1047:, and John. In 1592, all the brothers agreed to entrust the government of the whole realm (with limitation) to Ernest, initially for eight years, and in 1600 for a further ten. Then in 1610, they agreed that the Principality of Lüneburg and all its dependencies should be his and his descendants as an indivisible whole. However, after Ernest's death in 1611, and given the difficulty of ever new divisions, the remaining brothers made another agreement in 1612. Under this new arrangement, each of the brothers would exercise power in succession, but only one of them would marry a woman of appropriate rank (so only their children could inherit). This would continue the ducal lineage and maintain the unity of the Principality. They drew lots: the lot fell to the second youngest brother, George, who married
2198:
68:
2609:
347:
2263:
1324:), which were held by certain hereditary noble families. For example, the von Grote family provided the seneschal and the von Medings the marshal. The butler and the chamberlain were initially supplied by the vom Berge family and, when they died out, the von dem Knesebecks became the chamberlains and the von Behrs were the butlers. These offices are mentioned up to the 14th century, but had largely lost their political influence, by the turn of that century. At that time a princely council evolved, formed mainly of members of the Lüneburg
372:
562:. The instruction issued by their father in 1318 whereby the principality would be divided after his death between Otto III and his brother, William II, was ignored by the brothers and in 1330 they assumed joint control of an undivided state. The focus of their rule in the early years was a further territorial consolidation of the principality. For example, they were able to considerably increase their estate in the region of
802:
1549:) in Gartow and Wathlingen. Here the local families, the von Bernstorffs and the von Lüneburgs, were not only responsible for lower and higher courts, but also ran the administration of the principality on behalf of the duke. The towns of Celle, Harburg, Lüchow, Dannenberg, Hitzacker and Soltau were independent administrations and not part of the
1588:
and the sentence pronounced by the chancery court in Celle, once the case had been referred. Where towns had lesser or higher jurisdictions, the townsfolk would be dealt with in the civic courts. Cases for subjects that came under the jurisdiction of the 'closed aristocratic courts' in
Wathlingen and
436:
When the
Principality of Lüneburg emerged as a result of the division of Brunswick-Lüneburg in 1269, the domain of the Lüneburg princes consisted of a large number of territorial rights in the region of Lüneburg. However, it could not be described as a unified state, because many rights were owned by
1006:
Following Henry's resignation ten years later, William officially reigned alone until his death in 1592, but due to serious mental problems, he only played a very limited part in political life and spent his last years in mental derangement. His rule, like his father's, was dominated by an enforced
925:
1541:
exercised the duke's territorial rights and were involved in the raising of sovereign taxes. Importantly, they were also the first level of jurisdiction for all civil disputes and lesser criminal cases. In addition, they were the administrative centre for the ducal estate, i.e. they levied the
1170:
of
Harburg continued to participate in the Lüneburg estates assembly and enfeoffed by the duke in Celle. When Otto died in 1549, the Amt of Harburg should have reverted to the dukes of Celle, but Otto's son, Otto the Second, succeeded in 1560 in having a new regulation added to the severance
1060:
1688:
were increasingly engaged; they were committed to serve for a particular conflict and then discharged from the service. To begin with they only supplemented the armies raised by the knights; later they largely replaced them in the 17th century because of their military superiority.
437:
other vassals of the imperial crown. Not until the acquisition of numerous counties and rights in the 13th and 14th centuries did the rulers of Lüneburg succeed in building a unified state. Following the division of the principalities of
Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and Lüneburg between
1473:) emerged in the Principality of Lüneburg as providers of local administration, sometimes in parallel with the existing magistracies and sometimes based on them. Little information is available about exactly how these advocacies were established. From the 16th century the term
1703:
that, for the first time, provided a permanent standing army in the service of the dukes. After the disbandment of the common army for the overall House of
Brunswick-Lüneburg in 1644, elements of its regiments joined the Principality of Lüneburg and formed the Lüneburg Army.
527:, before Otto assumed power himself in 1282. Otto asserted his rule through the prosecution of numerous feuds against the lesser nobility, which enabled him to achieve consolidate his ducal authority within the state. He also continued the "systematic acquisition policy" (
680:
refused, however, to accept the agreement and continued to prosecute the war. It was not until after the Battle of Winsen in 1388, when
Wenceslas lost his life, that the Wittenbergs gave up their claims and the principality was finally secured by the Welfs.
1217:
and
Isenhagen. Even though Francis tried to force through his full sovereignty over his domain, important sovereign rights were retained by the ducal house in Celle. For example, Celle was still responsible for foreign policy issues and the Gifhorn
847:, which was later to become the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, having acquired the Principality of Calenberg; and their uncle, Bernard, received the Principality of Lüneburg, thus becoming the progenitor of the Middle House of Lüneburg.
1102:), led the princely court during its final flourish. During his reign the baroque theatre was built that is still open today, the French Garden was laid out and palace façade designed in its current baroque form. After his death in 1705,
514:
all the princes of the various lines carried the title of Duke of
Brunswick-Lüneburg. In addition, the two capitals, Lüneburg and Brunswick, remained in the common ownership of the House of Welf until 1512 and 1671 respectively.
574:
and
Wettmarshagen. Another top priority was their political support for the towns, which were striving to develop themselves economically. For instance, the merchants of Lüneburg benefited considerably from work to make the
1659:) of the Principality of Lüneburg. In addition to participating in legislation and approving taxes, it had a right to represent various administrative bodies and was thus involved in the administration of the Principality.
1230:
When Duke Henry went against a gentleman's agreement with his brother
William and married Ursula of Saxe-Lauenburg in 1569, he had forsake sharing the government of the principality and was compensated instead with the
780:
to the dukes of Lüneburg. In the course of the clashes that now arose between the dukes and the town of Lüneburg, numerous battles were fought across the entire country. Through the support of the Hanseatic towns of
954:). The necessary tax increases led to serious clashes with the estates. However, Ernest succeeded in asserting himself, and in enforced reduction of the state debt. His second major work was the introduction of the
866:, in order to enter the Franciscan abbey at Celle. After both brothers had died in 1464 and 1471 respectively, Frederick the Pious left the abbey again in order to hold the reins of power for his 3-year old nephew,
877:
When Frederick died in 1478, Anna of Nassau ruled the principality for her son until he was old enough to take power in Celle in 1486; she then retired to her dower at Lüchow Castle. Because of his role in the
1600:
that was permanently in session. There was no clear division of responsibility; the choice of court was left to the plaintiff. As a final resort there was the option of appealing to the imperial chamber court
789:, Lüneburg achieved military superiority, so that the Celle dukes sued for peace with their opponents. In October 1397 there was a contractual agreement between the warring parties, but the restitution of the
1011:
in 1562 and the associated acquisition of part of the principality's debt and imperial taxes by the town played a major role in easing the parlous financial situation. Further important reforms included the
2554:
820:, from 1388 to 1409 was followed by another division of the principality in which Bernard was given Brunswick and Henry received Lüneburg. After Duke Henry's death in 1416, he was followed by his two sons,
658:
militarily and to secure the old ducal rights, failed. In the military conflict that followed, neither the Brunswicks nor the Wittenbergs were able to enforce their claims, and only the peace of
2164:
1723:. Although the Principality of Lüneburg was not directly involved in these conflicts, the dukes in Celle made their troops available to foreign forces in return for payment for their services.
1742:
The rulers of Lüneburg, like those of other principalities within the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, were entitled to use the title "Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg" as well as "Prince of Lüneburg".
1618:), whose responsibilities were confined to the jurisdiction of specific groups of people and areas. For example, there were so-called "internal, stake, fence, village, road and field courts" (
1711:), but were expanded significantly again in 1651 and 1665 during the rule of Duke George William. The troops were deployed during this period in several European wars, including those in
745:, in which the estates were granted numerous privileges and the dukes had to submit to the authority of a council of the landowners of the estates, in return for a loan of 50,000 marks.
1249:. The barony of Danneberg remained part of the Principality of Lüneburg, however, and important sovereign rights, such as foreign policy or tax policy, remained with the government in
1405:
was responsible for key policy decisions, particularly in financial matters and the area of foreign policy, while the duties of the chancery were restricted merely to administration.
2547:
2523:
510:. Together, the two principalities continued to form the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg which remained undivided according to imperial law, something that is clear from the fact that
1692:
Until the 17th century there were very few standing armies. Only the Duke's bodyguard and the soldiers guarding the residence in Celle were in the permanent employ of the dukes.
1269:
and Warpke, but Henry's demands for a transfer of sovereignty were not met. After the Principality of Grubenhagen had returned to Celle in 1617, the Dannenberg line received the
2540:
1394:), the chancellor and the vice-chancellor also belonged to the government. This institution remained as the highest state authority even after Ernest's sons took power.
1334:
as the ducal seat in the middle of the 15th century did it take a clear shape, although individual advisors were members of the duke's inner circle for a long time.
2660:
2194:
1079:
inherited Lüneburg in 1648 and became the founder of the new line of Lüneburg. In 1665, Christian Louis died, and was temporarily succeeded by George's third son
1584:
were responsible for the initial handling of civil law matters for the majority of subjects in the principality. More serious crimes would be investigated by the
1401:
was created, following the adoption of a new "Chancery and Government Ordinance", to which only the governor, the Celle advocate and the chancellor reported. The
828:. Their rule was characterized primarily by the financial constraints under which the country continued to suffer in the wake of the Lüneburg War of Succession.
2665:
2650:
748:
The years that followed were characterised by renewed tensions between the rulers and the landowners and attempts by the dukes to weaken the standing of the
1557:) in Celle was only responsible for dealing with major offences. Lüneburg achieved even greater independence and had both greater and lesser jurisdictions.
983:
When Duke Ernest died, his sons were still minors, and their two uncles, Otto and Francis, refused the regency. As a result, the Emperor decreed that the
2640:
1775:, it was not part of it. The rule as condominium provided both cities a considerable autonomy, playing off the different ducal lines against each other.
412:(also called Lunenburg in English), which was ruled jointly by all Brunswick-Lüneburg lines until 1637. From 1378, the seat of the principality was in
676:, to the two daughters of Wenceslas and by the marriage of Magnus's widow to Albert of Saxe-Wittenberg. The younger brother of Frederick and Bernard,
2262:
1107:
2630:
445:
in 1409, the territorial development of the state was largely complete. At that time, the Principality of Lüneburg included the larger part of the
1699:, the fighting troops were still made up of mercenaries until, in 1631, under the Calenberg duke, George, troops were organised for the entire
662:
in 1373, ended the war, at least for a time. According to the agreement reached there, the Welfs and the Wittenbergs were to rule alternately.
618:
735:
had emerged victorious from the conflict to be sure, but faced huge financial problems as a result. So when they appeared before the town of
1151:
887:
209:
2186:
959:
831:
In 1428 there was a further division of the Welf estate between the 2 brothers and their uncle, Bernard, Prince of Brunswick. The brothers
1364:
who was also a scholar. From that time the chancery acted, not simply as an office, but was also the advisory chamber of the councillors (
1254:
1016:, adopted in 1564, which practically completed the Reformation in Lüneburg, as well as the aulic court and administrative ordinances (the
1000:
636:
supported the Wittenbergs and took the opportunity to escape from the immediate influence of the duke, destroying the ducal castle on the
1386:
After the death of Ernest the Confessor in 1546 a regency was formed for his minor sons. The government was led by a so-called governor (
1330:. The composition of these nobles at that time was not consistent, but depended on the residence of the duke. Only with the emergence of
668:
had already died in 1373, so the treaty between the two contending houses was further reinforced by the marriage of his two eldest sons,
1072:
1040:
855:
609:
died in 1369 without a son, the first house of Lüneburg became extinct. According to Welf house rules and the desire of William, Duke
1300:, a number of medieval court offices, who had emerged in the 12th century, can still be found in the 13th. These are the offices of
859:
591:. The two brothers reigned jointly until the death of Otto III in 1352, leaving William in sole charge until his own death in 1369.
2252:
707:
resulted in a large plenitude of power going to the estates within the principality . To secure the support of towns and the lower
1115:
1076:
179:
502:. Following the death of Otto, his two sons split the duchy in 1267 or 1269, into subordinate principalities; Brunswick going to
2635:
1573:) were usually freely elected by the community under their jurisdiction, but some were appointed by the duke or a lesser noble.
1452:) handled the local administration of the principality. In addition to the exercising juridical authority they were responsible
1190:
1084:
1080:
937:
891:
531:) in the Lüneburg principality that had operated since the time of Otto the Child, "rounding off the Lüneburg allodial estate" (
503:
194:
67:
2655:
1036:
404:, immediately subordinate to the emperor. It existed from 1269 until 1705 and its territory lay within the modern-day state of
1640:) in Celle, which was responsible for all marital matters, cases between churches and cases between the laity and the clergy.
1222:
remained part of the Lüneburg estates. When Duke Francis died childless in 1549, the territory of Gifhorn went back to Celle.
851:
167:
1032:
1028:
421:
1681:
resulted from their feudal obligations to the dukes of Celle; that of the militia from their obligation to their landlords.
1044:
992:
871:
863:
2488:
1633:. Since the 16th century these courts lost their influence and disputes about forested land were decided by other courts.
2049:
Martin Krieg: Die Entstehung und Entwicklung der Amtsbezirke im ehemaligen Fürstentum Lüneburg, p.108ff. Göttingen, 1922
2037:
Martin Krieg: Die Entstehung und Entwicklung der Amtsbezirke im ehemaligen Fürstentum Lüneburg, p.103ff. Göttingen, 1922
2021:
Martin Krieg: Die Entstehung und Entwicklung der Amtsbezirke im ehemaligen Fürstentum Lüneburg, p. 91ff. Göttingen, 1922
1593:). The chancery court handled all civil and criminal cases involving the nobility and the majority of senior officials.
1119:
606:
507:
417:
813:
765:
728:
673:
665:
610:
438:
2158:
1965:
1747:
1175:. When the Harburg line became extinct in 1642, the territory reverted to the lordship of the ducal house in Celle.
972:
recess, even those nobles who had been hostile declared their support for the new faith. In 1530, Ernest signed the
929:
2179:
1553:
system. In addition to their own administration, they also ran their own lesser jurisdictions; the chancery court (
1048:
1194:
1171:
agreement of 1527. Harburg was defined as an hereditary possession and its territory increased by the district of
905:
524:
980:, who was largely responsible for the implementation of the Reformation in Lüneburg over the succeeding decades.
17:
2645:
1772:
966:'s teachers there. Soon after succeeding, he began to reform the church of Lüneburg to Lutheranism. At the 1527
2670:
2232:
2222:
622:
614:
2284:
1700:
1162:
as his own territorial lordship. Harburg remained an integral part of the principality; the ducal chancery in
467:
2358:
2353:
2247:
996:
883:
2237:
704:
626:
600:
739:
with a fresh request for funds in September 1392, they had to agree to a significant treaty, the so-called
2598:
1462:
Aufgebot der folgepflichtigen Hintersassen, Verteidigungsorganisation bis hin zur Sorge für die Landwehren
2593:
2304:
2172:
1092:
940:"the Confessor" was to pay off the principality's massive debts. When he came to power, all the offices (
1205:. In return for renunciating his participation in the government of the principality, Francis received
2365:
2242:
1417:
1361:
1357:
523:
When John died in 1277, the regency was held by his brother, Albert, on behalf of John's underage son,
105:
1106:, who was both the benefactor of Georges William's 1658 renunciation in favour of his younger brother
2588:
2294:
1475:
1103:
1088:
942:
896:
300:
2578:
2532:
2314:
1625:
For all civil and criminal legal disputes that involved the use of woodland, the "woodland courts" (
2513:
2331:
2227:
1840:
1154:
relinquished his participation in the government of the principality, and was compensated with the
879:
720:
669:
567:
1091:. George William soon displaced John in Lüneburg, but had to cede Calenberg to John, and also the
1013:
588:
555:
1629:) were responsible, that met once or twice a year and whose boundaries were independent of the
1458:"the muster of tied villeins, the organization of defence and for taking charge of the militia"
955:
832:
821:
2408:
2348:
2326:
2118:
638:
559:
2418:
2309:
2289:
2110:
1797:
1727:
984:
732:
442:
365:
2567:
571:
397:
352:
262:
2484:
2403:
2370:
2343:
1313:
761:
677:
544:
2608:
2161:(Originalausgabe: Verlag der Dietrich'schen Buchhandlung, Göttingen 1853-1857) (in German)
1266:
346:
8:
2393:
1603:
1596:
The chancery court also acted as a court of appeal as did, from 1536, the royal court in
1111:
988:
973:
651:
450:
309:
227:
2085:
Sichart, Louis v., Geschichte der königlich-hannoverschen Armee, Hannover 1866, p. 1 ff.
2509:
2385:
2336:
2202:
1491:) was basically completed in the 16th century with the emergence of the ecclesiastical
1277:
as compensation. In 1671 the barony of Dannenberg went back to the Welf line in Celle.
1274:
836:
825:
617:, however, considered it an imperial fiefdom, however, and granted the principality to
1352:
In the 16th century, in addition to noble councillors, who by this time were known as
908:, who had also shared the reins of power since 1536, also abdicated and was given the
548:
2505:
2492:
2321:
2206:
2197:
2154:
1961:
1610:
In the Principality of Lüneburg, in addition to the chancery court and the courts at
1390:), who oversaw the administration of the court and royal office. The Celle advocate (
1236:
1166:
continued to be responsible for border and territorial issues, the noble knights the
1159:
401:
2126:
446:
1696:
1262:
1202:
1184:
867:
716:
540:
741:
698:
2501:
2476:
1731:
1496:
1147:
995:
assumed power in 1555, but abdicated as early as 1559 in favour of his brothers,
977:
901:
777:
494:. The name of the dukedom was drawn from the two largest towns in the territory,
479:
244:
109:
1677:) who were drawn from elements of the rural population. The conscription of the
2480:
2375:
1206:
817:
491:
487:
240:
119:
1545:
Special cases were brought before the so-called "closed aristocratic courts" (
1341:, the highest authority mentioned in the documents was the chief secretary or
2624:
2279:
2214:
1817:
Handbuch der niedersächsischen Landtags- und Ständegeschichte, Vol. 1, p: 135
1326:
1131:
963:
950:. Consequently his efforts were aimed primarily at the redeeming them again (
712:
576:
475:
471:
2413:
772:
as his residence, which forced the town to announce its withdrawal from the
2563:
1768:
806:
499:
405:
1720:
1685:
1569:) were responsible for the administration of justice. Their magistrates (
1246:
844:
757:
223:
1008:
736:
655:
633:
580:
535:) through the purchase of numerous lands and rights, including those of
495:
409:
91:
1887:
1241:
894:. Otto relinquished his princedom in 1527 and was compensated with the
752:. In 1396 it was finally rejected. After he had secured the assistance
453:, and measured about 11,000 square kilometres (4,200 sq mi).
1671:, knights required to do military service, and the militia (under the
1375:
After 1536 financial matters were the responsibility of the treasury (
2562:
1416:. These chambers were each responsible only for a specific area: the
1301:
281:
1707:
In 1650 troop strengths were reduced at the request of the estates (
1345:. Beneath him were the scribes, most of whom came from the Lüneburg
786:
1673:
1522:
1292:
1219:
1172:
1143:
924:
708:
643:
536:
123:
2271:
854:
became the ruling prince. In 1446 he was followed by his brother,
793:
that had been sought by the town of Lüneburg was not forthcoming.
2097:
Sichart, Geschichte der königlich-hannoverschen Armee, p. 119 ff.
1508:
1214:
1198:
968:
913:
840:
801:
782:
659:
563:
1636:
From 1562 the highest, ecclesiastical court was the consistory (
1059:
466:
The Principality of Lüneburg was created by the division of the
408:
in Germany. The principality was named after its first capital,
2398:
1712:
1440:) who was primarily responsible for matters of foreign policy.
1346:
1297:
1290:
As well as the ducal counsellors, who at that time were noble (
769:
753:
724:
587:
and from trade agreements between the Lüneburg princes and the
584:
2012:
Ernst Schubert in Geschichte Niedersachsens, Vol. 2, p. 593ff.
1976:
Ernst Schubert in Geschichte Niedersachsens, Vol. 2, p. 656ff.
1614:
level there existed numerous aristocratic patrimonial courts (
1134:
secondary lines emerged which received their own territories:
416:. It lost its independence in 1705 when it was annexed by the
2071:
Franz, Verwaltungsgeschichte des Regierungsbezirkes Lüneburg.
1716:
1643:
1597:
1331:
1250:
1163:
1118:, inherited the state of Lüneburg, which was merged into the
886:, Henry was forced to abdicate in 1520 in favour of his sons
647:
413:
95:
1667:
Up to the 16th century military forces were provided by the
1095:, which had been acquired by the House of Lüneburg in 1617.
1845:
at www.lueneburger-geschichte.de. Retrieved on 13 Jun 2010.
1469:
1007:
policy of debt relief. But reconciliation with the town of
919:
483:
1565:
In the 13th and 14th centuries the regional magistracies (
858:, who abdicated, however, in 1457 in favour of his sons,
1620:
Binnen-, Pfahl-, Zaun-, Dorf-, Straßen- und Feldgerichte
1589:
Gartow were heard by the respective lords of the manor (
2134:
1960:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1991, p. 183.
1448:
In the 13th and 14th centuries, regional magistracies (
1771:, though mostly surrounded by the Brunswick-Lünenburg
1412:) were set up in accordance with a new ordinance, the
932:
on a copperplate by P. Troscheli from the 17th century
684:
2060:
Verwaltungsgeschichte des Regierungsbezirkes Lüneburg
1996:
Verwaltungsgeschichte des Regierungsbezirkes Lüneburg
1576:
Their powers of jurisdiction were transferred to the
1655:
emerged as an institution representing the estates (
1526:, but from the 17th century was usually leased. The
2153:3 Bände. Nachdruck. Hirschheydt, Hannover 1974/75,
1512:), who was appointed by the duke. Belonging to the
882:and the associated political opposition to Emperor
760:by concluding a treaty of friendship and security,
642:on 1 February 1371 and forcing him to relocate his
2045:
2043:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
1726:When the Principality of Lüneburg merged with the
1356:, there were often learned, foreign advisors. The
1083:, who usurped the throne over George's second son
976:, and brought back with him the Augsburg reformer
1684:With the advent of firearms in the 15th century,
1580:as the latter became established. Thereafter the
850:After Duke Bernard died in 1434, his eldest son,
2622:
1027:William left 15 children, including seven sons:
991:were to govern on their behalf. The eldest son,
470:, a state that had been formed in 1235 from the
2661:1705 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire
2151:Geschichte der Lande Braunschweig und Lüneburg.
2040:
2024:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1803:at www.heraldica.org. Retrieved on 13 Jun 2010.
1098:George William, often called the "heath duke" (
2015:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1856:Lüneburg - Geschichte einer 1000jährigen Stadt
1280:
916:, leaving Ernest the Confessor to rule alone.
2666:Former states and territories of Lower Saxony
2651:1260s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
2548:
2180:
2093:
2091:
594:
396:) was a territorial division of the Duchy of
1932:
1866:
1864:
1811:
1809:
1487:. The process for establishing the offices (
1197:in 1539 led to the emergence of a domain at
1189:Personal disagreements between the brothers
723:, and enfeoff them with numerous rights and
533:Arrondierung des Lüneburger Allodialbesitzes
2081:
2079:
2077:
2001:
1970:
1958:Princes and territories in medieval Germany
1906:
1842:Lüneburg-Chronik - 3. Entwicklung der Stadt
1479:was used, and districts subordinate to the
1467:Beginning in the 13th century, advocacies (
796:
613:would have been the rightful heir. Emperor
2641:States and territories established in 1267
2555:
2541:
2187:
2173:
2088:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1893:
946:) were pledged, with the exception of the
1919:
1861:
1806:
1432:for financial management. The old office
1285:
2074:
1730:, the Lüneburg Army was united with the
1058:
1054:
923:
920:Ernest the Confessor and the Reformation
800:
518:
2631:Principalities of the Holy Roman Empire
2052:
1979:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1443:
1424:) for questions on church matters, the
1337:At the head of the ducal chancery, the
566:through the purchase of the village of
14:
2623:
1737:
1542:manorial obligations due to the Duke.
1368:) and the seat of the chancery court (
1257:, the territory was enlarged with the
764:, soon to be followed by his brother,
2536:
2168:
2065:
1067:George William in a 1655 oil painting
719:were forced to give the estates wide
2111:Succession laws in the House of Welf
1800:Succession laws in the House of Welf
1778:
1530:reported to the ducal treasury, the
1436:was replaced by a privy councillor (
1110:and the husband of George William's
1071:After the death of George's brother
554:Duke Otto was followed by his sons,
1662:
1122:and finally lost its independence.
904:. In 1539, their youngest brother,
24:
2143:
1767:The same was true for the city of
1520:, which was originally run by the
1408:In 1618 several council chambers (
1125:
25:
2682:
2104:
1874:, Hildesheim, 1987, p. 15ff.
1651:In the 17th century the Lüneburg
650:. An attempt on 21 October 1371,
27:Division of the Holy Roman Empire
2607:
2261:
2196:
1815:Wolf-Nikolaus Schmidt-Salzen in
1701:Welf House of Brunswick-Lüneburg
1120:Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg
1049:Anne Eleonore of Hesse-Darmstadt
958:. Ernest had himself studied at
611:Magnus II Torquatus of Brunswick
418:Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg
370:
345:
66:
1950:
1647:of the Principality of Lüneburg
1547:geschlossenen adeligen Gerichte
1209:as compensation along with the
420:, but retained its vote in the
1877:
1848:
1834:
1821:
1761:
1748:List of the rulers of Lüneburg
1506:was a bailiff-cum-magistrate (
1253:. In 1592, after the death of
839:received the land between the
13:
1:
2656:1269 establishments in Europe
1916:, Hildesheim, 1987, p. 182ff.
1754:
1428:for military affairs and the
1225:
962:and had been in contact with
812:The joint reign of brothers,
37:(also: Celle, Brunswick-Celle
1903:, Hildesheim, 1987, p.144ff.
1773:principality of Wolfenbüttel
1560:
1379:), headed by the treasurer (
1130:In the 16th century several
461:
431:
7:
2636:Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg
2568:Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg
1695:In the early stages of the
1281:Politics and administration
1093:Principality of Grubenhagen
468:Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg
392:(later also referred to as
10:
2687:
1912:Reinbold, Michael (1987).
1899:Reinbold, Michael (1987).
1886:, pronounced "zarter", is
1870:Reinbold, Michael (1987).
1182:
1178:
1150:Metta von Campen in 1527,
1137:
705:Lüneburg War of Succession
696:
627:Lüneburg War of Succession
601:Lüneburg War of Succession
598:
595:Lüneburg War of Succession
529:planmässige Erwerbspolitik
456:
39:or Brunswick and Luneburg)
2605:
2574:
2489:Lower Rhenish–Westphalian
2427:
2384:
2270:
2259:
2213:
2127:German States to 1918 F-M
1956:Arnold, Benjamin (1991).
1945:Geschichte Niedersachsens
1927:Geschichte Niedersachsens
1829:Geschichte Niedersachsens
1397:In 1593, a new office of
1089:Principality of Calenberg
625:, thus precipitating the
619:Albert of Saxe-Wittenberg
482:and given as an imperial
324:
320:
293:
255:
237:
233:
219:
215:
203:
188:
173:
161:
157:
137:
129:
115:
101:
87:
79:
63:
58:
50:Braunschweig und Lüneburg
32:
1798:Velde, François (2008).
880:Hildesheim Diocesan Feud
807:ducal residence in Celle
797:Middle House of Lüneburg
390:Principality of Lüneburg
306:
298:
277:
272:
266:
260:
257:• Partition of the
148:
141:
34:Principality of Lüneburg
2524:Unencircled territories
2285:Brunswick and Lunenburg
1925:Gert van den Heuvel in
589:dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg
2579:Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
2315:Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
2062:, p. 35ff. Bremen 1955
1998:, p. 13ff. Bremen 1955
1943:Manfred Boetticher in
1286:Central administration
1075:, George's eldest son
1068:
956:Protestant Reformation
936:One priority for Duke
933:
809:
607:William II of Lüneburg
243:defeated; break-up of
2671:Former principalities
1728:Electorate of Hanover
1073:Frederick of Lüneburg
1062:
1055:New House of Lüneburg
1014:Lutheran Church Order
985:Archbishop of Cologne
927:
804:
519:Old House of Lüneburg
366:Electorate of Hanover
102:Common languages
1444:Local administration
1087:, who then held the
930:Ernest the Confessor
892:Ernest the Confessor
874:and Anna of Nassau.
572:County of Papenteich
556:Otto III of Lüneburg
545:County of Dannenberg
2646:History of Lüneburg
2500:Circles est. 1512:
2475:Circles est. 1500:
2205:(1500–1806) of the
1929:, Vol. 3, p. 156ff.
1914:Die Lüneburger Sate
1901:Die Lüneburger Sate
1872:Die Lüneburger Sate
1831:, Vol. 2, p. 728ff.
1738:Princes of Lüneburg
1616:Patrimonialgerichte
1604:Reichskammergericht
1483:were then known as
989:Count of Schaumburg
974:Augsburg Confession
856:Frederick the Pious
768:, took the town of
727:. The Celle dukes,
560:William of Lüneburg
310:Prince of Calenberg
295:• Inherited by
263:Duchy of Brunswick
228:Early modern period
44:Fürstentum Lüneburg
2521:
2517:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2203:Lower Saxon Circle
2149:Wilhelm Havemann:
1947:, Vol. 3, p. 72ff.
1827:Ernst Schubert in
1516:was the so-called
1360:was headed by the
1069:
1018:Hofgerichtsordnung
934:
810:
579:navigable between
398:Brunswick-Lüneburg
353:Brunswick-Lüneburg
145:Prince of Lüneburg
138:Duke of Brunswick
2616:
2615:
2530:
2529:
2514:Electoral Rhenish
2207:Holy Roman Empire
1502:In charge of the
1213:of Fallersleben,
1104:George of Hanover
402:Holy Roman Empire
386:
385:
382:
381:
378:
377:
358:
357:
285:
205:• 1665–1705
190:• 1520–1546
175:• 1369–1373
163:• 1269–1277
122:until 1527, then
53:
40:
16:(Redirected from
2678:
2611:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2534:
2533:
2522:
2518:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2265:
2201:
2200:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2166:
2165:
2139:
2131:
2123:
2115:
2098:
2095:
2086:
2083:
2072:
2069:
2063:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2038:
2035:
2022:
2019:
2013:
2010:
1999:
1992:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1954:
1948:
1941:
1930:
1923:
1917:
1910:
1904:
1897:
1891:
1881:
1875:
1868:
1859:
1858:. p. 153 et seq.
1852:
1846:
1838:
1832:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1804:
1795:
1776:
1765:
1697:Thirty Years War
1663:Military service
1627:Holzungsgerichte
1414:Regimentsordnung
1343:Kanzleivorsteher
1203:Duchy of Gifhorn
1201:, the so-called
1185:Duchy of Gifhorn
872:Otto of Lüneburg
868:Henry the Middle
666:Magnus Torquatus
652:St. Ursula's Day
506:and Lüneburg to
374:
373:
362:
361:
349:
342:
341:
326:
325:
312:
307:
299:
279:
278:
273:
267:
261:
149:
142:
70:
47:
36:
30:
29:
21:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2675:
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2620:
2617:
2612:
2603:
2570:
2561:
2531:
2526:
2520:
2516:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2380:
2266:
2257:
2209:
2195:
2193:
2146:
2144:Further reading
2137:
2129:
2121:
2113:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2089:
2084:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2058:Günther Franz:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2041:
2036:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2002:
1994:Günther Franz:
1993:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1955:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1924:
1920:
1911:
1907:
1898:
1894:
1882:
1878:
1869:
1862:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1835:
1826:
1822:
1814:
1807:
1796:
1779:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1740:
1732:Hanoverian Army
1665:
1649:
1563:
1497:the Reformation
1446:
1320:) and marshal (
1288:
1283:
1228:
1187:
1181:
1148:lady-in-waiting
1140:
1128:
1126:Welf side lines
1116:Sophie Dorothea
1108:Ernest Augustus
1077:Christian Louis
1057:
978:Urbanus Rhegius
952:Wiedereinlösung
922:
799:
701:
695:
654:, to overthrow
603:
597:
549:County of Wölpe
525:Otto the Strict
521:
464:
459:
434:
426:Brunswick-Celle
371:
313:
308:
305:
304:
297:
296:
286:
276:
275:
274:among the heirs
271:
270:
265:
264:
259:
258:
250:
247:
245:Duchy of Saxony
226:
206:
191:
176:
164:
147:
146:
144:
140:
139:
75:
74:
71:
54:
46:
41:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Brunswick-Celle
15:
12:
11:
5:
2684:
2674:
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2606:
2604:
2602:
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2596:
2591:
2586:
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2575:
2572:
2571:
2564:Principalities
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2559:
2552:
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2528:
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2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2390:
2388:
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2381:
2379:
2378:
2376:Saxe-Lauenburg
2373:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2341:
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2339:
2334:
2329:
2319:
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2260:
2258:
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2245:
2240:
2235:
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2225:
2219:
2217:
2215:Ecclesiastical
2211:
2210:
2192:
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2184:
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2169:
2163:
2162:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2140:
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2124:
2116:
2106:
2105:External links
2103:
2100:
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2014:
2000:
1978:
1969:
1949:
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1777:
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1756:
1753:
1739:
1736:
1664:
1661:
1648:
1642:
1607:) in Wetzlar.
1562:
1559:
1555:Kanzleigericht
1445:
1442:
1370:Kanzleigericht
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1227:
1224:
1207:Gifhorn Castle
1183:Main article:
1180:
1177:
1142:Following his
1139:
1136:
1127:
1124:
1085:George William
1056:
1053:
1022:Polizeiordnung
921:
918:
798:
795:
697:Main article:
694:
683:
678:Henry the Mild
621:and his uncle
599:Main article:
596:
593:
520:
517:
492:Henry the Lion
490:, a nephew of
488:Otto the Child
472:allodial lands
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447:Lüneburg Heath
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1327:ministeriales
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546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
516:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
369:
367:
364:
363:
360:
354:
351:
348:
344:
343:
340:
339:
336:
333:
331:
328:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
302:
292:
288:
283:
269:
254:
249:
246:
242:
236:
232:
229:
225:
222:
218:
214:
211:
208:
202:
199:
198:
197:the Confessor
193:
187:
184:
183:
178:
172:
169:
166:
160:
156:
152:
136:
132:
128:
125:
121:
118:
114:
111:
107:
104:
100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
82:
78:
69:
62:
57:
51:
45:
31:
19:
2618:
2583:
2496:
2474:
2473:until 1734.
2299:
2150:
2130:(in English)
2122:(in English)
2119:Celle Castle
2114:(in English)
2067:
2059:
2054:
2017:
1995:
1972:
1957:
1952:
1944:
1926:
1921:
1913:
1908:
1900:
1895:
1883:
1879:
1871:
1855:
1850:
1841:
1836:
1828:
1823:
1816:
1799:
1763:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1725:
1708:
1706:
1694:
1691:
1683:
1678:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1656:
1652:
1650:
1644:
1638:Konsistorium
1637:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1564:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1538:
1536:
1534:, in Celle.
1531:
1527:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1493:Klosterämter
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1437:
1433:
1430:Haushaltsrat
1429:
1425:
1422:Konsistorium
1421:
1413:
1409:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1377:Rentenkammer
1376:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1353:
1351:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1291:
1289:
1270:
1258:
1255:Duke William
1240:
1232:
1229:
1210:
1188:
1167:
1155:
1141:
1129:
1099:
1097:
1070:
1064:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1005:
993:Francis Otto
982:
967:
951:
947:
941:
935:
909:
895:
876:
849:
830:
811:
790:
773:
749:
747:
740:
702:
690:
686:
664:
637:
632:The town of
631:
604:
568:Fallersleben
553:
532:
528:
522:
511:
465:
435:
425:
406:Lower Saxony
393:
389:
387:
335:Succeeded by
334:
329:
301:George Louis
268:and Lüneburg
196:
181:
133:Principality
83:Principality
73:Coat of arms
49:
43:
2594:Grubenhagen
2510:Upper Saxon
2465:until 1695.
2461:until 1640.
2457:until 1773.
2449:until 1596.
2445:until 1705.
2441:until 1731.
2433:until 1701.
2429:until 1648.
2344:Mecklenburg
2305:Grubenhagen
2290:Blankenburg
2228:Halberstadt
2138:(in German)
1890:for treaty.
1721:Netherlands
1709:Landsstände
1686:mercenaries
1438:Geheime Rat
1388:Statthalter
1381:Rentmeister
1314:chamberlain
1308:), butler (
1247:Scharnebeck
1100:Heideherzog
776:and to pay
758:Mecklenburg
711:, both the
400:within the
330:Preceded by
224:Middle Ages
2625:Categories
2506:Burgundian
2493:Franconian
2469:from 1701.
2453:from 1708.
2437:from 1648.
2419:Nordhausen
2414:Mühlhausen
2371:Regenstein
2327:Glückstadt
2233:Hildesheim
1888:Low German
1755:References
1679:Lehnsmiliz
1669:Lehnsmiliz
1657:Landstände
1653:Landschaft
1645:Landschaft
1591:Gutsherren
1567:Gogerichte
1532:Rentkammer
1454:inter alia
1450:Gogerichte
1418:consistory
1410:Ratsstuben
1362:chancellor
1242:Klosteramt
1237:Dannenberg
1226:Dannenberg
1112:morganatic
1065:heath duke
1043:, Magnus,
960:Wittenberg
762:Duke Henry
721:privileges
615:Charles IV
512:inter alia
180:Magnus II
130:Government
2599:Göttingen
2589:Calenberg
2337:Pinneberg
2295:Calenberg
2248:Ratzeburg
2243:Magdeburg
2135:The Welfs
1769:Brunswick
1571:Gorichter
1561:Judiciary
1434:Kammerrat
1426:Kriegsrat
1403:Kammerrat
1399:Kammerrat
1302:seneschal
1263:Hitzacker
1152:Duke Otto
1114:daughter
1051:in 1617.
1041:Frederick
1033:Christian
884:Charles V
717:Ascanians
685:Lüneburg
674:Bernard I
670:Frederick
644:residence
623:Wenceslas
541:Hitzacker
500:Brunswick
462:Emergence
432:Territory
422:Reichstag
282:Salic law
251:1180/1181
195:Ernest I
182:Torquatus
116:Religion
106:Low Saxon
59:1269–1705
2584:Lüneburg
2502:Austrian
2477:Bavarian
2359:Strelitz
2354:Schwerin
2322:Holstein
2253:Schwerin
1719:and the
1674:Heerbann
1523:Amtsmann
1485:Vogteien
1470:Vogteien
1358:chancery
1354:Landräte
1322:Marshall
1318:Kämmerer
1306:Truchseß
1293:edelfrei
1239:and the
1220:nobility
1173:Moisburg
1144:marriage
1037:Augustus
1009:Lüneburg
987:and the
843:and the
737:Lüneburg
715:and the
709:nobility
656:Lüneburg
639:Kalkberg
634:Lüneburg
581:Lüneburg
547:and the
537:Bleckede
496:Lüneburg
451:Wendland
449:and the
410:Lüneburg
150:(-Celle)
124:Lutheran
92:Lüneburg
2566:in the
2481:Swabian
2404:Hamburg
2366:Rantzau
2349:Güstrow
2332:Gottorp
2310:Hanover
2272:Secular
1518:Amtshof
1509:Amtmann
1339:Kanzlei
1298:vassals
1275:Wustrow
1215:Gifhorn
1199:Gifhorn
1195:Francis
1179:Gifhorn
1160:Harburg
1138:Harburg
1001:William
969:Landtag
928:Herzog
914:Gifhorn
906:Francis
902:Harburg
860:Bernard
841:Deister
833:William
822:William
814:Bernard
783:Hamburg
766:Bernard
729:Bernard
725:castles
660:Hanover
564:Gifhorn
474:of the
457:History
439:Bernard
239:•
94:, then
88:Capital
2409:Lübeck
2399:Goslar
2394:Bremen
2386:Cities
2280:Bremen
2238:Lübeck
2223:Bremen
2157:
1964:
1713:Venice
1631:Ämtern
1495:after
1456:, for
1347:clergy
1310:Schenk
1267:Lüchow
1191:Ernest
1045:George
1029:Ernest
964:Luther
938:Ernest
787:Lübeck
778:homage
770:Uelzen
754:Sweden
585:Uelzen
570:, the
543:, the
504:Albert
480:Saxony
168:John I
153:
110:German
80:Status
2300:Celle
1717:Spain
1598:Celle
1586:Ämter
1582:Ämter
1578:Ämter
1551:Ämter
1539:Ämter
1528:Ämter
1489:Ämter
1481:Ämter
1332:Celle
1259:Ämter
1251:Celle
1211:Ämter
1164:Celle
997:Henry
943:Ämter
845:Leine
837:Henry
826:Henry
818:Henry
733:Henry
713:Welfs
648:Celle
605:When
476:Welfs
443:Henry
414:Celle
394:Celle
96:Celle
2155:ISBN
1962:ISBN
1884:Sate
1746:See
1537:The
1392:Vogt
1366:Räte
1312:),
1261:of
1193:and
1132:Welf
1081:John
1063:The
1020:and
999:and
890:and
888:Otto
864:Otto
862:and
852:Otto
835:and
824:and
816:and
805:The
785:and
774:Sate
756:and
731:and
703:The
691:Sate
687:Sate
672:and
583:and
558:and
539:and
508:John
498:and
484:fief
441:and
388:The
289:1269
1622:.)
1612:Amt
1514:Amt
1504:Amt
1476:Amt
1464:).
1383:).
1372:).
1273:of
1271:Amt
1245:of
1235:of
1233:Amt
1168:Amt
1158:of
1156:Amt
1146:to
1024:).
912:of
910:Amt
900:of
897:Amt
693:War
646:to
486:to
478:in
424:as
2627::
2519:·
2512:,
2508:,
2504:,
2495:,
2491:,
2487:,
2483:,
2479:,
2090:^
2076:^
2042:^
2026:^
2003:^
1981:^
1934:^
1863:^
1808:^
1780:^
1734:.
1715:,
1499:.
1349:.
1296:)
1265:,
1039:,
1035:,
1031:,
1003:.
629:.
551:.
428:.
108:,
2556:e
2549:t
2542:v
2188:e
2181:t
2174:v
1750:.
1601:(
1460:(
1420:(
1316:(
1304:(
303:,
284:)
280:(
52:)
48:(
20:)
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