266:
731:
43:
1886:
235:
2557:
2203:
649:
466:
27:
1898:
458:
593:
362:
2209:
273:
50:
750:, a branch of the country's Ministry of Tourism and Culture. The government is working to preserve the castle as an important historic site and as a destination for tourists, especially African Americans. Bunce Island has been called "the most important historic site in Africa for the United States" because thousands of slaves were shipped from here to ports in the American South.
497:, where they developed extensive rice plantations. Rice requires a great deal of technical knowledge for its successful cultivation. South Carolinan and Georgian planters were willing to pay premium prices for slave labour brought from what they called the "Rice Coast" of West Africa, the traditional rice-growing region stretching from what is now
774:, visited Bunce Island in 1992 while on an official visit to Sierra Leone. Powell spoke of his feelings in a farewell speech he made before leaving the country; "I am an American ... but today, I am something more ... I am an African too ... I feel my roots here in this continent".
520:
Bunce Island was the largest
British slave castle on the Rice Coast. African farmers with rice-growing skills were kidnapped from inland areas and sold at the castle or at one of its many "outfactories" (trading posts) along the coast before being transported to North America. Several thousand slaves
345:
Bance Island House, the headquarters building where the Chief Agent lived with his senior officers, was at the centre of the castle. Immediately behind it was the open-air slave yard, which was divided between a large area for men and a smaller one for women and children. Remnants of two watchtowers,
380:
and
African women, and were often bilingual. During the island's later history, Afro-English dynasties became established in communities along the West African coast, beginning in the 17th century. By 1800, there were about 12,000 Afro-English in this area. Mixed-race men from such families as the
639:
based its Africa
Squadron there. They sent regular patrols to search for slave vessels violating the ban. Bunce Island was shut down for slave-trading; British firms used the castle as a cotton plantation, a trading post and a sawmill. These activities were economically unsuccessful and the island
757:
In
October 2010, the Bunce Island Coalition (US) and its local partner organisation announced the start of the Bunce Island Preservation Project, a five-year, US$ 5 million effort to preserve the ruins of the castle as a historic landmark and to build a museum in Freetown devoted to the island's
691:
of Sierra Leone. Washington later donated US$ 25,000 to a project to create a computer reconstruction of Bunce Island as it appeared in 1805, to mark the bicentennial of the abolition of the
African slave trade by the UK and the United States. A reconstructed slave ship was docked at the island.
567:
Bunce Island was also linked to the
Northern colonies in America. Slave ships based in northern ports frequently called at Bunce Island, taking on supplies such as fresh water and provisions for the Atlantic crossing, and buying slaves for sale in the British islands of the West Indies and the
306:
king and part of the hybrid Luso-African community that had developed along the lower rivers. This class acted as middlemen, resisting efforts by the Royal
African Company to monopolise trade with African rulers. Lopez led others in destroying the Bunce Island factory.
258:
the latter offered the former the contents of their investment on the island for 4,644l. 4s. 9d. The castle was not commercially successful but it served as a symbol of
English influence in the region, where Portuguese slave traders had been established since the
424:
Bunce Island was an important
British commercial outpost and an attractive target during times of war. French naval forces attacked the castle four times (1695, 1704, 1779, and 1794), damaging or destroying it each time. The attack of 1779 took place during the
333:
and
Alexander Anderson. Throughout the late 18th century, it was a highly profitable enterprise. During the second half of the eighteenth century, the companies sent thousands of slaves from Bunce Island to plantations on the British and French colonies in the
722:, one of Britain's principal slaving ports. Walker was involved in 11 slaving expeditions; he immigrated with his fortune to the US, where he became naturalised in 1792. One of his descendants, Dorothy (Walker) Bush, was the mother of George H.W. Bush.
444:
or "Black Bart", the most notorious pirate of the 18th century, attacked in 1719 and 1720. The British traders rebuilt the castle after each attack, gradually altering its architecture during the roughly 140 years it was used as a slave trade
203:
Although the island is small, its strategic position at the limit of navigation for ocean-going ships in Africa's largest natural harbour made it an ideal base for European slave traders. To mark the 2007–2008 bicentennial of Britain's
742:
led an expedition that cleared the vegetation, mapped the ruins and photographed them for the first time. Research at the island has been underway since the 1970s. A hurricane struck in 1974, damaging structures.
798:
and the night-time temperature can be as low as 16 °C (60.8 °F). The average temperature is 26 °C (78.8 °F) and varies from around 26 to 36 °C (78.8 to 96.8 °F) during the year.
612:, a settlement for freed slaves on the Sierra Leone Peninsula, 20 miles (32 kilometres) down-river from Bunce Island. This first attempt at colonisation was unsuccessful and in March 1792, the settlement of
373:
described as the "Atlantic Creole generation"—sold slaves and local products there. They were well-established along the rivers near the coast and were descendants of male Portuguese slave traders known as
1799:
393:
sold slaves and traded goods at Bunce Island. Like the Portuguese descendants, they occupied a middle ground, often marrying into the upper classes of African tribes. The slave ships came from
469:
Commercial goods from Europe were shipped to Africa for sale and traded for enslaved Africans. Africans were in turn brought to the regions depicted in blue, in what became known as the "
1669:
DeCorse, Christopher (2007), "Bunce Island Cultural Resource Assessment," Report prepared for the U.S. Embassy in Sierra Leone and the Sierra Leone Monuments and Relics Commission.
1481:
706:
Evidence of numerous historical and genealogical links between Bunce Island and the United States has been found. In 2013, historians reported learning that two U.S. presidents,
529:(Georgia) during the second half of the eighteenth century. Slave auction advertisements in those cities often announced slave cargoes arriving from "Bance" or "Bense" Island.
212:
created a three-dimensional animation of the castle as it was in 1805, and an exhibit on the site that was displayed to museums all across the U.S. which is now held by the
1250:
1727:
1779:
242:
Bunce Island was first settled and fortified by English slave traders circa 1670. During its early history, the castle was operated by two London-based firms: the
1760:
738:
In 1948, Bunce Island was designated Sierra Leone's first officially protected historic site. The same year, Sierra Leonean amateur historian and medical doctor
714:, are directly descended from a slave-ship captain who operated out of Bunce Island and other ports in the Sierra Leone region in the late 1700s. Their ancestor
369:
The slave traders who did business at Bunce Island came from a variety of backgrounds. During the castle's early history, Afro-Portuguese—part of what historian
1594:
1010:
358:. At the south end of the island, several inscribed tombstones mark the graves of slave traders, slave ship captains, and the foreman of African workers.
173:
181:
1789:
1466:
782:
Like the climate for the rest of Sierra Leone, the climate for Bunce Island is tropical, with two seasons determining the agricultural cycle: the
739:
1316:
286:
1970:
330:
836:
703:
and historic drawings. It is part of an exhibit portraying the island's history and depicts the buildings as they appeared 200 years ago.
981:
549:
754:
in Senegal has become better known than Bunce and has attracted African-American tourists and support for preservation since the 1980s.
265:
1839:
605:
1868:
1664:
Eurafricans in Western Africa: Commerce, Social Status, Gender, and Religious Observance from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century,
1354:
Memorandum on the Folly of Invading Virginia: The Strategic Importance of Portsmouth and the Need for Civilian Control of the Military
2147:
88:
1766:
1930:
1258:
2574:
1138:
The Rise of British West Africa: Comprising the Early History of the Colony of Sierra Leone, the Gambia, Lagos, Gold Coast, Etc
1829:
1046:
1860:
1637:
1406:
1120:
541:
537:
2342:
2320:
1500:
188:. The island measures about 1,650 feet (502.9 metres) by 350 feet (106.7 metres) and houses a castle that was built by the
1817:
1852:
609:
556:. After hostilities ended, he became one of the Peace Commissioners who negotiated United States independence under the
1446:
747:
676:(2005). Historian David Hancock documented Bunce Island during the period of Grant, Oswald & Company in his study,
1385:
History of the Rise, Progress and Accomplishment of the Abolition of the African Slave Trade by the British Parliament
2021:
1292:
1732:
1707:
Opala, Joseph (2007), "Bunce Island: A British Slave Castle in Sierra Leone (Historical Summary)" in DeCorse (2007).
1600:
2623:
2126:
1750:
863:
624:
355:
311:
302:
slave trader based in the area. He was the richest man in present-day territory of Sierra Leone, the grandson of a
2086:
2066:
1018:
42:
2613:
1421:
1399:"New negroes from Africa" slave trade abolition and free African settlement in the nineteenth-century Caribbean
1230:
1546:
2633:
298:
The early phase of the castle's history ended in 1728 when Bunce Island was raided by José Lopez da Moura, a
664:
of the United States Low Country. He organised the Gullah "homecomings" portrayed in the documentary films:
2405:
2400:
715:
513:
in the south. Still, records of the port of Charleston show that nearly 40 percent of the slaves came from
473:". African slaves were thereafter traded for raw materials, which were returned to Europe to complete the "
213:
1688:"Citizens of the World: London Merchants and the Integration of the British Atlantic Community, 1735–1785,
2468:
2157:
1923:
1371:
1439:
Citizens of the World: London Merchants and the Integration of the British Atlantic Community, 1735-1785
1876:
545:
522:
486:
426:
2299:
947:
561:
319:
315:
2371:
2352:
2315:
2261:
2183:
696:
581:
568:
Southern Colonies. The North American slave ships that called at Bunce Island were sailing out of
437:
209:
1757:, 2003, Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition, Yale University
552:. Captured by the British en route to his post in Europe during the war, he was imprisoned in the
440:
took advantage of the conflict to attack British assets outside North America. Pirates, including
192:
in c.1670. Tens of thousands of Africans were shipped from here to the North American colonies of
2628:
2388:
2281:
573:
390:
200:
to be forced into slavery, and are the ancestors of many African Americans of the United States.
2061:
1916:
926:
557:
418:
310:
Bunce Island was abandoned until the mid-1740s. It was later operated by the London-based firm
247:
1222:
1215:
2618:
2381:
2240:
1994:
1246:
1112:
1106:
771:
700:
569:
406:
243:
189:
2327:
2292:
2276:
2002:
1978:
1185:
628:
617:
577:
398:
225:
205:
197:
687:
visited the island after learning through a DNA test he was descended from the indigenous
564:, the principal owner of Bunce Island; he and Laurens had been friends for thirty years.
481:
Bunce Island is best known as one of the chief processing points for slaves to be sold to
8:
2142:
2081:
1890:
1629:
1623:
490:
441:
149:
730:
2376:
2362:
2357:
2111:
1823:
1310:
616:
was founded as the basis for the second and only permanent Colony of Sierra Leone. The
402:
347:
229:
169:
76:
1695:
Nation and Province in the First British Empire: Scotland and the Americas, 1600–1800,
640:
was abandoned around 1840, after which the buildings and stone walls fell into decay.
2540:
2513:
2423:
2332:
2188:
2167:
2028:
1986:
1633:
1599:. Freetown, Sierra Leone: Consortium Parsons Brinckerhoff. p. 12. Archived from
1550:
1482:
Simon Akam, "George W. Bush's Great-Great-Great-Great-Grandfather Was a Slave Trader"
1442:
1402:
1298:
1288:
1226:
1116:
707:
684:
536:
served as Bunce Island's business agent in Charleston, and was a wealthy planter and
526:
434:
394:
168:(also spelled "Bence," "Bense," or "Bance" at different periods) is an island in the
246:
and its offshoot, the Gambia Adventurers, the latter a "Crown-chartered company" or
2347:
2337:
2271:
2266:
2116:
1834:
1467:
James Knight and Katrina Manson, "Sierra Leone Draws Americans Seeking Slave Roots"
1368:
Memories of the Slave Trade: Ritual and the Historical Imagination in Sierra Leone.
474:
430:
1800:"Former JMU prof continues groundbreaking research into TransAtlantic slave trade"
1518:
1156:
2561:
2518:
2473:
2245:
2230:
2106:
2076:
2045:
1200:
1102:
982:"Forgotten Island: How Sierra Leone Plans To Use Slavery Legacy To Boost Tourism"
923:
Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies: Volume 13, 1689-1692.
553:
386:
339:
255:
1356:. University of Virginia Press for the Tracy W. Mcgregor Library. p. 36-42.
2091:
1902:
954:. The Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition
711:
470:
193:
2607:
2589:
2576:
2463:
2286:
1710:
1302:
795:
533:
482:
382:
299:
103:
90:
2533:
2528:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2488:
2478:
2458:
2453:
2235:
1181:
925:
Ed. J W Fortescue. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1901. 317-325.
889:
843:. Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition
783:
767:
688:
657:
632:
506:
351:
291:
127:
234:
184:, about 20 miles (32 kilometres) upriver from Sierra Leone's capital city
2483:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2162:
2096:
1674:
Complicity: How the North Promoted, Prolonged, and Profited from Slavery,
816:
Bunce Island: A British Slave Castle in Sierra Leone (Historical Summary)
494:
335:
326:
303:
177:
446:
376:
2523:
2493:
2202:
2121:
2101:
1908:
1568:
1330:
787:
758:
history and the influence of the Atlantic slave trade in Sierra Leone.
636:
502:
461:
Bunce Island in 1805 during the period of John & Alexander Anderson
370:
592:
791:
656:
Three American scholars have researched Bunce Island. Anthropologist
648:
414:
251:
141:
26:
912:, Official website, Bunce Island exhibit, accessed 25 February 2014.
457:
1427:, Gilder Lehrman Center, Yale University, accessed 25 February 2014
613:
465:
361:
238:
Bunce Island in 1726 during the period of the Royal African Company
185:
1755:
The Gullah: Rice, Slavery and the Sierre Leone-American Connection
751:
153:
2428:
2152:
2071:
1962:
1897:
1790:
US Funded Coalition Restores Key West African Slave Trade Castle"
719:
510:
498:
410:
2208:
1805:
1201:
Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution
1939:
1824:"The Slave Fortress and Bunce Island": Photos by Peter Andersen
1802:, "Old South High" website, 9 July 2013, Harrisonburg, Virginia
1744:
909:
661:
514:
2367:
413:. They transported slaves mostly to European colonies in the
1547:"'Slave trade ghost town': The dark history of Bunce Island"
864:"'Slave trade ghost town': The dark history of Bunce Island"
325:
In 1785 Bunce and a number of other dependent islands were
1501:
JAMES BROOKE, "A Slave Island Draws Descendants of Slaves"
1553:
and Teo Kermeliotis, CNN, 16 May 2013 (see text, photos,
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1017:. African American Registry. 8 April 2016. Archived from
1525:
1745:"Bunce Island: A British Slave Castle in Sierra Leone"
1370:
Reconstructed by Mohamed Sheriff, Memphis, Tennessee,
1059:
910:"Bunce Island: A British Slave Castle in Sierra Leone"
699:
created a three-dimensional image of the castle using
1874:
1672:
Farrow, Anne, Joel Lang & Jenifer Frank. (2005)
1213:
McKissack, Patricia C.; McKissack, Frederick (1995).
695:
Project directors Joseph Opala and Gary Chatelain at
346:
a fortification with places for eight cannons, and a
862:
Duthiers, Vladimir; Kermeliotis, Teo (16 May 2013).
409:
in the North American colonies; and from France and
1865:, Full-length documentary by INKO Productions, 1998
1049:
Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century
861:
1728:Historical and heritage sites - Visit Sierra Leone
1214:
1212:
604:In 1787 British philanthropists involved with the
2605:
1352:Oswald, Richard; Robinson, Walter Stitt (1953).
1245:
620:continued to be legal for the next two decades.
1751:Joseph A. Opala, "Bunce Island in Sierra Leone"
1747:, Official website for the Bunce Island exhibit
1715:A History of the Upper Guinea Coast, 1545–1800,
560:. The chief negotiator on the British side was
1761:"Bunce Island Computer Reconstruction Project"
1596:Country Environment Profile (CEP) Sierra Leone
1351:
1217:The Royal Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay
748:Sierra Leonean Monuments and Relics Commission
350:remain standing. Some of the cannons bear the
1924:
1835:Photos of Bunce Island, by Matthew Oldfield 2
1830:Photos of Bunce Island, by Matthew Oldfield 1
521:from Bunce Island were taken to the ports of
318:& Company, founded by Scottish merchants
1869:Tour of Bunce Island for MSNBC's Rock Center
1507:, 8 November 1987, accessed 25 February 2014
322:and Alexander Grant, who took over in 1748.
1842:, Global Heritage Network, Satellite photos
1151:
1149:
1147:
921:"America and West Indies: September 1690."
643:
1971:A House Divided: Denmark Vesey's Rebellion
1931:
1917:
1806:"Bunce Island Virtual Archaeology Project"
1333:. Bunce Island Virtual Archaeology Project
1315:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1287:. Thuras, Dylan,, Morton, Ella. New York.
1251:"From Which Port Was Slave Ancestor Sold?"
1101:
606:Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor
587:
2148:Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor
1818:Polly de Blank, "In Photos: Bunce Island"
1540:
1510:
1496:
1494:
1477:
1475:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1415:
1401:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
1206:
1176:
1174:
485:in Lowcountry of the British colonies of
452:
1938:
1857:, Full-length documentary by SCETV, 1990
1738:
1697:Cranbury, NJ: Bucknell University Press.
1396:
1390:
1144:
729:
647:
591:
464:
456:
360:
233:
1773:
1733:My Return to Sierra Leone: Bunce Island
1659:New York: Farrar, Straus, & Giroux.
1592:
1436:
1239:
941:
939:
937:
935:
905:
903:
901:
899:
794:, when cool, dry winds blow in off the
734:Bunce Island Summary panel for visitors
631:. The following year Freetown became a
2606:
1704:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1690:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1621:
1560:
1491:
1472:
1455:
1282:
1180:
1171:
1135:
1129:
1086:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
979:
550:United States envoy to the Netherlands
31:A satellite picture of Freetown, 2006.
1912:
1702:A History of Sierra Leone, 1400–1787,
1278:
1276:
1249:; Pironti, Eileen (1 November 2013).
1074:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
975:
973:
971:
969:
945:
892:. World Monuments Fund. 8 April 2016.
813:
790:from December to May, which includes
746:Bunce Island is now protected by the
660:'s research linked the island to the
542:President of the Continental Congress
2321:Timeline of African-American history
1532:Les Guides Bleus: Afrique de l'Ouest
1519:"Goree and the Atlantic Slave Trade"
1011:"Bance Island opens for Slave Trade"
932:
896:
272:
49:
1780:"Bunce Island preservation project"
1625:Cultures of the World: Sierra Leone
1033:
761:
596:Looking north to Bullom Shore from
13:
1649:
1516:
1273:
992:
966:
882:
855:
14:
2645:
2022:Bruh Rabbit and the Tar Baby Girl
1721:
1593:Blinker, Linda (September 2006).
1566:
1557:video), accessed 25 February 2014
1397:Adderley, Rosanne Marion (2006).
1054:General History of Africa, Vol. 5
980:Fortin, Jacey (7 February 2012).
948:"US Slave - Bunce Island Slavery"
598:Voyages to the River Sierra Leone
548:, and was later appointed as the
505:in the north down to present-day
2556:
2555:
2207:
2201:
2127:Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses
1896:
1884:
1683:London: Oxford University Press.
271:
264:
48:
41:
25:
1769:, USF Africana Heritage Project
1628:. Marshall Cavendish. pp.
1615:
1586:
1430:
1377:
1360:
1345:
1323:
1095:
1080:
988:. International Business Times.
890:"A closer look at Bunce Island"
807:
725:
1666:Athens: Ohio University Press.
1441:. Cambridge University Press.
915:
829:
718:(AKA "Beau Walker") came from
1:
1700:Kup, Alexander Peter. (1961)
1257:. TheRoot.com. Archived from
1140:. New York: Psychology Press.
802:
2406:Slavery in the United States
2401:History of the United States
1091:(2nd ed.). p. 275.
946:Opala, Joseph (4 May 2011).
823:
786:from May to November, and a
427:American War of Independence
214:Sierra Leone National Museum
206:abolition of the slave trade
7:
2158:Michael Row the Boat Ashore
1676:New York: Ballantine Books.
1569:"Bunce Island Slave castle"
1372:University of Chicago Press
1331:"Bunce Island Slave Castle"
1283:Joshua, Foer (2016-09-20).
1159:. Kennesaw State University
1056:, UNESCO, 1992, pp. 396–397
10:
2650:
1794:Christian Science Monitor,
1681:A History of Sierra Leone,
1679:Fyfe, Christopher (1962),
1111:. Mariner Books. pp.
777:
770:, then Chairman of the US
683:In 2006, television actor
540:. He later was elected as
365:Plan of Bunce Island, 1726
254:. On October 31, 1678, at
223:
219:
2553:
2416:
2308:
2300:South Carolina Lowcountry
2254:
2223:
2216:
2199:
2176:
2135:
2054:
2038:
2013:
1954:
1947:
1846:
1811:
1693:Landsman, Ned C. (2001),
1087:Faiers, Jonathan (2022).
929:Retrieved 3 January 2020.
140:
135:
124:
119:
82:
72:
67:
36:
24:
2353:History of Guinea-Bissau
2316:African-American history
2262:Beaufort, South Carolina
2184:African-American culture
1767:"Priscilla's Homecoming"
1717:Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1686:Hancock, David (1995),
1622:LeVert, Suzanne (2006).
1469:, Reuters, 22 March 2007
697:James Madison University
672:(1998), and the website
644:Research on Bunce Island
210:James Madison University
2624:Islands of Sierra Leone
2389:History of Sierra Leone
2282:Golden Isles of Georgia
1862:The Language You Cry In
1763:, CBS News, 14 Mar 2007
1662:Brooks, George (2003),
1437:Hancock, David (1997).
1136:George, Claude (1967).
927:British History website
670:The Language You Cry In
629:abolish the slave trade
588:Decline of Bunce Island
340:North American colonies
16:Port Loko, Sierra Leone
2590:8.569914°N 13.040219°W
2062:Afro-American religion
1423:Priscilla's Homecoming
1247:Gates Jr., Henry Louis
952:usslave.blogspot.co.uk
837:"Bunce Island History"
814:Opala, Joseph (2007).
735:
674:Priscilla's Homecoming
653:
608:in London established
601:
600:by John Matthews, 1788
478:
462:
453:Links to North America
366:
239:
136:Additional information
2614:Geography of Freetown
2417:Related ethnic groups
2382:History of the Gambia
2241:Port Royal Experiment
2055:Religion and folklore
1995:Daughters of the Dust
1854:Family Across the Sea
1739:Historical importance
1657:Slaves in the Family,
1655:Ball, Edward (1998),
1221:. Macmillan. p.
841:Yale Macmillan Center
772:Joint Chiefs of Staff
733:
701:computer-aided design
678:Citizens of the World
666:Family Across the Sea
652:Beach on Bunce Island
651:
595:
580:(Massachusetts), and
525:(South Carolina) and
468:
460:
407:Newport, Rhode Island
364:
237:
176:, the estuary of the
2634:Atlantic slave trade
2595:8.569914; -13.040219
2328:Atlantic slave trade
2003:Gullah Gullah Island
1774:Preservation project
1603:on 27 September 2013
1573:Bunce Island Project
618:Atlantic slave trade
287:class=notpageimage|
244:Royal Africa Company
226:Atlantic slave trade
190:Royal Africa Company
172:. It is situated in
2586: /
2143:Charleston red rice
1955:Film and television
1784:Providence Journal,
1374:(2002), p. 37.
442:Bartholomew Roberts
338:, and to Britain's
150:Greenwich Mean Time
100: /
21:
2377:History of Senegal
2363:History of Nigeria
2358:History of Liberia
2112:John the Conqueror
1871:, 15 February 2012
1826:, Sierra Leone Web
1534:(1958 ed.), p.123
1047:Bethwell A. Ogot,
1015:www.aaregistry.org
736:
654:
625:British parliament
602:
532:American colonist
479:
463:
367:
348:gunpowder magazine
329:to the company of
240:
230:History of slavery
170:Sierra Leone River
77:Sierra Leone River
19:
2569:
2568:
2549:
2548:
2424:African Americans
2333:History of Angola
2289:(protected site)
2197:
2196:
2189:Culture of Africa
2168:Robot Hive/Exodus
2136:Music and culture
2029:Vibration Cooking
1979:A Soldier's Story
1639:978-0-7614-2334-8
1551:Vladimir Duthiers
1549:, Inside Africa:
1408:978-0-253-21827-8
1122:978-0-618-10469-7
1021:on 4 October 2017
708:George H. W. Bush
685:Isaiah Washington
546:Revolutionary War
163:
162:
2641:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2559:
2558:
2348:History of Ghana
2343:History of Congo
2338:History of Benin
2272:Eulonia, Georgia
2267:Daufuskie Island
2221:
2220:
2211:
2205:
1952:
1951:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1910:
1909:
1901:
1900:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1880:
1820:, BBC News, 2007
1644:
1643:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1564:
1558:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1517:Curtin, Philip.
1514:
1508:
1498:
1489:
1479:
1470:
1464:
1453:
1452:
1434:
1428:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1394:
1388:
1381:
1375:
1366:Shaw, Rosalind,
1364:
1358:
1357:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1306:
1280:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1261:on 22 April 2016
1243:
1237:
1236:
1220:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1184:(26 June 2006).
1178:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1153:
1142:
1141:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1103:Hochschild, Adam
1099:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1057:
1044:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1007:
990:
989:
977:
964:
963:
961:
959:
943:
930:
919:
913:
907:
894:
893:
886:
880:
879:
877:
875:
859:
853:
852:
850:
848:
833:
819:
762:Notable visitors
572:(Rhode Island),
493:, including the
475:Triangular Trade
431:Continental Army
290:Bunce Island in
275:
274:
268:
174:Freetown Harbour
115:
114:
112:
111:
110:
105:
104:8.567°N 13.033°W
101:
98:
97:
96:
93:
52:
51:
45:
29:
22:
18:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2604:
2603:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2565:
2545:
2412:
2309:Related history
2304:
2250:
2246:Stono Rebellion
2231:Bilali Document
2212:
2206:
2193:
2177:Related culture
2172:
2131:
2107:Hot foot powder
2077:Flying Africans
2050:
2046:Gullah language
2034:
2009:
1943:
1937:
1907:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1875:
1849:
1814:
1776:
1741:
1724:
1652:
1650:Further reading
1647:
1640:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1604:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1575:
1567:Opala, Joseph.
1565:
1561:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1515:
1511:
1499:
1492:
1480:
1473:
1465:
1456:
1449:
1435:
1431:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1395:
1391:
1387:, London, 1808.
1382:
1378:
1365:
1361:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1308:
1307:
1295:
1281:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1255:www.theroot.com
1244:
1240:
1233:
1211:
1207:
1192:
1190:
1187:Rough Crossings
1179:
1172:
1162:
1160:
1155:
1154:
1145:
1134:
1130:
1123:
1108:Bury the Chains
1100:
1096:
1085:
1081:
1073:
1060:
1045:
1034:
1024:
1022:
1009:
1008:
993:
986:www.ibtimes.com
978:
967:
957:
955:
944:
933:
920:
916:
908:
897:
888:
887:
883:
873:
871:
868:edition.cnn.com
860:
856:
846:
844:
835:
834:
830:
826:
810:
805:
780:
764:
728:
646:
590:
576:(Connecticut),
558:Treaty of Paris
554:Tower of London
455:
296:
295:
294:
289:
283:
282:
281:
280:
276:
256:Gresham College
232:
224:Main articles:
222:
182:Port Loko Creek
159:
131:
108:
106:
102:
99:
94:
91:
89:
87:
86:
63:
62:
61:
60:
59:
58:
57:
53:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2647:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2629:Gullah history
2626:
2621:
2616:
2567:
2566:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2227:
2225:
2224:History topics
2218:
2214:
2213:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2092:Black cat bone
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
1999:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1958:
1956:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1936:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1913:
1906:
1905:
1893:
1873:
1872:
1866:
1858:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1821:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1787:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1748:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1723:
1722:External links
1720:
1719:
1718:
1711:Rodney, Walter
1708:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1667:
1660:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1638:
1614:
1585:
1559:
1539:
1524:
1521:. History Net.
1509:
1505:New York Times
1490:
1471:
1454:
1448:978-0521629423
1447:
1429:
1414:
1407:
1389:
1383:Clarkson, T.,
1376:
1359:
1344:
1322:
1293:
1272:
1238:
1231:
1205:
1170:
1157:"Bunce Island"
1143:
1128:
1121:
1094:
1079:
1058:
1032:
991:
965:
931:
914:
895:
881:
854:
827:
825:
822:
821:
820:
809:
806:
804:
801:
779:
776:
763:
760:
727:
724:
712:George W. Bush
645:
642:
610:Granville Town
589:
586:
562:Richard Oswald
487:South Carolina
471:Middle Passage
454:
451:
419:American South
320:Richard Oswald
285:
284:
278:
277:
270:
269:
263:
262:
261:
250:subsidised by
221:
218:
194:South Carolina
161:
160:
158:
157:
146:
144:
138:
137:
133:
132:
125:
122:
121:
120:Administration
117:
116:
109:8.567; -13.033
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
65:
64:
55:
54:
47:
46:
40:
39:
38:
37:
34:
33:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2646:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2602:
2599:
2564:
2563:
2552:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:Sapelo Island
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2204:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2117:Rabbit's foot
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1940:Gullah people
1934:
1929:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1892:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1796:5 August 2011
1795:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1641:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1618:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1589:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1533:
1528:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1450:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1424:
1418:
1410:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1380:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1355:
1348:
1332:
1326:
1318:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1294:9780761169086
1290:
1286:
1285:Atlas Obscura
1279:
1277:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1234:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1182:Schama, Simon
1177:
1175:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1139:
1132:
1124:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1098:
1090:
1083:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
987:
983:
976:
974:
972:
970:
953:
949:
942:
940:
938:
936:
928:
924:
918:
911:
906:
904:
902:
900:
891:
885:
869:
865:
858:
842:
838:
832:
828:
817:
812:
811:
800:
797:
796:Sahara Desert
793:
789:
785:
775:
773:
769:
759:
755:
753:
749:
744:
741:
740:M.C.F. Easmon
732:
723:
721:
717:
716:Thomas Walker
713:
709:
704:
702:
698:
693:
690:
686:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
662:Gullah people
659:
650:
641:
638:
634:
630:
626:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
599:
594:
585:
583:
582:New York City
579:
575:
571:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
534:Henry Laurens
530:
528:
524:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
476:
472:
467:
459:
450:
448:
443:
439:
436:
432:
428:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
379:
378:
372:
363:
359:
357:
353:
349:
343:
341:
337:
332:
328:
323:
321:
317:
313:
308:
305:
301:
293:
288:
267:
260:
257:
253:
249:
245:
236:
231:
227:
217:
215:
211:
207:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
155:
151:
148:
147:
145:
143:
139:
134:
130:
129:
123:
118:
113:
85:
81:
78:
75:
71:
66:
44:
35:
28:
23:
2619:Western Area
2571:
2560:
2394:Bunce Island
2393:
2255:Demographics
2236:Igbo Landing
2067:Black church
2027:
2020:
2014:Publications
2001:
1993:
1985:
1977:
1969:
1961:
1891:Sierra Leone
1861:
1853:
1840:Bunce Island
1793:
1786:22 June 2011
1783:
1754:
1714:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1663:
1656:
1624:
1617:
1605:. Retrieved
1601:the original
1595:
1588:
1576:. Retrieved
1572:
1562:
1554:
1542:
1531:
1527:
1512:
1504:
1488:20 June 2013
1485:
1438:
1432:
1422:
1417:
1398:
1392:
1384:
1379:
1367:
1362:
1353:
1347:
1335:. Retrieved
1325:
1284:
1263:. Retrieved
1259:the original
1254:
1241:
1216:
1208:
1199:
1191:. Retrieved
1186:
1161:. Retrieved
1137:
1131:
1107:
1097:
1088:
1082:
1053:
1048:
1023:. Retrieved
1019:the original
1014:
985:
956:. Retrieved
951:
922:
917:
884:
872:. Retrieved
867:
857:
845:. Retrieved
840:
831:
815:
808:Bibliography
784:rainy season
781:
768:Colin Powell
765:
756:
752:Gorée Island
745:
737:
726:Conservation
705:
694:
689:Mende people
682:
677:
673:
669:
665:
658:Joseph Opala
655:
633:Crown Colony
623:In 1807 the
622:
603:
597:
566:
538:slave trader
531:
519:
507:Sierra Leone
480:
423:
375:
368:
352:royal cypher
344:
324:
309:
300:Luso-African
297:
292:Sierra Leone
279:Bunce Island
241:
208:, a team at
202:
166:Bunce Island
165:
164:
128:Sierra Leone
126:
56:Bunce Island
20:Bunce Island
2593: /
2293:Hog Hammock
2163:Ranky Tanky
2097:Goofer dust
2006:(1994–2000)
1536:(in French)
847:28 February
544:during the
495:Sea Islands
336:West Indies
178:Rokel River
107: /
83:Coordinates
2608:Categories
2581:13°02′25″W
2541:Toucouleur
2372:Senegambia
2122:Ring shout
2102:Haint blue
1232:0805042598
1075:Opala 2007
818:. DeCorse.
803:References
788:dry season
637:Royal Navy
574:New London
523:Charleston
391:Clevelands
371:Ira Berlin
356:George III
248:parastatal
2578:8°34′12″N
1311:cite book
1303:959200507
1077:, chpt. 2
870:. CNN.com
824:Citations
792:harmattan
627:voted to
429:when the
415:Caribbean
399:Liverpool
252:the Crown
142:Time zone
68:Geography
2562:Category
2519:Niominka
2474:Mandinka
2039:Language
1713:(1970),
1578:18 March
1105:(2006).
766:General
680:(1997).
668:(1990),
635:and the
614:Freetown
527:Savannah
483:planters
447:entrepôt
417:and the
383:Caulkers
377:lançados
354:of King
327:conveyed
186:Freetown
73:Location
2429:Ambundu
2277:Georgia
2217:History
2153:Kumbaya
2072:Boo Hag
1963:Conrack
1948:Culture
1903:Islands
1877:Portals
1425:website
1265:9 April
1193:9 April
1025:9 April
958:8 April
874:9 April
778:Climate
720:Bristol
570:Newport
511:Liberia
499:Senegal
491:Georgia
411:Denmark
405:; from
403:Bristol
387:Tuckers
220:History
198:Georgia
95:13°02′W
2509:Laalaa
2464:Kpelle
2082:Hoodoo
1998:(1991)
1990:(1989)
1982:(1984)
1974:(1982)
1966:(1974)
1942:topics
1847:Videos
1812:Images
1636:
1607:2 July
1486:Slate,
1445:
1405:
1337:4 July
1301:
1291:
1229:
1163:4 July
1119:
1089:Tartan
515:Angola
503:Gambia
438:allies
435:French
395:London
316:Oswald
259:1500s.
92:8°34′N
2534:Saafi
2529:Palor
2504:Serer
2499:Wolof
2489:Temne
2479:Mende
2469:Limba
2459:Kongo
2454:Kissi
2368:Sahel
1987:Glory
578:Salem
312:Grant
154:UTC±0
2524:Noon
2514:Ndut
2484:Susu
2449:Jola
2444:Igbo
2439:Fula
2434:Baga
2087:Mojo
1634:ISBN
1609:2013
1580:2016
1443:ISBN
1403:ISBN
1339:2020
1317:link
1299:OCLC
1289:ISBN
1267:2016
1227:ISBN
1195:2016
1165:2020
1117:ISBN
1027:2016
960:2016
876:2016
849:2024
710:and
509:and
501:and
489:and
401:and
389:and
331:John
304:Mane
228:and
196:and
180:and
2494:Vai
1630:8–9
1555:and
1223:109
433:'s
2610::
2370:/
1792:,
1782:,
1753:,
1632:.
1571:.
1503:,
1493:^
1484:,
1474:^
1457:^
1313:}}
1309:{{
1297:.
1275:^
1253:.
1225:.
1173:^
1146:^
1115:.
1113:25
1061:^
1052:,
1035:^
1013:.
994:^
984:.
968:^
950:.
934:^
898:^
866:.
839:.
584:.
517:.
477:".
449:.
421:.
397:,
385:,
342:.
314:,
216:.
1932:e
1925:t
1918:v
1879::
1642:.
1611:.
1582:.
1451:.
1411:.
1341:.
1319:)
1305:.
1269:.
1235:.
1197:.
1167:.
1125:.
1029:.
962:.
878:.
851:.
156:)
152:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
