184:
1977:
800:
2199:
1898:
1887:
2115:
1476:
2143:
201:
946:
2035:
2101:
2264:
1988:
1953:
1523:
520:
1556:
172:
2003:
538:
2049:
2129:
2014:
2073:
27:
851:
1939:
1925:
2087:
1027:, which changed the Habsburgs' inheritance law. It took George II Augustus until 1733 to persuade Charles VI to enfeoff him also with the Duchy of Bremen and the Principality of Verden, colloquially called Duchies of Bremen-Verden. At both enfeoffments, George II Augustus swore that he would respect the existing privileges and constitutions of the
930:
The electorate was legally bound to be indivisible: it could add to its territory, but not alienate territory or be split up among several heirs; and its succession was to follow male primogeniture. The territory assigned to the electorate included the
Brunswick-LĂĽneburg principalities of Calenberg,
680:
in 1714. As a consequence, a reluctant
Britain was forced time and again to defend the king's German possessions. However, Hanover remained a separately ruled territory with its own governmental bodies, and the country had to sign a treaty with Great Britain whenever Hanoverian troops fought on the
923:
In 1692, the Holy Roman
Emperor, Leopold I, elevated George's son, Duke Ernest Augustus to the rank of elector of the empire as a reward for aid given in the War of the Grand Alliance. There were protests against the addition of a new elector, and the elevation did not become official (with the
924:
approval of the
Imperial Diet) until 1708, in the person of Ernest Augustus's son, George Louis. Though the elector's titles were properly duke of Brunswick-LĂĽneburg and elector of the Holy Roman Empire, he is commonly referred to as the elector of Hanover after his residence.
1341:. The Privy Council of Hanover maintained its own separate diplomatic service, which maintained links with countries such as Austria and Prussia. The Hanoverian Army was dissolved, but many of the officers and soldiers went to England, where they formed the
1657:
During the 18th century, whenever war was declared between Great
Britain and France, the French army invaded or threatened to invade Hanover, forcing Great Britain to intervene diplomatically and militarily to defend the Electorate. In 1806,
1197:
urged
Prussia to occupy the continental British dominions. In 1801, there was an invasion of 24,000 Prussian soldiers that surprised Hanover, which surrendered without a fight. In April they arrived at Bremen-Verden's capital,
1853:
1181:, including the British continental dominions of Hanover, Bremen-Verden, and Saxe-Lauenburg. To that end, Hanover also had to provide troops for the so-called demarcation army maintaining the armed neutrality.
1252:
was disarmed, and its horses and ammunitions were handed over to the French. The Privy
Council of Hanover, with the minister Friedrich Franz Dieterich von Bremer holding up the Hanoverian stake, fled to
1386:
The electorate was legally indivisible: it could add to its territory, but not alienate territory or be split up among several heirs, as had been the rule before, which led at times to a multitude of
748:
607:
570:
1330:
coast (as far as
Denmark) and the areas along the sections of the rivers navigable for seagoing vessels, including Bremen-Verden and Saxe-Lauenburg and some adjacent territories of Hanover proper.
2165:
1875:
1173:
declared its neutrality, including
Hanover, but a peace treaty with France was being negotiated until it failed in 1799. Prussia, however, ended for its part the war with France by the
2524:
1883:
1868:
491:
1322:
and formerly-Prussian territories. In early 1810 Hanover proper and Bremen-Verden but not Saxe-Lauenburg were also annexed by
Westphalia. In an attempt to assert the
1177:(1795), which stipulated that Prussia would ensure the Holy Roman Empire's neutrality in all of the latter's territories north of the demarcation line of the River
2195:
2550:
1861:
183:
1337:
did not recognise the French annexation and was at war continuously with France for the entire period, and Hanoverian ministers continued to operate out of
1436:
was dissolved in 1806, George III's government did not consider the dissolution to be final, and he continued to be styled "Duke of Brunswick-Luneburg,
2263:
710:
309:
1117:
931:
Grubenhagen, and LĂĽneburg (even though at the time LĂĽneburg was ruled by Ernest Augustus's older brother) and the counties of Diepholz and Hoya.
1165:
was fighting on several fronts, even on its own territory. However, men were drafted to recruit the 16,000 Hanoverian soldiers fighting in the
867:
2187:
1568:
1203:
1050:. However, the electors spent most of their time in England. Direct contact with the electorate was maintained through the office of the
940:
690:
239:
1287:
was dissolved, thereby abolishing the function of prince-electors electing its emperors. After Prussia had turned against France in the
1161:(1792–1797) with Great Britain, Hanover and other war allies forming the coalition, did not affect Hanoverian territory since the first
2555:
879:
1590:: lost (early 1801), restored (April 1801), lost (May 1803), restored (Autumn 1805), lost (early 1806), and restored (October 1813).
1142:
804:
91:
2253:
200:
63:
725:. There were protests against the addition of a new elector, and the elevation did not become official until the approval of the
649:, ruled by a cadet branch of the family, emerged as the largest and most powerful of the Brunswick-LĂĽneburg states. In 1692, the
657:, creating the new Electorate of Brunswick-LĂĽneburg. The fortunes of the electorate were tied to those of Great Britain by the
44:
1799:
1757:
70:
2489:
1280:, since 1804 France's new government, ceded Hanover, which it no longer held, to Prussia, which captured it in early 1806.
1067:
1791:
Hannover in der britischen Politik (1792–1815): dynastische Verbindung als Element aussenpolitischer Entscheidungsprozesse
1405:
In 1692, at its upgrading to the rank of electorate, its territory comprised the Brunswick-LĂĽneburgian principalities of
1206:
first ignored Prussian hostility, but when the latter joined the pro-French coalition of armed neutral powers, including
1413:, which the line of the former had already inherited in 1665. However, before the confirmation of the electorate by the
1832:
1100:
77:
726:
110:
2180:
1667:
345:
283:
1578:
1226:
820:
59:
2560:
2545:
2233:
2223:
1488:
1104:
1077:
1031:
in Bremen-Verden and in Hadeln, thus confirming 400-year-old traditions of estate participation in government.
997:
48:
2285:
1046:
ruled by the electors in personal union. It was called the Department of Bremen-Verden, Hadeln, Lauenburg and
638:
2359:
2354:
2248:
1414:
1399:
702:
2238:
1261:, which was ruled by Britain and Hanover in personal union. Soon, the French also occupied Saxe-Lauenburg.
1138:
666:
2118:
836:
2305:
2173:
1410:
1288:
1215:
1190:
1130:
840:
2300:
1345:. That was the only German army to fight continually throughout the Napoleonic Wars against the French.
1013:
863:
380:
2366:
2243:
2076:
1511:
1357:
1265:
1241:
1096:
1024:
993:
333:
2104:
2295:
2017:
1701:
1464:
1406:
1240:
After Britain, this time without any allies, had declared war on France (18 May 1803), French troops
1154:
958:
889:
In 1700, the territories forming the electorate introduced, like all other Protestant territories of
859:
714:
646:
496:
321:
2315:
1398:, which was then valid for the ducal family, the change needed imperial confirmation, which Emperor
1319:
2514:
2332:
2228:
1492:
1292:
1245:
1076:(1754–1763) in the North American colonies, Britain feared a French invasion of Hanover. George II
1039:
962:
623:
411:
231:
84:
1342:
1085:
875:
171:
37:
2090:
1475:
1356:
spelled the definitive end to the Napoleonic client state of Westphalia, as well as the entire
986:
658:
2409:
2349:
2327:
1747:
803:
Sketch map of the Duchy of Brunswick-LĂĽneburg including the Hanover electorate (blue) and the
2419:
2290:
2038:
1956:
1349:
1307:
1303:
1162:
1073:
740:
The electoral coat of arms and flag (see info box upper right of this article) displayed the
682:
677:
631:
509:
441:
1387:
1315:
1194:
2485:
2404:
2371:
2344:
2006:
1991:
1222:
1108:
1055:
1028:
799:
8:
2394:
2146:
2132:
1942:
1928:
1311:
1277:
1089:
1004:
George II (gave him land in exchange for a pledge of service), with the reverted fief of
1843:
1586:
power was lost and restored by various occupations and annexations during the 1801–1813
2510:
2386:
2337:
2203:
1980:
1663:
1628:
1618:
1603:
1522:
1496:
1422:
1369:
1365:
1323:
1273:
1081:
1047:
966:
945:
918:
894:
890:
854:
the Electorate of Hanover within the Northeastern part of the Holy Roman Empire in 1789
722:
686:
650:
627:
527:
454:
415:
235:
1268:
against France (1805), the French occupying troops left Hanover in a campaign against
2506:
2493:
2322:
2207:
2198:
1828:
1795:
1753:
1638:
1593:
1572:
1433:
1353:
1284:
1170:
1145:, again expelled the occupants. Hanover remained unaffected for the rest of the war.
902:
835:. Beside the Principality of Calenberg it also included the former princely lands of
706:
670:
662:
590:
221:
1418:
733:, became colloquially eponymous for the electorate, but it officially used the name
1623:
1587:
1555:
1381:
1361:
1299:
1234:
1124:
832:
2502:
2477:
1820:
1789:
1633:
1599:
1269:
1249:
1158:
1051:
1043:
982:
788:
611:
574:
263:
142:
1133:). However, George II did not recognise the convention. The following year, the
2481:
2376:
1891:
1535:
1437:
1426:
1254:
1211:
1207:
1174:
1020:
1005:
978:
970:
844:
808:
757:
718:
654:
619:
586:
407:
384:
290:
227:
217:
2539:
2280:
2215:
1725:
1502:
1391:
1166:
950:
871:
812:
642:
428:
2414:
1178:
1134:
1088:
combining the North American conflict with the Brandenburg-Prusso–Austrian
828:
773:
765:
1111:
and drove him and his army into remote Bremen-Verden, where in the former
1001:
898:
816:
742:
1592:
Although the electoral title became defunct with the dissolution of the
1012:
been ruled in personal union with Hanover and with one of its preceding
905:. Sunday, 18 February (Old Style) was thus followed by Monday, 1 March (
1659:
1544:
1334:
1230:
785:
777:
1602:
in early 1814 and was broadly recognised as such during the 1814–1815
1395:
1327:
906:
883:
1732:
Histoire de la formation territoriale des États de l'Europe centrale
26:
1671:
827:
The electorate comprised large parts of the modern German state of
273:
2272:
1417:
in 1708, the Calenberg line further inherited the principality of
969:
and so the electorate and Great Britain and Ireland were ruled in
866:
with the Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg upon the death of his uncle Duke
1042:(electoral government) installed a new ministry in charge of the
1035:
882:), whereby his former landlocked electorate gained access to the
730:
598:
594:
556:
253:
1421:
in 1705. Further included were the earlier-acquired counties of
1326:, the French Empire annexed in late 1810 all of the continental
973:. The possessions of the electors in Germany also grew, as they
2399:
1338:
850:
781:
1248:(5 July 1803), confirming the military defeat of Hanover, the
772:) is a heraldic motif associated with the German provinces of
665:, which settled the succession to the British throne on Queen
1199:
1113:
1218:, the coalition fell apart and Prussia withdrew its troops.
1258:
754:
Sachsenross, Niedersachsenross, Welfenross, Westfalenpferd
618:). For most of its existence, the electorate was ruled in
1440:
and Prince-Elector of the Holy Roman Empire" until 1814.
1310:, then including territories of the former Electorate of
641:
had been split in 1269 between different branches of the
819:(1731,not shown on the map) and George III acquired the
1771:
1769:
992:
George Louis died in 1727 and was succeeded by his son
1214:, Britain began to capture Prussian ships. After the
1845:
Hanover and Prussia 1795-1803: A Study in Neutrality
1766:
1233:, which had been ruled by every second ruler of the
1825:
Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire
1596:
in 1806, George did not recognise that dissolution.
1295:(11 November 1806), and France recaptured Hanover.
1169:under British command against France. In 1795, the
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1390:principalities. Its succession was to follow male
807:(green), c. 1720: Elector George I Louis acquired
681:British side of a war. Merged into the Napoleonic
1225:of 25 February 1803, the electorate received the
2537:
1272:. British, Swedish and Russian coalition forces
784:as the electorate covered large portions of the
1364:was restored. The former electorate became the
1350:when the territory was overrun by Allied troops
1264:In the autumn of 1805, at the beginning of the
1153:After the war ended, peace prevailed until the
721:of the empire as a reward for aid given in the
1787:
1674:, had annexed George III's German possessions.
2181:
1869:
597:and taking its name from the capital city of
2551:1692 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1745:
1730:
1148:
150:
134:
1894:of the Holy Roman Empire from 1356 to 1806
1348:French control lasted until November 1813,
941:Personal union of Great Britain and Hanover
669:nearest Protestant relative, the Electress
2188:
2174:
1876:
1862:
1739:
1699:
934:
815:, his successor George II Augustus gained
199:
16:State of the Holy Roman Empire (1692–1814)
1781:
1749:Hanover and the British Empire, 1700–1837
1306:was founded, ruled by Napoléon's brother
1159:War of the First Coalition against France
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
944:
927:Hanover acquired Bremen-Verden in 1719.
849:
798:
653:elevated the Prince of Calenberg to the
1702:"Hannover und die englische Thronfolge"
870:. In 1715, he purchased the duchies of
843:as well as the territory of the former
2538:
1819:
1775:
1375:
1202:, and stayed there until October. The
1143:Principality of Brunswick-WolfenbĂĽttel
805:Principality of Brunswick-WolfenbĂĽttel
685:in 1807, it was re-established as the
2169:
1857:
1752:. Boydell & Brewer. p. 110.
1038:, the capital of the electorate, the
691:personal union with the British crown
676:The prince-elector of Hanover became
1841:
1137:, supported by troops from Prussia,
1068:Great Britain in the Seven Years War
1023:. In return, Hanover recognised the
868:George William of Brunswick-LĂĽneburg
396:• Electorate formally approved
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
1693:
1090:Third Silesian, or Seven Years' War
1061:
616:KurfĂĽrstentum Braunschweig-LĂĽneburg
152:KurfĂĽrstentum Braunschweig-LĂĽneburg
13:
1101:Prince William, Duke of Cumberland
713:of the Brunswick-LĂĽneburg line of
14:
2572:
2556:1807 disestablishments in Germany
1184:
762:Twentse Ros / Saksische ros/paard
2262:
2197:
2141:
2127:
2113:
2099:
2085:
2071:
2047:
2033:
2012:
2001:
1986:
1975:
1951:
1937:
1923:
1896:
1885:
1554:
1521:
1474:
1129:he capitulated on 18 September (
901:to avoid mentioning the name of
893:, the Improved Calendar, as the
603:Electorate of Brunswick-LĂĽneburg
536:
518:
489:
182:
170:
130:Electorate of Brunswick-LĂĽneburg
25:
601:. It was formally known as the
369:• Elevation to Electorate
36:needs additional citations for
1719:
1651:
729:in 1708. Calenberg's capital,
1:
1681:
1579:Prince-Bishopric of OsnabrĂĽck
1368:, which was confirmed at the
1227:Prince-Bishopric of OsnabrĂĽck
1099:and defeated George II's son
1019:In 1731, Hanover also gained
821:Prince-Bishopric of OsnabrĂĽck
737:of the entire ducal dynasty.
205:Electorate of Hanover in 1789
1848:. Columbia University Press.
1827:. Harvard University Press.
1686:
1670:, under heavy pressure from
1550:Georg III. Wilhelm Friedrich
1545:George III William Frederick
1444:List of electors of Hanover
794:
346:George III William Frederick
7:
1612:
1333:However, the government of
1289:War of the Fourth Coalition
1216:Battle of Copenhagen (1801)
1193:against France (1799–1802)
1191:War of the Second Coalition
1131:Convention of Kloster-Zeven
1095:In the summer of 1757, the
639:Duchy of Brunswick-LĂĽneburg
10:
2577:
1842:Ford, Guy Stanton (1903).
1812:
1736:. 1876, vol. 1, pp. 95–96.
1379:
1358:Confederation of the Rhine
1266:War of the Third Coalition
1065:
1025:Pragmatic Sanction of 1713
938:
916:
912:
780:, and the Dutch region of
735:Chur-Braunschweig-LĂĽneburg
593:, located in northwestern
2490:Lower Rhenish–Westphalian
2428:
2385:
2271:
2260:
2214:
2067:Added in the 19th century
2029:Added in the 17th century
1906:
1448:
1394:. Since that was against
1291:, it was defeated in the
1242:invaded Hanover on 26 May
1155:French Revolutionary Wars
1149:French Revolutionary Wars
647:Principality of Calenberg
552:
497:Principality of Calenberg
468:
464:
453:• Re-established as
451:
438:
425:
404:
394:
377:
367:
363:
355:
351:
339:
327:
315:
303:
299:
289:
279:
269:
259:
249:
210:
198:
166:
161:
125:
1644:
1484:Son of Ernest Augustus.
1293:Battle of Jena-Auerstedt
1246:Convention of Artlenburg
1040:Privy Council of Hanover
1014:Principality of LĂĽneburg
864:Principality of LĂĽneburg
2525:Unencircled territories
2286:Brunswick and Lunenburg
1788:Torsten Riotte (2005).
1564:Grandson of George II.
977:purchased the formerly-
953:of Hanover (1727–1801).
935:Link with Great Britain
878:(confirmed by the 1719
876:Frederick IV of Denmark
696:
673:, and her descendants.
60:"Electorate of Hanover"
2316:Brunswick-WolfenbĂĽttel
1794:. LIT Verlag MĂĽnster.
1731:
1575:with Ireland) in 1801.
1360:, and the rule of the
1320:Brunswick-WolfenbĂĽttel
1283:On 6 August 1806, the
1097:French invaded Hanover
954:
855:
824:
761:
753:
659:Act of Settlement 1701
615:
579:KurfĂĽrstentum Hannover
578:
151:
136:KurfĂĽrstentum Hannover
135:
127:Electorate of Hanover
2561:Former principalities
2546:Electorate of Hanover
1746:Nick Harding (2007).
1668:Frederick William III
1662:even declared war on
1388:Brunswick-LĂĽneburgian
1316:Brunswick-LĂĽneburgian
1304:Kingdom of Westphalia
1105:Anglo-Hanoverian army
1074:French and Indian War
1066:Further information:
948:
853:
802:
683:Kingdom of Westphalia
678:king of Great Britain
632:Hanoverian Succession
566:Electorate of Hanover
514:Kingdom of Westphalia
442:Kingdom of Westphalia
260:Common languages
1343:King's German Legion
1223:German Mediatisation
1109:Battle of Hastenbeck
45:improve this article
2501:Circles est. 1512:
2476:Circles est. 1500:
2206:(1500–1806) of the
1567:Became King of the
1445:
1376:Electors of Hanover
1276:. In December, the
1244:. According to the
996:. In 1728, Emperor
880:Treaty of Stockholm
693:lasted until 1837.
655:College of Electors
440:• Merged into
2522:
2518:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2204:Lower Saxon Circle
1912:
1629:History of Hanover
1619:Kingdom of Hanover
1604:Congress of Vienna
1512:George II Augustus
1443:
1370:Congress of Vienna
1366:Kingdom of Hanover
1324:Continental System
1195:Napoléon Bonaparte
1078:formed an alliance
994:George II Augustus
955:
919:History of Hanover
895:Gregorian calendar
891:imperial immediacy
856:
825:
687:Kingdom of Hanover
651:Holy Roman Emperor
532:Kingdom of Hanover
455:Kingdom of Hanover
334:George II Augustus
2531:
2530:
2515:Electoral Rhenish
2208:Holy Roman Empire
2163:
2162:
2158:
2157:
1997:(until 1777)
1801:978-3-8258-7551-0
1759:978-1-84383-300-0
1639:Hanoverian prince
1610:
1609:
1594:Holy Roman Empire
1531:Son of George I.
1434:Holy Roman Empire
1402:granted in 1692.
1354:Battle of Leipzig
1302:in 1807, the new
1285:Holy Roman Empire
1171:Holy Roman Empire
1056:St James's Palace
981:-held duchies of
903:Pope Gregory XIII
858:In 1705, Elector
717:, to the rank of
707:House of Habsburg
701:In 1692, Emperor
689:in 1814, and the
671:Sophia of Hanover
663:Act of Union 1707
591:Holy Roman Empire
562:
561:
548:
547:
544:
543:
502:
501:
379:• Inherited
341:• 1760–1806
329:• 1727–1760
317:• 1698–1727
305:• 1692–1698
222:Holy Roman Empire
121:
120:
113:
95:
2568:
2523:
2519:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2266:
2202:
2201:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2167:
2166:
2152:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2009:
2005:
2004:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1909:
1908:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1838:
1821:Wilson, Peter H.
1806:
1805:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1764:
1763:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1706:
1700:Heide Barmeyer.
1697:
1675:
1655:
1624:House of Hanover
1588:Great French War
1558:
1525:
1517:Georg II. August
1478:
1446:
1442:
1382:House of Hanover
1362:House of Hanover
1318:principality of
1308:JĂ©rĂ´me Bonaparte
1300:Treaty of Tilsit
1274:captured Hanover
1235:House of Hanover
1128:
1062:Seven Years' War
1044:Imperial Estates
833:Northern Germany
751:
610:
573:
540:
539:
522:
521:
506:
505:
493:
492:
486:
485:
470:
469:
427:• Acquired
203:
186:
174:
156:
154:
146:
138:
131:
123:
122:
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2517:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2381:
2267:
2258:
2210:
2196:
2194:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2022:
2021:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1964:
1963:
1960:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1852:
1835:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1802:
1786:
1782:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1744:
1740:
1724:
1720:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1634:King of Hanover
1615:
1600:King of Hanover
1597:
1591:
1582:
1576:
1548:
1515:
1500:
1468:
1452:Dates of reign
1384:
1378:
1250:Hanoverian Army
1221:As part of the
1187:
1175:Treaty of Basel
1163:French Republic
1151:
1122:
1070:
1064:
1052:German Chancery
961:became king of
943:
937:
921:
915:
797:
789:Duchy of Saxony
747:
723:Nine Years' War
711:Ernest Augustus
699:
606:
569:
537:
531:
519:
513:
490:
457:
444:
431:
418:
397:
387:
370:
342:
330:
318:
310:Ernest Augustus
306:
264:West Low German
245:
206:
194:
193:
192:
190:
187:
179:
178:
175:
157:
148:
147:
140:
132:
129:
128:
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2574:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2529:
2528:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2377:Saxe-Lauenburg
2374:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2283:
2277:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2216:Ecclesiastical
2212:
2211:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2170:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2023:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1881:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1858:
1851:
1850:
1839:
1834:978-0674058095
1833:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1800:
1780:
1778:, p. 583.
1765:
1758:
1738:
1718:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1569:United Kingdom
1565:
1562:
1559:
1552:
1540:
1539:
1536:Land of Hadeln
1532:
1529:
1526:
1519:
1507:
1506:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1472:
1465:George I Louis
1460:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1438:Arch-treasurer
1380:Main article:
1377:
1374:
1298:Following the
1255:Saxe-Lauenburg
1208:Denmark-Norway
1186:
1185:Napoleonic era
1183:
1150:
1147:
1103:, leading the
1063:
1060:
1054:, situated in
1006:Saxe-Lauenburg
971:personal union
939:Main article:
936:
933:
917:Main article:
914:
911:
897:was called by
862:inherited the
860:George I Louis
845:County of Hoya
809:Saxe-Lauenburg
796:
793:
719:prince-elector
709:elevated Duke
698:
695:
630:following the
620:personal union
560:
559:
554:
550:
549:
546:
545:
542:
541:
534:
524:
523:
516:
503:
500:
499:
494:
482:
481:
476:
466:
465:
462:
461:
458:
452:
449:
448:
445:
439:
436:
435:
432:
426:
423:
422:
419:
408:Personal union
405:
402:
401:
398:
395:
392:
391:
388:
385:Saxe-Lauenburg
378:
375:
374:
371:
368:
365:
364:
361:
360:
357:
353:
352:
349:
348:
343:
340:
337:
336:
331:
328:
325:
324:
322:George I Louis
319:
316:
313:
312:
307:
304:
301:
300:
297:
296:
293:
291:Prince-elector
287:
286:
281:
277:
276:
271:
267:
266:
261:
257:
256:
251:
247:
246:
244:
243:
240:United Kingdom
228:Personal union
225:
214:
212:
208:
207:
204:
196:
195:
188:
181:
180:
176:
169:
168:
167:
164:
163:
159:
158:
133:
126:
119:
118:
101:September 2013
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2573:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2534:
2526:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2498:(Lower) Saxon
2495:
2491:
2487:
2486:Upper Rhenish
2483:
2479:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2148:
2134:
2120:
2106:
2092:
2078:
2068:
2062:
2054:
2040:
2030:
2024:
2019:
2008:
1993:
1982:
1972:
1966:
1958:
1944:
1930:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1893:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1803:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1784:
1777:
1772:
1770:
1761:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1742:
1735:
1733:
1727:
1726:Auguste Himly
1722:
1703:
1696:
1692:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1650:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1577:Acquired the
1574:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1534:Acquired the
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1503:Bremen-Verden
1498:
1494:
1493:Great Britain
1490:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1432:Although the
1430:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:Imperial Diet
1412:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1392:primogeniture
1389:
1383:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1278:French Empire
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1257:, across the
1256:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1167:Low Countries
1164:
1160:
1157:started. The
1156:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1092:(1756–1763).
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
963:Great Britain
960:
952:
947:
942:
932:
928:
925:
920:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
872:Bremen-Verden
869:
865:
861:
852:
848:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
822:
818:
814:
813:Bremen-Verden
810:
806:
801:
792:
790:
787:
786:original stem
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
750:
745:
744:
738:
736:
732:
728:
727:Imperial Diet
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
694:
692:
688:
684:
679:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
643:House of Welf
640:
635:
633:
629:
625:
624:Great Britain
621:
617:
613:
609:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
567:
558:
555:
553:Today part of
551:
535:
533:
530:
526:
525:
517:
515:
512:
508:
507:
504:
498:
495:
488:
487:
484:
483:
480:
477:
475:
472:
471:
467:
463:
459:
456:
450:
446:
443:
437:
433:
430:
429:Bremen-Verden
424:
420:
417:
413:
412:Great Britain
409:
403:
399:
393:
389:
386:
382:
376:
372:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
347:
344:
338:
335:
332:
326:
323:
320:
314:
311:
308:
302:
298:
294:
292:
288:
285:
282:
278:
275:
272:
268:
265:
262:
258:
255:
252:
248:
241:
237:
233:
232:Great Britain
229:
226:
223:
219:
216:
215:
213:
209:
202:
197:
185:
173:
165:
160:
155:
153:
144:
137:
124:
115:
112:
104:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
2533:
2497:
2475:
2474:until 1734.
2310:
2066:
2052:
2028:
1970:
1961:(until 1803)
1947:(until 1803)
1933:(until 1803)
1918:
1844:
1824:
1790:
1783:
1748:
1741:
1729:
1721:
1709:. Retrieved
1707:. H-Soz-Kult
1695:
1653:
1583:
1573:Act of Union
1549:
1543:
1516:
1510:
1470:Georg Ludwig
1469:
1463:
1431:
1404:
1385:
1347:
1332:
1314:, the ducal
1312:Hesse-Kassel
1297:
1282:
1263:
1239:
1237:since 1662.
1220:
1188:
1152:
1139:Hesse-Kassel
1135:British Army
1118:
1112:
1094:
1086:Frederick II
1071:
1033:
1018:
1016:since 1689.
1009:
1008:, which had
991:
974:
959:George Louis
956:
929:
926:
922:
888:
857:
829:Lower Saxony
826:
774:Lower Saxony
769:
741:
739:
734:
700:
675:
636:
602:
582:
565:
563:
528:
510:
479:Succeeded by
478:
473:
284:Principality
189:Coat of arms
149:
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
2511:Upper Saxon
2466:until 1695.
2462:until 1640.
2458:until 1773.
2450:until 1596.
2446:until 1705.
2442:until 1731.
2434:until 1701.
2430:until 1648.
2345:Mecklenburg
2306:Grubenhagen
2291:Blankenburg
2229:Halberstadt
2150:(1803–1806)
2136:(1803–1806)
2122:(1803–1806)
2119:WĂĽrttemberg
2108:(1805–1806)
2094:(1803–1805)
2081:(1803–1806)
2018:Brandenburg
1776:Wilson 2016
1666:after King
1598:Proclaimed
1455:Succession
1411:Grubenhagen
1189:During the
1123: [
1072:During the
1058:in London.
1000:officially
899:Protestants
841:Grubenhagen
817:Land Hadeln
770:Witte Peerd
743:Saxon Steed
583:Kurhannover
474:Preceded by
242:(1714–1807)
224:(1692–1806)
191:(1708–1714)
2540:Categories
2507:Burgundian
2494:Franconian
2470:from 1701.
2454:from 1708.
2438:from 1648.
2420:Nordhausen
2415:MĂĽhlhausen
2372:Regenstein
2328:GlĂĽckstadt
2234:Hildesheim
2077:Regensburg
1992:Palatinate
1682:References
1660:George III
1561:1760–1806
1528:1727–1760
1481:1708–1727
1352:after the
1335:George III
1231:real union
998:Charles VI
874:from King
778:Westphalia
587:electorate
581:or simply
280:Government
71:newspapers
2338:Pinneberg
2296:Calenberg
2249:Ratzeburg
2244:Magdeburg
1919:Spiritual
1687:Citations
1538:in 1731.
1505:in 1719.
1501:Acquired
1407:Calenberg
1400:Leopold I
1396:Salic law
1372:in 1814.
1328:North Sea
1107:, at the
1080:with his
1002:enfeoffed
989:in 1719.
957:In 1714,
907:New Style
884:North Sea
837:Göttingen
795:Geography
766:Low Saxon
749:‹See Tfd›
715:Calenberg
703:Leopold I
608:‹See Tfd›
585:) was an
571:‹See Tfd›
270:Religion
162:1692–1814
2503:Austrian
2478:Bavarian
2360:Strelitz
2355:Schwerin
2323:Holstein
2254:Schwerin
2105:WĂĽrzburg
2091:Salzburg
1892:Electors
1823:(2016).
1711:20 March
1672:Napoleon
1613:See also
1584:De facto
1581:in 1803.
1571:(by the
1499:in 1714.
1449:Elector
1423:Diepholz
1141:and the
1082:Prussian
1048:Bentheim
1010:de facto
975:de facto
752:German:
381:LĂĽneburg
274:Lutheran
238:and the
2482:Swabian
2405:Hamburg
2367:Rantzau
2350:GĂĽstrow
2333:Gottorp
2311:Hanover
2273:Secular
2053:Hanover
2039:Bavaria
1981:Bohemia
1971:Secular
1957:Cologne
1813:Sources
1664:Prussia
1497:Ireland
1487:Became
1270:Austria
1204:British
1119:Convent
1084:cousin
1036:Hanover
1029:estates
979:Swedish
967:Ireland
913:History
731:Hanover
705:of the
628:Ireland
599:Hanover
595:Germany
589:of the
557:Germany
416:Ireland
406:•
356:History
254:Hanover
250:Capital
236:Ireland
220:of the
85:scholar
2410:LĂĽbeck
2400:Goslar
2395:Bremen
2387:Cities
2281:Bremen
2239:LĂĽbeck
2224:Bremen
2057:(1692)
2043:(1623)
2007:Saxony
1995:
1831:
1798:
1756:
1458:Notes
1339:London
1212:Russia
1021:Hadeln
987:Verden
983:Bremen
951:ensign
949:Civil
823:(1803)
782:Twente
667:Anne's
645:. The
612:German
575:German
359:
295:
211:Status
143:German
139:
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
2301:Celle
2147:Hesse
2133:Baden
1943:Trier
1929:Mainz
1705:(PDF)
1645:Notes
1419:Celle
1200:Stade
1127:]
1114:Zeven
758:Dutch
622:with
529:1814:
511:1807:
410:with
230:with
218:State
92:JSTOR
78:books
1829:ISBN
1796:ISBN
1754:ISBN
1713:2020
1495:and
1489:King
1427:Hoya
1425:and
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