93:), architecture and Christian religion. As each of these characteristics could be shared by members of adjacent African communities, identity transformations in both directions were relatively common. "Portuguese" identity remained both fluid and contextually defined through the seventeenth century. During the eighteenth and nineteenth century, however, 'Portuguese' were drawn increasingly into a European discourse on identity, one based upon a priori characteristics, primarily skin color. Forced to respond to this imposed identity, Luso-Africans continued to maintain that they were "Portuguese"; however, they also now began to define themselves negatively by reference to what they were not.
418:
89:. Descendants of these traders and of local African women formed the nucleus of a Luso-African community that soon developed a distinctive culture, joining elements of European and local African culture. These Luso-Africans, or "Portuguese" as they called themselves, were commercial middlemen, distinguished by their language (Portuguese and later
242:
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where they form a racial minority. This ethnic identity arose from the sixteenth century as primarily male
Portuguese settlers, often
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243:"THE EVOLUTION OF 'PORTUGUESE' IDENTITY: LUSO-AFRICANS ON THE UPPER GUINEA COAST FROM THE SIXTEENTH TO THE EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY"
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In the fifteenth and sixteenth century, Portuguese traders settled in Cape Verde and along the West
African coast from
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169:"Africans and Luso-Africans in the Portuguese Slave Trade on the Upper Guinea Coast in the Early Seventeenth Century"
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298:""Portuguese" Style and Luso-African Identity: Precolonial Senegambia, Sixteenth-Nineteenth Centuries (review)"
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216:""Portuguese" Style and Luso-African Identity: Precolonial Senegambia, Sixteenth-Nineteenth Centuries"
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78:, settled in various parts of Africa, often marrying African women.
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68:. A sizable number of Luso-Africans have also settled in
744:
Africa in World
History: From Prehistory to the Present
34:. The vast majority of Luso-Africans live in former
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16:Mestiço people in Africa who speak Portuguese
220:Leeds University Centre for African Studies
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742:Gilbert, E. & Reynolds, J.T. (2008).
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44:, comprising the modern countries of
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302:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
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167:Newson, Linda A. (March 2012).
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241:Mark, Peter (July 1997).
185:10.1017/S0021853712000011
296:Hanson, John H. (2004).
62:São Tomé and Príncipe
38:, now referred to as
22:are people of mixed
470:Trinidad and Tobago
30:ancestry who speak
222:. Leeds University
103:African Portuguese
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66:Equatorial Guinea
36:Portuguese Africa
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224:. Retrieved
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138:Órfãs do Rei
87:Sierra Leone
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725:New Zealand
665:Netherlands
581:Middle East
508:Luso-Asians
179:(1): 1–24.
108:Assimilados
660:Luxembourg
560:Sri Lanka
485:New Jersey
403:Mozambique
371:Portuguese
154:References
143:Retornados
113:Degredados
58:Mozambique
54:Cape Verde
32:Portuguese
24:Portuguese
715:Australia
539:Mardijker
529:Indonesia
497:Venezuela
433:Argentina
330:142577893
322:1530-9169
283:161084701
267:1469-5138
201:162916419
193:1469-5138
754:Category
682:Slovenia
569:Mestiços
564:Burghers
556:Pakistan
551:Malaysia
465:Suriname
426:Americas
373:diaspora
275:21970008
226:18 March
148:Signares
123:Lançados
118:Prazeros
97:See also
75:Lançados
70:Portugal
708:Oceania
650:Iceland
645:Germany
635:Finland
630:Denmark
620:Croatia
615:Belgium
610:Austria
492:Uruguay
133:Mestiço
91:Crioulo
83:Senegal
28:African
720:Hawaii
687:Sweden
677:Norway
640:France
603:Europe
594:Turkey
589:Israel
506:Asia (
480:Hawaii
460:Mexico
455:Guyana
450:Canada
443:Pardos
438:Brazil
393:Angola
380:Africa
328:
320:
281:
273:
265:
199:
191:
64:, and
46:Angola
546:Macau
517:India
326:S2CID
279:S2CID
197:S2CID
697:Jews
670:Jews
534:Indo
522:Jews
318:ISSN
271:PMID
263:ISSN
228:2016
189:ISSN
26:and
310:doi
255:doi
181:doi
85:to
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324:.
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187:.
177:53
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171:.
60:,
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382:(
363:e
356:t
349:v
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257::
230:.
203:.
183::
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