:
5820:
5672:
5642:
5576:
5537:
5513:
5128:
Prior to 1551, English coin denominations closely matched with corresponding sol (2
5054:
5033:
4949:
4791:
4315:. Here is a summary of changes to its value in terms of silver or gold until 1816.
3803:
3637:
3260:
3147:
3096:
2631:
2519:
2511:
2490:
2474:
2076:
2027:
1877:
1867:
837:
767:
116:
18643:
17446:
13275:
13216:
13115:
12897:
11325:
11290:
10548:
7926:
are set at a fixed 1:1 exchange rate with the British pound by local governments.
7153:
5061:, which also weighed 1 German ounce of silver or 29.232 g (0.9398 ozt).
22044:
21934:
21625:
21585:
20707:
20667:
20421:
20365:
20282:
20171:
19560:
19308:
19234:
19027:
18611:
18532:
17937:
17902:
17892:
17862:
17736:
17611:
17601:
17489:
17319:
17171:
17063:
16991:
16949:
16789:
16567:
16418:
16355:
16199:
16125:
16056:
16046:
16041:
16036:
15924:
15914:
15873:
15807:
15764:
15592:
15441:
14804:
14321:
13407:
Exchange Rates UK – Live Coverage of the British Pound & Other G10 Currencies
13246:
13151:
12351:
12206:
12102:
12091:
11714:
11589:
Hence one livre weighed 38.24 g and one sol at 1.912 g. Compare with 40
10847:
10442:
10411:
9081:
7946:
7919:
7703:
7687:
7672:
7640:
7636:
7533:
7510:
7505:
7149:
6913:, worth 20/–, followed in 1619. The first base metal coins were also introduced:
6660:
The inflation rate rose in following years, reaching 5.2% per year (based on the
6637:
6574:
6544:
6382:
6359:
6236:
6220:
6012:, with various widely understood notations. The same amount could be stated as 32
5868:
5844:
5792:
5756:
5752:
5739:
5668:
5615:
5586:
5572:
5474:
5078:
5012:. The reduction in the English penny approximately matched those with the French
4779:
4715:
4178:." – not from the first letter of "shilling", but from the Latin
3818:
3471:
3201:
3158:
3091:
2402:
2200:
1847:
1829:
1105:
728:
574:
439:
382:
131:
17641:
17463:
15335:
12407:. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. 19 November 1967. p. 1, sec. 1.
10470:
7635:
of the United Kingdom which has been delegated authority by the government, the
7061:
in 1887. In 1860, copper was replaced by bronze in the farthing (quarter penny,
4120:
This infobox shows the latest status before this currency was rendered obsolete.
3763:
21538:
21476:
21037:
20920:
20862:
20824:
20782:
20727:
20687:
20647:
20632:
20602:
20592:
20557:
20520:
20476:
20456:
20441:
20416:
20350:
20314:
20287:
20272:
20262:
20257:
20098:
19992:
19978:
19757:
19751:
19710:
19521:
18638:
18182:
17922:
17701:
17696:
17615:
17344:
17241:
17236:
17146:
17058:
17033:
16825:
16761:
16751:
16741:
16562:
16438:
16204:
16184:
16158:
16130:
16061:
15909:
15904:
15894:
15802:
15786:
15781:
15770:
15733:
15728:
15597:
15537:
15522:
15517:
14959:
14859:
14763:
13699:
13615:
13492:
12730:"GBP Forecast to See Support at 1.40 v US Dollar, But 1983 Lows a Step Too Far"
12211:
12207:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"
11981:
11347:
11239:
11034:"Foreign and Commonwealth Office country profiles: British Antarctic Territory"
10882:
10115:
8422:
8414:
8411:
8408:
8405:
8402:
8399:
8396:
8393:
8387:
7901:
7893:
7595:
7102:
7082:
7005:
6654:
6582:
6475:
6114:
6105:), decimalisation in Britain was effectively quashed for over a hundred years.
5836:
5728:
5700:
5664:
5478:
5339:
5058:
4707:
4668:
4267:
4180:
3693:
3498:
3341:
3253:
3171:
3167:
3079:
2948:
2468:
2163:
2056:
2052:
896:
353:
14528:
7904:. Internationally they are considered local issues of sterling so do not have
7126:
4615:
4270:
onwards could be found in circulation. Silver coins were replaced by those in
3450:
for pound derives from medieval Latin documents: "L" was the abbreviation for
3295:). In 1260, Henry III granted them a charter of protection and land for their
50:
22444:
21713:
21274:
21172:
21162:
20961:
20956:
20792:
20777:
20530:
20515:
20510:
20493:
20471:
20451:
20426:
20401:
20345:
20011:
19968:
19786:
19599:
18515:
18295:
18073:
18025:
18005:
17917:
17575:
17529:
17514:
17499:
17473:
17431:
17339:
17280:
17226:
17141:
17017:
16773:
16679:
16413:
16304:
16244:
16194:
16189:
15967:
15878:
15587:
15532:
15512:
15507:
15502:
15497:
15345:
15304:
14997:
14992:
14987:
14854:
14690:
14220:
13518:
12682:
12494:
European Monetary Unification and the International Gold Standard (1865–1873)
11813:
9792:
9764:
9583:
9427:
8532:
around the world. As of 2020, it is ranked fourth in value held as reserves.
7611:
7086:
7058:
6432:
6355:
6323:
6187:
6118:
5986:
5828:
5800:
5788:
5773:
5764:
5716:
5692:
5684:
5658:
5556:
5490:
5469:
in 1686. The "Elephant and Castle" motif below his head is the symbol of the
4953:
4163:
3850:
3587:
3381:
3363:
947:
904:
814:
18542:
14600:
13033:
12288:
9924:
6936:, a number of siege coinages were produced, often in unusual denominations.
6715:(equal in value to 20 silver pennies) a rare example. However, in 1279, the
6520:
6358: 2.95. However, the country was forced to withdraw from the system on "
5069:
21580:
20951:
20856:
20772:
20757:
20662:
20597:
20572:
20567:
20535:
20466:
20461:
20375:
20370:
20355:
20324:
20319:
20292:
19987:
19526:
18633:
18280:
18152:
17619:
17580:
17560:
17524:
17468:
17441:
17436:
17369:
17364:
17354:
17285:
17166:
17048:
16976:
16799:
16756:
16588:
16553:
16392:
16360:
16235:
16031:
15754:
15646:
15602:
15567:
15552:
15547:
15527:
15340:
15325:
15309:
14982:
14977:
14972:
14295:
13550:
12927:
12761:
11841:
The Fall of the Asante Empire: The Hundred-Year War For Africa's Gold Coast
9806:
9505:
8879:
8449:
8446:
8443:
8440:
8437:
8434:
8431:
8428:
7957:
7889:
7755:
7751:
7695:
7679:
7632:
7572:
7549:
7496:
7412:
7408:
7174:
7139:
7098:
7009:
6745:
6717:
6417:
6319:
6299:
6048:
5940:
5808:
5804:
5760:
5596:
5548:
5541:
5236:
5191:
5024:
made the English groat (4-pence) mutually exchangeable with the Burgundian
4985:
4796:
4764:
The early pennies were struck from fine silver (as pure as was available).
4699:
4688:
4305:
4297:
4271:
3660:
3653:
3600:
3535:(in various styles) has been used to indicate sterling. Many stocks on the
3249:
3162:
3124:
2504:
2207:
1985:
912:
793:
376:
20889:
12843:
The Manchester School of Economic & Social Studies Vol. LIV Supplement
11914:
11036:. British Foreign & Commonwealth Office. 25 March 2010. Archived from
7353:
was introduced, replacing the original size that had been the same as the
7342:
was introduced, replacing the original size that had been the same as the
6955:, 2 and 5 guinea coins. The silver coinage consisted of denominations of 1
5508:
for payment. Milled shillings of full weight were hoarded and exported to
4710:(757–796), who introduced a "sterling" coin made by physically dividing a
3325:
states that the (pre-Norman) Anglo-Saxon kingdoms had silver coins called
22066:
21996:
20767:
20717:
20692:
20677:
20582:
20525:
20406:
20391:
20360:
19997:
19414:
18324:
18172:
18147:
18140:
17961:
17788:
17630:
17374:
17359:
17290:
16715:
16671:
16609:
16495:
16253:
15542:
14967:
14919:
14914:
14737:
12646:
12523:
The Coins and Banknotes of Palestine Under the British Mandate, 1927–1947
12268:
12115:"The Central Bank of Barbados: Students' Centre – Money: Bits and Pieces"
10976:
9326:
7707:
7675:(red) and overseas territories (blue) using sterling or their local issue
7656:
7645:
7580:
7544:
7521:
7219:
7078:
6850:
6443:
the only territory under British sovereignty to officially use the euro.
6232:
6162:
6117:
from 1955 until 1960 (and continued on the island as the division of the
6003:
5962:
Economic history of the United Kingdom § 1945–1951: Age of Austerity
5696:
5619:
5592:
5050:
4783:
4711:
4654:
4155:
3697:
3664:
3625:
3459:
3397:
3230:
2393:
1852:
1009:
960:
888:
722:
639:
564:
12429:
Hansard Parliamentary Papers, HC Deb, 25 February 1824, vol 10, cc445–49
11922:
10356:
10333:
7415:
of copper has subsequently fallen dramatically from these earlier peaks.
6891:
to the English throne, a new gold coinage was introduced, including the
6204:
3223:
There are various theories regarding the origin of the word "sterling".
359:
20845:
20672:
20552:
20297:
19531:
18000:
17623:
17385:
17349:
17310:
17252:
17197:
16934:
16526:
16517:
16480:
16433:
15682:
14876:
14722:
14581:
14559:
12534:
Hansard Parliamentary Papers, HL, Deb 10 March 1966, vol 273, cc1211–16
12474:
Hansard Parliamentary Papers, HC Deb, 12 June 1855, vol 138, cc1867–909
12438:
Hansard Parliamentary Papers, HC Deb, 10 August 1833, vol 20, cc482–502
12270:
The lights that failed : European international history, 1919–1933
12140:
12035:
12018:
7885:
7652:
7509:
1797. The lowest two denominations were withdrawn after the end of the
7145:
6815:
6712:
6447:
6295:
5924:
5923:
Since the suspension of the gold standard in 1931, sterling has been a
5900:
5780:
5552:
5385: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5090:
4804:
4537: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4150:'s hat shows an example of the old pre-decimal notation: the hat costs
4147:
3475:
3431:
3375:
3239:
3193:
are the units of account. This is analogous to the distinction between
3087:
2485:
2270:
1835:
444:
137:
16579:
16022:
11269:(Second ed.). Chichester, UK: Blackwell Publishing. p. 330.
7418:
In April 2008, an extensive redesign of the coinage was unveiled. The
6486:, on 31 January 2020, the Bank of England ended its membership of the
5776:
as the standard British gold coin without changing the gold standard.
5020:; furthermore, from 1469 to 1475 an agreement between England and the
3607:
934:
22344:
22252:
19948:
18979:
17887:
17330:
17306:
17185:
16886:
16367:
14732:
14674:
12938:
12483:
Hansard Parliamentary Papers, HC Deb, 23 July 1857, vol 147, cc304–29
12465:
Hansard Parliamentary Papers, HC Deb, 9 June 1853, vol 127, cc1352–59
12456:
Hansard Parliamentary Papers, HC Deb, 5 April 1853, vol 125, cc595–96
10815:"What does GBX mean when buying stocks on the London Stock Exchange?"
7953:
6893:
6819:
6646:
6612:
6513:
5974:
prompted several other currencies to be devalued against the dollar.
4619:
3659:
The other British Overseas Territories have a local currency that is
3645:
3554:
3300:
2479:
2097:
2012:
872:
414:
14551:
12447:
Hansard Parliamentary Papers, HC Deb, 27 April 1847, vol 92, cc13–23
6462:(2010–2015) ruled out joining the euro for that parliamentary term.
5360:
5107:
rd reduction in the bullion content of each pound sterling in 1551.
4512:
3229:
states that the "most plausible" etymology is a derivation from the
22205:
19610:
19466:
17416:
16965:
16465:
16450:
16335:
16175:
16098:
16068:
15988:
15819:
15713:
15018:
14679:
14590:
13995:
13619:
11523:
Fineness 23.875 karats = 191/192, coins in Nobles, Halves, Quarters
11352:
10498:
7905:
7710:
banknotes are legal tender only in their respective jurisdictions.
7196:
7157:
6888:
6761:
6381:
government handed over day-to-day control of interest rates to the
5892:
5862:
5676:
5580:
5512:, while clipped, hand-hammered shillings stayed in circulation (as
4819:
4663:
4642:
4293:
4194:
3524:
3512:
3504:
3483:
3434:
was still using this style of notation as late as 1939. The glyphs
3195:
3128:
3075:
3067:
2994:
2440:
2365:
2360:
1946:
77:
14402:
14049:"Man arrested for using £100 coin in Tesco wins £5,000 in damages"
9865: – other currencies with a "pound" unit of account.
7027:
In 1816, a new silver coinage was introduced in denominations of 6
6772:, equivalent to twelve pence) in 1487 and the pound (known as the
6458:(Maastricht criteria) before being allowed to adopt the euro. The
6274:(IMF) announced the conditions for a loan, including deep cuts in
4174:, making 240 pence to the pound. The symbol for the shilling was "
395:
22031:
20396:
18935:
17156:
16837:
16665:
16472:
16280:
16171:
16116:
16107:
16013:
14809:
14504:
Politics and the Pound: The Conservatives' Struggle with Sterling
12860:
11060:"Money - St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha travel advice"
10269:
The Journal of the Manchester Geographical Society, Volumes 19–20
7568:
5824:
4957:
4658:
2976:
2446:
1788:
20232:
14190:
O'Donoghue, Jim; Goulding, Louise; Allen, Grahame (March 2004).
10035:) the chief monetary unit of the UK and several other countries.
9765:
World Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves
7667:
6270:
set out to force domestic policy changes. In November 1976, the
3304:
3243:
3233:
22327:
20828:
17957:
17326:
17302:
17272:
16722:
10819:
8457:
7376:
7051:
coin issued only for colonial use after 1855. In 1848, the 2/–
6983:
and 1/– stopping production in the 1780s. In response, copper 1
6918:
6483:
5796:
4892:
pure gold) and valued at 6 shillings and 8 pence (80 pence, or
4672:
3676:
3621:
3539:
are quoted in penny sterling, using the unofficial code "GBX".
3296:
2881:
2081:
20872:
19720:
14613:
14358:
Barry Eichengreen (Editor), Michael D. Bordo (Editor) (1993).
13463:"British Pound (GBP) to US Dollar (USD) exchange rate history"
11708:
https://www.pressreader.com/uk/coin-collector/20210813/page/33
6366:
who suggested the pound would eventually have to be devalued.
6009:
5587:
Currency of Great Britain (1707) and the United Kingdom (1801)
4667:, the Roman equivalent of the penny; the shilling to "s" from
4638:
4128:
3479:
22304:
20851:
18670:
17248:
16271:
16226:
16162:
15864:
14799:
14575:
14131:"Can I use coinage from United Kingdom Overseas Territories?"
13730:"Security by Design – A closer look at Bank of England notes"
11624:
Stuiver weighs 3,4 g and has a fineness of 479/1000 silver...
10800:
7372:
6570:
6508:
5832:
5599:
to sterling at a value of £12 Scots = £1 sterling.
4853:
grains (1.312 g; 0.042 ozt) of sterling silver (or
3709:
in order to avoid confusion between the two units. A decimal
3487:
3470:. A "pound sterling" was literally a tower pound (weight) of
3442:
3007:
2020:
11760:"Coins of the Kings and Queens of England and Great Britain"
11461:"MONEY AND COINAGE IN LATE MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN EUROPE"
11398:"Coins of the Kings and Queens of England and Great Britain"
10711:(The official list of ISO 4217 alphabetic and numeric codes)
10141:"Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves"
10140:
10068:: The name given to the currency of the United Kingdom (cf.
7583:; and the notes incorporate a total of 85 specialized inks.
7500:
Selection of current sterling banknotes printed by all banks
6212:
6128:
Later, in 1966, the UK Government decided to include in the
6008:
Until decimalisation, amounts in sterling were expressed in
5920:, and sterling suffered an initial devaluation of some 25%.
5910:
4288:
2887:
Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union
457:
20241:
17453:
17266:
16766:
16510:
16376:
16289:
16262:
16151:
15997:
15837:
15738:
14644:
14520:
The European Monetary System: Developments and Perspectives
14189:
12818:
Making a Modern Central Bank: The Bank of England 1979–2003
12058:
8772:
7553:
7469:
As of 2020, the oldest circulating coins in the UK are the
6673:
6525:
6479:
6259:
6154:. The word "new" was omitted from coins minted after 1981.
5688:
3430:
after them, was used in newspapers, books and letters. The
3120:
2938:
2371:
12024:
Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies
12019:"Review of "Prices, Food and Wages in Scotland, 1550–1780"
4998:
th pound or 40 pence. The gold-silver ratio rose again to
3436:
3146:. As of late 2022, sterling is also the fourth most-held
427:
360:§ Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories
13493:"Exchange rates: Why has the value of the pound tumbled?"
13433:"British Pound (GBP) to Euro (EUR) exchange rate history"
13092:(Press release). European Central Bank. 30 January 2020.
13066:(Press release). European Central Bank. 30 January 2020.
12872:"House of Commons Hansard Debates for 2 Jul 1997 (Pt 21)"
12791:
An Exchange Rate History of the United Kingdom: 1945–1992
7274:) coin, which had continued in circulation at a value of
6914:
6467:
5935:
In 1940, an agreement with the US pegged sterling to the
5731:
became the most common coin within the English colonies.
2943:
14523:. Occasional Paper No. 73. International Monetary Fund.
12030:(4). North American Conference on British Studies: 724.
10536:
Barnum and Bailey share certificate (early 20th century)
10176:. Oxford University Press. December 2011. Archived from
7980:
Buying power of one pound compared to its value in 1971
7683:
is no obligation for the other party to provide change.
7291:
1982: The word "new" was dropped from the coinage and a
6302:. The high exchange rate was widely blamed for the deep
3729:
p, worth 1.2 old pennies) was issued until 1984 but was
1201:
Scottish Parliament constituencies and electoral regions
12377:. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. p. E2.
11733:. Leibniz Information Centre for Economics. p. 8.
11267:
The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
7532:
With the extension of sterling to Ireland in 1825, the
6341:
6073:
in 1853, resulting in the Chancellor of the Exchequer,
5641:
restored Irish autonomy within the British Empire, the
5618:, the currency of Great Britain was sterling, with the
3280:
3264:
9972:
Hashimzade, Nigar; Myles, Gareth; Black, John (2017).
9858:
List of the largest trading partners of United Kingdom
6460:
Conservative and Liberal Democrat coalition government
4645:, a shilling into twelve pence, and a penny into four
3333:
was derived from a pound (weight) of these sterlings.
13344:"Bank 'prints' £75bn and cuts interest rates in half"
12578:"INFLATION ECONOMICS: THE HEATH–BARBER BOOM, 1972–74"
11706:
whose silver content was 0.3 gram or only 0.4 penny.
11008:"British Antarctic Territory Currency Ordinance 1990"
7623:
20 February 2020, followed by a polymer £50 in 2021.
6547:
announced that it would pump £75 billion of new
5622:
soon being replaced by sterling at the pegged value.
4304:
The pound sterling emerged after the adoption of the
3527:
currency code for sterling is "GBP", formed from the
3406:
1191:
Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000
13376:"Bank of England, Asset Purchase Facility – Results"
13165:"GBPUSD=X: Basic Chart for GBP/USD – Yahoo! Finance"
12317:
The pound sterling : A history of English money
11642:"Burgundian Double Patards In Late Medieval England"
10231:
Family, Commerce, and Religion in London and Cologne
9971:
9782:
6435:
to the euro, the British sovereign bases on Cyprus (
6385:(a policy that had originally been advocated by the
4902:
rd of a pound). The pure gold-silver ratio was thus
22018:
10841:Barrett, Claer; Aglionby, John (12 November 2014).
7662:
6504:
Economy of the United Kingdom § Exchange rates
6069:, raised the issue of full decimalisation again in
5867:The gold standard was suspended at the outbreak of
5566:
3608:
Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories
3446:may occasionally be encountered. Use of the letter
14426:The Financial System in Nineteenth-Century Britain
13342:
12969:
12931:
12576:
12017:
11600:
5743:"Shield reverse" sovereign of Queen Victoria, 1842
4630:. By the ninth century it was equal to 240 silver
4251:(21s, 21/–, £1–1–0 or £1.05 in decimal notation).
3416:
3248:, to yield "little star". The reference is to the
1180:2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies
18649:Glasgow International Financial Services District
17671:
14660:Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union
12933:"Puritanism comes too naturally for 'Huck' Brown"
10914:'Research Guidance' Weights and Measures § Money"
10428:("£1 1st Series Treasury Issue" to "£5 Series B")
7655:, an independent enterprise (wholly owned by the
7399:2007: By now the value of copper in the pre-1992
6760:saw the introduction of two important coins: the
5579:a year later. The Bank of England began to issue
3279:) and from this the Baltic merchants were called
3256:in the twelfth century, which bore a small star.
1771:Intergovernmental relations in the United Kingdom
22442:
14378:Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960
14376:Milton Friedman, Anna Jacobson Schwartz (1971).
12651:"Brutal Realism and the Promise of Better Times"
11635:
11633:
10729:. International Organisation for Standardisation
10499:His Majesty's Stationery Office (10 July 1939).
7043:coin was reintroduced in 1836, followed by the 3
5863:First world war: suspension of the gold standard
5851:in Paris, the possibility of the UK joining the
5111:price from 40 pence to 60 pence (5 shillings or
5077:The last significant depreciation in sterling's
14282:. Bank of America/Meckler Mecklermedia (1990).
14047:Paton, Ryan; Parkman, Chloe (29 October 2021).
13544:Rogers, Simon; Sedghi, Ami (12 November 2013).
13309:"ECB, Bank of England cut rates to record lows"
12234:"The Interest Burden of Inter-Government Debts"
10840:
10546:
10164:
10162:
9890:
9888:
6346:On 8 October 1990 the Conservative government (
4831:, the introduction of gold coins received from
3682:
3127:. Together with those three currencies and the
19026:
16334:
12681:
12496:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001) p. 144
11203:
11201:
11199:
11171:
11169:
11167:
11165:
11163:
11161:
11159:
10944:"Why is it called a quid? History of the Quid"
10402:
10400:
10293:
10291:
7659:) which also mints coins for other countries.
6887:Following the succession of the Scottish King
6372:
6309:
6140:. For example, a price tag of £1/12/6. became
5785:her 1889–1890 trip around the world in 72 days
4319:Value of £1 sterling in grams and troy ounces
1196:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022
20905:
20218:
20192:List of people on coins of the United Kingdom
19626:
18995:
17657:
17401:
16902:
16320:
15698:
14629:
14605:
14403:Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991).
14133:. royalmint.com. 11 July 2014. Archived from
13600:
13570:
12971:"Euro reaches field that is for ever England"
12401:"British devalue pound, ask $ 1 million loan"
11900:
11698:One problem cited was the importation of the
11630:
10540:
10050:The Handbook of International Financial Terms
8557:
6945:was introduced in 1663, soon followed by the
6743:and worth 10/– (i.e. 2 to the pound) and the
4956:was valued close to 40 pence while the Dutch
3673:Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia
3585:
3388:, which (depending on typeface) may be drawn
3205:when discussing the official currency of the
3185:is the name of the currency as a whole while
3044:
16812:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
15980:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
14465:
14443:
14046:
13543:
13145:FXGraph: Graphical Display of Currency Rates
12193:
11785:
10720:
10501:"Royal Mint Annual Report 1938 Volume No.69"
10468:
10159:
9885:
7504:The first sterling notes were issued by the
7057:was introduced, followed by the short-lived
6478:, the United Kingdom could have adopted the
6471:nation but Denmark must eventually sign up.
6322:, decided that sterling should "shadow" the
5903:in the period between 1894 and 1913, to 89/6
5085:. Enforcement of monetary standards amongst
4706:The origins of sterling lie in the reign of
4611:History of the English penny (c. 600 – 1066)
3650:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
3642:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
3082:and nine of its associated territories. The
2602:Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
2529:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2498:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
20919:
14158:Inflation: the value of the pound 1750–2005
13843:
13841:
13839:
13642:"Notes recently withdrawn from circulation"
13519:"Pound hits record low after tax cut plans"
12692:Goodbye, Great Britain: The 1976 IMF Crisis
12313:
12139:
11196:
11156:
10760:. London: Spiramus Press Ltd. p. 838.
10397:
10288:
7956:has had a dramatic effect during and after
5631:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
4948:th pound, 40 pence) was worth close to one
3593:
3580:A common slang term for the pound unit is "
3557:is referred to as "cable" in the wholesale
3491:
3451:
3424:) placed before the numerals, or an italic
3357:
3351:
3345:
1206:Senedd constituencies and electoral regions
22496:Currencies of British Overseas Territories
20912:
20898:
20225:
20211:
19633:
19619:
19002:
18988:
17664:
17650:
17408:
17394:
16909:
16895:
16327:
16313:
15705:
15691:
15624:European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism
14636:
14622:
14014:
12964:
12617:"The Cabinet Papers – Global oil shortage"
12364:
12362:
12360:
11752:
11610:. Museum of the National Bank of Belgium.
11487:240–243 pennies minted from a Tower Pound.
11390:
10234:. Cambridge University Press. p. 33.
10046:
10003:
10001:
9843:Commonwealth banknote-issuing institutions
8564:
8550:
8371:Sterling is freely bought and sold on the
7586:The Bank of England produces notes named "
7571:. Three printing techniques are involved:
7520:began issuing notes in 1695. Although the
6749:introduced at the noble's old value of 6/8
5544:, thus discouraging the melting of coins.
5136:) denominations in the Continent, namely:
3553:The exchange rate of sterling against the
3051:
3037:
2149:Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties
2087:Measure of the National Assembly for Wales
30:"GBP" redirects here. For other uses, see
22546:Currencies with multiple banknote issuers
22506:Currencies of the Commonwealth of Nations
20563:Japanese government-issued Oceanian pound
14517:Horst Ungerer, Jouko J. Hauvonen (1990).
14022:"Foreign travel advice: Falkland Islands"
13792:"Scottish and Northern Ireland banknotes"
13336:
13334:
12757:"Sometimes it can pay to break the rules"
12203:inflation figures are based on data from
11791:
11264:
9876:
8537:Currency composition of official foreign
7702:, which was repealed on 1 January 1946.)
7690:notes are legal tender for any amount in
6814:'s reign (1509–1547) saw a high level of
5950:
5911:Interwar period: gold standard reinstated
5849:International Monetary Conference of 1867
5445:Learn how and when to remove this message
4661:. The penny was abbreviated to "d", from
4597:Learn how and when to remove this message
1525:European Parliament elections (1979–2019)
17415:
15712:
13910:"Can I spend Scottish money in England?"
13836:
13666:
13367:
13303:
13301:
12926:
12543:
11838:
11497:
11495:
11452:
11425:
11074:"1984: Halfpenny coin to meet its maker"
10937:
10935:
10843:"Traders' forex chatroom banter exposed"
10575:. The Dozenal Society of Great Britain.
10133:
10072:). Also called pound sterling or pounds.
10008:Barber, Katherine, ed. (2004). "Pound".
7666:
7495:
7458:coins were changed from cupro-nickel to
6735:worth six shillings and eight pence (6/8
6611:
6607:
6519:
6507:
6497:
6446:The government of former Prime Minister
6254:economic reforms were put in place. The
6211:
6203:
6161:
5947:which governed post-war exchange rates.
5738:
5456:
5068:
4818:
4755:
4614:
4287:
4142:
17958:2020 Withdrawal from the European Union
17898:Second Industrial Revolution 1860s–1914
17566:Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark
13270:
13268:
12721:
12393:
12357:
12266:
12133:
12048:
11974:
11323:
10371:
10228:Huffman, Joseph P. (13 November 2003).
10227:
10083:
10012:(2 ed.). Oxford University Press.
9998:
9978:(5 ed.). Oxford University Press.
7478:their face value, so they tended to be
6193:
6182:from August 1971 onwards. At first, it
5649:, initially pegged at par to sterling.
5121:pound) and was henceforth known as the
14:
22443:
19009:
16916:
14410:(18th ed.). Krause Publications.
13697:
13373:
13340:
13331:
13191:"ECB ratings: Pound sterling in Euros"
12878:from the original on 22 September 2017
12754:
12727:
12645:
12574:
12544:Casciani, Dominic (29 December 2006).
11863:
11114:from the original on 21 September 2021
10941:
10651:from the original on 14 September 2021
10477:from the original on 23 September 2019
10084:Rendall, Alasdair (12 November 2007).
10077:
10047:Moles, Peter; Terry, Nicholas (1999).
10007:
7328:p coin was withdrawn from circulation.
7093:coin was introduced; the last silver 3
6157:
5994:to £1 = US$ 2.40 on 18 November 1967.
4789:The introduction of the larger French
4687:); and the pound to "L" (subsequently
2572:Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute
519:
22017:
20893:
20206:
19614:
18983:
17645:
17389:
16890:
16308:
15686:
15619:European Financial Stability Facility
14810:Euro interbank offered rate (Euribor)
14617:
14604:
14469:Standard Catalog of World Paper Money
14447:Standard Catalog of World Paper Money
14230:from the original on 22 February 2014
14192:"Consumer Price Inflation since 1750"
13710:from the original on 16 February 2014
13669:"The inkjet counterfeiter (Wired UK)"
13382:from the original on 16 February 2013
13298:
13227:from the original on 3 September 2017
13126:from the original on 26 February 2009
13044:from the original on 3 September 2017
12908:from the original on 15 December 2007
12845:, University of Manchester, pp. 1–22.
12814:
12769:from the original on 27 February 2013
12663:from the original on 22 February 2014
12556:from the original on 3 September 2017
12368:
12204:
11725:
11492:
11436:from the original on 4 September 2021
11084:from the original on 18 February 2015
10932:
10855:from the original on 18 February 2022
10751:
10745:
10671:"Style guide for authors and editors"
10579:from the original on 12 November 2020
7247:(2p) coins and the withdrawal of the
5575:was founded in 1694, followed by the
5202:
4782:, the alloy is harder than the 99.9%
4281:
3303:, which by the 1340s was also called
2917:United Kingdom and the United Nations
2562:British Overseas Territories Act 2002
22491:Currencies of the Crown Dependencies
19640:
18964:
18681:London Platinum and Palladium Market
15011:Coins by country with minting rights
14155:
14059:from the original on 31 October 2021
13920:from the original on 21 October 2014
13907:
13473:from the original on 24 October 2016
13443:from the original on 24 October 2016
13400:
13319:from the original on 18 January 2018
13265:
13253:from the original on 2 February 2011
13249:. Oanda Corporation. 16 April 2011.
12787:
12736:from the original on 6 February 2015
12709:from the original on 17 October 2015
12627:from the original on 3 February 2011
12181:from the original on 4 November 2007
12155:from the original on 21 January 2021
12149:Around the World in Seventy-Two Days
12117:. Centralbank.org.bb. Archived from
12083:The relevant enabling acts were the
11943:
11680:from the original on 11 January 2022
11654:from the original on 7 November 2021
11639:
11564:
11513:from the original on 20 October 2020
11355:were merely useful units of account.
11208:Shaw, William Arthur (13 May 1896).
11207:
11176:Shaw, William Arthur (13 May 1896).
11175:
10471:"Diary of Samuel Pepys/1660/January"
10449:from the original on 4 December 2019
10418:from the original on 15 January 2019
10309:from the original on 3 December 2013
10040:
8018: Equivalent buying power
8012: Equivalent buying power
8006: Equivalent buying power
8000: Equivalent buying power
7994: Equivalent buying power
7988: Equivalent buying power
7970:p, worth about 6.4p in 2015 prices.
7875:
7601:
7480:removed from circulation and hoarded
6690:
6566:suggested it was not an experiment.
6494:were reallocated to other EU banks.
6342:Following the European Currency Unit
5652:
5383:adding citations to reliable sources
5354:
4971:
4823:Edward III noble (80 pence), 1354–55
4535:adding citations to reliable sources
4506:
2637:British National (Overseas) passport
2582:Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute
2544:British Overseas Territories citizen
2038:2011 referendum on law-making powers
1934:Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly
20162:List of British banknotes and coins
16005:French Southern and Antarctic Lands
15193:French Southern and Antarctic Lands
14002:from the original on 10 August 2018
13996:"100 Falkland Island Pounds to GBP"
13940:"Currency used in Northern Ireland"
13700:"Britain's £1m and £100m banknotes"
13679:from the original on 12 August 2014
13116:"Pound reaches 26-year dollar high"
12898:"Rate hike fear as inflation jumps"
12755:Keegan, William (26 October 2003).
12546:"Crisis threatened nuclear weapons"
12525:(Jefferson: McFarland, 2001) p. 26f
12295:from the original on 6 October 2021
12273:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
11875:. British Numismatic Society: 393.
11780:3d, 6d, 2/6, 5/- issued since 1551.
10912:Manuscripts and Special Collections
10902:
10890:from the original on 5 January 2022
10774:from the original on 17 August 2022
10507:from the original on 17 August 2022
10276:from the original on 7 January 2017
10248:from the original on 7 January 2017
6802:) and two shillings and six pence (
6598:2016 UK referendum on EU membership
5663:Sterling circulated in much of the
4982:Great Slump of the mid-15th century
4814:
4626:The pound was a unit of account in
4139:List of British banknotes and coins
3409:
1631:Northern Ireland Assembly elections
688:Republicanism in the United Kingdom
24:
19465:
15422:European Monetary Cooperation Fund
14820:European payments initiative (EPI)
14272:
14156:Webb, Dominic (13 February 2006).
13976:from the original on 24 March 2014
13970:"Foreign travel advice: Gibraltar"
13824:from the original on 14 March 2010
13588:from the original on 15 March 2017
13197:from the original on 1 August 2013
13034:"Most Britons 'still oppose euro'"
13014:from the original on 24 March 2014
12411:from the original on 15 April 2021
12381:from the original on 15 April 2021
12314:Feavearyear, Albert Edgar (1963).
12248:from the original on 15 April 2021
12151:. The Pictorial Weeklies Company.
12015:
11955:. British Numismatic Society: 98.
11792:Pettigrew, William Andrew (2013).
11770:from the original on 21 April 2021
11404:from the original on 21 April 2021
11014:from the original on 12 April 2021
10920:from the original on 12 March 2014
10385:from the original on 25 March 2022
10354:
10331:
10205:. Sterling Judaica. Archived from
9927:. Bank of England. 31 October 2022
9894:Scotland and Northern Ireland only
7626:
7081:, production of the sovereign and
6818:which continued into the reign of
6649:falling below the 2% target rate.
5477:, who in turn sourced it from the
3687:
3462:(weight), which in time became an
3384:for the pound unit of sterling is
25:
22557:
18911:Confederation of British Industry
18106:Expansion plans for Milton Keynes
17769:Department for Business and Trade
17764:Competition and Markets Authority
14567:
14546:. Vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 1478-1485.
14428:. The Victorian Archives Series.
14107:. Bank of England. Archived from
14028:from the original on 14 June 2014
13859:from the original on 9 April 2014
13772:from the original on 24 July 2019
13735:. Bank of England. Archived from
13698:Bowlby, Chris (26 January 2013).
13644:. Bank of England. Archived from
13355:from the original on 3 March 2014
13286:from the original on 6 March 2009
13276:"Bank to pump £75bn into economy"
13217:"Pound hits new low against euro"
13070:from the original on 11 July 2020
12982:from the original on 3 March 2014
12946:from the original on 3 March 2014
12868:. 2 July 1997. col. 303–303.
12371:"How the British pound plummeted"
12175:"Investment - World Gold Council"
11477:from the original on 6 April 2021
11458:
11336:from the original on 21 July 2021
11301:from the original on 16 June 2008
10942:Crispe, Stuart (30 August 2023).
10687:from the original on 26 June 2021
10606:International Labour Organization
10367:from the original on 25 May 2022.
10344:from the original on 2 June 2022.
9903:£50 in 1966 is about £1176 today.
6266:(EEC), and in light of this, the
6258:feared the crisis could endanger
5997:
5815:(or equivalent currencies of the
5783:carried Bank of England notes on
5722:The original English colonies on
5281:, replacing the groat; and a new
4913:
4751:
4154:6 (ten shillings and sixpence, a
1816:Greater London Authority Act 1999
22501:Currencies of the British Empire
22486:Currencies of the United Kingdom
18963:
18954:
18953:
17806:Office for Budget Responsibility
16503:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
15665:
15653:
15641:
14815:Single euro payments area (SEPA)
14718:European System of Central Banks
14242:
14183:
14149:
14123:
14097:
14071:
14040:
13988:
13962:
13950:from the original on 5 July 2018
13932:
13908:King, Mark (12 September 2012).
13901:
13889:from the original on 6 July 2018
13871:
13810:
13784:
13754:
13722:
13691:
13660:
13634:
13558:from the original on 17 May 2017
13537:
13511:
13485:
13455:
13425:
13413:from the original on 7 July 2016
13394:
13239:
13209:
13183:
13157:
13138:
13108:
13096:from the original on 4 June 2020
13082:
13056:
13026:
12994:
12958:
12920:
12890:
12848:
12835:
12808:
12781:
12748:
12675:
12639:
12609:
12595:10.1111/j.1468-0270.2010.02028.x
12344:A History of the Canadian Dollar
12065:from the original on 12 May 2021
11962:from the original on 12 May 2021
11882:from the original on 11 May 2021
11866:"The Gold Coinage of Charles II"
11820:from the original on 6 June 2022
11740:from the original on 12 May 2021
11614:from the original on 12 May 2021
11576:from the original on 12 May 2021
11546:from the original on 12 May 2021
11378:from the original on 12 May 2021
11324:Lowther, Ed (14 February 2014).
11246:from the original on 9 July 2021
11216:from the original on 12 May 2021
11184:from the original on 12 May 2021
10615:from the original on 17 May 2022
9827:
9813:
9799:
9785:
8366:
7663:Legal tender and national issues
7379:coins continued in circulation).
7130:
7125:
7109:
7085:was suspended, and although the
6512:The cost of £1 sterling in
6488:European System of Central Banks
6431:switching its currency from the
6352:European Exchange Rate Mechanism
6166:The cost of 1 pound sterling in
5966:Anglo-American loan § Terms
5955:
5879:and Chancellor of the Exchequer
5734:
5567:Establishment of modern currency
5359:
5273:, replacing the half-groat; the
5097:which resulted in a significant
4904:1:(80 × 15.73 / 119.38) = 1:10.5
4760:Penny of Henry III, 13th century
4511:
4184:. The symbol for the penny was "
4166:, the pound was divided into 20
3762:
3755:
3518:
3219:Sterling silver § Etymology
3006:
2993:
2975:
2960:
1031:
933:
903:
871:
745:
715:
644:
619:
546:
56:
49:
22020:Countries of the United Kingdom
21120:Countries of the United Kingdom
17742:Governor of the Bank of England
14643:
14406:Standard Catalog of World Coins
14303:"Bank of England Banknotes FAQ"
13798:from the original on 3 May 2019
13171:from the original on 5 May 2010
13002:"Should Britain join the euro?"
12861:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
12568:
12537:
12528:
12515:
12499:
12486:
12477:
12468:
12459:
12450:
12441:
12432:
12423:
12369:Nevin, Louis (3 October 1976).
12336:
12324:
12307:
12260:
12226:
12167:
12107:
12077:
12042:
12009:
11995:
11937:
11894:
11857:
11832:
11798:. UNC Press Books. p. 11.
11719:
11692:
11676:. Portable Antiquities Scheme.
11666:
11558:
11528:
11419:
11360:
11317:
11283:
11258:
11228:
11126:
11096:
11066:
11052:
11026:
11000:
10991:
10961:
10870:
10834:
10807:
10786:
10714:
10699:
10663:
10627:
10591:
10565:
10528:
10492:
10469:Samuel Pepys (2 January 1660).
10461:
10431:
10348:
10325:
10260:
10221:
10195:
10116:"Triennial Central Bank Survey"
10096:from the original on 3 May 2008
9897:
7767:Maximum usable as legal tender
7610:, issued by Northern Ireland's
7492:Banknotes of the pound sterling
7024:and 3/– between 1811 and 1816.
6928:coins followed in the reign of
6103:Governor of the Bank of England
5930:
5625:In 1801, Great Britain and the
5486:fixed at 21 shillings in 1717.
5370:needs additional citations for
5350:
5089:was loose, spending under King
4890:120gr @ 0.9948 fine = 119.38 gr
4866:108gr @ 0.9948 fine = 107.44 gr
4855:20.25gr @ 0.925 fine = 18.73 gr
4679:, later evolving into a simple
4522:needs additional citations for
3417:{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {L}}}
3168:guarantee convertibility at par
2922:United Nations Security Council
602:Other constitutional principles
21115:Counties of the United Kingdom
18921:Federation of Small Businesses
17097:British Indian Ocean Territory
17076:British Indian Ocean Territory
14203:Office for National Statistics
14105:"Other British Islands' Notes"
13582:Office for National Statistics
12728:Samson, Rob (5 January 2015).
11326:"A short history of the pound"
10573:"A brief history of the pound"
10108:
9965:
9951:Office for National Statistics
9939:
9917:
5073:Crown (5/–) of Edward VI, 1551
5064:
4988:of 40 grains (2.578 g), worth
4936:French monetary reform of 1425
4502:
3736:
3564:
3474:. In the British pre-decimal (
3466:unit of weight defined as the
3356:is a noun meaning 'pound' and
3259:Another theory holds that the
2458:British Indian Ocean Territory
2003:Act of the Scottish Parliament
1801:English votes for English laws
1781:Council of Nations and Regions
540:Politics of the United Kingdom
490:Office for National Statistics
27:Currency of the United Kingdom
13:
1:
22451:Currencies with ISO 4217 code
20802:Historical antecedents (mass)
19595:Economy of the United Kingdom
18691:Alternative Investment Market
18671:London Interbank Offered Rate
18627:List of UK building societies
17673:Economy of the United Kingdom
16573:Netherlands Antillean guilder
14795:Economy of the European Union
13578:"Inflation and price indices"
13341:Duncan, Gary (6 March 2009).
11944:MAYS, JAMES O'DONALD (1978).
11565:Shaw, William Arthur (1896).
10973:Lexico Dictionaries | English
9947:"Inflation and price indices"
9910:
8541:(1965–2023, fourth quarters)
7195:1969: The curved equilateral
6555:, through a process known as
4309:
4254:By the 1950s, coins of Kings
3226:The Oxford English Dictionary
2577:Gibraltar sovereignty dispute
2008:Scottish statutory instrument
1583:Scottish Parliament elections
1069:Justices of the Supreme Court
334:; 1224 years ago
329:
21887:Universal basic income (UBI)
20713:Rhodesia and Nyasaland pound
19542:British Overseas Territories
18906:British Chambers of Commerce
18901:British Bankers' Association
14925:2 € commemorative coins
14759:European Stability Mechanism
14347:. Henderson Administration.
14326:The Perspective of the World
13374:Meaden, Sam (6 April 2013).
11839:Edgerton, Robert B. (2010).
10794:"CHAPS ISO 20022 over SWIFT"
9869:
9853:List of currencies in Europe
7912:British Overseas Territories
7485:
7368:coins began to be minted in
7355:florin or two shilling coins
7173:were introduced. These were
6439:) followed suit, making the
6427:On 1 January 2008, with the
6281:
6239:were still being felt, with
6231:. The effects of the failed
6010:pounds, shillings, and pence
5749:American War of Independence
5493:was introduced in 1663 with
4950:Livre Parisis (French pound)
4170:, and each shilling into 12
3683:Subdivisions and other units
3630:British Overseas Territories
3478:) currency system, the term
3212:
2842:politics of Northern Ireland
2044:Government of Wales Act 1998
1176:UK Parliament constituencies
7:
22536:Currencies of South America
22521:Currencies of the Caribbean
22516:Currencies of North America
21892:Water supply and sanitation
21591:Weapons of mass destruction
21576:His Majesty's Naval Service
20868:Carolingian monetary system
17794:Chancellor of the Exchequer
17774:Financial Conduct Authority
16210:São Tomé and Príncipe dobra
15432:European Monetary Institute
14364:University of Chicago Press
14330:Civilisation and Capitalism
12049:Pulling, Alexander (1904).
11946:"SILVER TOKENS AND BRISTOL"
11466:. Department of Economics,
10723:"ISO 4217 - Currency Codes"
10361:Online Etymology Dictionary
10338:Online Etymology Dictionary
10145:International Monetary Fund
9778:
9769:International Monetary Fund
7700:Currency (Defence) Act 1939
7442:coins feature parts of the
6686:Coins of the pound sterling
6587:Chancellor of the Exchequer
6484:UK's withdrawal from the EU
6422:Chancellor of the Exchequer
6412:United Kingdom and the euro
6395:Chancellor of the Exchequer
6377:In 1997, the newly elected
6373:Following inflation targets
6316:Chancellor of the Exchequer
6310:Following the Deutsche Mark
6272:International Monetary Fund
6264:European Economic Community
5465:minted during the reign of
5049:th pound sterling made one
4968:persisted up to the 1560s.
4839:English pennies reduced to
4306:Carolingian monetary system
4135:Coins of the pound sterling
3634:British Antarctic Territory
3329:and that the compound noun
2452:British Antarctic Territory
1776:Legislative consent motions
918:The Lord McFall of Alcluith
10:
22562:
21987:Stereotypes of the British
20698:Prince Edward Island pound
20432:British West African pound
20339:Local alternative currency
20167:List of British currencies
18941:UK Payments Administration
17893:New Imperialism 1830s–1945
17717:Government-owned companies
16598:Trinidad and Tobago dollar
15286:Other extant EU currencies
15132:Monetary agreement with EU
14382:Princeton University Press
13944:www.discoveringireland.com
13883:www.royalmintmuseum.org.uk
13608:"The new 12-sided £1 coin"
12331:The Board of Trade Journal
12177:. Gold.org. 26 July 2011.
11953:British Numismatic Journal
11873:British Numismatic Journal
11372:www.royalmintmuseum.org.uk
10910:"University of Nottingham
10754:"Section 2: Abbreviations"
10086:"Economic terms explained"
10010:Canadian Oxford Dictionary
9848:List of British currencies
9762:
8523:
8381:Current GBP exchange rates
7489:
7190:florin (two shilling coin)
7165:British coinage timeline:
6695:The silver penny (plural:
6683:
6538:2007–2008 financial crisis
6501:
6409:
6197:
6174:With the breakdown of the
6001:
5959:
5656:
5522:British East India Company
4879:18 @ 0.925 fine = 15.73 gr
4608:
4132:
4126:
3731:withdrawn due to inflation
3546:
3373:
3238:for "star" with the added
3216:
3207:People's Republic of China
3094:of sterling, and the word
2892:UK–EU withdrawal agreement
29:
22402:
22303:
22204:
22152:First Minister and deputy
22117:
22030:
22026:
22013:
22009:
21910:
21750:
21741:
21699:
21616:
21607:
21566:
21507:
21376:
21372:
21363:
21225:
21153:
21105:
21101:
21092:
21025:
20937:
20928:
20838:
20801:
20541:Italian East African lira
20384:
20338:
20250:
20141:
20081:
20040:
19719:
19648:
19574:
19547:(at parity with sterling)
19540:
19512:
19455:
19413:
19379:
19358:
19354:
19347:Danske Bank/Northern Bank
19345:
19307:
19297:
19273:
19242:
19233:
19190:
19152:
19143:
19109:
19068:
19035:
19017:
18949:
18884:
18701:
18600:
18465:
18458:
18374:
18304:
18231:
18206:
18054:
18043:
18016:National champions policy
18011:Recessions and recoveries
17988:
17928:1979 Winter of Discontent
17863:1659–1849 Navigation Acts
17855:
17846:
17838:UK Trade & Investment
17747:Monetary Policy Committee
17725:
17679:
17589:
17553:
17482:
17424:
17219:
17109:
17026:
17010:
16958:
16922:
16859:
16734:
16658:
16406:
16384:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
16343:
16139:
15960:
15887:
15813:Central African CFA franc
15795:
15721:
15636:
15611:
15480:
15460:
15367:
15358:
15318:
15294:
15283:
15259:Countries and territories
15256:
15206:
15188:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
15167:
15130:
15017:
15010:
14958:
14930:Other commemorative coins
14875:
14868:
14835:
14782:
14754:Stability and Growth Pact
14746:
14700:
14652:
14611:
14606:Links to related articles
14544:Southern Economic Journal
14529:10.5089/9781557751720.084
14487:Lewis D. Solomon (1996).
13849:"Legal Tender Guidelines"
13546:"UK inflation since 1948"
13193:. European Central Bank.
12695:. Yale University Press.
12244:: 342. 2 September 1922.
11426:Snelling, Thomas (1763).
11224:– via Google Books.
11192:– via Google Books.
10642:World Health Organization
10553:. T. Snelling. p. ii
9975:A Dictionary of Economics
8380:
7773:£100 (produced from 2015)
7315:p coin was last produced.
7124:
7116:
6849:and 5/–. In the reign of
6290:was elected to office in
5972:1949 sterling devaluation
5614:. In accordance with the
5602:In 1707, the kingdoms of
5087:its constituent provinces
4929:40 × 0.899 / 3.481 = 10.3
4459:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4118:
4049:
4011:
3985:
3976:
3961:
3945:
3938:
3925:
3912:
3905:
3884:
3863:
3856:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3817:
3809:
3799:
3794:
3750:
3369:
2967:United Kingdom portal
2857:Northern Ireland Protocol
2196:Non-metropolitan District
1885:Northern Ireland Act 1998
1135:Monetary Policy Committee
587:Parliamentary sovereignty
512:
496:
483:
473:
468:
450:
438:
420:
408:
388:
374:
369:
346:
325:
320:
271:
250:
219:
212:
202:
195:
185:
178:
159:
152:
145:
130:
122:
112:
107:
95:
83:
76:
44:
21780:Environmental inequality
20753:South West African pound
20743:Southern Rhodesian pound
17953:2009 bank rescue package
17948:2008 bank rescue package
17913:1929–39 Great Depression
17784:HM Revenue & Customs
17692:Employee-owned companies
16646:Turks and Caicos Islands
15829:Central African Republic
15612:Former fiscal provisions
15382:European Monetary System
15172:using euro per agreement
14502:Philip Stephens (1995).
14162:House of Commons Library
13467:www.exchangerates.org.uk
13437:www.exchangerates.org.uk
11903:Journal of World History
11593:sterling at 36 g, 2
11414:2d, 4d issued since 1347
11368:"Halfpenny and Farthing"
10599:"ILO House style manual"
10547:Thomas Snelling (1762).
10299:"Pound sterling (money)"
8373:foreign exchange markets
8363:(and £163.40 in 2022).
7936:House of Commons Library
7929:
7783:£20 (produced from 2013)
7618:) in 2000, was the only
7266:1980: Withdrawal of the
7120:coin (new design, 2016)
7101:, with the exception of
7074:), halfpenny and penny.
6798:, worth five shillings (
6679:
5629:were united to form the
5612:Kingdom of Great Britain
3652:) is either sterling or
3612:The currency of all the
3559:foreign exchange markets
3549:Cable (foreign exchange)
3542:
3177:
2535:Turks and Caicos Islands
1806:Greater London Authority
956:Leader of the Opposition
661:William, Prince of Wales
530:This article is part of
520:§ Pegged currencies
68:Series G II £50 banknote
20546:Italian Somaliland lira
18121:List of counties by GVA
17903:1873–79 Long Depression
17868:Agricultural Revolution
17833:UK Statistics Authority
17133:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
15261:using euro unilaterally
14774:European Fiscal Compact
14595:Foreign exchange market
14430:Oxford University Press
13766:www.bankofengland.co.uk
13010:. London. 12 May 2003.
12732:. Pound Sterling Live.
12656:The Wall Street Journal
12350:27 January 2012 at the
12205:Clark, Gregory (2017).
12101:8 November 2014 at the
12090:8 November 2014 at the
11726:Quinn, Stephen (2005).
11713:10 January 2022 at the
10303:Encyclopædia Britannica
7298:1983: A (round, brass)
6528:in sterling (from 1999)
6466:2008, the results of a
6405:
6348:Third Thatcher ministry
6246:The Wall Street Journal
6032:were no longer in use.
5943:and became part of the
5583:from "the late 1600s".
5561:Great Recoinage of 1816
5524:was able to foster the
5288:In silver or gold: the
5285:or testoon (1s or 1/–).
4938:, the gold half-noble (
4768:was introduced by King
3705:was not reused for the
3366:, meaning 'by weight'.
3323:Encyclopædia Britannica
3305:
3281:
3265:
3244:
3234:
3113:foreign exchange market
2281:Community council areas
2159:Non-metropolitan county
1939:Law of Northern Ireland
22541:Currencies of Zimbabwe
22531:Currencies of Scotland
22461:Circulating currencies
21666:Science and technology
20578:Lombardo-Venetian lira
20278:Falkland Islands pound
19556:Falkland Islands pound
19192:Royal Bank of Scotland
18931:Institute of Directors
18896:Business organisations
18821:Science and technology
18714:International students
18426:Working Time Directive
17799:Debt Management Office
16784:Falkland Islands pound
16628:British Virgin Islands
16220:West African CFA franc
15488:European Currency Unit
15174:without minting rights
14670:European banking union
12815:James, Harold (2020).
12575:Steele, G. R. (2010).
12267:Steiner, Zara (2005).
11864:Stride, H. G. (1955).
11843:. Simon and Schuster.
10758:Leach's Tax Dictionary
10752:Leach, Robert (2021).
10190:sterling, n.1 and adj.
10121:. BIS. 27 October 2022
8528:Sterling is used as a
7916:Falkland Islands pound
7676:
7526:Royal Bank of Scotland
7501:
6642:
6529:
6517:
6354:(ERM), with £1 set at
6350:) decided to join the
6217:
6209:
6171:
6125:from 1926 until 1948.
5985:were tightened by the
5951:History (1946–present)
5744:
5724:mainland North America
5526:indirect sale of opium
5482:
5074:
5022:Burgundian Netherlands
4918:The exigencies of the
4824:
4766:In 1158, a new coinage
4761:
4716:accounting convenience
4641:one pound into twenty
4623:
4622:penny (eighth century)
4301:
4164:decimalisation in 1971
4159:
3598:via the common phrase
3594:
3586:
3492:
3490:referred to the Roman
3452:
3418:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3144:special drawing rights
2620:Diplomatic missions of
2464:British Virgin Islands
22526:Currencies of Oceania
22511:Currencies of England
21643:Free trade agreements
20733:Solomon Islands pound
20484:French colonial livre
20233:Currency units named
20032:Five guineas (£5/5/–)
20017:Double sovereign (£2)
19993:Half sovereign (10/–)
18926:Industry trade groups
18686:London Stock Exchange
18676:London Metal Exchange
18443:Trades Union Congress
18136:East London Tech City
17980:Cost-of-living crisis
17918:1948–52 Marshall Plan
17873:Industrial Revolution
16637:Caribbean Netherlands
16489:Saint Kitts and Nevis
16444:East Caribbean dollar
16429:Cayman Islands dollar
15847:Republic of the Congo
15659:European Union portal
15208:Potential adoption by
15198:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
14945:Europa coin programme
14708:European Central Bank
14665:Capital Markets Union
14491:. Praeger Publishers
14466:Pick, Albert (1994).
14444:Pick, Albert (1990).
14343:John Brennan (1983).
13167:. Finance.yahoo.com.
12621:The National Archives
11915:10.1353/jwh.2002.0035
11468:University of Toronto
11138:The Royal Mint Museum
11108:The Royal Mint Museum
10886:. 22 September 1931.
10721:Staff writer (2015).
10408:"Withdrawn banknotes"
10272:. 1903. p. 129.
9835:United Kingdom portal
7826:25p (pre-1990 crown)
7670:
7608:Northern Bank £5 note
7499:
7349:1992: A new, smaller
7338:1990: A new, smaller
7156:, and Northern Irish
7008:(8 reales) and other
6615:
6608:Annual inflation rate
6543:On 5 March 2009, the
6523:
6511:
6498:Recent exchange rates
6492:European Central Bank
6437:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
6215:
6207:
6168:United States dollars
6165:
6136:, which was worth 2.4
6121:until 1983); and the
5885:Depression of 1920–21
5855:was discussed, and a
5742:
5729:Spanish milled dollar
5534:Parliament of England
5471:Royal African Company
5460:
5338:And in gold: the new
5072:
4822:
4799:worth four pence and
4759:
4653:system introduced by
4649:was adopted from the
4618:
4291:
4146:
4133:Further information:
3537:London Stock Exchange
3482:(or Lsd) for pounds,
3419:
3217:Further information:
2862:British–Irish Council
2847:Good Friday Agreement
2659:Free trade agreements
2624:in the United Kingdom
2435:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
2351:Bailiwick of Guernsey
1911:deputy First Minister
1796:Governance of England
807:Deputy Prime Minister
22471:Currencies of Europe
22456:Currencies of Africa
21992:World Heritage Sites
21785:Environmental issues
21489:Female party leaders
21130:Overseas territories
20788:Western Samoan pound
20738:South Carolina pound
20653:North Carolina pound
20310:South Sudanese pound
20129:Landmarks of Britain
20022:Two guineas (£2/2/–)
18720:Entertainment &
17943:Late-2000s recession
17938:1992 Black Wednesday
17878:Financial Revolution
17707:FTSE Fledgling Index
17610:(pegged currencies:
16215:Sierra Leonean leone
15942:South Sudanese pound
15481:Preceding currencies
15447:European debt crisis
14837:International status
14449:: Specialized Issues
14424:Mary Poovey (2002).
13667:Higginbotham, Adam.
13584:. 15 December 2021.
13223:. 29 December 2008.
12968:(27 December 2007).
12788:Naef, Alain (2022).
12689:(19 February 1992).
7793:£5 (post-1990 crown)
7758:issued by the Mint.
7731:pre-decimalisation 6
6853:(1558–1603), silver
6782:before numerals or "
6662:Consumer Price Index
6630: CPIH (CPI+OOH)
6490:, and shares in the
6456:convergence criteria
6441:Sovereign Base Areas
6391:Consumer Price Index
6331:German reunification
6298:policy of targeting
6208:UK inflation history
6200:1976 sterling crisis
6194:1976 sterling crisis
6176:Bretton Woods system
6020:., 32/6, £1. 12
5945:Bretton Woods system
5853:Latin Monetary Union
5817:Latin Monetary Union
5591:In the 17th century
5379:improve this article
5095:the Great Debasement
5083:Habsburg Netherlands
4986:half-angel gold coin
4978:Great Bullion Famine
4922:during the reign of
4827:During the reign of
4531:improve this article
4188:.", from the French
3656:to sterling at par.
3404:
3390:with one or two bars
3133:basket of currencies
3117:United States dollar
2426:Overseas Territories
2191:Metropolitan Borough
1917:Emma Little-Pengelly
1858:Combined authorities
1216:UK general elections
683:Counsellors of State
597:Separation of powers
326:Date of introduction
32:GBP (disambiguation)
20623:New Hampshire pound
20613:New Brunswick pound
20608:Massachusetts pound
20114:Quintuple sovereign
19979:Quarter guinea (5/3
19969:Double florin (4/–)
18416:Equal opportunities
18021:Economic liberalism
17923:1974 Three-Day Week
17908:1926 general strike
17712:FTSE SmallCap Index
17535:Transnistrian ruble
16945:Turkmenistani manat
16619:U.S. Virgin Islands
16459:Antigua and Barbuda
16147:Cape Verdean escudo
15931:Somaliland shilling
15760:Mauritanian ouguiya
15746:Plazas de soberanía
15462:Previous EU members
15376:Snake in the tunnel
14827:Euro Currency Index
14171:on 23 November 2011
13794:. Bank of England.
13762:"Polymer banknotes"
13648:on 10 November 2013
13525:. 26 September 2022
13499:. 26 September 2022
13378:. Bank of England.
13150:7 July 2006 at the
13007:The Daily Telegraph
12966:Theodoulou, Michael
12649:(2 December 2009).
11144:on 27 February 2015
10678:Bloomsbury Academic
10439:"Current banknotes"
10381:. Bank of England.
10209:on 30 December 2013
10203:"Easterling theory"
9953:. 18 September 2024
8542:
7981:
7898:fixed exchange rate
7725:(crown) coins, and
7460:nickel-plated steel
7047:in 1838, with the 4
6557:quantitative easing
6474:As a member of the
6452:five economic tests
6400:Retail Prices Index
6158:Free-floating pound
6113:from 1863 to 1866;
6087:Lancashire Southern
6063:John Benjamin Smith
6037:Sir John Wrottesley
5907:. in August 1920.
5681:British West Africa
5547:During the time of
4803:worth two pence. A
4708:King Offa of Mercia
4651:livre carolingienne
4628:Anglo-Saxon England
4320:
3786:coin issued in 1963
3777:coin issued in 1967
3747:
3301:Steelyard of London
3137:calculate the value
2649:UK–CD Customs Union
2413:UK-CD Customs Union
2384:Bailiwick of Jersey
2171:Unitary authorities
2154:Metropolitan county
2139:Ceremonial counties
2093:Act of Senedd Cymru
1998:Scottish Parliament
1954:Scottish devolution
492:, 18 September 2024
87:GBP (numeric:
41:
22466:Currencies of Asia
21686:Telecommunications
21638:Economic geography
21494:Political scandals
21125:Crown Dependencies
20763:Tripolitanian lira
20748:South African pond
20703:Rhode Island pound
20683:Pennsylvania pound
20658:Nova Scotian pound
20643:Newfoundland pound
20303:Saint Helena pound
20157:Sterling banknotes
20124:The Queen's Beasts
19988:Third guinea (7/–)
19941:Fifteen pence (1/3
19729:Quarter farthing (
19566:Saint Helena pound
19514:Crown Dependencies
19459:(no longer issued)
19301:(currently issued)
19011:Sterling banknotes
18831:Telecommunications
17996:Economic geography
17445:(pegged currency:
17296:Israeli new shekel
17044:Bhutanese ngultrum
16940:Tajikistani somoni
16917:Currencies of Asia
16851:Venezuelan bolívar
16795:Paraguayan guaraní
16747:Bolivian boliviano
16700:Nicaraguan córdoba
16690:Guatemalan quetzal
16092:South African rand
16086:Saint Helena pound
16052:Mozambican metical
15947:Tanzanian shilling
15671:Numismatics portal
15493:Austrian schilling
15170:Non-EU territories
14845:Proposed eurobonds
14395:John Kevin Green.
14309:on 12 October 2007
13612:The New Pound Coin
13247:"Historical rates"
13040:. 1 January 2009.
12856:"Budget Statement"
12521:Howard M. Berlin,
12238:The Economic World
12201:Retail Price Index
12096:Currency Act, 1927
12005:. Bank of England.
11982:"Rampant Scotland"
11764:TreasureRealms.com
11400:. Treasure Realm.
10305:. 13 August 2013.
10147:. 23 December 2022
9821:Numismatics portal
8536:
7979:
7924:Saint Helena pound
7882:Crown Dependencies
7677:
7558:Operation Bernhard
7502:
6668:had reached 7.1%,
6643:
6616:UK inflation data
6596:The result of the
6530:
6518:
6429:Republic of Cyprus
6364:Helmut Schlesinger
6288:Conservative Party
6276:public expenditure
6218:
6210:
6172:
5881:Austen Chamberlain
5877:David Lloyd George
5813:French territories
5745:
5639:Anglo-Irish Treaty
5627:Kingdom of Ireland
5483:
5075:
4920:Hundred Years' War
4825:
4762:
4639:system of dividing
4624:
4496:0.235420 ozt
4479:0.235420 ozt
4318:
4302:
4282:History (600–1945)
4160:
4013: Rarely used
3741:
3669:New Zealand dollar
3614:Crown Dependencies
3573:and "bob" for the
3529:ISO 3166-1 alpha-2
3414:
3362:is a noun, in the
2408:Common Travel Area
2344:Crown Dependencies
2311:Preserved counties
2291:Shires of Scotland
867:King-in-Parliament
252: Rarely used
39:
22438:
22437:
22398:
22397:
22394:
22393:
22390:
22389:
22005:
22004:
21737:
21736:
21603:
21602:
21599:
21598:
21484:Political parties
21408:Foreign relations
21359:
21358:
21355:
21354:
21088:
21087:
21065:Mass surveillance
21043:Foreign relations
20976:Second World War
20887:
20886:
20881:
20880:
20638:New Zealand pound
20618:New Guinean pound
20504:Saint Lucia livre
20447:Connecticut pound
20330:Ukrainian hryvnia
20200:
20199:
20137:
20136:
20094:Quarter sovereign
19998:Half guinea (10/6
19868:Three halfpence (
19608:
19607:
19549:
19508:
19507:
19451:
19450:
19409:
19408:
19405:
19404:
19293:
19292:
19289:
19288:
19139:
19138:
19135:
19134:
19019:England and Wales
18977:
18976:
18880:
18879:
18659:Lloyd's of London
18370:
18369:
18342:Industrialisation
18256:Industrialisation
18039:
18038:
17968:COVID-19 pandemic
17888:1815–46 Corn Laws
17639:
17638:
17627:
17545:Ukrainian hryvnia
17520:Kazakhstani tenge
17505:Azerbaijani manat
17450:
17383:
17382:
17232:Azerbaijani manat
17172:Philippine peso (
17162:Malaysian ringgit
17152:Indonesian rupiah
17117:Australian dollar
17054:Maldivian rufiyaa
17002:New Taiwan dollar
16930:Kazakhstani tenge
16884:
16883:
16867:Caribbean guilder
16821:Surinamese dollar
16705:Panamanian balboa
16685:Costa Rican colón
16302:
16301:
15920:Seychellois rupee
15856:Equatorial Guinea
15680:
15679:
15632:
15631:
15578:Portuguese escudo
15354:
15353:
15163:
15162:
15006:
15005:
14935:Identifying marks
14790:Economy of Europe
14747:Fiscal provisions
14340:(in French 1979).
13401:Lawrence, Colin.
13122:. 18 April 2007.
12904:. 17 April 2007.
12828:978-1-108-83501-5
12801:978-1-108-83999-0
12280:978-0-19-151881-2
12085:Coinage Act, 1926
12016:Meikle, Maureen.
12003:"Early banknotes"
11640:Spufford, Peter.
11507:treasurerealm.com
11276:978-0-470-65632-7
10635:"WHO style guide"
10355:Harper, Douglas.
10332:Harper, Douglas.
9775:
9774:
9244:Australian dollar
8782:
8539:exchange reserves
8521:
8520:
8360:
8359:
7876:Pegged currencies
7873:
7872:
7727:decimal sixpences
7692:England and Wales
7602:Polymer banknotes
7205:ten shilling note
7186:one shilling coin
7163:
7162:
6991:coins and a gold
6934:English Civil War
6691:Pre-decimal coins
6640:housing inflation
6387:Liberal Democrats
6304:recession of 1981
6229:National Archives
6123:Palestine Mandate
6081:in June 1855, by
6075:William Gladstone
6053:Kilmarnock Burghs
5992:devalued by 14.3%
5983:exchange controls
5805:Dutch territories
5713:Southern Rhodesia
5653:Use in the Empire
5455:
5454:
5447:
5429:
5322:), replacing the
5296:), replacing the
4972:Great slump, 1464
4607:
4606:
4599:
4581:
4500:
4499:
4192:, from the Latin
4125:
4124:
3987: Freq. used
3790:
3789:
3628:) and a third of
3448:⟨L⟩
3396:(in the historic
3340:derives from the
3336:The English word
3061:
3060:
2852:UK–Ireland border
2644:Visa requirements
2595:Foreign relations
2549:Visa requirements
2523:
2514:
2507:
2331:Historic counties
2218:Historic counties
1964:Scotland Act 1998
1186:Political parties
1083:England and Wales
1016:King-on-the-Bench
948:Sir Lindsay Hoyle
583:
525:
524:
221: Freq. used
72:
71:
65:£1 coin (obverse)
16:(Redirected from
22553:
22476:Pound (currency)
22418:
22411:
22119:Northern Ireland
22028:
22027:
22015:
22014:
22011:
22010:
21748:
21747:
21661:
21614:
21613:
21472:House of Commons
21440:Local government
21374:
21373:
21370:
21369:
21280:Renewable energy
21265:hydroelectricity
21103:
21102:
21099:
21098:
20935:
20934:
20914:
20907:
20900:
20891:
20890:
20723:Sammarinese lira
20628:New Jersey pound
20588:Luxembourg livre
20499:New France livre
20489:Guadeloupe livre
20412:Australian pound
20227:
20220:
20213:
20204:
20203:
20187:Coins of Ireland
20182:Scottish coinage
20177:Old Head coinage
20152:
20109:Double sovereign
20038:
20037:
20027:Five pounds (£5)
19886:
19884:
19883:
19880:
19877:
19873:
19850:
19848:
19847:
19844:
19841:
19826:
19824:
19823:
19820:
19817:
19802:
19800:
19799:
19796:
19793:
19773:
19771:
19770:
19767:
19764:
19758:Third farthing (
19744:
19742:
19741:
19738:
19735:
19670:
19668:
19667:
19664:
19661:
19642:Sterling coinage
19635:
19628:
19621:
19612:
19611:
19585:
19545:
19463:
19462:
19457:Northern Ireland
19356:
19355:
19352:
19351:
19305:
19304:
19299:Northern Ireland
19240:
19239:
19154:Bank of Scotland
19150:
19149:
19033:
19032:
19024:
19023:
19004:
18997:
18990:
18981:
18980:
18967:
18966:
18957:
18956:
18916:Co-operatives UK
18506:Hydroelectricity
18481:Renewable energy
18463:
18462:
18347:Renewable energy
18328:
18276:Renewable energy
18064:Atlantic Gateway
18052:
18051:
17883:Panic of 1796–97
17853:
17852:
17666:
17659:
17652:
17643:
17642:
17609:
17571:Macedonian denar
17540:
17510:Belarusian ruble
17495:
17459:Hungarian forint
17444:
17410:
17403:
17396:
17387:
17386:
17333:
17313:
17275:
17255:
17205:
17181:Singapore dollar
17136:
17127:
17124:Christmas Island
17100:
17085:Sri Lankan rupee
17079:
17039:Bangladeshi taka
16997:Mongolian tögrög
16987:South Korean won
16982:North Korean won
16972:Hong Kong dollar
16911:
16904:
16897:
16888:
16887:
16875:
16845:
16815:
16777:
16725:
16718:
16695:Honduran lempira
16674:
16649:
16640:
16631:
16622:
16613:
16592:
16583:
16557:
16548:
16539:
16536:Saint Barthélemy
16530:
16521:
16505:
16498:
16491:
16484:
16475:
16468:
16461:
16454:
16424:Barbadian dollar
16387:
16371:
16351:Bermudian dollar
16329:
16322:
16315:
16306:
16305:
16293:
16284:
16275:
16266:
16257:
16248:
16239:
16230:
16179:
16166:
16120:
16111:
16102:
16079:
16072:
16026:
16017:
16008:
15992:
15983:
15952:Ugandan shilling
15900:Djiboutian franc
15868:
15859:
15850:
15841:
15832:
15823:
15749:
15707:
15700:
15693:
15684:
15683:
15669:
15657:
15645:
15583:Sammarinese lira
15573:Monégasque franc
15563:Luxembourg franc
15558:Lithuanian litas
15427:Delors Committee
15416:
15410:
15405:
15399:
15394:
15388:
15365:
15364:
15331:Hungarian forint
15298:
15292:
15291:
15183:Saint Barthélemy
15015:
15014:
14873:
14872:
14850:Reserve currency
14638:
14631:
14624:
14615:
14614:
14602:
14601:
14579:
14578:
14576:Official website
14484:
14471:: General Issues
14462:
14421:
14318:
14316:
14314:
14305:. Archived from
14266:
14265:
14263:
14261:
14252:. Archived from
14246:
14240:
14239:
14237:
14235:
14229:
14196:
14187:
14181:
14180:
14178:
14176:
14170:
14164:. Archived from
14153:
14147:
14146:
14144:
14142:
14127:
14121:
14120:
14118:
14116:
14101:
14095:
14094:
14092:
14090:
14085:on 10 March 2014
14081:. Archived from
14075:
14069:
14068:
14066:
14064:
14044:
14038:
14037:
14035:
14033:
14018:
14012:
14011:
14009:
14007:
13992:
13986:
13985:
13983:
13981:
13966:
13960:
13959:
13957:
13955:
13936:
13930:
13929:
13927:
13925:
13905:
13899:
13898:
13896:
13894:
13875:
13869:
13868:
13866:
13864:
13845:
13834:
13833:
13831:
13829:
13814:
13808:
13807:
13805:
13803:
13788:
13782:
13781:
13779:
13777:
13758:
13752:
13751:
13749:
13747:
13741:
13734:
13726:
13720:
13719:
13717:
13715:
13695:
13689:
13688:
13686:
13684:
13664:
13658:
13657:
13655:
13653:
13638:
13632:
13631:
13629:
13627:
13618:. Archived from
13604:
13598:
13597:
13595:
13593:
13574:
13568:
13567:
13565:
13563:
13541:
13535:
13534:
13532:
13530:
13515:
13509:
13508:
13506:
13504:
13489:
13483:
13482:
13480:
13478:
13459:
13453:
13452:
13450:
13448:
13429:
13423:
13422:
13420:
13418:
13398:
13392:
13391:
13389:
13387:
13371:
13365:
13364:
13362:
13360:
13346:
13338:
13329:
13328:
13326:
13324:
13315:. 6 March 2009.
13305:
13296:
13295:
13293:
13291:
13282:. 5 March 2009.
13272:
13263:
13262:
13260:
13258:
13243:
13237:
13236:
13234:
13232:
13213:
13207:
13206:
13204:
13202:
13187:
13181:
13180:
13178:
13176:
13161:
13155:
13142:
13136:
13135:
13133:
13131:
13112:
13106:
13105:
13103:
13101:
13086:
13080:
13079:
13077:
13075:
13060:
13054:
13053:
13051:
13049:
13030:
13024:
13023:
13021:
13019:
12998:
12992:
12991:
12989:
12987:
12973:
12962:
12956:
12955:
12953:
12951:
12935:
12930:(24 July 2007).
12924:
12918:
12917:
12915:
12913:
12894:
12888:
12887:
12885:
12883:
12869:
12866:House of Commons
12852:
12846:
12839:
12833:
12832:
12812:
12806:
12805:
12785:
12779:
12778:
12776:
12774:
12752:
12746:
12745:
12743:
12741:
12725:
12719:
12718:
12716:
12714:
12687:Cairncross, Alec
12679:
12673:
12672:
12670:
12668:
12643:
12637:
12636:
12634:
12632:
12613:
12607:
12606:
12583:Economic Affairs
12580:
12572:
12566:
12565:
12563:
12561:
12541:
12535:
12532:
12526:
12519:
12513:
12503:
12497:
12490:
12484:
12481:
12475:
12472:
12466:
12463:
12457:
12454:
12448:
12445:
12439:
12436:
12430:
12427:
12421:
12420:
12418:
12416:
12405:Spokesman-Review
12397:
12391:
12390:
12388:
12386:
12375:Spokesman-Review
12366:
12355:
12340:
12334:
12333:, 7 January 1932
12328:
12322:
12321:
12311:
12305:
12304:
12302:
12300:
12264:
12258:
12257:
12255:
12253:
12230:
12224:
12223:
12221:
12219:
12197:
12191:
12190:
12188:
12186:
12171:
12165:
12164:
12162:
12160:
12137:
12131:
12130:
12128:
12126:
12111:
12105:
12081:
12075:
12074:
12072:
12070:
12061:. pp. 8–9.
12046:
12040:
12039:
12021:
12013:
12007:
12006:
11999:
11993:
11992:
11990:
11988:
11978:
11972:
11971:
11969:
11967:
11961:
11950:
11941:
11935:
11934:
11898:
11892:
11891:
11889:
11887:
11881:
11870:
11861:
11855:
11854:
11836:
11830:
11829:
11827:
11825:
11789:
11783:
11782:
11777:
11775:
11756:
11750:
11749:
11747:
11745:
11739:
11732:
11723:
11717:
11700:galley halfpence
11696:
11690:
11689:
11687:
11685:
11670:
11664:
11663:
11661:
11659:
11653:
11646:
11637:
11628:
11626:
11621:
11619:
11604:
11598:
11588:
11583:
11581:
11562:
11556:
11555:
11553:
11551:
11532:
11526:
11525:
11520:
11518:
11499:
11490:
11489:
11484:
11482:
11476:
11465:
11456:
11450:
11449:
11443:
11441:
11423:
11417:
11416:
11411:
11409:
11394:
11388:
11387:
11385:
11383:
11364:
11358:
11357:
11343:
11341:
11321:
11315:
11314:
11308:
11306:
11291:"Pound sterling"
11287:
11281:
11280:
11262:
11256:
11255:
11253:
11251:
11232:
11226:
11225:
11223:
11221:
11205:
11194:
11193:
11191:
11189:
11173:
11154:
11153:
11151:
11149:
11140:. Archived from
11130:
11124:
11123:
11121:
11119:
11100:
11094:
11093:
11091:
11089:
11070:
11064:
11063:
11056:
11050:
11049:
11047:
11045:
11040:on 20 April 2009
11030:
11024:
11023:
11021:
11019:
11004:
10998:
10995:
10989:
10988:
10986:
10984:
10975:. Archived from
10965:
10959:
10958:
10956:
10954:
10939:
10930:
10929:
10927:
10925:
10906:
10900:
10899:
10897:
10895:
10874:
10868:
10867:
10862:
10860:
10838:
10832:
10831:
10829:
10827:
10811:
10805:
10804:
10798:
10790:
10784:
10783:
10781:
10779:
10749:
10743:
10742:
10736:
10734:
10718:
10712:
10710:
10703:
10697:
10696:
10694:
10692:
10686:
10675:
10667:
10661:
10660:
10658:
10656:
10650:
10639:
10631:
10625:
10624:
10622:
10620:
10614:
10603:
10595:
10589:
10588:
10586:
10584:
10569:
10563:
10562:
10560:
10558:
10544:
10538:
10534:see for example
10532:
10526:
10525:
10522:
10514:
10512:
10496:
10490:
10489:
10484:
10482:
10465:
10459:
10458:
10456:
10454:
10435:
10429:
10427:
10425:
10423:
10404:
10395:
10394:
10392:
10390:
10375:
10369:
10368:
10352:
10346:
10345:
10329:
10323:
10322:
10316:
10314:
10295:
10286:
10285:
10283:
10281:
10264:
10258:
10257:
10255:
10253:
10225:
10219:
10218:
10216:
10214:
10199:
10193:
10192:
10187:
10185:
10166:
10157:
10156:
10154:
10152:
10137:
10131:
10130:
10128:
10126:
10120:
10112:
10106:
10105:
10103:
10101:
10081:
10075:
10074:
10044:
10038:
10037:
10005:
9996:
9995:
9969:
9963:
9962:
9960:
9958:
9943:
9937:
9936:
9934:
9932:
9921:
9904:
9901:
9895:
9892:
9883:
9880:
9863:Pound (currency)
9837:
9832:
9831:
9830:
9823:
9818:
9817:
9816:
9809:
9804:
9803:
9802:
9795:
9790:
9789:
9788:
9661:Other currencies
9165:Chinese renminbi
8783:
8776:
8566:
8559:
8552:
8543:
8535:
8530:reserve currency
8378:
8377:
7982:
7978:
7969:
7968:
7964:
7761:
7760:
7749:
7748:
7744:
7741:
7736:, equivalent to
7620:polymer banknote
7550:Second World War
7518:Bank of Scotland
7327:
7326:
7322:
7314:
7313:
7309:
7287:
7286:
7282:
7279:
7257:(old) threepence
7238:
7237:
7233:
7169:1968: The first
7154:Scottish thistle
7134:
7129:
7114:
7113:
7070:
7069:
7065:
7014:Spanish colonial
7000:
6999:
6995:
6954:
6953:
6949:
6879:
6878:
6874:
6871:
6862:
6861:
6857:
6810:) respectively.
6699:; abbreviation:
6635:
6629:
6620:
6590:Alistair Darling
6579:commercial paper
6575:government bonds
6524:The cost of one
6153:
6152:
6148:
6145:
6091:Royal Commission
6079:House of Commons
6045:House of Commons
5979:currency markets
5941:Second World War
5918:Great Depression
5857:Royal Commission
5697:Irish Free State
5643:Irish Free State
5610:merged into the
5577:Bank of Scotland
5551:, Master of the
5549:Sir Isaac Newton
5538:Britannia silver
5528:to the Chinese.
5506:
5505:
5501:
5498:
5450:
5443:
5439:
5436:
5430:
5428:
5394:"Pound sterling"
5387:
5363:
5355:
5331:
5330:
5326:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5260:
5259:
5255:
5252:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5216:
5215:
5211:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5153:
5152:
5148:
5120:
5119:
5115:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5048:
5047:
5043:
5034:Charles the Rash
5016:and the Flemish
5011:
5009:
5008:
5004:
4997:
4996:
4992:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4930:
4905:
4901:
4900:
4896:
4891:
4881:pure silver) and
4880:
4867:
4857:pure silver) and
4856:
4852:
4851:
4847:
4844:
4815:Edward III, 1351
4747:
4746:
4742:
4737:
4736:
4732:
4686:
4678:
4671:(written with a
4602:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4582:
4580:
4546:"Pound sterling"
4539:
4515:
4507:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4014:
3988:
3967:
3951:
3931:
3918:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3847:
3825:
3766:
3759:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3740:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3679:) use the euro.
3638:Falkland Islands
3597:
3591:
3495:
3457:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3429:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3395:
3387:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3318:
3315:
3314:Easterlings Hall
3312:
3308:
3306:Esterlingeshalle
3294:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3261:Hanseatic League
3247:
3237:
3148:reserve currency
3053:
3046:
3039:
3011:
3010:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2987:Northern Ireland
2980:
2979:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2902:The Commonwealth
2531:
2520:Tristan da Cunha
2518:
2512:Ascension Island
2510:
2502:
2500:
2491:Pitcairn Islands
2475:Falkland Islands
2437:
2374:
2226:Northern Ireland
2028:Welsh devolution
1903:Michelle O'Neill
1878:Northern Ireland
1868:Cornwall Council
1684:Senedd elections
1128:Deputy governors
1093:Northern Ireland
1055:Deputy President
1035:
937:
927:House of Commons
907:
875:
768:Starmer ministry
749:
719:
648:
623:
577:
550:
527:
526:
499:
486:
464:
461:
459:
453:
434:
431:
429:
423:
404:
401:
399:
397:
391:
379:
342:
340:
335:
331:
253:
222:
205:
188:
171:
170:
169:
165:
140:
103:
90:
60:
53:
46:
45:
42:
38:
21:
22561:
22560:
22556:
22555:
22554:
22552:
22551:
22550:
22441:
22440:
22439:
22434:
22421:
22414:
22407:
22386:
22299:
22200:
22113:
22022:
22001:
21906:
21862:Public holidays
21842:Life expectancy
21733:
21695:
21675:London Exchange
21671:Stock exchanges
21659:
21658:Pound sterling
21626:Bank of England
21595:
21586:Royal Air Force
21562:
21503:
21435:Law enforcement
21351:
21260:hydraulic frac.
21221:
21202:Lakes and lochs
21149:
21145:Former colonies
21084:
21080:Women's history
21055:Law enforcement
21021:
20967:First World War
20924:
20918:
20888:
20883:
20882:
20877:
20834:
20819:Moneyer's pound
20797:
20708:Rhodesian pound
20668:Palestine pound
20437:Byzantine litra
20422:Bermudian pound
20380:
20366:Liverpool pound
20334:
20283:Gibraltar pound
20246:
20231:
20201:
20196:
20172:Jubilee coinage
20150:
20133:
20077:
20036:
20012:Guinea (£1/1/–)
19960:Half crown (2/6
19881:
19878:
19875:
19874:
19871:
19869:
19845:
19842:
19839:
19838:
19836:
19821:
19818:
19815:
19814:
19812:
19797:
19794:
19791:
19790:
19788:
19787:Half farthing (
19768:
19765:
19762:
19761:
19759:
19739:
19736:
19733:
19732:
19730:
19715:
19665:
19662:
19659:
19658:
19656:
19644:
19639:
19609:
19604:
19583:
19570:
19561:Gibraltar pound
19544:
19536:
19504:
19447:
19401:
19375:
19341:
19309:Bank of Ireland
19285:
19269:
19235:Clydesdale Bank
19229:
19186:
19131:
19110:Non-circulating
19105:
19064:
19028:Bank of England
19013:
19008:
18978:
18973:
18945:
18888:
18886:
18876:
18784:Pharmaceuticals
18697:
18612:Baltic Exchange
18603:
18596:
18468:
18454:
18376:
18366:
18322:
18300:
18227:
18209:
18202:
18047:
18045:
18035:
18031:Nationalisation
17984:
17842:
17737:Bank of England
17729:
17727:
17721:
17675:
17670:
17640:
17635:
17612:Gibraltar pound
17602:Norwegian krone
17597:Icelandic króna
17585:
17549:
17538:
17493:
17490:Abkhazian apsar
17478:
17420:
17414:
17384:
17379:
17325:
17320:Jordanian dinar
17301:
17271:
17247:
17215:
17211:Vietnamese đồng
17195:
17130:
17121:
17105:
17094:
17073:
17064:Pakistani rupee
17022:
17006:
16992:Macanese pataca
16954:
16950:Uzbekistani sum
16918:
16915:
16885:
16880:
16871:
16855:
16835:
16809:
16790:Guyanese dollar
16771:
16730:
16721:
16714:
16670:
16654:
16643:
16634:
16625:
16616:
16607:
16586:
16577:
16568:Jamaican dollar
16551:
16542:
16533:
16524:
16515:
16501:
16494:
16487:
16478:
16471:
16464:
16457:
16448:
16419:Bahamian dollar
16402:
16381:
16365:
16356:Canadian dollar
16339:
16338:of the Americas
16333:
16303:
16298:
16287:
16278:
16269:
16260:
16251:
16242:
16233:
16224:
16200:Liberian dollar
16169:
16156:
16135:
16126:Swazi lilangeni
16114:
16105:
16096:
16075:
16066:
16057:Namibian dollar
16047:Mauritian rupee
16042:Malawian kwacha
16037:Malagasy ariary
16020:
16011:
16002:
15986:
15977:
15956:
15925:Somali shilling
15915:Kenyan shilling
15883:
15874:Congolese franc
15862:
15853:
15844:
15835:
15826:
15817:
15808:Burundian franc
15791:
15765:Moroccan dirham
15743:
15717:
15711:
15681:
15676:
15628:
15607:
15593:Slovenian tolar
15476:
15465:
15463:
15456:
15442:Black Wednesday
15412:
15408:
15401:
15397:
15390:
15386:
15350:
15314:
15296:
15288:
15279:
15263:
15260:
15252:
15211:
15210:other countries
15209:
15202:
15176:
15173:
15171:
15159:
15126:
15002:
14954:
14864:
14831:
14805:Euro calculator
14778:
14742:
14696:
14648:
14642:
14607:
14574:
14573:
14570:
14565:
14552:10.2307/1057113
14481:
14459:
14418:
14362:. Published by
14322:Fernand Braudel
14312:
14310:
14301:
14275:
14273:Further reading
14270:
14269:
14259:
14257:
14256:on 3 April 2010
14248:
14247:
14243:
14233:
14231:
14227:
14213:
14199:Economic Trends
14194:
14188:
14184:
14174:
14172:
14168:
14154:
14150:
14140:
14138:
14137:on 14 June 2017
14129:
14128:
14124:
14114:
14112:
14111:on 21 July 2017
14103:
14102:
14098:
14088:
14086:
14077:
14076:
14072:
14062:
14060:
14045:
14041:
14031:
14029:
14020:
14019:
14015:
14005:
14003:
13994:
13993:
13989:
13979:
13977:
13968:
13967:
13963:
13953:
13951:
13938:
13937:
13933:
13923:
13921:
13906:
13902:
13892:
13890:
13877:
13876:
13872:
13862:
13860:
13847:
13846:
13837:
13827:
13825:
13820:. Opsi.gov.uk.
13816:
13815:
13811:
13801:
13799:
13790:
13789:
13785:
13775:
13773:
13760:
13759:
13755:
13745:
13743:
13739:
13732:
13728:
13727:
13723:
13713:
13711:
13696:
13692:
13682:
13680:
13665:
13661:
13651:
13649:
13640:
13639:
13635:
13625:
13623:
13606:
13605:
13601:
13591:
13589:
13576:
13575:
13571:
13561:
13559:
13542:
13538:
13528:
13526:
13517:
13516:
13512:
13502:
13500:
13491:
13490:
13486:
13476:
13474:
13461:
13460:
13456:
13446:
13444:
13431:
13430:
13426:
13416:
13414:
13399:
13395:
13385:
13383:
13372:
13368:
13358:
13356:
13339:
13332:
13322:
13320:
13307:
13306:
13299:
13289:
13287:
13274:
13273:
13266:
13256:
13254:
13245:
13244:
13240:
13230:
13228:
13215:
13214:
13210:
13200:
13198:
13189:
13188:
13184:
13174:
13172:
13163:
13162:
13158:
13152:Wayback Machine
13143:
13139:
13129:
13127:
13114:
13113:
13109:
13099:
13097:
13088:
13087:
13083:
13073:
13071:
13062:
13061:
13057:
13047:
13045:
13032:
13031:
13027:
13017:
13015:
13000:
12999:
12995:
12985:
12983:
12963:
12959:
12949:
12947:
12925:
12921:
12911:
12909:
12896:
12895:
12891:
12881:
12879:
12870:
12854:
12853:
12849:
12840:
12836:
12829:
12813:
12809:
12802:
12786:
12782:
12772:
12770:
12753:
12749:
12739:
12737:
12726:
12722:
12712:
12710:
12703:
12680:
12676:
12666:
12664:
12644:
12640:
12630:
12628:
12615:
12614:
12610:
12573:
12569:
12559:
12557:
12542:
12538:
12533:
12529:
12520:
12516:
12504:
12500:
12491:
12487:
12482:
12478:
12473:
12469:
12464:
12460:
12455:
12451:
12446:
12442:
12437:
12433:
12428:
12424:
12414:
12412:
12399:
12398:
12394:
12384:
12382:
12367:
12358:
12352:Wayback Machine
12341:
12337:
12329:
12325:
12312:
12308:
12298:
12296:
12281:
12265:
12261:
12251:
12249:
12232:
12231:
12227:
12217:
12215:
12198:
12194:
12184:
12182:
12173:
12172:
12168:
12158:
12156:
12138:
12134:
12124:
12122:
12121:on 14 June 2008
12113:
12112:
12108:
12103:Wayback Machine
12092:Wayback Machine
12082:
12078:
12068:
12066:
12047:
12043:
12014:
12010:
12001:
12000:
11996:
11986:
11984:
11980:
11979:
11975:
11965:
11963:
11959:
11948:
11942:
11938:
11899:
11895:
11885:
11883:
11879:
11868:
11862:
11858:
11851:
11837:
11833:
11823:
11821:
11806:
11790:
11786:
11773:
11771:
11758:
11757:
11753:
11743:
11741:
11737:
11730:
11724:
11720:
11715:Wayback Machine
11697:
11693:
11683:
11681:
11672:
11671:
11667:
11657:
11655:
11651:
11647:. p. 113.
11644:
11638:
11631:
11617:
11615:
11606:
11605:
11601:
11579:
11577:
11563:
11559:
11549:
11547:
11534:
11533:
11529:
11516:
11514:
11501:
11500:
11493:
11480:
11478:
11474:
11463:
11457:
11453:
11439:
11437:
11424:
11420:
11407:
11405:
11396:
11395:
11391:
11381:
11379:
11366:
11365:
11361:
11339:
11337:
11322:
11318:
11304:
11302:
11289:
11288:
11284:
11277:
11263:
11259:
11249:
11247:
11234:
11233:
11229:
11219:
11217:
11206:
11197:
11187:
11185:
11174:
11157:
11147:
11145:
11132:
11131:
11127:
11117:
11115:
11102:
11101:
11097:
11087:
11085:
11072:
11071:
11067:
11058:
11057:
11053:
11043:
11041:
11032:
11031:
11027:
11017:
11015:
11006:
11005:
11001:
10996:
10992:
10982:
10980:
10979:on 11 June 2020
10967:
10966:
10962:
10952:
10950:
10940:
10933:
10923:
10921:
10908:
10907:
10903:
10893:
10891:
10876:
10875:
10871:
10858:
10856:
10848:Financial Times
10839:
10835:
10825:
10823:
10813:
10812:
10808:
10796:
10792:
10791:
10787:
10777:
10775:
10768:
10750:
10746:
10732:
10730:
10719:
10715:
10705:
10704:
10700:
10690:
10688:
10684:
10673:
10669:
10668:
10664:
10654:
10652:
10648:
10637:
10633:
10632:
10628:
10618:
10616:
10612:
10601:
10597:
10596:
10592:
10582:
10580:
10571:
10570:
10566:
10556:
10554:
10545:
10541:
10533:
10529:
10518:
10517:Some 58,000,000
10510:
10508:
10497:
10493:
10480:
10478:
10466:
10462:
10452:
10450:
10443:Bank of England
10437:
10436:
10432:
10421:
10419:
10412:Bank of England
10406:
10405:
10398:
10388:
10386:
10377:
10376:
10372:
10353:
10349:
10330:
10326:
10312:
10310:
10297:
10296:
10289:
10279:
10277:
10266:
10265:
10261:
10251:
10249:
10242:
10226:
10222:
10212:
10210:
10201:
10200:
10196:
10183:
10181:
10180:on 25 June 2015
10168:
10167:
10160:
10150:
10148:
10139:
10138:
10134:
10124:
10122:
10118:
10114:
10113:
10109:
10099:
10097:
10082:
10078:
10061:
10045:
10041:
10031:) (pl. same or
10020:
10006:
9999:
9986:
9970:
9966:
9956:
9954:
9945:
9944:
9940:
9930:
9928:
9925:"Our banknotes"
9923:
9922:
9918:
9913:
9908:
9907:
9902:
9898:
9893:
9886:
9881:
9877:
9872:
9833:
9828:
9826:
9819:
9814:
9812:
9805:
9800:
9798:
9791:
9786:
9784:
9781:
9776:
9082:Canadian dollar
8770:
8570:
8526:
8369:
7966:
7962:
7961:
7947:Napoleonic Wars
7932:
7920:Gibraltar pound
7878:
7746:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7704:Channel Islands
7688:Bank of England
7673:British Islands
7665:
7641:monetary policy
7637:Bank of England
7629:
7627:Monetary policy
7604:
7534:Bank of Ireland
7511:Napoleonic wars
7506:Bank of England
7494:
7488:
7396:was introduced.
7324:
7320:
7319:
7311:
7307:
7306:
7302:was introduced.
7295:was introduced.
7284:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7235:
7231:
7230:
7112:
7079:First World War
7067:
7063:
7062:
7006:Spanish dollars
6997:
6993:
6992:
6951:
6947:
6946:
6903:(20/–) and the
6876:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6859:
6855:
6854:
6768:; known as the
6693:
6688:
6682:
6641:
6633:
6631:
6627:
6625:
6618:
6610:
6583:corporate bonds
6553:British economy
6545:Bank of England
6506:
6500:
6414:
6408:
6383:Bank of England
6375:
6360:Black Wednesday
6344:
6312:
6284:
6237:1973 oil crisis
6221:James Callaghan
6202:
6196:
6160:
6150:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6097:(a banker) and
6067:Stirling Burghs
6043:, asked in the
6006:
6000:
5968:
5958:
5953:
5933:
5913:
5869:First World War
5865:
5845:Austria-Hungary
5843: 24.02 in
5811: 25.22 in
5757:Bank of England
5753:Napoleonic wars
5737:
5669:Canadian dollar
5661:
5655:
5647:new Irish pound
5633:. However, the
5616:Treaty of Union
5589:
5573:Bank of England
5569:
5503:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5451:
5440:
5434:
5431:
5388:
5386:
5376:
5364:
5353:
5328:
5324:
5323:
5302:
5298:
5297:
5292:(5/- (5s) or 60
5265:In silver: the
5261:times, namely:
5257:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5235:) and noble or
5227:
5223:
5222:
5213:
5209:
5208:
5167:
5163:
5162:
5150:
5146:
5145:
5132:) and livre (40
5117:
5113:
5112:
5103:
5099:
5098:
5079:silver standard
5067:
5045:
5041:
5040:
5032:) minted under
5006:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4994:
4990:
4989:
4974:
4944:
4940:
4939:
4928:
4916:
4903:
4898:
4894:
4893:
4889:
4878:
4865:
4854:
4849:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4829:King Edward III
4817:
4780:sterling silver
4754:
4744:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4730:
4729:
4684:
4676:
4659:Frankish Empire
4637:The accounting
4613:
4603:
4592:
4586:
4583:
4540:
4538:
4528:
4516:
4505:
4493:7.32238 g
4476:7.32238 g
4446:0.331 ozt
4429:0.497 ozt
4412:0.672 ozt
4395:0.746 ozt
4312:
4284:
4264:William IV
4256:George III
4236:
4232:
4231:
4141:
4131:
4076:
4072:
4071:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4012:
3986:
3962:
3946:
3926:
3913:
3892:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3845:
3823:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3690:
3688:Decimal coinage
3685:
3610:
3567:
3551:
3545:
3521:
3472:sterling silver
3447:
3441:
3435:
3425:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3393:
3385:
3378:
3372:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3221:
3215:
3180:
3159:Bank of England
3152:global reserves
3131:, it forms the
3057:
3028:
3024:Other countries
3019:
3018:
3017:
3005:
2992:
2991:
2974:
2961:
2959:
2954:
2953:
2935:
2913:
2898:
2868:
2833:
2663:
2628:
2616:
2597:
2587:
2586:
2558:
2540:
2539:
2527:
2526:
2517:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2484:
2473:
2462:
2456:
2445:
2433:
2428:
2418:
2417:
2403:British Islands
2399:
2398:
2389:
2388:
2379:
2378:
2370:
2353:
2346:
2336:
2335:
2316:Principal areas
2302:
2295:
2258:
2251:
2229:
2222:
2121:
2113:
2103:
2102:
2046:
2035:
2033:1997 referendum
2024:
2017:
1966:
1959:1997 referendum
1950:
1943:
1887:
1881:
1874:
1848:London Assembly
1843:Mayoral cabinet
1830:Mayor of London
1818:
1811:1998 referendum
1792:
1785:
1766:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1735:
1734:
1728:
1726:
1687:
1686:
1680:
1678:
1634:
1633:
1627:
1625:
1586:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1528:
1527:
1521:
1519:
1220:
1219:
1211:
1171:
1157:
1156:
1138:
1108:
1106:Bank of England
1098:
1097:
1074:
1020:
1012:
1007:
997:
996:
975:59th Parliament
971:
968:
959:
946:
922:
916:
892:
877:
870:
853:
843:
842:
824:
822:
810:
801:
789:
775:
763:
734:
729:King-in-Council
725:
703:
693:
692:
664:
617:
607:
606:
575:Treaty of Union
560:
497:
484:
456:
451:
426:
421:
394:
389:
383:Bank of England
375:
365:
338:
336:
333:
251:
220:
203:
186:
167:
163:
162:
160:
136:
101:
88:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
22559:
22549:
22548:
22543:
22538:
22533:
22528:
22523:
22518:
22513:
22508:
22503:
22498:
22493:
22488:
22483:
22481:Pound sterling
22478:
22473:
22468:
22463:
22458:
22453:
22436:
22435:
22433:
22432:
22427:
22420:
22419:
22412:
22404:
22403:
22400:
22399:
22396:
22395:
22392:
22391:
22388:
22387:
22385:
22384:
22379:
22374:
22369:
22364:
22359:
22358:
22357:
22347:
22342:
22341:
22340:
22338:First Minister
22335:
22330:
22320:
22315:
22309:
22307:
22301:
22300:
22298:
22297:
22292:
22287:
22282:
22277:
22272:
22267:
22266:
22265:
22255:
22250:
22249:
22248:
22246:First Minister
22243:
22238:
22228:
22223:
22222:
22221:
22210:
22208:
22202:
22201:
22199:
22198:
22193:
22188:
22183:
22178:
22173:
22172:
22171:
22161:
22156:
22155:
22154:
22149:
22144:
22134:
22129:
22123:
22121:
22115:
22114:
22112:
22111:
22106:
22101:
22096:
22091:
22086:
22081:
22080:
22079:
22069:
22064:
22059:
22054:
22053:
22052:
22047:
22036:
22034:
22024:
22023:
22007:
22006:
22003:
22002:
22000:
21999:
21994:
21989:
21984:
21979:
21974:
21969:
21964:
21959:
21954:
21949:
21944:
21943:
21942:
21932:
21927:
21922:
21916:
21914:
21908:
21907:
21905:
21904:
21899:
21894:
21889:
21884:
21879:
21874:
21869:
21864:
21859:
21854:
21849:
21844:
21839:
21834:
21829:
21824:
21819:
21814:
21813:
21812:
21807:
21797:
21792:
21787:
21782:
21777:
21772:
21767:
21762:
21757:
21751:
21745:
21739:
21738:
21735:
21734:
21732:
21731:
21729:Rail transport
21726:
21721:
21716:
21711:
21705:
21703:
21697:
21696:
21694:
21693:
21688:
21683:
21678:
21668:
21663:
21655:
21650:
21645:
21640:
21635:
21630:
21629:
21628:
21617:
21611:
21605:
21604:
21601:
21600:
21597:
21596:
21594:
21593:
21588:
21583:
21578:
21572:
21570:
21564:
21563:
21561:
21560:
21559:
21558:
21551:Prime Minister
21548:
21547:
21546:
21536:
21531:
21526:
21525:
21524:
21513:
21511:
21505:
21504:
21502:
21501:
21499:Shadow Cabinet
21496:
21491:
21486:
21481:
21480:
21479:
21477:House of Lords
21474:
21464:
21459:
21458:
21457:
21452:
21442:
21437:
21432:
21427:
21422:
21421:
21420:
21410:
21405:
21404:
21403:
21393:
21388:
21383:
21377:
21367:
21361:
21360:
21357:
21356:
21353:
21352:
21350:
21349:
21348:
21347:
21342:
21334:
21333:
21332:
21327:
21319:
21314:
21313:
21312:
21307:
21302:
21294:
21293:
21292:
21287:
21282:
21277:
21272:
21267:
21262:
21257:
21252:
21247:
21237:
21231:
21229:
21223:
21222:
21220:
21219:
21214:
21209:
21204:
21199:
21194:
21189:
21188:
21187:
21177:
21176:
21175:
21170:
21159:
21157:
21151:
21150:
21148:
21147:
21142:
21137:
21132:
21127:
21122:
21117:
21111:
21109:
21107:Administrative
21096:
21090:
21089:
21086:
21085:
21083:
21082:
21077:
21072:
21067:
21062:
21057:
21052:
21051:
21050:
21040:
21035:
21029:
21027:
21023:
21022:
21020:
21019:
21018:
21017:
21012:
21004:
21003:
21002:
20997:
20989:
20988:
20987:
20982:
20974:
20969:
20964:
20959:
20954:
20949:
20943:
20941:
20932:
20926:
20925:
20923: articles
20921:United Kingdom
20917:
20916:
20909:
20902:
20894:
20885:
20884:
20879:
20878:
20876:
20875:
20870:
20865:
20863:Roman currency
20860:
20854:
20849:
20842:
20840:
20836:
20835:
20833:
20832:
20822:
20816:
20805:
20803:
20799:
20798:
20796:
20795:
20790:
20785:
20783:Virginia pound
20780:
20775:
20770:
20765:
20760:
20755:
20750:
20745:
20740:
20735:
20730:
20728:Sardinian lira
20725:
20720:
20715:
20710:
20705:
20700:
20695:
20690:
20688:Peruvian libra
20685:
20680:
20675:
20670:
20665:
20660:
20655:
20650:
20648:Nigerian pound
20645:
20640:
20635:
20633:New York pound
20630:
20625:
20620:
20615:
20610:
20605:
20603:Maryland pound
20600:
20595:
20593:Malawian pound
20590:
20585:
20580:
20575:
20570:
20565:
20560:
20558:Jamaican pound
20555:
20550:
20549:
20548:
20543:
20533:
20528:
20523:
20521:Ghanaian pound
20518:
20513:
20508:
20507:
20506:
20501:
20496:
20491:
20481:
20480:
20479:
20477:Livre tournois
20474:
20464:
20459:
20457:Delaware pound
20454:
20449:
20444:
20442:Canadian pound
20439:
20434:
20429:
20424:
20419:
20417:Bahamian pound
20414:
20409:
20404:
20399:
20394:
20392:Aeginetan mina
20388:
20386:
20382:
20381:
20379:
20378:
20373:
20368:
20363:
20358:
20353:
20348:
20342:
20340:
20336:
20335:
20333:
20332:
20327:
20322:
20317:
20315:Sudanese pound
20312:
20307:
20306:
20305:
20300:
20295:
20290:
20288:Guernsey pound
20285:
20280:
20275:
20273:Alderney pound
20268:Pound sterling
20265:
20263:Lebanese pound
20260:
20258:Egyptian pound
20254:
20252:
20248:
20247:
20230:
20229:
20222:
20215:
20207:
20198:
20197:
20195:
20194:
20189:
20184:
20179:
20174:
20169:
20164:
20159:
20154:
20145:
20143:
20139:
20138:
20135:
20134:
20132:
20131:
20126:
20121:
20116:
20111:
20106:
20101:
20099:Half sovereign
20096:
20091:
20085:
20083:
20079:
20078:
20076:
20075:
20070:
20065:
20060:
20055:
20050:
20044:
20042:
20035:
20034:
20029:
20024:
20019:
20014:
20009:
20007:Sovereign (£1)
20004:
19995:
19990:
19985:
19976:
19971:
19966:
19957:
19952:
19938:
19936:Shilling (1/–)
19933:
19924:
19915:
19906:
19897:
19892:(Ceylon &
19865:
19856:
19832:
19808:
19784:
19755:
19725:
19723:
19717:
19716:
19714:
19713:
19708:
19703:
19698:
19693:
19688:
19683:
19678:
19673:
19652:
19650:
19649:Decimal system
19646:
19645:
19638:
19637:
19630:
19623:
19615:
19606:
19605:
19603:
19602:
19597:
19592:
19590:Sterling coins
19587:
19578:
19576:
19572:
19571:
19569:
19568:
19563:
19558:
19552:
19550:
19538:
19537:
19535:
19534:
19529:
19524:
19522:Guernsey pound
19518:
19516:
19510:
19509:
19506:
19505:
19503:
19502:
19497:
19492:
19487:
19482:
19477:
19471:
19469:
19460:
19453:
19452:
19449:
19448:
19446:
19445:
19440:
19435:
19430:
19425:
19419:
19417:
19411:
19410:
19407:
19406:
19403:
19402:
19400:
19399:
19394:
19389:
19383:
19381:
19377:
19376:
19374:
19373:
19368:
19362:
19360:
19349:
19343:
19342:
19340:
19339:
19334:
19329:
19324:
19319:
19313:
19311:
19302:
19295:
19294:
19291:
19290:
19287:
19286:
19284:
19283:
19277:
19275:
19271:
19270:
19268:
19267:
19262:
19257:
19252:
19246:
19244:
19237:
19231:
19230:
19228:
19227:
19222:
19217:
19212:
19207:
19202:
19196:
19194:
19188:
19187:
19185:
19184:
19179:
19174:
19169:
19164:
19158:
19156:
19147:
19141:
19140:
19137:
19136:
19133:
19132:
19130:
19129:
19124:
19119:
19113:
19111:
19107:
19106:
19104:
19103:
19098:
19093:
19088:
19083:
19078:
19072:
19070:
19066:
19065:
19063:
19062:
19057:
19052:
19047:
19041:
19039:
19030:
19021:
19015:
19014:
19007:
19006:
18999:
18992:
18984:
18975:
18974:
18972:
18971:
18961:
18950:
18947:
18946:
18944:
18943:
18938:
18933:
18928:
18923:
18918:
18913:
18908:
18903:
18898:
18892:
18890:
18882:
18881:
18878:
18877:
18875:
18874:
18873:
18872:
18871:
18870:
18865:
18855:
18845:
18840:
18835:
18834:
18833:
18828:
18818:
18817:
18816:
18811:
18806:
18801:
18793:
18792:
18791:
18786:
18781:
18776:
18766:
18764:Legal services
18761:
18756:
18755:
18754:
18749:
18744:
18739:
18734:
18729:
18718:
18717:
18716:
18705:
18703:
18699:
18698:
18696:
18695:
18694:
18693:
18683:
18678:
18673:
18668:
18663:
18662:
18661:
18651:
18646:
18644:Euronext.liffe
18641:
18636:
18631:
18630:
18629:
18624:
18614:
18608:
18606:
18598:
18597:
18595:
18594:
18593:
18592:
18587:
18579:
18578:
18577:
18576:
18575:
18570:
18565:
18557:
18556:
18555:
18550:
18545:
18530:
18529:
18528:
18523:
18518:
18513:
18508:
18503:
18498:
18493:
18488:
18473:
18471:
18460:
18456:
18455:
18453:
18452:
18447:
18446:
18445:
18435:
18430:
18429:
18428:
18423:
18418:
18408:
18407:
18406:
18396:
18391:
18389:Businesspeople
18386:
18380:
18378:
18372:
18371:
18368:
18367:
18365:
18364:
18359:
18354:
18349:
18344:
18339:
18334:
18329:
18316:
18310:
18308:
18302:
18301:
18299:
18298:
18293:
18288:
18283:
18278:
18273:
18268:
18263:
18258:
18253:
18248:
18243:
18237:
18235:
18229:
18228:
18226:
18225:
18220:
18214:
18212:
18204:
18203:
18201:
18200:
18195:
18190:
18185:
18183:Thames Gateway
18180:
18175:
18170:
18165:
18160:
18155:
18150:
18145:
18144:
18143:
18138:
18128:
18123:
18118:
18113:
18108:
18103:
18098:
18093:
18088:
18083:
18078:
18077:
18076:
18066:
18060:
18058:
18049:
18041:
18040:
18037:
18036:
18034:
18033:
18028:
18023:
18018:
18013:
18008:
18003:
17998:
17992:
17990:
17986:
17985:
17983:
17982:
17977:
17976:
17975:
17965:
17955:
17950:
17945:
17940:
17935:
17930:
17925:
17920:
17915:
17910:
17905:
17900:
17895:
17890:
17885:
17880:
17875:
17870:
17865:
17859:
17857:
17850:
17844:
17843:
17841:
17840:
17835:
17830:
17825:
17824:
17823:
17818:
17811:Pound sterling
17808:
17803:
17802:
17801:
17796:
17786:
17781:
17776:
17771:
17766:
17761:
17756:
17751:
17750:
17749:
17744:
17733:
17731:
17723:
17722:
17720:
17719:
17714:
17709:
17704:
17702:FTSE 250 Index
17699:
17697:FTSE 100 Index
17694:
17689:
17683:
17681:
17677:
17676:
17669:
17668:
17661:
17654:
17646:
17637:
17636:
17634:
17633:
17628:
17616:Guernsey pound
17604:
17599:
17593:
17591:
17587:
17586:
17584:
17583:
17578:
17573:
17568:
17563:
17557:
17555:
17551:
17550:
17548:
17547:
17542:
17532:
17527:
17522:
17517:
17512:
17507:
17502:
17497:
17486:
17484:
17480:
17479:
17477:
17476:
17471:
17466:
17461:
17456:
17451:
17439:
17434:
17428:
17426:
17425:European Union
17422:
17421:
17413:
17412:
17405:
17398:
17390:
17381:
17380:
17378:
17377:
17372:
17367:
17362:
17357:
17352:
17347:
17345:Lebanese pound
17342:
17337:
17336:
17335:
17317:
17316:
17315:
17293:
17288:
17283:
17278:
17277:
17276:
17264:
17262:Emirati dirham
17259:
17258:
17257:
17242:Egyptian pound
17239:
17237:Bahraini dinar
17234:
17229:
17223:
17221:
17217:
17216:
17214:
17213:
17208:
17207:
17206:
17188:
17183:
17178:
17169:
17164:
17159:
17154:
17149:
17147:Cambodian riel
17144:
17139:
17138:
17137:
17128:
17113:
17111:
17107:
17106:
17104:
17103:
17102:
17101:
17087:
17082:
17081:
17080:
17069:Pound sterling
17066:
17061:
17059:Nepalese rupee
17056:
17051:
17046:
17041:
17036:
17034:Afghan afghani
17030:
17028:
17024:
17023:
17021:
17020:
17014:
17012:
17008:
17007:
17005:
17004:
16999:
16994:
16989:
16984:
16979:
16974:
16969:
16962:
16960:
16956:
16955:
16953:
16952:
16947:
16942:
16937:
16932:
16926:
16924:
16920:
16919:
16914:
16913:
16906:
16899:
16891:
16882:
16881:
16879:
16878:
16877:
16876:
16863:
16861:
16857:
16856:
16854:
16853:
16848:
16847:
16846:
16828:
16826:Uruguayan peso
16823:
16818:
16817:
16816:
16802:
16797:
16792:
16787:
16780:
16779:
16778:
16764:
16762:Colombian peso
16759:
16754:
16752:Brazilian real
16749:
16744:
16742:Argentine peso
16738:
16736:
16732:
16731:
16729:
16728:
16727:
16726:
16719:
16707:
16702:
16697:
16692:
16687:
16682:
16677:
16676:
16675:
16662:
16660:
16656:
16655:
16653:
16652:
16651:
16650:
16641:
16632:
16623:
16614:
16600:
16595:
16594:
16593:
16584:
16570:
16565:
16563:Haitian gourde
16560:
16559:
16558:
16549:
16540:
16531:
16522:
16508:
16507:
16506:
16499:
16492:
16485:
16476:
16469:
16462:
16455:
16441:
16439:Dominican peso
16436:
16431:
16426:
16421:
16416:
16410:
16408:
16404:
16403:
16401:
16400:
16395:
16390:
16389:
16388:
16374:
16373:
16372:
16358:
16353:
16347:
16345:
16341:
16340:
16332:
16331:
16324:
16317:
16309:
16300:
16299:
16297:
16296:
16295:
16294:
16285:
16276:
16267:
16258:
16249:
16240:
16231:
16217:
16212:
16207:
16205:Nigerian naira
16202:
16197:
16192:
16187:
16185:Gambian dalasi
16182:
16181:
16180:
16167:
16159:Canary Islands
16149:
16143:
16141:
16137:
16136:
16134:
16133:
16131:Zambian kwacha
16128:
16123:
16122:
16121:
16112:
16103:
16089:
16082:
16081:
16080:
16073:
16062:Zimbabwean ZiG
16059:
16054:
16049:
16044:
16039:
16034:
16029:
16028:
16027:
16018:
16009:
15995:
15994:
15993:
15984:
15970:
15964:
15962:
15958:
15957:
15955:
15954:
15949:
15944:
15939:
15927:
15922:
15917:
15912:
15910:Ethiopian birr
15907:
15905:Eritrean nakfa
15902:
15897:
15895:Comorian franc
15891:
15889:
15885:
15884:
15882:
15881:
15876:
15871:
15870:
15869:
15860:
15851:
15842:
15833:
15824:
15810:
15805:
15803:Angolan kwanza
15799:
15797:
15793:
15792:
15790:
15789:
15787:Tunisian dinar
15784:
15782:Sudanese pound
15779:
15771:Sahrawi peseta
15767:
15762:
15757:
15752:
15751:
15750:
15736:
15734:Egyptian pound
15731:
15729:Algerian dinar
15725:
15723:
15719:
15718:
15710:
15709:
15702:
15695:
15687:
15678:
15677:
15675:
15674:
15662:
15650:
15637:
15634:
15633:
15630:
15629:
15627:
15626:
15621:
15615:
15613:
15609:
15608:
15606:
15605:
15600:
15598:Spanish peseta
15595:
15590:
15585:
15580:
15575:
15570:
15565:
15560:
15555:
15550:
15545:
15540:
15535:
15530:
15525:
15523:Finnish markka
15520:
15518:Estonian kroon
15515:
15510:
15505:
15500:
15495:
15490:
15484:
15482:
15478:
15477:
15475:
15474:
15472:United Kingdom
15468:
15466:
15461:
15458:
15457:
15455:
15454:
15449:
15444:
15439:
15434:
15429:
15424:
15419:
15418:
15417:
15406:
15395:
15379:
15371:
15369:
15362:
15356:
15355:
15352:
15351:
15349:
15348:
15343:
15338:
15333:
15328:
15322:
15320:
15316:
15315:
15313:
15312:
15307:
15301:
15299:
15289:
15284:
15281:
15280:
15278:
15277:
15272:
15266:
15264:
15257:
15254:
15253:
15251:
15250:
15245:
15240:
15235:
15230:
15225:
15223:Czech Republic
15220:
15214:
15212:
15207:
15204:
15203:
15201:
15200:
15195:
15190:
15185:
15179:
15177:
15168:
15165:
15164:
15161:
15160:
15158:
15157:
15152:
15147:
15142:
15136:
15134:
15128:
15127:
15125:
15124:
15119:
15114:
15109:
15104:
15099:
15094:
15089:
15084:
15079:
15074:
15069:
15064:
15059:
15054:
15049:
15044:
15039:
15034:
15029:
15023:
15021:
15012:
15008:
15007:
15004:
15003:
15001:
15000:
14995:
14990:
14985:
14980:
14975:
14970:
14964:
14962:
14956:
14955:
14953:
14952:
14947:
14942:
14937:
14932:
14927:
14922:
14917:
14912:
14907:
14902:
14897:
14892:
14887:
14881:
14879:
14870:
14866:
14865:
14863:
14862:
14860:World currency
14857:
14852:
14847:
14841:
14839:
14833:
14832:
14830:
14829:
14824:
14823:
14822:
14812:
14807:
14802:
14797:
14792:
14786:
14784:
14780:
14779:
14777:
14776:
14771:
14766:
14764:Euro Plus Pact
14761:
14756:
14750:
14748:
14744:
14743:
14741:
14740:
14735:
14730:
14725:
14720:
14715:
14710:
14704:
14702:
14701:Administration
14698:
14697:
14695:
14694:
14687:
14682:
14677:
14672:
14667:
14662:
14656:
14654:
14650:
14649:
14641:
14640:
14633:
14626:
14618:
14612:
14609:
14608:
14599:
14598:
14587:Pound Sterling
14584:
14569:
14568:External links
14566:
14564:
14563:
14540:
14515:
14500:
14485:
14479:
14463:
14457:
14441:
14422:
14416:
14400:
14393:
14374:
14356:
14341:
14319:
14299:
14276:
14274:
14271:
14268:
14267:
14241:
14211:
14182:
14148:
14122:
14096:
14070:
14053:Liverpool Echo
14039:
14013:
13987:
13961:
13931:
13900:
13870:
13835:
13809:
13783:
13753:
13721:
13690:
13659:
13633:
13622:on 8 July 2017
13616:The Royal Mint
13599:
13569:
13536:
13510:
13484:
13454:
13424:
13393:
13366:
13330:
13297:
13264:
13238:
13208:
13182:
13156:
13137:
13107:
13081:
13055:
13025:
12993:
12957:
12919:
12889:
12847:
12834:
12827:
12807:
12800:
12780:
12747:
12720:
12701:
12683:Burk, Kathleen
12674:
12638:
12608:
12567:
12536:
12527:
12514:
12498:
12492:Luca Einaudi,
12485:
12476:
12467:
12458:
12449:
12440:
12431:
12422:
12392:
12356:
12335:
12323:
12306:
12279:
12259:
12225:
12212:MeasuringWorth
12192:
12166:
12132:
12106:
12076:
12041:
12008:
11994:
11973:
11936:
11909:(2): 391–427.
11893:
11856:
11849:
11831:
11804:
11784:
11751:
11718:
11691:
11665:
11629:
11599:
11597:at 1.8 g.
11572:. p. 33.
11557:
11527:
11491:
11470:. p. 10.
11451:
11418:
11389:
11359:
11316:
11282:
11275:
11257:
11240:British Museum
11227:
11195:
11155:
11125:
11095:
11065:
11051:
11025:
10999:
10990:
10960:
10931:
10901:
10883:New York Times
10869:
10833:
10806:
10785:
10766:
10744:
10740:currency name.
10713:
10698:
10662:
10626:
10590:
10564:
10539:
10527:
10491:
10460:
10430:
10396:
10370:
10347:
10324:
10287:
10259:
10240:
10220:
10194:
10170:"Entry 189985"
10158:
10132:
10107:
10076:
10066:Sterling (UK).
10059:
10039:
10029:pound sterling
10018:
9997:
9984:
9964:
9938:
9915:
9914:
9912:
9909:
9906:
9905:
9896:
9884:
9874:
9873:
9871:
9868:
9867:
9866:
9860:
9855:
9850:
9845:
9839:
9838:
9824:
9810:
9796:
9780:
9777:
9773:
9772:
9761:
9758:
9757:
9754:
9751:
9748:
9745:
9742:
9739:
9736:
9733:
9730:
9727:
9724:
9721:
9718:
9715:
9712:
9709:
9706:
9703:
9700:
9697:
9694:
9691:
9688:
9685:
9682:
9679:
9676:
9673:
9670:
9667:
9664:
9656:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9647:
9644:
9641:
9638:
9635:
9633:
9631:
9629:
9627:
9625:
9623:
9621:
9619:
9617:
9615:
9613:
9611:
9609:
9607:
9605:
9603:
9601:
9599:
9597:
9595:
9593:
9591:
9589:
9587:
9579:
9578:
9575:
9572:
9569:
9566:
9563:
9560:
9557:
9555:
9553:
9551:
9549:
9547:
9545:
9543:
9541:
9539:
9537:
9535:
9533:
9531:
9529:
9527:
9525:
9523:
9521:
9519:
9517:
9515:
9513:
9511:
9509:
9501:
9500:
9497:
9494:
9491:
9488:
9485:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9475:
9473:
9471:
9469:
9467:
9465:
9463:
9461:
9459:
9457:
9455:
9453:
9451:
9449:
9447:
9445:
9443:
9441:
9439:
9437:
9435:
9433:
9431:
9423:
9422:
9420:
9417:
9414:
9411:
9408:
9405:
9402:
9399:
9396:
9393:
9390:
9387:
9384:
9381:
9378:
9375:
9372:
9369:
9366:
9363:
9360:
9357:
9354:
9351:
9348:
9345:
9342:
9339:
9336:
9333:
9330:
9322:
9321:
9319:
9317:
9315:
9313:
9311:
9309:
9307:
9305:
9303:
9301:
9299:
9297:
9295:
9293:
9291:
9289:
9287:
9285:
9283:
9280:
9277:
9274:
9271:
9268:
9265:
9262:
9259:
9256:
9253:
9250:
9247:
9239:
9238:
9236:
9234:
9232:
9230:
9228:
9226:
9224:
9222:
9220:
9218:
9216:
9214:
9212:
9210:
9208:
9206:
9204:
9202:
9200:
9198:
9196:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9186:
9183:
9180:
9177:
9174:
9171:
9168:
9160:
9159:
9157:
9155:
9153:
9151:
9149:
9147:
9145:
9143:
9141:
9139:
9137:
9135:
9133:
9131:
9129:
9127:
9125:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9115:
9112:
9109:
9106:
9103:
9100:
9097:
9094:
9091:
9088:
9085:
9077:
9076:
9073:
9070:
9067:
9064:
9061:
9058:
9055:
9052:
9049:
9046:
9043:
9040:
9037:
9034:
9031:
9028:
9025:
9022:
9019:
9016:
9013:
9010:
9007:
9004:
9001:
8998:
8995:
8992:
8989:
8986:
8983:
8980:Pound sterling
8975:
8974:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8964:
8961:
8958:
8955:
8952:
8949:
8946:
8943:
8940:
8937:
8934:
8931:
8928:
8925:
8922:
8919:
8916:
8913:
8910:
8907:
8904:
8901:
8898:
8895:
8892:
8889:
8886:
8883:
8875:
8874:
8872:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8862:
8859:
8856:
8853:
8850:
8847:
8844:
8841:
8838:
8835:
8832:
8829:
8826:
8823:
8820:
8817:
8814:
8811:
8808:
8805:
8802:
8799:
8796:
8793:
8790:
8787:
8784:
8767:
8766:
8763:
8760:
8757:
8754:
8751:
8748:
8745:
8742:
8739:
8736:
8733:
8730:
8727:
8724:
8721:
8718:
8715:
8712:
8709:
8706:
8703:
8700:
8697:
8694:
8691:
8688:
8685:
8682:
8679:
8676:
8673:
8665:
8664:
8661:
8658:
8655:
8652:
8649:
8646:
8643:
8640:
8637:
8634:
8631:
8628:
8625:
8622:
8619:
8616:
8613:
8610:
8607:
8604:
8601:
8598:
8595:
8592:
8589:
8586:
8583:
8580:
8577:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8568:
8561:
8554:
8546:
8534:
8525:
8522:
8519:
8518:
8492:
8488:
8487:
8461:
8453:
8452:
8426:
8423:Yahoo! Finance
8418:
8417:
8391:
8388:Google Finance
8383:
8382:
8368:
8365:
8358:
8357:
8356: £0.0695
8354:
8351:
8348:
8345:
8342:
8339:
8336:
8333:
8330:
8326:
8325:
8324: £0.0707
8322:
8319:
8316:
8313:
8310:
8307:
8304:
8301:
8298:
8294:
8293:
8292: £0.0726
8290:
8287:
8284:
8281:
8278:
8275:
8272:
8269:
8266:
8262:
8261:
8260: £0.0744
8258:
8255:
8252:
8249:
8246:
8243:
8240:
8237:
8234:
8230:
8229:
8228: £0.0777
8226:
8223:
8220:
8217:
8214:
8211:
8208:
8205:
8202:
8198:
8197:
8196: £0.0780
8194:
8191:
8188:
8185:
8182:
8179:
8176:
8173:
8170:
8166:
8165:
8164: £0.0800
8162:
8159:
8156:
8153:
8150:
8147:
8144:
8141:
8138:
8134:
8133:
8132: £0.0560
8130:
8127:
8124:
8121:
8118:
8115:
8112:
8109:
8106:
8103:
8100:
8096:
8095:
8094: £0.0612
8092:
8089:
8086:
8083:
8080:
8077:
8074:
8071:
8068:
8065:
8062:
8058:
8057:
8056: £0.0678
8054:
8051:
8048:
8045:
8042:
8039:
8036:
8033:
8030:
8027:
8024:
8020:
8019:
8016:
8013:
8010:
8007:
8004:
8001:
7998:
7995:
7992:
7989:
7986:
7931:
7928:
7902:currency union
7894:Guernsey pound
7877:
7874:
7871:
7870:
7867:
7863:
7862:
7859:
7855:
7854:
7851:
7847:
7846:
7843:
7839:
7838:
7835:
7831:
7830:
7827:
7823:
7822:
7819:
7815:
7814:
7811:
7807:
7806:
7803:
7799:
7798:
7795:
7789:
7788:
7785:
7779:
7778:
7775:
7769:
7768:
7765:
7717:Commemorative
7664:
7661:
7628:
7625:
7603:
7600:
7596:banking system
7490:Main article:
7487:
7484:
7467:
7466:
7463:
7448:
7416:
7397:
7387:
7380:
7375:(the original
7358:
7347:
7344:shilling coins
7336:
7329:
7316:
7303:
7296:
7289:
7264:
7227:half new penny
7223:
7208:
7193:
7161:
7160:
7142:
7136:
7135:
7122:
7121:
7111:
7108:
7103:Maundy coinage
7083:half-sovereign
7039:. The silver 4
6692:
6689:
6684:Main article:
6681:
6678:
6655:interest rates
6638:Owner occupied
6632:
6626:
6617:
6609:
6606:
6536:Following the
6502:Main article:
6499:
6496:
6476:European Union
6410:Main article:
6407:
6404:
6374:
6371:
6343:
6340:
6311:
6308:
6283:
6280:
6225:Prime Minister
6198:Main article:
6195:
6192:
6159:
6156:
6130:Queen's Speech
6095:Lord Overstone
6002:Main article:
5999:
5998:Decimalisation
5996:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5932:
5929:
5912:
5909:
5864:
5861:
5835: 9.46 in
5736:
5733:
5665:British Empire
5657:Main article:
5654:
5651:
5645:established a
5593:Scots currency
5588:
5585:
5568:
5565:
5479:Ashanti Empire
5453:
5452:
5367:
5365:
5358:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5340:half sovereign
5336:
5286:
5245:
5244:
5199:
5066:
5063:
5059:Guldengroschen
4973:
4970:
4915:
4914:Henry IV, 1412
4912:
4908:
4907:
4882:
4870:
4869:
4862:double florins
4858:
4816:
4813:
4772:(known as the
4753:
4752:Medieval, 1158
4750:
4605:
4604:
4519:
4517:
4510:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4491:
4488:
4485:
4481:
4480:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4418:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4372:10.41 ozt
4370:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4355:11.25 ozt
4353:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4298:silver pennies
4283:
4280:
4268:Queen Victoria
4260:George IV
4127:Main article:
4123:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4095:
4089:
4083:
4069:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3959:
3958:
3952:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3778:
3768:
3767:
3760:
3738:
3735:
3694:decimalisation
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3609:
3606:
3566:
3563:
3547:Main article:
3544:
3541:
3520:
3517:
3411:
3374:Main article:
3371:
3368:
3331:pound sterling
3254:Norman England
3214:
3211:
3179:
3176:
3172:British Empire
3106:pound sterling
3090:) is the main
3080:United Kingdom
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3003:
2989:
2984:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2872:European Union
2867:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2627:
2626:
2615:
2614:
2607:Foreign policy
2604:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2524:
2515:
2508:
2493:
2488:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2469:Cayman Islands
2466:
2460:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2438:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2397:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2368:
2363:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2347:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2286:Civil parishes
2283:
2278:
2273:
2264:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2235:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2208:Civil parishes
2205:
2204:
2203:
2201:London Borough
2198:
2193:
2178:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2164:Greater London
2161:
2156:
2146:
2136:
2127:
2115:
2114:
2111:Administration
2109:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2064:First Minister
2060:
2057:Wales Act 2017
2053:Wales Act 2014
2041:
2030:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1980:First Minister
1976:
1961:
1956:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1897:First Minister
1893:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
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1798:
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1778:
1773:
1767:
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1732:UK referendums
1730:
1725:
1724:
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1714:
1709:
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1462:
1457:
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1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1365:1910 (Jan–Feb)
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1225:1801 co-option
1221:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1172:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1132:
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1118:
1117:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1078:United Kingdom
1073:
1072:
1062:The Lord Hodge
1059:
1058:
1045:
1044:
1029:
1028:
1008:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
995:
994:
993:
992:
982:
977:
970:
969:
951:
950:
931:
930:
921:
920:
901:
900:
897:House of Lords
886:
885:
863:
862:
854:
849:
848:
845:
844:
841:
840:
835:
830:
812:
811:
791:
790:
781:Prime Minister
765:
764:
743:
742:
713:
712:
704:
699:
698:
695:
694:
691:
690:
685:
680:
675:
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658:
657:
637:
636:
618:
613:
612:
609:
608:
605:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
572:
570:Bill of Rights
567:
561:
556:
555:
552:
551:
543:
542:
536:
535:
523:
522:
516:
510:
509:
500:
494:
493:
487:
481:
480:
477:
471:
470:
466:
465:
454:
452: Website
448:
447:
442:
436:
435:
424:
422: Website
418:
417:
412:
406:
405:
398:.bankofengland
392:
390: Website
386:
385:
380:
372:
371:
367:
366:
364:
363:
356:
354:United Kingdom
350:
348:
344:
343:
327:
323:
322:
318:
317:
316:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
273:
269:
268:
267:
266:
261:
254:
248:
247:
246:
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73:
70:
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54:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
22558:
22547:
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22534:
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22527:
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22522:
22519:
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22512:
22509:
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22499:
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22494:
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22311:
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22273:
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22268:
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22260:
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22254:
22251:
22247:
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22233:
22232:
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22227:
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22220:
22217:
22216:
22215:
22212:
22211:
22209:
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22130:
22128:
22125:
22124:
22122:
22120:
22116:
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22107:
22105:
22102:
22100:
22097:
22095:
22092:
22090:
22087:
22085:
22082:
22078:
22075:
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22073:
22070:
22068:
22065:
22063:
22060:
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22046:
22043:
22042:
22041:
22038:
22037:
22035:
22033:
22029:
22025:
22021:
22016:
22012:
22008:
21998:
21995:
21993:
21990:
21988:
21985:
21983:
21980:
21978:
21975:
21973:
21970:
21968:
21965:
21963:
21960:
21958:
21955:
21953:
21950:
21948:
21945:
21941:
21938:
21937:
21936:
21933:
21931:
21928:
21926:
21923:
21921:
21918:
21917:
21915:
21913:
21909:
21903:
21902:Welfare state
21900:
21898:
21895:
21893:
21890:
21888:
21885:
21883:
21880:
21878:
21875:
21873:
21870:
21868:
21865:
21863:
21860:
21858:
21855:
21853:
21850:
21848:
21847:Mental health
21845:
21843:
21840:
21838:
21835:
21833:
21830:
21828:
21825:
21823:
21820:
21818:
21815:
21811:
21808:
21806:
21803:
21802:
21801:
21798:
21796:
21793:
21791:
21790:Ethnic groups
21788:
21786:
21783:
21781:
21778:
21776:
21773:
21771:
21768:
21766:
21763:
21761:
21758:
21756:
21753:
21752:
21749:
21746:
21744:
21740:
21730:
21727:
21725:
21722:
21720:
21717:
21715:
21714:Bus transport
21712:
21710:
21709:Air transport
21707:
21706:
21704:
21702:
21698:
21692:
21689:
21687:
21684:
21682:
21679:
21676:
21672:
21669:
21667:
21664:
21662:
21656:
21654:
21653:Manufacturing
21651:
21649:
21646:
21644:
21641:
21639:
21636:
21634:
21631:
21627:
21624:
21623:
21622:
21619:
21618:
21615:
21612:
21610:
21606:
21592:
21589:
21587:
21584:
21582:
21579:
21577:
21574:
21573:
21571:
21569:
21565:
21557:
21554:
21553:
21552:
21549:
21545:
21542:
21541:
21540:
21537:
21535:
21532:
21530:
21529:Civil service
21527:
21523:
21520:
21519:
21518:
21515:
21514:
21512:
21510:
21506:
21500:
21497:
21495:
21492:
21490:
21487:
21485:
21482:
21478:
21475:
21473:
21470:
21469:
21468:
21465:
21463:
21460:
21456:
21455:republicanism
21453:
21451:
21448:
21447:
21446:
21443:
21441:
21438:
21436:
21433:
21431:
21428:
21426:
21423:
21419:
21416:
21415:
21414:
21411:
21409:
21406:
21402:
21399:
21398:
21397:
21394:
21392:
21389:
21387:
21384:
21382:
21379:
21378:
21375:
21371:
21368:
21366:
21362:
21346:
21343:
21341:
21338:
21337:
21335:
21331:
21328:
21326:
21323:
21322:
21320:
21318:
21315:
21311:
21308:
21306:
21303:
21301:
21298:
21297:
21295:
21291:
21288:
21286:
21283:
21281:
21278:
21276:
21275:North Sea oil
21273:
21271:
21268:
21266:
21263:
21261:
21258:
21256:
21253:
21251:
21248:
21246:
21243:
21242:
21241:
21238:
21236:
21233:
21232:
21230:
21228:
21224:
21218:
21215:
21213:
21210:
21208:
21205:
21203:
21200:
21198:
21195:
21193:
21190:
21186:
21183:
21182:
21181:
21178:
21174:
21173:Great Britain
21171:
21169:
21166:
21165:
21164:
21163:British Isles
21161:
21160:
21158:
21156:
21152:
21146:
21143:
21141:
21138:
21136:
21133:
21131:
21128:
21126:
21123:
21121:
21118:
21116:
21113:
21112:
21110:
21108:
21104:
21100:
21097:
21095:
21091:
21081:
21078:
21076:
21073:
21071:
21068:
21066:
21063:
21061:
21058:
21056:
21053:
21049:
21046:
21045:
21044:
21041:
21039:
21036:
21034:
21031:
21030:
21028:
21024:
21016:
21013:
21011:
21008:
21007:
21005:
21001:
20998:
20996:
20993:
20992:
20990:
20986:
20983:
20981:
20978:
20977:
20975:
20973:
20970:
20968:
20965:
20963:
20962:Edwardian era
20960:
20958:
20957:Victorian era
20955:
20953:
20950:
20948:
20945:
20944:
20942:
20940:
20936:
20933:
20931:
20927:
20922:
20915:
20910:
20908:
20903:
20901:
20896:
20895:
20892:
20874:
20871:
20869:
20866:
20864:
20861:
20858:
20855:
20853:
20850:
20847:
20844:
20843:
20841:
20839:See also
20837:
20830:
20826:
20823:
20820:
20817:
20814:
20810:
20807:
20806:
20804:
20800:
20794:
20793:Zambian pound
20791:
20789:
20786:
20784:
20781:
20779:
20778:Venetian lira
20776:
20774:
20771:
20769:
20766:
20764:
20761:
20759:
20756:
20754:
20751:
20749:
20746:
20744:
20741:
20739:
20736:
20734:
20731:
20729:
20726:
20724:
20721:
20719:
20716:
20714:
20711:
20709:
20706:
20704:
20701:
20699:
20696:
20694:
20691:
20689:
20686:
20684:
20681:
20679:
20676:
20674:
20671:
20669:
20666:
20664:
20661:
20659:
20656:
20654:
20651:
20649:
20646:
20644:
20641:
20639:
20636:
20634:
20631:
20629:
20626:
20624:
20621:
20619:
20616:
20614:
20611:
20609:
20606:
20604:
20601:
20599:
20598:Maltese pound
20596:
20594:
20591:
20589:
20586:
20584:
20581:
20579:
20576:
20574:
20571:
20569:
20566:
20564:
20561:
20559:
20556:
20554:
20551:
20547:
20544:
20542:
20539:
20538:
20537:
20534:
20532:
20529:
20527:
20524:
20522:
20519:
20517:
20516:Georgia pound
20514:
20512:
20511:Gambian pound
20509:
20505:
20502:
20500:
20497:
20495:
20494:Haitian livre
20492:
20490:
20487:
20486:
20485:
20482:
20478:
20475:
20473:
20472:Livre parisis
20470:
20469:
20468:
20465:
20463:
20460:
20458:
20455:
20453:
20452:Cypriot pound
20450:
20448:
20445:
20443:
20440:
20438:
20435:
20433:
20430:
20428:
20427:Biafran pound
20425:
20423:
20420:
20418:
20415:
20413:
20410:
20408:
20405:
20403:
20402:Angevin pound
20400:
20398:
20395:
20393:
20390:
20389:
20387:
20383:
20377:
20374:
20372:
20369:
20367:
20364:
20362:
20359:
20357:
20354:
20352:
20351:Brixton pound
20349:
20347:
20346:Bristol pound
20344:
20343:
20341:
20337:
20331:
20328:
20326:
20323:
20321:
20318:
20316:
20313:
20311:
20308:
20304:
20301:
20299:
20296:
20294:
20291:
20289:
20286:
20284:
20281:
20279:
20276:
20274:
20271:
20270:
20269:
20266:
20264:
20261:
20259:
20256:
20255:
20253:
20249:
20244:
20243:
20238:
20237:
20228:
20223:
20221:
20216:
20214:
20209:
20208:
20205:
20193:
20190:
20188:
20185:
20183:
20180:
20178:
20175:
20173:
20170:
20168:
20165:
20163:
20160:
20158:
20155:
20153:
20147:
20146:
20144:
20140:
20130:
20127:
20125:
20122:
20120:
20117:
20115:
20112:
20110:
20107:
20105:
20102:
20100:
20097:
20095:
20092:
20090:
20087:
20086:
20084:
20080:
20074:
20071:
20069:
20066:
20064:
20061:
20059:
20056:
20054:
20051:
20049:
20046:
20045:
20043:
20041:Commemorative
20039:
20033:
20030:
20028:
20025:
20023:
20020:
20018:
20015:
20013:
20010:
20008:
20005:
20003:
20001:
19996:
19994:
19991:
19989:
19986:
19984:
19982:
19977:
19975:
19972:
19970:
19967:
19965:
19963:
19958:
19956:
19953:
19950:
19946:
19944:
19939:
19937:
19934:
19932:
19930:
19925:
19923:
19921:
19916:
19914:
19912:
19909:Threepence (3
19907:
19905:
19903:
19898:
19895:
19891:
19889:
19866:
19864:
19862:
19857:
19855:
19853:
19833:
19831:
19829:
19809:
19807:
19805:
19785:
19782:
19778:
19776:
19756:
19753:
19749:
19747:
19727:
19726:
19724:
19722:
19718:
19712:
19709:
19707:
19704:
19702:
19699:
19697:
19694:
19692:
19689:
19687:
19684:
19682:
19679:
19677:
19674:
19672:
19654:
19653:
19651:
19647:
19643:
19636:
19631:
19629:
19624:
19622:
19617:
19616:
19613:
19601:
19600:Sterling area
19598:
19596:
19593:
19591:
19588:
19586:
19580:
19579:
19577:
19573:
19567:
19564:
19562:
19559:
19557:
19554:
19553:
19551:
19548:
19543:
19539:
19533:
19530:
19528:
19525:
19523:
19520:
19519:
19517:
19515:
19511:
19501:
19498:
19496:
19493:
19491:
19488:
19486:
19483:
19481:
19478:
19476:
19473:
19472:
19470:
19468:
19464:
19461:
19458:
19454:
19444:
19441:
19439:
19436:
19434:
19431:
19429:
19426:
19424:
19421:
19420:
19418:
19416:
19412:
19398:
19395:
19393:
19390:
19388:
19385:
19384:
19382:
19378:
19372:
19369:
19367:
19364:
19363:
19361:
19359:Current issue
19357:
19353:
19350:
19348:
19344:
19338:
19335:
19333:
19330:
19328:
19325:
19323:
19320:
19318:
19315:
19314:
19312:
19310:
19306:
19303:
19300:
19296:
19282:
19279:
19278:
19276:
19272:
19266:
19263:
19261:
19258:
19256:
19253:
19251:
19248:
19247:
19245:
19243:Current issue
19241:
19238:
19236:
19232:
19226:
19223:
19221:
19218:
19216:
19213:
19211:
19208:
19206:
19203:
19201:
19198:
19197:
19195:
19193:
19189:
19183:
19180:
19178:
19175:
19173:
19170:
19168:
19165:
19163:
19160:
19159:
19157:
19155:
19151:
19148:
19146:
19142:
19128:
19125:
19123:
19120:
19118:
19115:
19114:
19112:
19108:
19102:
19099:
19097:
19094:
19092:
19089:
19087:
19084:
19082:
19079:
19077:
19074:
19073:
19071:
19067:
19061:
19058:
19056:
19053:
19051:
19048:
19046:
19043:
19042:
19040:
19038:
19034:
19031:
19029:
19025:
19022:
19020:
19016:
19012:
19005:
19000:
18998:
18993:
18991:
18986:
18985:
18982:
18970:
18962:
18960:
18952:
18951:
18948:
18942:
18939:
18937:
18934:
18932:
18929:
18927:
18924:
18922:
18919:
18917:
18914:
18912:
18909:
18907:
18904:
18902:
18899:
18897:
18894:
18893:
18891:
18889:organisations
18883:
18869:
18866:
18864:
18861:
18860:
18859:
18856:
18854:
18851:
18850:
18849:
18846:
18844:
18841:
18839:
18836:
18832:
18829:
18827:
18824:
18823:
18822:
18819:
18815:
18812:
18810:
18807:
18805:
18802:
18800:
18797:
18796:
18794:
18790:
18787:
18785:
18782:
18780:
18777:
18775:
18772:
18771:
18770:
18769:Manufacturing
18767:
18765:
18762:
18760:
18757:
18753:
18750:
18748:
18745:
18743:
18740:
18738:
18735:
18733:
18730:
18728:
18725:
18724:
18723:
18719:
18715:
18712:
18711:
18710:
18707:
18706:
18704:
18700:
18692:
18689:
18688:
18687:
18684:
18682:
18679:
18677:
18674:
18672:
18669:
18667:
18664:
18660:
18657:
18656:
18655:
18652:
18650:
18647:
18645:
18642:
18640:
18637:
18635:
18632:
18628:
18625:
18623:
18622:List of banks
18620:
18619:
18618:
18615:
18613:
18610:
18609:
18607:
18605:
18599:
18591:
18588:
18586:
18583:
18582:
18580:
18574:
18571:
18569:
18566:
18564:
18561:
18560:
18558:
18554:
18551:
18549:
18546:
18544:
18541:
18540:
18539:
18536:
18535:
18534:
18531:
18527:
18524:
18522:
18519:
18517:
18516:North Sea oil
18514:
18512:
18509:
18507:
18504:
18502:
18499:
18497:
18494:
18492:
18489:
18487:
18484:
18483:
18482:
18478:
18475:
18474:
18472:
18470:
18464:
18461:
18457:
18451:
18448:
18444:
18441:
18440:
18439:
18438:Trades unions
18436:
18434:
18431:
18427:
18424:
18422:
18419:
18417:
18414:
18413:
18412:
18409:
18405:
18402:
18401:
18400:
18397:
18395:
18392:
18390:
18387:
18385:
18382:
18381:
18379:
18373:
18363:
18360:
18358:
18355:
18353:
18350:
18348:
18345:
18343:
18340:
18338:
18335:
18333:
18330:
18326:
18320:
18317:
18315:
18312:
18311:
18309:
18307:
18303:
18297:
18294:
18292:
18289:
18287:
18284:
18282:
18279:
18277:
18274:
18272:
18269:
18267:
18264:
18262:
18259:
18257:
18254:
18252:
18249:
18247:
18244:
18242:
18239:
18238:
18236:
18234:
18230:
18224:
18221:
18219:
18216:
18215:
18213:
18211:
18205:
18199:
18196:
18194:
18191:
18189:
18186:
18184:
18181:
18179:
18176:
18174:
18171:
18169:
18166:
18164:
18161:
18159:
18156:
18154:
18151:
18149:
18146:
18142:
18139:
18137:
18134:
18133:
18132:
18129:
18127:
18124:
18122:
18119:
18117:
18114:
18112:
18109:
18107:
18104:
18102:
18099:
18097:
18094:
18092:
18089:
18087:
18084:
18082:
18079:
18075:
18074:Big City Plan
18072:
18071:
18070:
18067:
18065:
18062:
18061:
18059:
18057:
18053:
18050:
18042:
18032:
18029:
18027:
18026:Privatisation
18024:
18022:
18019:
18017:
18014:
18012:
18009:
18007:
18006:Gold standard
18004:
18002:
17999:
17997:
17994:
17993:
17991:
17987:
17981:
17978:
17974:
17971:
17970:
17969:
17966:
17963:
17959:
17956:
17954:
17951:
17949:
17946:
17944:
17941:
17939:
17936:
17934:
17933:1986 Big Bang
17931:
17929:
17926:
17924:
17921:
17919:
17916:
17914:
17911:
17909:
17906:
17904:
17901:
17899:
17896:
17894:
17891:
17889:
17886:
17884:
17881:
17879:
17876:
17874:
17871:
17869:
17866:
17864:
17861:
17860:
17858:
17856:Chronological
17854:
17851:
17849:
17845:
17839:
17836:
17834:
17831:
17829:
17826:
17822:
17819:
17817:
17814:
17813:
17812:
17809:
17807:
17804:
17800:
17797:
17795:
17792:
17791:
17790:
17787:
17785:
17782:
17780:
17777:
17775:
17772:
17770:
17767:
17765:
17762:
17760:
17757:
17755:
17752:
17748:
17745:
17743:
17740:
17739:
17738:
17735:
17734:
17732:
17724:
17718:
17715:
17713:
17710:
17708:
17705:
17703:
17700:
17698:
17695:
17693:
17690:
17688:
17687:Co-operatives
17685:
17684:
17682:
17678:
17674:
17667:
17662:
17660:
17655:
17653:
17648:
17647:
17644:
17632:
17629:
17625:
17621:
17617:
17613:
17608:
17605:
17603:
17600:
17598:
17595:
17594:
17592:
17588:
17582:
17579:
17577:
17576:Serbian dinar
17574:
17572:
17569:
17567:
17564:
17562:
17559:
17558:
17556:
17552:
17546:
17543:
17536:
17533:
17531:
17530:Russian ruble
17528:
17526:
17523:
17521:
17518:
17516:
17515:Georgian lari
17513:
17511:
17508:
17506:
17503:
17501:
17500:Armenian dram
17498:
17491:
17488:
17487:
17485:
17481:
17475:
17474:Swedish krona
17472:
17470:
17467:
17465:
17462:
17460:
17457:
17455:
17452:
17448:
17447:Faroese króna
17443:
17440:
17438:
17435:
17433:
17432:Bulgarian lev
17430:
17429:
17427:
17423:
17418:
17411:
17406:
17404:
17399:
17397:
17392:
17391:
17388:
17376:
17373:
17371:
17368:
17366:
17363:
17361:
17358:
17356:
17353:
17351:
17348:
17346:
17343:
17341:
17340:Kuwaiti dinar
17338:
17334:
17332:
17328:
17323:
17322:
17321:
17318:
17314:
17312:
17308:
17304:
17299:
17298:
17297:
17294:
17292:
17289:
17287:
17284:
17282:
17281:Georgian lari
17279:
17274:
17270:
17269:
17268:
17265:
17263:
17260:
17256:
17254:
17250:
17245:
17244:
17243:
17240:
17238:
17235:
17233:
17230:
17228:
17227:Armenian dram
17225:
17224:
17222:
17218:
17212:
17209:
17204:
17200:
17199:
17194:
17193:
17192:
17189:
17187:
17184:
17182:
17179:
17177:
17175:
17170:
17168:
17165:
17163:
17160:
17158:
17155:
17153:
17150:
17148:
17145:
17143:
17142:Brunei dollar
17140:
17135:
17134:
17129:
17126:
17125:
17120:
17119:
17118:
17115:
17114:
17112:
17108:
17099:
17098:
17093:
17092:
17091:
17088:
17086:
17083:
17078:
17077:
17072:
17071:
17070:
17067:
17065:
17062:
17060:
17057:
17055:
17052:
17050:
17047:
17045:
17042:
17040:
17037:
17035:
17032:
17031:
17029:
17025:
17019:
17018:Russian ruble
17016:
17015:
17013:
17009:
17003:
17000:
16998:
16995:
16993:
16990:
16988:
16985:
16983:
16980:
16978:
16975:
16973:
16970:
16967:
16964:
16963:
16961:
16957:
16951:
16948:
16946:
16943:
16941:
16938:
16936:
16933:
16931:
16928:
16927:
16925:
16921:
16912:
16907:
16905:
16900:
16898:
16893:
16892:
16889:
16874:
16873:starting 2025
16870:
16869:
16868:
16865:
16864:
16862:
16858:
16852:
16849:
16844:
16843:
16839:
16834:
16833:
16832:
16829:
16827:
16824:
16822:
16819:
16814:
16813:
16808:
16807:
16806:
16803:
16801:
16798:
16796:
16793:
16791:
16788:
16786:
16785:
16781:
16776:
16775:
16774:French Guiana
16770:
16769:
16768:
16765:
16763:
16760:
16758:
16755:
16753:
16750:
16748:
16745:
16743:
16740:
16739:
16737:
16733:
16724:
16720:
16717:
16713:
16712:
16711:
16708:
16706:
16703:
16701:
16698:
16696:
16693:
16691:
16688:
16686:
16683:
16681:
16680:Belize dollar
16678:
16673:
16669:
16668:
16667:
16664:
16663:
16661:
16657:
16648:
16647:
16642:
16639:
16638:
16633:
16630:
16629:
16624:
16621:
16620:
16615:
16612:
16611:
16606:
16605:
16604:
16601:
16599:
16596:
16591:
16590:
16585:
16582:
16581:
16576:
16575:
16574:
16571:
16569:
16566:
16564:
16561:
16556:
16555:
16550:
16547:
16546:
16541:
16538:
16537:
16532:
16529:
16528:
16523:
16520:
16519:
16514:
16513:
16512:
16509:
16504:
16500:
16497:
16493:
16490:
16486:
16483:
16482:
16477:
16474:
16470:
16467:
16463:
16460:
16456:
16453:
16452:
16447:
16446:
16445:
16442:
16440:
16437:
16435:
16432:
16430:
16427:
16425:
16422:
16420:
16417:
16415:
16414:Aruban florin
16412:
16411:
16409:
16405:
16399:
16396:
16394:
16391:
16386:
16385:
16380:
16379:
16378:
16375:
16370:
16369:
16364:
16363:
16362:
16359:
16357:
16354:
16352:
16349:
16348:
16346:
16342:
16337:
16330:
16325:
16323:
16318:
16316:
16311:
16310:
16307:
16292:
16291:
16286:
16283:
16282:
16277:
16274:
16273:
16268:
16265:
16264:
16259:
16256:
16255:
16250:
16247:
16246:
16245:Guinea-Bissau
16241:
16238:
16237:
16232:
16229:
16228:
16223:
16222:
16221:
16218:
16216:
16213:
16211:
16208:
16206:
16203:
16201:
16198:
16196:
16195:Guinean franc
16193:
16191:
16190:Ghanaian cedi
16188:
16186:
16183:
16178:
16177:
16173:
16168:
16165:
16164:
16160:
16155:
16154:
16153:
16150:
16148:
16145:
16144:
16142:
16138:
16132:
16129:
16127:
16124:
16119:
16118:
16113:
16110:
16109:
16104:
16101:
16100:
16095:
16094:
16093:
16090:
16088:
16087:
16083:
16078:
16077:mosi-oa-Tunya
16074:
16071:
16070:
16065:
16064:
16063:
16060:
16058:
16055:
16053:
16050:
16048:
16045:
16043:
16040:
16038:
16035:
16033:
16030:
16025:
16024:
16019:
16016:
16015:
16010:
16007:
16006:
16001:
16000:
15999:
15996:
15991:
15990:
15985:
15982:
15981:
15976:
15975:
15974:
15971:
15969:
15968:Botswana pula
15966:
15965:
15963:
15959:
15953:
15950:
15948:
15945:
15943:
15940:
15937:
15933:
15932:
15928:
15926:
15923:
15921:
15918:
15916:
15913:
15911:
15908:
15906:
15903:
15901:
15898:
15896:
15893:
15892:
15890:
15886:
15880:
15879:Rwandan franc
15877:
15875:
15872:
15867:
15866:
15861:
15858:
15857:
15852:
15849:
15848:
15843:
15840:
15839:
15834:
15831:
15830:
15825:
15822:
15821:
15816:
15815:
15814:
15811:
15809:
15806:
15804:
15801:
15800:
15798:
15794:
15788:
15785:
15783:
15780:
15777:
15773:
15772:
15768:
15766:
15763:
15761:
15758:
15756:
15753:
15748:
15747:
15742:
15741:
15740:
15737:
15735:
15732:
15730:
15727:
15726:
15724:
15720:
15715:
15708:
15703:
15701:
15696:
15694:
15689:
15688:
15685:
15673:
15672:
15668:
15663:
15661:
15660:
15656:
15651:
15649:
15648:
15644:
15639:
15638:
15635:
15625:
15622:
15620:
15617:
15616:
15614:
15610:
15604:
15601:
15599:
15596:
15594:
15591:
15589:
15588:Slovak koruna
15586:
15584:
15581:
15579:
15576:
15574:
15571:
15569:
15566:
15564:
15561:
15559:
15556:
15554:
15551:
15549:
15546:
15544:
15541:
15539:
15538:Greek drachma
15536:
15534:
15531:
15529:
15526:
15524:
15521:
15519:
15516:
15514:
15513:Dutch guilder
15511:
15509:
15508:Cypriot pound
15506:
15504:
15503:Croatian kuna
15501:
15499:
15498:Belgian franc
15496:
15494:
15491:
15489:
15486:
15485:
15483:
15479:
15473:
15470:
15469:
15467:
15459:
15453:
15450:
15448:
15445:
15443:
15440:
15438:
15435:
15433:
15430:
15428:
15425:
15423:
15420:
15415:
15407:
15404:
15396:
15393:
15385:
15384:
15383:
15380:
15377:
15373:
15372:
15370:
15366:
15363:
15361:
15357:
15347:
15346:Swedish krona
15344:
15342:
15339:
15337:
15334:
15332:
15329:
15327:
15324:
15323:
15321:
15317:
15311:
15308:
15306:
15305:Bulgarian lev
15303:
15302:
15300:
15293:
15290:
15287:
15282:
15276:
15273:
15271:
15268:
15267:
15265:
15262:
15255:
15249:
15246:
15244:
15241:
15239:
15236:
15234:
15231:
15229:
15226:
15224:
15221:
15219:
15216:
15215:
15213:
15205:
15199:
15196:
15194:
15191:
15189:
15186:
15184:
15181:
15180:
15178:
15175:
15166:
15156:
15153:
15151:
15148:
15146:
15143:
15141:
15138:
15137:
15135:
15133:
15129:
15123:
15120:
15118:
15115:
15113:
15110:
15108:
15105:
15103:
15100:
15098:
15095:
15093:
15090:
15088:
15085:
15083:
15080:
15078:
15075:
15073:
15070:
15068:
15065:
15063:
15060:
15058:
15055:
15053:
15050:
15048:
15045:
15043:
15040:
15038:
15035:
15033:
15030:
15028:
15025:
15024:
15022:
15020:
15016:
15013:
15009:
14999:
14996:
14994:
14991:
14989:
14986:
14984:
14981:
14979:
14976:
14974:
14971:
14969:
14966:
14965:
14963:
14961:
14957:
14951:
14948:
14946:
14943:
14941:
14938:
14936:
14933:
14931:
14928:
14926:
14923:
14921:
14918:
14916:
14913:
14911:
14908:
14906:
14903:
14901:
14898:
14896:
14893:
14891:
14888:
14886:
14883:
14882:
14880:
14878:
14874:
14871:
14869:Denominations
14867:
14861:
14858:
14856:
14853:
14851:
14848:
14846:
14843:
14842:
14840:
14838:
14834:
14828:
14825:
14821:
14818:
14817:
14816:
14813:
14811:
14808:
14806:
14803:
14801:
14798:
14796:
14793:
14791:
14788:
14787:
14785:
14781:
14775:
14772:
14770:
14767:
14765:
14762:
14760:
14757:
14755:
14752:
14751:
14749:
14745:
14739:
14736:
14734:
14731:
14729:
14726:
14724:
14721:
14719:
14716:
14714:
14713:ECB president
14711:
14709:
14706:
14705:
14703:
14699:
14693:
14692:
14691:Euro-Skulptur
14688:
14686:
14683:
14681:
14678:
14676:
14673:
14671:
14668:
14666:
14663:
14661:
14658:
14657:
14655:
14651:
14646:
14639:
14634:
14632:
14627:
14625:
14620:
14619:
14616:
14610:
14603:
14596:
14592:
14588:
14585:
14583:
14577:
14572:
14571:
14561:
14557:
14553:
14549:
14545:
14541:
14538:
14537:1-55775-172-2
14534:
14530:
14526:
14522:
14521:
14516:
14513:
14512:0-333-63296-6
14509:
14505:
14501:
14498:
14497:0-275-95376-9
14494:
14490:
14486:
14482:
14480:0-87341-207-9
14476:
14472:
14470:
14464:
14460:
14458:0-87341-149-8
14454:
14450:
14448:
14442:
14439:
14438:0-19-515057-0
14435:
14431:
14427:
14423:
14419:
14413:
14409:
14407:
14401:
14398:
14394:
14391:
14390:0-691-00354-8
14387:
14383:
14379:
14375:
14373:
14372:0-226-06587-1
14369:
14365:
14361:
14357:
14354:
14353:0-9508735-0-0
14350:
14346:
14342:
14339:
14338:1-84212-289-4
14335:
14331:
14328:, Vol III of
14327:
14323:
14320:
14308:
14304:
14300:
14297:
14293:
14289:
14288:0-88736-543-4
14285:
14281:
14278:
14277:
14255:
14251:
14245:
14226:
14222:
14218:
14214:
14212:0-11-621671-9
14208:
14204:
14200:
14193:
14186:
14167:
14163:
14159:
14152:
14136:
14132:
14126:
14110:
14106:
14100:
14084:
14080:
14074:
14058:
14054:
14050:
14043:
14027:
14023:
14017:
14001:
13997:
13991:
13975:
13971:
13965:
13949:
13945:
13941:
13935:
13919:
13915:
13911:
13904:
13888:
13884:
13880:
13874:
13858:
13854:
13850:
13844:
13842:
13840:
13823:
13819:
13813:
13797:
13793:
13787:
13771:
13767:
13763:
13757:
13742:on 7 May 2016
13738:
13731:
13725:
13709:
13705:
13701:
13694:
13678:
13674:
13670:
13663:
13647:
13643:
13637:
13621:
13617:
13613:
13609:
13603:
13587:
13583:
13579:
13573:
13557:
13553:
13552:
13547:
13540:
13524:
13520:
13514:
13498:
13494:
13488:
13472:
13468:
13464:
13458:
13442:
13438:
13434:
13428:
13412:
13408:
13404:
13397:
13381:
13377:
13370:
13354:
13350:
13345:
13337:
13335:
13318:
13314:
13310:
13304:
13302:
13285:
13281:
13277:
13271:
13269:
13252:
13248:
13242:
13226:
13222:
13218:
13212:
13196:
13192:
13186:
13170:
13166:
13160:
13153:
13149:
13146:
13141:
13125:
13121:
13117:
13111:
13095:
13091:
13085:
13069:
13065:
13059:
13043:
13039:
13035:
13029:
13013:
13009:
13008:
13003:
12997:
12981:
12977:
12972:
12967:
12961:
12945:
12941:
12940:
12934:
12929:
12928:Treneman, Ann
12923:
12907:
12903:
12899:
12893:
12877:
12873:
12867:
12863:
12862:
12857:
12851:
12844:
12838:
12830:
12824:
12820:
12819:
12811:
12803:
12797:
12793:
12792:
12784:
12768:
12764:
12763:
12758:
12751:
12735:
12731:
12724:
12708:
12704:
12702:0-300-05728-8
12698:
12694:
12693:
12688:
12684:
12678:
12662:
12658:
12657:
12652:
12648:
12642:
12626:
12622:
12618:
12612:
12604:
12600:
12596:
12592:
12588:
12584:
12579:
12571:
12555:
12551:
12547:
12540:
12531:
12524:
12518:
12512:
12511:962-85939-3-5
12508:
12502:
12495:
12489:
12480:
12471:
12462:
12453:
12444:
12435:
12426:
12410:
12406:
12402:
12396:
12380:
12376:
12372:
12365:
12363:
12361:
12353:
12349:
12346:
12345:
12339:
12332:
12327:
12319:
12318:
12310:
12294:
12290:
12286:
12282:
12276:
12272:
12271:
12263:
12247:
12243:
12239:
12235:
12229:
12214:
12213:
12208:
12202:
12196:
12180:
12176:
12170:
12154:
12150:
12146:
12142:
12136:
12120:
12116:
12110:
12104:
12100:
12097:
12093:
12089:
12086:
12080:
12064:
12060:
12056:
12052:
12045:
12037:
12033:
12029:
12025:
12020:
12012:
12004:
11998:
11983:
11977:
11958:
11954:
11947:
11940:
11932:
11928:
11924:
11920:
11916:
11912:
11908:
11904:
11897:
11878:
11874:
11867:
11860:
11852:
11850:9781451603736
11846:
11842:
11835:
11819:
11815:
11811:
11807:
11805:9781469611815
11801:
11797:
11796:
11788:
11781:
11769:
11765:
11761:
11755:
11736:
11729:
11722:
11716:
11712:
11709:
11705:
11701:
11695:
11679:
11675:
11669:
11650:
11643:
11636:
11634:
11625:
11613:
11609:
11603:
11596:
11592:
11587:
11575:
11571:
11570:
11561:
11545:
11541:
11537:
11531:
11524:
11512:
11508:
11504:
11498:
11496:
11488:
11473:
11469:
11462:
11459:Munro, John.
11455:
11448:
11435:
11431:
11430:
11422:
11415:
11403:
11399:
11393:
11377:
11373:
11369:
11363:
11356:
11354:
11349:
11335:
11331:
11327:
11320:
11313:
11300:
11296:
11292:
11286:
11278:
11272:
11268:
11261:
11245:
11241:
11237:
11231:
11215:
11211:
11204:
11202:
11200:
11183:
11179:
11172:
11170:
11168:
11166:
11164:
11162:
11160:
11143:
11139:
11135:
11129:
11113:
11109:
11105:
11099:
11083:
11079:
11075:
11069:
11061:
11055:
11039:
11035:
11029:
11013:
11009:
11003:
10994:
10978:
10974:
10970:
10964:
10949:
10945:
10938:
10936:
10919:
10915:
10913:
10905:
10889:
10885:
10884:
10879:
10873:
10866:
10854:
10850:
10849:
10844:
10837:
10822:
10821:
10816:
10810:
10802:
10795:
10789:
10773:
10769:
10767:9781913507190
10763:
10759:
10755:
10748:
10741:
10728:
10724:
10717:
10708:
10702:
10683:
10679:
10672:
10666:
10647:
10643:
10636:
10630:
10611:
10607:
10600:
10594:
10578:
10574:
10568:
10552:
10551:
10543:
10537:
10531:
10524:
10521:
10506:
10502:
10495:
10488:
10476:
10472:
10464:
10448:
10444:
10440:
10434:
10417:
10413:
10409:
10403:
10401:
10384:
10380:
10374:
10366:
10362:
10358:
10357:"pound (n.1)"
10351:
10343:
10339:
10335:
10328:
10321:
10308:
10304:
10300:
10294:
10292:
10275:
10271:
10270:
10263:
10247:
10243:
10241:9780521521932
10237:
10233:
10232:
10224:
10208:
10204:
10198:
10191:
10179:
10175:
10171:
10165:
10163:
10146:
10142:
10136:
10117:
10111:
10095:
10091:
10087:
10080:
10073:
10071:
10067:
10062:
10060:9780198294818
10056:
10052:
10051:
10043:
10036:
10034:
10030:
10027::2. (in full
10026:
10021:
10019:9780195418163
10015:
10011:
10004:
10002:
9994:
9992:
9987:
9985:9780198759430
9981:
9977:
9976:
9968:
9952:
9948:
9942:
9926:
9920:
9916:
9900:
9891:
9889:
9879:
9875:
9864:
9861:
9859:
9856:
9854:
9851:
9849:
9846:
9844:
9841:
9840:
9836:
9825:
9822:
9811:
9808:
9797:
9794:
9793:Europe portal
9783:
9770:
9766:
9760:
9759:
9755:
9752:
9749:
9746:
9743:
9740:
9737:
9734:
9731:
9728:
9725:
9722:
9719:
9716:
9713:
9710:
9707:
9704:
9701:
9698:
9695:
9692:
9689:
9686:
9683:
9680:
9677:
9674:
9671:
9668:
9665:
9663:
9662:
9658:
9657:
9654:
9651:
9648:
9645:
9642:
9639:
9636:
9634:
9632:
9630:
9628:
9626:
9624:
9622:
9620:
9618:
9616:
9614:
9612:
9610:
9608:
9606:
9604:
9602:
9600:
9598:
9596:
9594:
9592:
9590:
9588:
9586:
9585:
9584:Dutch guilder
9581:
9580:
9576:
9573:
9570:
9567:
9564:
9561:
9558:
9556:
9554:
9552:
9550:
9548:
9546:
9544:
9542:
9540:
9538:
9536:
9534:
9532:
9530:
9528:
9526:
9524:
9522:
9520:
9518:
9516:
9514:
9512:
9510:
9508:
9507:
9503:
9502:
9498:
9495:
9492:
9489:
9486:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9476:
9474:
9472:
9470:
9468:
9466:
9464:
9462:
9460:
9458:
9456:
9454:
9452:
9450:
9448:
9446:
9444:
9442:
9440:
9438:
9436:
9434:
9432:
9430:
9429:
9428:Deutsche Mark
9425:
9424:
9421:
9418:
9415:
9412:
9409:
9406:
9403:
9400:
9397:
9394:
9391:
9388:
9385:
9382:
9379:
9376:
9373:
9370:
9367:
9364:
9361:
9358:
9355:
9352:
9349:
9346:
9343:
9340:
9337:
9334:
9331:
9329:
9328:
9324:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9316:
9314:
9312:
9310:
9308:
9306:
9304:
9302:
9300:
9298:
9296:
9294:
9292:
9290:
9288:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9278:
9275:
9272:
9269:
9266:
9263:
9260:
9257:
9254:
9251:
9248:
9246:
9245:
9241:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9233:
9231:
9229:
9227:
9225:
9223:
9221:
9219:
9217:
9215:
9213:
9211:
9209:
9207:
9205:
9203:
9201:
9199:
9197:
9195:
9193:
9190:
9187:
9184:
9181:
9178:
9175:
9172:
9169:
9167:
9166:
9162:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9154:
9152:
9150:
9148:
9146:
9144:
9142:
9140:
9138:
9136:
9134:
9132:
9130:
9128:
9126:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9116:
9113:
9110:
9107:
9104:
9101:
9098:
9095:
9092:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9083:
9079:
9078:
9074:
9071:
9068:
9065:
9062:
9059:
9056:
9053:
9050:
9047:
9044:
9041:
9038:
9035:
9032:
9029:
9026:
9023:
9020:
9017:
9014:
9011:
9008:
9005:
9002:
8999:
8996:
8993:
8990:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8981:
8977:
8976:
8973:
8971:
8968:
8965:
8962:
8959:
8956:
8953:
8950:
8947:
8944:
8941:
8938:
8935:
8932:
8929:
8926:
8923:
8920:
8917:
8914:
8911:
8908:
8905:
8902:
8899:
8896:
8893:
8890:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8881:
8877:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8863:
8860:
8857:
8854:
8851:
8848:
8845:
8842:
8839:
8836:
8833:
8830:
8827:
8824:
8821:
8818:
8815:
8812:
8809:
8806:
8803:
8800:
8797:
8794:
8791:
8788:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8774:
8769:
8768:
8764:
8761:
8758:
8755:
8752:
8749:
8746:
8743:
8740:
8737:
8734:
8731:
8728:
8725:
8722:
8719:
8716:
8713:
8710:
8707:
8704:
8701:
8698:
8695:
8692:
8689:
8686:
8683:
8680:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8671:
8667:
8666:
8662:
8659:
8656:
8653:
8650:
8647:
8644:
8641:
8638:
8635:
8632:
8629:
8626:
8623:
8620:
8617:
8614:
8611:
8608:
8605:
8602:
8599:
8596:
8593:
8590:
8587:
8584:
8581:
8578:
8575:
8572:
8567:
8562:
8560:
8555:
8553:
8548:
8547:
8545:
8544:
8540:
8533:
8531:
8517:
8514:
8511:
8508:
8505:
8502:
8499:
8496:
8493:
8490:
8489:
8486:
8483:
8480:
8477:
8474:
8471:
8468:
8465:
8462:
8459:
8455:
8454:
8451:
8448:
8445:
8442:
8439:
8436:
8433:
8430:
8427:
8424:
8420:
8419:
8416:
8413:
8410:
8407:
8404:
8401:
8398:
8395:
8392:
8389:
8385:
8384:
8379:
8376:
8374:
8367:Exchange rate
8364:
8355:
8352:
8350: £0.0910
8349:
8346:
8343:
8340:
8337:
8334:
8331:
8328:
8327:
8323:
8320:
8318: £0.0952
8317:
8314:
8311:
8308:
8305:
8302:
8299:
8296:
8295:
8291:
8288:
8286: £0.0943
8285:
8282:
8279:
8276:
8273:
8270:
8267:
8264:
8263:
8259:
8256:
8254: £0.0980
8253:
8250:
8247:
8244:
8241:
8238:
8235:
8232:
8231:
8227:
8224:
8221:
8218:
8215:
8212:
8209:
8206:
8203:
8200:
8199:
8195:
8192:
8189:
8186:
8183:
8180:
8177:
8174:
8171:
8168:
8167:
8163:
8160:
8157:
8154:
8151:
8148:
8145:
8142:
8139:
8136:
8135:
8131:
8128:
8126: £0.0826
8125:
8122:
8119:
8116:
8113:
8110:
8107:
8104:
8101:
8098:
8097:
8093:
8090:
8088: £0.0850
8087:
8084:
8081:
8078:
8075:
8072:
8069:
8066:
8063:
8060:
8059:
8055:
8052:
8050: £0.0900
8049:
8046:
8043:
8040:
8037:
8034:
8031:
8028:
8025:
8022:
8021:
8017:
8014:
8011:
8008:
8005:
8002:
7999:
7996:
7993:
7990:
7987:
7984:
7983:
7977:
7974:
7971:
7959:
7955:
7951:
7948:
7943:
7939:
7937:
7934:In 2006, the
7927:
7925:
7921:
7917:
7913:
7909:
7907:
7903:
7899:
7895:
7891:
7887:
7883:
7880:In Britain's
7868:
7865:
7864:
7860:
7857:
7856:
7852:
7849:
7848:
7844:
7841:
7840:
7836:
7833:
7832:
7828:
7825:
7824:
7820:
7817:
7816:
7812:
7809:
7808:
7804:
7801:
7800:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7790:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7780:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7770:
7766:
7763:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7756:bullion coins
7754:, as are the
7753:
7735:
7734:
7729:(6p, not the
7728:
7724:
7720:
7715:
7711:
7709:
7705:
7701:
7697:
7693:
7689:
7684:
7681:
7674:
7669:
7660:
7658:
7654:
7649:
7647:
7642:
7638:
7634:
7624:
7621:
7617:
7613:
7612:Northern Bank
7609:
7599:
7597:
7593:
7589:
7584:
7582:
7578:
7574:
7570:
7565:
7561:
7559:
7555:
7551:
7546:
7543:In 1914, the
7541:
7537:
7535:
7530:
7527:
7523:
7519:
7514:
7512:
7507:
7498:
7493:
7483:
7481:
7476:
7472:
7464:
7461:
7457:
7453:
7449:
7447:to circulate.
7445:
7441:
7437:
7433:
7429:
7425:
7421:
7417:
7414:
7410:
7409:entrepreneurs
7406:
7402:
7398:
7395:
7392:
7388:
7385:
7381:
7378:
7374:
7371:
7370:copper-plated
7367:
7363:
7359:
7356:
7352:
7348:
7345:
7341:
7337:
7334:
7330:
7317:
7304:
7301:
7297:
7294:
7290:
7273:
7269:
7265:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7245:two new pence
7242:
7228:
7224:
7221:
7218:, 12.5p) was
7217:
7213:
7209:
7206:
7203:replaced the
7202:
7199:cupro-nickel
7198:
7194:
7192:respectively.
7191:
7187:
7183:
7179:
7176:
7172:
7171:decimal coins
7168:
7167:
7166:
7159:
7155:
7151:
7147:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7137:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7119:
7115:
7110:Decimal coins
7107:
7104:
7100:
7096:
7092:
7088:
7087:gold standard
7084:
7080:
7075:
7073:
7060:
7059:double florin
7056:
7055:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7030:
7025:
7023:
7019:
7015:
7011:
7007:
7002:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6966:
6962:
6958:
6944:
6943:
6937:
6935:
6932:. During the
6931:
6927:
6923:
6920:
6916:
6912:
6911:
6906:
6902:
6901:
6896:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6882:
6865:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6843:
6837:
6833:
6829:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6809:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6796:
6791:
6790:
6785:
6781:
6777:
6776:
6771:
6767:
6763:
6759:
6756:The reign of
6754:
6752:
6748:
6747:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6733:
6728:
6724:
6720:
6719:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6687:
6677:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6663:
6658:
6656:
6652:
6648:
6639:
6624:
6614:
6605:
6602:
6599:
6594:
6591:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6541:
6539:
6534:
6527:
6522:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6495:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6472:
6469:
6463:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6444:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6433:Cypriot pound
6430:
6425:
6423:
6419:
6413:
6403:
6401:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6349:
6339:
6336:
6332:
6327:
6325:
6324:Deutsche Mark
6321:
6317:
6314:In 1988, the
6307:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6279:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6256:US Government
6252:
6251:UK Government
6248:
6247:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6214:
6206:
6201:
6191:
6189:
6188:sterling area
6185:
6181:
6177:
6169:
6164:
6155:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6126:
6124:
6120:
6119:Cypriot pound
6116:
6112:
6106:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6083:William Brown
6080:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6058:
6057:ten new pence
6054:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6041:Staffordshire
6038:
6033:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6005:
5995:
5993:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5975:
5973:
5967:
5963:
5956:Bretton Woods
5948:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5928:
5926:
5925:fiat currency
5921:
5919:
5908:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5888:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5860:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5789:United States
5786:
5782:
5777:
5775:
5771:
5766:
5765:gold standard
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5741:
5735:Gold standard
5732:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5718:
5717:sterling area
5714:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5693:British India
5690:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5660:
5659:Sterling area
5650:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5623:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5600:
5598:
5594:
5584:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5564:
5562:
5558:
5557:gold standard
5554:
5550:
5545:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5529:
5527:
5523:
5517:
5515:
5514:Gresham's law
5511:
5510:the Continent
5492:
5487:
5480:
5476:
5475:Guinea region
5472:
5468:
5467:King James II
5464:
5459:
5449:
5446:
5438:
5427:
5424:
5420:
5417:
5413:
5410:
5406:
5403:
5399:
5396: –
5395:
5391:
5390:Find sources:
5384:
5380:
5374:
5373:
5368:This section
5366:
5362:
5357:
5356:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5335:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5284:
5280:
5278:
5272:
5270:
5267:threepence (3
5264:
5263:
5262:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5220:
5206:
5205:
5200:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5160:
5156:
5143:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5131:
5126:
5124:
5108:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5071:
5062:
5060:
5056:
5055:livre parisis
5052:
5037:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5026:double patard
5023:
5019:
5015:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4969:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4937:
4932:
4925:
4924:King Henry IV
4921:
4911:
4887:
4883:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4863:
4859:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4830:
4821:
4812:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4793:
4792:gros tournois
4787:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4767:
4758:
4749:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4682:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4665:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4635:
4633:
4629:
4621:
4617:
4612:
4601:
4598:
4590:
4579:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4565:
4562:
4558:
4555:
4551:
4548: –
4547:
4543:
4542:Find sources:
4536:
4532:
4526:
4525:
4520:This section
4518:
4514:
4509:
4508:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4475:
4473:3.58 ozt
4472:
4470:111.4 g
4469:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4457:3.58 ozt
4456:
4454:111.4 g
4453:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4443:10.31 g
4442:
4440:3.70 ozt
4439:
4437:115.1 g
4436:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4426:15.47 g
4425:
4423:5.55 ozt
4422:
4420:172.6 g
4419:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4409:20.89 g
4408:
4406:6.94 ozt
4405:
4403:215.8 g
4402:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4392:23.21 g
4391:
4389:8.32 ozt
4388:
4386:258.9 g
4385:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4369:323.7 g
4368:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4352:349.9 g
4351:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4322:
4316:
4307:
4299:
4295:
4292:A pound = 20
4290:
4286:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4140:
4136:
4130:
4121:
4117:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4082:
4070:
4068:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4010:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3944:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3843:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3832:Denominations
3829:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3793:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3745:(pre-decimal)
3734:
3732:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3583:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3550:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3519:Currency code
3516:
3514:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3500:
3494:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3456:
3455:
3444:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3399:
3391:
3383:
3382:currency sign
3377:
3367:
3365:
3364:ablative case
3360:
3354:
3348:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3283:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3220:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3102:British pound
3099:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3054:
3049:
3047:
3042:
3040:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3014:
3009:
3004:
3001:
2996:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2958:
2957:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2908:
2907:member states
2905:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2824:United States
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
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2747:
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2735:
2732:
2730:
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2707:
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2647:
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2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
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2560:
2559:
2555:
2554:Visa policies
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
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2436:
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2400:
2395:
2392:
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2373:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2352:
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2348:
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2332:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2317:
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2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2276:Council areas
2274:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2248:
2245:
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2239:
2236:
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2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
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2151:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2070:Eluned Morgan
2068:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1904:
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1900:
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1898:
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1478:
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1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
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1446:
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1433:
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1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
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1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1121:Andrew Bailey
1116:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1048:The Lord Reed
1043:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1027:
1026:
1025:Supreme Court
1022:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1011:
1006:
1001:
1000:
991:
988:
987:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
972:
966:
962:
958:
957:
953:
952:
949:
945:
944:
940:
939:
938:
936:
929:
928:
924:
923:
919:
915:
914:
910:
909:
908:
906:
899:
898:
894:
893:
891:
890:
884:
883:
879:
878:
876:
874:
868:
861:
860:
859:UK Parliament
856:
855:
852:
847:
846:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
825:
823:
820:
816:
815:Angela Rayner
809:
808:
804:
803:
802:
799:
795:
787:
783:
782:
778:
777:
776:
773:
769:
761:
757:
756:
752:
751:
750:
748:
741:
740:
739:HM Government
736:
735:
733:
732:
730:
724:
720:
718:
711:
710:
709:Privy Council
706:
705:
702:
697:
696:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
665:
663:
662:
656:
655:
654:Heir apparent
651:
650:
649:
647:
642:
641:
634:
630:
629:
625:
624:
622:
616:
611:
610:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
581:
580:Acts of Union
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
562:
559:
554:
553:
549:
545:
544:
541:
538:
537:
533:
529:
528:
521:
517:
515:
511:
508:
504:
501:
498: Method
495:
491:
488:
485: Source
482:
478:
476:
472:
467:
463:
455:
449:
446:
443:
441:
437:
433:
425:
419:
416:
413:
411:
407:
403:
393:
387:
384:
381:
378:
373:
368:
361:
357:
355:
352:
351:
349:
345:
328:
324:
319:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
275:
274:
270:
265:
262:
260:
257:
256:
255:
249:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
225:
224:
218:
215:
211:
207:
201:
198:
194:
190:
184:
181:
177:
173:
158:
155:
151:
148:
147:Denominations
144:
139:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
118:
115:
111:
106:
100:
98:
94:
86:
82:
79:
75:
67:
64:
63:
59:
55:
52:
48:
47:
43:
37:
33:
19:
18:British Pound
22280:Homelessness
22094:Homelessness
21877:Social class
21857:Prostitution
21800:Homelessness
21657:
21581:British Army
21413:Human rights
21401:By-elections
21381:Constitution
20952:Georgian era
20857:Pound (mass)
20812:
20773:Vatican lira
20758:Tongan pound
20663:Ottoman lira
20573:Libyan pound
20568:Jersey livre
20536:Italian lira
20531:Israeli lira
20467:French livre
20462:Fijian pound
20376:Totnes pound
20371:Stroud pound
20356:Exeter pound
20325:Turkish lira
20320:Syrian pound
20293:Jersey pound
20267:
20245:, or similar
20240:
20234:
20148:
20073:Maundy money
19999:
19980:
19961:
19955:Florin (2/–)
19942:
19928:
19919:
19918:Fourpence (4
19910:
19901:
19887:
19860:
19851:
19827:
19803:
19774:
19745:
19581:
19546:
19527:Jersey pound
19380:Discontinued
19274:Discontinued
19127:£100,000,000
19069:Discontinued
18838:Supermarkets
18804:Construction
18799:Architecture
18634:Canary Wharf
18467:Resource and
18450:Unemployment
18421:Minimum wage
18384:Billionaires
18281:Silicon Glen
18153:M11 Corridor
17810:
17620:Jersey pound
17606:
17581:Turkish lira
17561:Albanian lek
17539:unrecognised
17525:Moldovan leu
17494:unrecognised
17469:Romanian leu
17464:Polish złoty
17442:Danish krone
17437:Czech koruna
17370:Turkish lira
17365:Syrian pound
17355:Qatari riyal
17324:
17300:
17286:Iranian rial
17246:
17196:
17173:
17167:Myanmar kyat
17131:
17122:
17095:
17074:
17068:
17049:Indian rupee
16977:Japanese yen
16872:
16836:
16810:
16804:
16800:Peruvian sol
16782:
16772:
16757:Chilean peso
16644:
16635:
16626:
16617:
16608:
16589:Sint Maarten
16587:
16578:
16554:Sint Maarten
16552:
16545:Saint Martin
16543:
16534:
16525:
16516:
16479:
16449:
16393:Mexican peso
16382:
16366:
16361:Danish krone
16288:
16279:
16270:
16261:
16252:
16243:
16236:Burkina Faso
16234:
16225:
16170:
16157:
16115:
16106:
16097:
16084:
16067:
16032:Lesotho loti
16021:
16012:
16003:
15987:
15978:
15972:
15936:unrecognized
15935:
15929:
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15776:unrecognized
15775:
15769:
15755:Libyan dinar
15744:
15664:
15652:
15647:Money portal
15640:
15603:Vatican lira
15568:Maltese lira
15553:Latvian lats
15548:Italian lira
15528:French franc
15341:Romanian leu
15336:Polish złoty
15326:Czech koruna
15310:Danish krone
15155:Vatican City
14940:Starter kits
14689:
14543:
14519:
14503:
14488:
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14307:the original
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13914:The Guardian
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13620:the original
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13551:The Guardian
13549:
13539:
13529:26 September
13527:. Retrieved
13522:
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13503:26 September
13501:. Retrieved
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12762:The Observer
12760:
12750:
12738:. Retrieved
12723:
12711:. Retrieved
12691:
12677:
12665:. Retrieved
12659:. New York.
12654:
12647:Martin, Iain
12641:
12629:. Retrieved
12611:
12589:(3): 79–81.
12586:
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12119:the original
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11721:
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11702:or Venetian
11699:
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11428:
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11392:
11380:. Retrieved
11371:
11362:
11346:Anglo-Saxon
11345:
11338:. Retrieved
11329:
11319:
11312:shortened...
11310:
11303:. Retrieved
11294:
11285:
11266:
11260:
11248:. Retrieved
11230:
11218:. Retrieved
11186:. Retrieved
11148:11 September
11146:. Retrieved
11142:the original
11137:
11128:
11118:23 September
11116:. Retrieved
11107:
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11077:
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11042:. Retrieved
11038:the original
11028:
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11002:
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10977:the original
10972:
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10948:Sunny Avenue
10947:
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10818:
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10726:
10716:
10709:. SIX Group.
10701:
10689:. Retrieved
10665:
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10629:
10617:. Retrieved
10593:
10581:. Retrieved
10567:
10557:19 September
10555:. Retrieved
10549:
10542:
10530:
10519:
10516:
10509:. Retrieved
10494:
10486:
10481:23 September
10479:. Retrieved
10467:For example,
10463:
10451:. Retrieved
10433:
10422:13 September
10420:. Retrieved
10387:. Retrieved
10373:
10360:
10350:
10337:
10334:"Libra (n.)"
10327:
10320:shortened...
10318:
10311:. Retrieved
10302:
10280:16 September
10278:. Retrieved
10268:
10262:
10252:16 September
10250:. Retrieved
10230:
10223:
10211:. Retrieved
10207:the original
10197:
10189:
10182:. Retrieved
10178:the original
10173:
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10135:
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10110:
10098:. Retrieved
10089:
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10009:
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9974:
9967:
9955:. Retrieved
9941:
9929:. Retrieved
9919:
9899:
9878:
9807:Money portal
9659:
9582:
9506:French franc
9504:
9426:
9325:
9242:
9163:
9080:
8979:
8978:
8880:Japanese yen
8878:
8777:(until 1999—
8771:
8668:
8527:
8491:From OANDA:
8370:
8361:
8344: £0.119
8338: £0.161
8332: £0.303
8312: £0.123
8306: £0.176
8300: £0.358
8280: £0.125
8274: £0.190
8268: £0.407
8248: £0.123
8242: £0.199
8236: £0.439
8222: £0.102
8216: £0.133
8210: £0.207
8204: £0.510
8190: £0.106
8184: £0.136
8178: £0.214
8172: £0.592
8158: £0.109
8152: £0.141
8146: £0.227
8140: £0.735
8120: £0.112
8114: £0.144
8108: £0.239
8102: £0.855
8082: £0.115
8076: £0.146
8070: £0.250
8064: £0.935
8044: £0.117
8038: £0.152
8032: £0.271
7975:
7972:
7958:World War II
7952:
7944:
7940:
7933:
7910:
7890:Jersey pound
7879:
7752:legal tender
7732:
7716:
7712:
7696:World War II
7685:
7680:Legal tender
7678:
7650:
7633:central bank
7630:
7605:
7585:
7573:offset litho
7566:
7562:
7542:
7538:
7531:
7515:
7503:
7468:
7444:Royal Shield
7413:market value
7382:1997: A new
7271:
7260:
7252:
7215:
7175:cupro-nickel
7164:
7140:Elizabeth II
7099:cupro-nickel
7094:
7090:
7076:
7071:
7052:
7048:
7044:
7040:
7032:
7028:
7026:
7021:
7017:
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6988:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6964:
6960:
6956:
6940:
6938:
6908:
6907:(30/–). The
6904:
6898:
6897:(15/–), the
6892:
6886:
6880:
6863:
6846:
6841:
6835:
6827:
6823:
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6799:
6793:
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6783:
6779:
6773:
6769:
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6722:
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6700:
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6659:
6644:
6603:
6595:
6568:
6542:
6535:
6531:
6473:
6464:
6445:
6426:
6418:Gordon Brown
6415:
6376:
6368:
6345:
6328:
6320:Nigel Lawson
6313:
6300:money supply
6285:
6244:
6219:
6173:
6137:
6133:
6127:
6107:
6099:John Hubbard
6061:
6056:
6049:John Bowring
6034:
6030:guinea coins
6025:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6007:
5976:
5969:
5934:
5931:World War II
5922:
5914:
5904:
5896:
5889:
5866:
5847:. After the
5778:
5761:legal tender
5746:
5721:
5709:South Africa
5662:
5624:
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5590:
5570:
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5542:assay office
5530:
5518:
5516:describes).
5488:
5484:
5441:
5432:
5422:
5415:
5408:
5401:
5389:
5377:Please help
5372:verification
5369:
5351:1601 to 1816
5346:(£1 or 20/–)
5333:
5319:
5315:
5307:
5293:
5276:
5268:
5246:
5240:
5232:
5218:
5203:
5195:
5187:
5179:
5171:
5154:
5140:Silver; see
5133:
5129:
5127:
5109:
5076:
5039:40 pence or
5038:
5029:
5025:
5017:
5013:
4975:
4965:
4961:
4954:Dutch florin
4933:
4917:
4909:
4871:
4826:
4809:
4790:
4788:
4775:Tealby penny
4773:
4763:
4720:
4705:
4698:
4692:
4662:
4636:
4625:
4593:
4584:
4574:
4567:
4560:
4553:
4541:
4529:Please help
4524:verification
4521:
4460:
4344:Troy ounces
4303:
4285:
4272:cupro-nickel
4253:
4240:
4223:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4179:
4175:
4161:
4119:
4098:
4092:
4086:
4080:
4066:
3970:
3954:
3781:
3772:
3706:
3702:
3691:
3658:
3611:
3601:quid pro quo
3599:
3581:
3579:
3568:
3565:Slang terms
3552:
3532:
3522:
3510:
3503:
3497:
3426:
3398:black-letter
3379:
3337:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3258:
3250:silver penny
3224:
3222:
3200:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3163:central bank
3156:
3125:Japanese yen
3115:, after the
3110:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3083:
3071:
3063:
3062:
2799:South Africa
2784:Saudi Arabia
2505:Saint Helena
2297:
2267:Subdivisions
2253:
2238:Subdivisions
2224:
2130:Subdivisions
2116:
2062:
2019:
1986:John Swinney
1978:
1945:
1909:
1895:
1876:
1863:Metro mayors
1828:
1787:
1731:
1727:
1683:
1679:
1630:
1626:
1582:
1578:
1524:
1520:
1214:
1210:
1133:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1030:
1023:
1013:
954:
941:
932:
925:
913:Lord Speaker
911:
902:
895:
887:
880:
864:
857:
813:
805:
794:Keir Starmer
792:
779:
766:
753:
744:
737:
726:
721:
714:
707:
668:Royal family
659:
652:
643:
638:
626:
558:Constitution
479:3.1% or 2.2%
377:Central bank
321:Demographics
204: penny
187: penny
36:
22367:Health care
22275:Health care
22181:Health care
22089:Health care
21997:Anglosphere
21872:Social care
21827:Immigration
21770:Drug policy
21534:Departments
21462:Nationality
21235:Agriculture
21168:terminology
21135:City status
21006:Since 1979
20809:Roman pound
20768:Tuscan lira
20718:Roman pound
20693:Pound Scots
20678:Parman lira
20583:Luccan lira
20361:Lewes pound
20251:Circulating
19974:Crown (5/–)
19927:Sixpence (6
19900:Twopence (2
19894:West Indies
19835:Halfpenny (
19415:Ulster Bank
19122:£10,000,000
18814:Real estate
18538:Agriculture
18325:Cardiff Bay
18314:Agriculture
18271:Oil and gas
18246:Agriculture
18173:Silicon Fen
18148:M4 corridor
18141:London Plan
17962:Growth deal
17789:HM Treasury
17759:Company law
17728:governance,
17631:Swiss franc
17375:Yemeni rial
17360:Saudi riyal
17291:Iraqi dinar
17203:local coins
17191:U.S. dollar
17090:U.S. dollar
16842:local coins
16831:U.S. dollar
16716:El Salvador
16710:U.S. dollar
16672:El Salvador
16610:Puerto Rico
16603:U.S. dollar
16496:Saint Lucia
16398:U.S. dollar
16254:Ivory Coast
15543:Irish pound
15533:German Mark
15437:Enlargement
15102:Netherlands
14738:Euro summit
14408:: 1801–1991
14234:14 February
13802:12 December
13714:14 February
13562:14 February
13018:14 February
12986:14 February
12950:14 February
12882:8 September
12773:14 February
12713:15 February
12667:14 February
12631:22 December
12185:22 December
12159:16 February
12141:Bly, Nellie
11088:14 February
10894:18 February
10859:18 February
10727:www.iso.org
10313:19 February
10213:19 February
10184:28 February
10151:31 December
10125:28 December
10100:14 February
9931:28 November
9882:Less common
9327:Swiss franc
8026: £1.00
8015: Year
8009: Year
8003: Year
7997: Year
7991: Year
7985: Year
7646:HM Treasury
7616:Danske Bank
7581:letterpress
7522:pound Scots
7391:bi-metallic
7249:(old) penny
7220:demonetised
7077:During the
6851:Elizabeth I
6808:two and six
6727:gold florin
6651:Mervyn King
6564:Mervyn King
6516:(from 1990)
6268:US Treasury
6233:Barber Boom
6184:appreciated
6178:, sterling
6004:Decimal Day
5759:notes were
5747:During the
5705:New Zealand
5635:Irish pound
5620:pound Scots
5463:guinea coin
5435:August 2022
5342:(10/–) and
5332:angel of 20
5306:angel of 40
5275:sixpence (6
5065:Tudor, 1551
5014:sol Parisis
4886:gold nobles
4868:pure gold).
4801:half groats
4784:fine silver
4722:Halfpennies
4712:Tower pound
4655:Charlemagne
4503:Anglo-Saxon
4338:Troy ounces
4308:in England
4156:half guinea
3846: 1.05
3737:Pre-decimal
3698:Decimal Day
3665:U.S. dollar
3626:Isle of Man
3468:tower pound
3460:Roman pound
3350:, in which
3347:lībra pondō
3344:expression
3290:Easterlings
3231:Old English
2769:New Zealand
2764:Netherlands
2654:Visa policy
2632:UK passport
2394:Isle of Man
2321:Communities
2271:Sheriffdoms
2089:(1999–2011)
1853:London Plan
1169:referendums
1010:Charles III
990:List of MPs
961:Rishi Sunak
889:Charles III
851:Legislature
828:Departments
723:Charles III
678:Prerogative
640:Charles III
628:The Monarch
592:Rule of law
565:Magna Carta
22445:Categories
22333:Government
22241:Government
22236:Parliament
21952:Literature
21832:Innovation
21765:Demography
21660:(currency)
21509:Government
21467:Parliament
21391:Devolution
21386:Corruption
21321:Materials
21255:geothermal
20939:Chronology
20846:Pound sign
20673:Papal lira
20553:Jaca pound
20526:Irish punt
20407:Attic mina
20298:Manx pound
20151:(currency)
19811:Farthing (
19721:£sd system
19584:(currency)
19532:Manx pound
19117:£1,000,000
18868:High-speed
18863:Inter-city
18779:Automotive
18759:Healthcare
18747:Television
18737:Newspapers
18581:Materials
18496:Geothermal
18469:production
18411:Labour law
18394:Demography
18377:and labour
18158:Manchester
18069:Birmingham
18001:Free trade
17730:regulation
17624:Manx pound
17417:Currencies
17350:Omani rial
17311:Gaza Strip
17253:Gaza Strip
17198:East Timor
16935:Kyrgyz som
16527:Martinique
16518:Guadeloupe
16481:Montserrat
16434:Cuban peso
16336:Currencies
15714:Currencies
15452:Withdrawal
15275:Montenegro
15150:San Marino
15092:Luxembourg
14998:500 €
14993:200 €
14988:100 €
14723:Eurosystem
14582:Royal Mint
14417:0873411501
14296:1450994210
14160:(Report).
14063:3 November
13916:. London.
13853:Royal Mint
13746:6 November
13554:. London.
13477:24 October
13447:24 October
13351:. London.
13257:6 November
12978:. London.
12942:. London.
12765:. London.
12740:30 January
12415:2 November
12385:2 November
12252:2 November
11987:26 October
11684:11 January
11658:7 November
11569:Well-being
11295:Britannica
11212:. Putnam.
11180:. Putnam.
11104:"Shilling"
10953:18 January
10826:8 December
10583:14 January
10453:8 November
10174:OED Online
9911:References
7886:Manx pound
7813:unlimited
7805:unlimited
7797:unlimited
7787:unlimited
7777:unlimited
7698:under the
7653:Royal Mint
7450:2012: The
7389:1998: The
7331:1990: The
7318:1984: The
7305:1983: The
7243:(1p), and
7212:half crown
7210:1970: The
7197:heptagonal
7150:Welsh leek
7031:, 1/–, 2/6
6975:, 1/–, 2/6
6845:, 1/–, 2/6
6816:debasement
6812:Henry VIII
6795:half crown
6713:gold penny
6636: OOH
6577:, secured
6514:US dollars
6448:Tony Blair
6329:Following
6296:monetarist
6071:Parliament
5960:See also:
5901:troy pound
5781:Nellie Bly
5405:newspapers
5312:half crown
5310:; and the
5201:Gold; see
5184:half-groat
5091:Henry VIII
5051:Troy Ounce
4934:After the
4805:gold penny
4609:See also:
4557:newspapers
4313: 800
4300:(formerly)
4220:half crown
4148:The Hatter
3476:duodecimal
3432:Royal Mint
3400:typeface,
3376:Pound sign
3282:Osterlings
3240:diminutive
3123:, and the
2486:Montserrat
2077:Government
1993:Government
1836:Sadiq Khan
1764:Devolution
1455:1974 (Oct)
1450:1974 (Feb)
1370:1910 (Dec)
1142:Currencies
980:Opposition
673:Succession
460:.royalmint
445:Royal Mint
22362:Education
22318:Geography
22270:Education
22226:Geography
22176:Education
22147:Executive
22132:Geography
22084:Education
22057:Geography
21837:Languages
21775:Education
21701:Transport
21539:Ministers
21425:Judiciary
21396:Elections
21336:Wildlife
21245:biodiesel
21227:Resources
21217:Volcanoes
21207:Mountains
21192:Coastline
21094:Geography
21048:1814–1919
21010:political
20995:political
20947:Formation
20821:(England)
20149:Sterling
20104:Sovereign
20089:Britannia
19949:Australia
19582:Sterling
18885:Trade and
18848:Transport
18795:Property
18774:Aerospace
18709:Education
18654:Insurance
18602:Financial
18486:Biodiesel
18362:Transport
18291:Transport
18251:Edinburgh
18223:Transport
18198:Wiltshire
18193:Transport
18168:Sheffield
18126:Liverpool
17989:Recurrent
17816:Banknotes
17726:Currency,
17680:Companies
17419:of Europe
17331:West Bank
17307:West Bank
17186:Thai baht
17110:Southeast
16407:Caribbean
16368:Greenland
15716:of Africa
15087:Lithuania
14983:50 €
14978:20 €
14973:10 €
14960:Banknotes
14950:Euro mint
14855:Petroeuro
14733:Eurogroup
14675:Euro sign
14221:0013-0400
14205:: 38–46.
14006:10 August
13776:14 August
13675:. Wired.
13349:The Times
13154:OANDA.COM
12976:The Times
12939:The Times
12603:152522190
12299:9 October
11931:145805906
11814:879306121
11353:shillings
11348:King Offa
9957:15 August
9870:Footnotes
8670:US dollar
7954:Inflation
7639:sets the
7486:Banknotes
7241:new penny
7182:10p coins
7037:sovereign
6930:Charles I
6926:halfpenny
6924:. Copper
6922:farthings
6905:rose ryal
6894:spur ryal
6820:Edward VI
6778:, abbr.:
6775:sovereign
6758:Henry VII
6729:) of the
6721:, worth 4
6709:halfpenny
6672:5.1% and
6647:inflation
6551:into the
6416:In 2007,
6282:1979–1989
6241:inflation
6170:1971–2022
6134:new penny
6111:Hong Kong
6085:, MP for
6065:, MP for
6051:, MP for
6039:, MP for
5937:US dollar
5893:.925 fine
5873:economies
5803:12.11 in
5770:sovereign
5673:Australia
5581:banknotes
5461:A golden
5344:sovereign
5231:noble (40
5217:noble (20
5159:halfpenny
4726:farthings
4647:farthings
4643:shillings
4620:King Offa
4587:July 2021
4294:shillings
4247:(£1) and
4245:sovereign
4168:shillings
3978:Banknotes
3921:Shillings
3838:Superunit
3711:halfpenny
3707:new penny
3646:Gibraltar
3555:US dollar
3484:shillings
3327:sterlings
3213:Etymology
3074:) is the
2804:Palestine
2789:Singapore
2702:Hong Kong
2667:Australia
2567:UK-OT JMC
2480:Gibraltar
2247:Districts
2181:Districts
2098:Welsh law
2013:Scots law
1924:Executive
1165:Elections
1147:Banknotes
1041:President
1005:Judiciary
833:Ministers
701:Executive
615:The Crown
514:Pegged by
475:Inflation
469:Valuation
415:De La Rue
213:Banknotes
22425:Category
22377:Religion
22323:Politics
22290:Religion
22231:Politics
22219:timeline
22206:Scotland
22191:Religion
22142:Assembly
22137:Politics
22104:Religion
22062:Politics
22050:timeline
21967:Religion
21947:Identity
21810:Scotland
21755:Cannabis
21681:Taxation
21568:Military
21450:monarchs
21445:Monarchy
21365:Politics
21325:forestry
21305:Scottish
21296:Fishing
21155:Physical
21075:Taxation
21070:Military
21060:Maritime
21033:Economic
21026:By topic
20991:Postwar
20985:military
20980:civilian
20972:Interwar
20142:See also
19870:1
19859:Penny (1
19575:See also
19145:Scotland
18959:Category
18887:business
18853:Aviation
18826:Internet
18732:Gambling
18639:The City
18604:services
18585:Forestry
18568:Scottish
18559:Fishing
18501:Fracking
18433:Pensions
18241:Aberdeen
18233:Scotland
18208:Northern
18178:Somerset
18086:Cornwall
18046:regions,
18044:Nations,
17828:Taxation
17607:Sterling
17554:Southern
16966:Renminbi
16860:Proposed
16805:Sterling
16466:Dominica
16451:Anguilla
16176:Portugal
16099:Eswatini
16069:Zimbabwe
15989:Zimbabwe
15973:Sterling
15820:Cameroon
15464:and euro
15218:Bulgaria
15117:Slovenia
15112:Slovakia
15107:Portugal
15019:Eurozone
14968:5 €
14920:2 €
14915:1 €
14769:Six pack
14685:Language
14680:Eurozone
14591:BBC News
14324:, 1984.
14260:22 April
14225:Archived
14089:10 March
14057:Archived
14032:24 March
14026:Archived
14000:Archived
13980:23 March
13974:Archived
13948:Archived
13918:Archived
13887:Archived
13857:Archived
13822:Archived
13796:Archived
13770:Archived
13708:Archived
13704:BBC News
13677:Archived
13673:Wired UK
13592:14 March
13586:Archived
13556:Archived
13523:BBC News
13497:BBC News
13471:Archived
13441:Archived
13411:Archived
13380:Archived
13353:Archived
13317:Archived
13284:Archived
13280:BBC News
13251:Archived
13231:17 April
13225:Archived
13221:BBC News
13201:17 April
13195:Archived
13175:17 April
13169:Archived
13148:Archived
13130:17 April
13124:Archived
13120:BBC News
13094:Archived
13068:Archived
13048:17 April
13042:Archived
13038:BBC News
13012:Archived
12980:Archived
12944:Archived
12912:17 April
12906:Archived
12902:BBC News
12876:Archived
12767:Archived
12734:Archived
12707:Archived
12661:Archived
12625:Archived
12560:17 April
12554:Archived
12550:BBC News
12409:Archived
12379:Archived
12354:, p. 51.
12348:Archived
12293:Archived
12289:86068902
12246:Archived
12179:Archived
12153:Archived
12143:(1890).
12125:17 April
12099:Archived
12094:and the
12088:Archived
12063:Archived
11957:Archived
11923:20078977
11877:Archived
11818:Archived
11768:Archived
11735:Archived
11711:Archived
11678:Archived
11649:Archived
11612:Archived
11574:Archived
11544:Archived
11540:MA-Shops
11511:Archived
11472:Archived
11434:Archived
11402:Archived
11376:Archived
11334:Archived
11330:BBC News
11299:Archived
11244:Archived
11214:Archived
11182:Archived
11134:"Florin"
11112:Archived
11082:Archived
11080:. 2008.
11078:BBC News
11044:17 April
11012:Archived
10924:12 March
10918:Archived
10888:Archived
10853:Archived
10772:Archived
10682:Archived
10646:Archived
10610:Archived
10577:Archived
10505:Archived
10475:Archived
10447:Archived
10416:Archived
10389:13 April
10383:Archived
10365:Archived
10342:Archived
10307:Archived
10274:Archived
10246:Archived
10094:Archived
10090:BBC News
9991:Sterling
9779:See also
9763:Source:
7906:ISO 4217
7657:Treasury
7577:intaglio
7569:UV lamps
7545:Treasury
7351:10p coin
7293:20p coin
7268:sixpence
7263:) coins.
7201:50p coin
7188:and the
7158:shamrock
7144:English
6889:James VI
6764:(abbr.:
6762:shilling
6705:farthing
6573:such as
6561:Governor
6262:and the
6235:and the
6024:. 6
6016:. 6
5823: 43
5795:4.87 in
5751:and the
5677:Barbados
5608:Scotland
5283:shilling
5142:farthing
4980:and the
4833:Flanders
4770:Henry II
4664:denarius
4461:variable
4228:farthing
4195:denarius
3949:Shilling
3916:Shilling
3879:Shilling
3742:Sterling
3618:Guernsey
3575:shilling
3571:sixpence
3525:ISO 4217
3513:ISO 4217
3505:denarius
3274:East Sea
3252:used in
3196:renminbi
3183:Sterling
3129:renminbi
3076:currency
3068:ISO code
3064:Sterling
3000:Scotland
2829:Zimbabwe
2819:Portugal
2809:Pakistan
2754:Malaysia
2672:Barbados
2441:Anguilla
2366:Alderney
2361:Guernsey
2255:Scotland
2242:Counties
2049:2006 Act
1973:2016 Act
1969:2012 Act
1947:Scotland
1929:Assembly
1890:2006 Act
1821:2007 Act
1114:Governor
1088:Scotland
838:Agencies
532:a series
430:.delarue
370:Issuance
78:ISO 4217
40:Sterling
22409:Outline
22382:Symbols
22372:Culture
22355:tourism
22350:Economy
22313:History
22295:Symbols
22285:Culture
22263:tourism
22258:Economy
22214:History
22196:Symbols
22186:Culture
22169:tourism
22164:Economy
22127:History
22109:Symbols
22099:Culture
22077:tourism
22072:Economy
22040:History
22032:England
21982:Theatre
21977:Symbols
21935:Cuisine
21912:Culture
21882:Suicide
21852:Poverty
21817:Housing
21805:England
21743:Society
21719:Driving
21691:Tourism
21609:Economy
21517:Cabinet
21317:Hunting
21300:English
21197:Geology
21180:Climate
20930:History
20825:Grzywna
20397:AM-Lira
20385:Defunct
20082:Bullion
19885:
19849:
19837:
19825:
19813:
19801:
19789:
19772:
19760:
19743:
19731:
19669:
19657:
19037:Current
18969:Commons
18936:Make UK
18843:Tourism
18809:Housing
18789:Exports
18752:Theatre
18617:Banking
18563:English
18459:Sectors
18404:Poverty
18357:Tourism
18352:Swansea
18337:History
18332:Fishing
18319:Cardiff
18286:Tourism
18266:History
18261:Fishing
18218:Belfast
18210:Ireland
18188:Tourism
18163:Reading
18111:Fishing
18091:Croydon
18081:Bristol
18056:England
17848:History
17821:Coinage
17590:Western
17483:Eastern
17201:, with
17157:Lao kip
16923:Central
16840:, with
16838:Ecuador
16666:Bitcoin
16659:Central
16580:Curaçao
16473:Grenada
16281:Senegal
16172:Madeira
16117:Namibia
16108:Lesotho
16023:Réunion
16014:Mayotte
15796:Central
15368:General
15360:History
15243:Romania
15233:Hungary
15228:Denmark
15140:Andorra
15072:Ireland
15062:Germany
15052:Finland
15047:Estonia
15037:Croatia
15032:Belgium
15027:Austria
14783:Economy
14653:General
14580:of the
14560:1057113
14201:(604).
14175:21 July
14141:28 July
14115:28 July
13924:28 July
13683:28 July
13652:31 July
13386:6 April
13359:5 March
13323:6 March
13290:5 March
13100:29 June
13074:29 June
12036:4052591
11824:20 June
11704:soldino
11440:19 July
11340:22 July
11332:. BBC.
11305:22 July
11018:13 June
10983:11 June
10803:. 2021.
10778:22 June
10733:27 June
10691:25 June
10655:25 June
10619:25 June
10511:30 June
9490:12.92%
9487:13.74%
9484:19.83%
9481:15.75%
9075:25.76%
9072:11.36%
8867:17.46%
8864:14.00%
8861:11.64%
8855:18.29%
8852:19.18%
8849:23.65%
8846:25.03%
8843:24.68%
8840:23.89%
8837:24.99%
8834:26.14%
8831:26.21%
8828:27.66%
8825:25.71%
8822:24.40%
8819:24.05%
8816:24.20%
8813:21.20%
8810:19.14%
8807:19.14%
8804:20.17%
8801:20.67%
8798:20.59%
8795:21.29%
8792:20.59%
8789:20.40%
8786:19.98%
8765:72.93%
8762:84.85%
8759:84.61%
8756:57.88%
8753:56.66%
8750:47.14%
8747:58.96%
8744:71.13%
8741:71.51%
8738:66.50%
8735:65.45%
8732:65.51%
8729:66.51%
8726:65.04%
8723:63.87%
8720:63.77%
8717:62.05%
8714:62.14%
8711:62.59%
8708:61.47%
8705:61.24%
8702:65.14%
8699:65.73%
8696:65.36%
8693:62.73%
8690:61.76%
8687:60.75%
8684:58.92%
8681:58.80%
8678:58.52%
8675:58.41%
8524:Reserve
7965:⁄
7745:⁄
7631:As the
7590:" and "
7394:£2 coin
7340:5p coin
7323:⁄
7310:⁄
7300:£1 coin
7283:⁄
7234:⁄
7207:(10/–).
7066:⁄
7010:Spanish
6996:⁄
6950:⁄
6875:⁄
6858:⁄
6770:testoon
6549:capital
6420:, then
6335:Ostmark
6223:became
6180:floated
6149:⁄
5899:. per
5829:Germany
5701:Jamaica
5604:England
5502:⁄
5419:scholar
5327:⁄
5301:⁄
5256:⁄
5226:⁄
5212:⁄
5190:), and
5166:⁄
5149:⁄
5116:⁄
5102:⁄
5044:⁄
5030:stuiver
5018:stuiver
5005:⁄
4993:⁄
4958:stuiver
4943:⁄
4897:⁄
4848:⁄
4743:⁄
4733:⁄
4691:) from
4669:solidus
4657:to the
4571:scholar
4327:Silver
4276:florins
4235:⁄
4218:(5/–),
4214:(2/–),
4181:solidus
4162:Before
4075:⁄
4061:⁄
3963:
3947:
3927:
3914:
3891:⁄
3886:
3870:⁄
3865:
3857:Subunit
3826:
3727:
3715:
3667:or the
3663:to the
3499:solidus
3464:English
3242:suffix
3235:steorra
3161:is the
3104:or the
3088:sign: £
3078:of the
2982:England
2876:history
2837:Ireland
2724:Germany
2714:Denmark
2677:Belgium
2611:history
2447:Bermuda
2306:History
2262:History
2233:History
2134:Regions
2125:History
2118:England
1789:England
1275:1832–33
943:Speaker
755:Cabinet
410:Printer
362:, below
347:User(s)
337: (
166:⁄
161:
153:Subunit
141:
97:Subunit
22430:Portal
22328:Senedd
22045:social
21930:Cinema
21925:Anthem
21867:Racism
21822:Hunger
21795:Health
21648:Income
21633:Budget
21330:mining
21270:marine
21240:Energy
21212:Rivers
21185:change
21038:Empire
21015:social
21000:social
20829:Grivna
19752:Ceylon
19101:£1,000
18727:Cinema
18590:Mining
18511:Marine
18477:Energy
18399:Income
18375:People
18321:
18296:Whisky
18131:London
18101:Dorset
18048:cities
17973:Impact
17754:Budget
17327:Jordan
17303:Israel
17273:Cyprus
16968:(yuan)
16723:Panama
15411:
15400:
15389:
15270:Kosovo
15248:Sweden
15238:Poland
15145:Monaco
15082:Latvia
15067:Greece
15057:France
15042:Cyprus
14728:Ecofin
14647:topics
14558:
14535:
14510:
14495:
14477:
14455:
14436:
14414:
14388:
14370:
14351:
14336:
14294:
14286:
14219:
14209:
13954:5 July
13893:5 July
13863:13 May
13828:10 May
13626:8 July
13417:7 July
12825:
12798:
12699:
12601:
12509:
12287:
12277:
12069:11 May
12034:
11966:12 May
11929:
11921:
11886:11 May
11847:
11812:
11802:
11774:13 May
11744:12 May
11618:12 May
11580:12 May
11550:12 May
11517:12 May
11481:12 May
11408:13 May
11382:12 May
11273:
11250:5 July
11236:"Coin"
11220:12 May
11188:12 May
10820:DEGIRO
10764:
10238:
10057:
10033:pounds
10016:
9982:
9756:0.03%
9753:0.43%
9750:1.58%
9747:1.29%
9744:2.13%
9741:4.89%
9738:4.87%
9735:1.49%
9732:1.31%
9729:1.58%
9726:2.01%
9723:1.87%
9720:1.74%
9717:1.81%
9714:1.83%
9711:2.20%
9708:3.04%
9705:4.43%
9702:5.49%
9699:3.26%
9696:2.84%
9693:2.83%
9690:2.86%
9687:2.33%
9684:2.43%
9681:2.45%
9678:2.51%
9675:2.65%
9672:3.09%
9669:3.48%
9666:3.87%
9652:0.08%
9649:0.66%
9646:0.89%
9643:0.78%
9640:1.15%
9637:0.32%
9577:1.11%
9574:0.73%
9571:1.16%
9568:0.97%
9565:0.58%
9562:2.71%
9559:2.35%
9499:0.17%
9496:1.94%
9493:6.62%
9419:0.61%
9416:1.34%
9413:2.25%
9410:1.40%
9407:0.84%
9404:0.33%
9401:0.27%
9398:0.25%
9395:0.41%
9392:0.23%
9389:0.17%
9386:0.15%
9383:0.17%
9380:0.16%
9377:0.14%
9374:0.12%
9371:0.13%
9368:0.08%
9365:0.21%
9362:0.27%
9359:0.24%
9356:0.27%
9353:0.16%
9350:0.18%
9347:0.14%
9344:0.15%
9341:0.17%
9338:0.17%
9335:0.23%
9332:0.23%
9282:1.46%
9279:1.82%
9276:1.59%
9273:1.77%
9270:1.69%
9267:1.80%
9264:1.63%
9261:1.70%
9258:1.83%
9255:1.84%
9252:1.97%
9249:2.11%
9191:1.08%
9188:1.23%
9185:1.89%
9182:1.94%
9179:2.29%
9176:2.80%
9173:2.61%
9170:2.29%
9120:1.42%
9117:1.83%
9114:1.75%
9111:1.77%
9108:1.94%
9105:2.03%
9102:1.84%
9099:1.86%
9096:2.08%
9093:2.38%
9090:2.38%
9087:2.58%
9069:3.42%
9066:2.40%
9063:2.03%
9060:2.39%
9057:2.11%
9054:2.75%
9051:2.70%
9048:2.92%
9045:2.86%
9042:3.49%
9039:3.75%
9036:4.52%
9033:4.82%
9030:4.22%
9027:4.25%
9024:3.94%
9021:3.83%
9018:4.04%
9015:3.98%
9012:3.70%
9009:4.71%
9006:4.35%
9003:4.54%
9000:4.43%
8997:4.64%
8994:4.73%
8991:4.81%
8988:4.92%
8985:4.84%
8969:0.61%
8966:3.93%
8963:8.69%
8960:9.40%
8957:6.77%
8954:6.06%
8951:5.04%
8948:4.94%
8945:4.42%
8942:4.28%
8939:3.96%
8936:3.46%
8933:3.18%
8930:3.47%
8927:2.90%
8924:3.66%
8921:3.61%
8918:4.09%
8915:3.82%
8912:3.54%
8909:3.75%
8906:3.95%
8903:4.90%
8900:5.19%
8897:5.87%
8894:6.03%
8891:5.52%
8888:5.51%
8885:5.70%
8858:8.53%
8458:XE.com
7922:, and
7892:, and
7884:, the
7438:, and
7377:bronze
7360:1992:
7255:) and
7054:florin
6942:guinea
6919:copper
6910:laurel
6676:4.6%.
6634:
6628:
6621:
6619:
6571:assets
6379:Labour
6115:Cyprus
5987:Wilson
5964:, and
5837:Russia
5797:Canada
5774:guinea
5695:, the
5685:Cyprus
5597:pegged
5491:guinea
5421:
5414:
5407:
5400:
5392:
5028:(or 2-
5010:= 11.2
4962:livres
4797:groats
4728:worth
4673:long s
4573:
4566:
4559:
4552:
4544:
4296:= 240
4249:guinea
4212:florin
4190:denier
4043:£1,000
3939:Symbol
3906:Plural
3851:Guinea
3819:Symbol
3813:Pounds
3810:Plural
3692:Since
3677:Cyprus
3671:. The
3661:pegged
3654:pegged
3648:; and
3622:Jersey
3502:, and
3458:, the
3370:Symbol
3299:, the
3297:kontor
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