311:. The creation of burhs at Oxford and Buckingham at this time fits in with the likelihood that Alfred was able to regain control of this area which he had exercised before being deprived of it as a result of the Viking partition of 877, and their siting demonstrates that he was able to initiate a strategic offensive against the Vikings in Eastern Mercia and London. Alfred's standing enabled him to impose a level of conscription on the population of his kingdom to construct the burhs, to act as garrisons behind their defences, and to serve in his new army. Based on the figures provided by the hideage the size of Alfred's conscript army can be deduced. One man per hide would be the equivalent of 27,000 men, whereas one man per 5 hides of land would give 5,500 men. Alfreds practice was to divide his field army into two or three, so with additional support from the royal household troops and those of the leading nobility would provide Alfred with enough manpower to deal with any Viking attacks.
335:
presence in Mercia and London, are factors which argue strongly that the
Burghal Hidage is a prescriptive list describing a system which was in process of being planned and implemented before late 879. It is therefore likely to have originated in a context in which the logistics of the system and the means for its implementation and support were being worked out in practice on the ground. The fact that the construction of a burh at Buckingham by Alfred can be logically placed within this strategic scheme at this period (878-9), removes the necessity of having to place the creation of the original version of the Burghal Hidage after the first documentary mention of Buckingham in 914. Its composition can therefore be most appropriately placed in a West Saxon context, rather than one which relates to the formation of burhs and shires in Mercia in the early 10th century – to which situation it has no relevance.
268:
this system is that these fortified sites would have all been built at one occasion to serve a single strategic end, in that the functions of all the individual components of the system complemented the functions of each of the others. It follows that it cannot have originated, for instance, as a core number to which others were added at a later date. By the early 10th century this system was already long out of date and overtaken by events. It is not likely therefore to have survived as a viable and effective system to be recorded as such in the
Burghal Hidage after 914. There would, furthermore, have been no reason to add Buckingham to a system which by 914 was already redundant in the rapidly evolving political situation of the times. There are therefore good grounds for suggesting that the system (and therefore the document which describes it) is considerably earlier in date.
799:
three and five burh. Therefore, the archetype of ‘B’ must have included these, as did that of ‘A’. However, by recalculating the mistranscriptions and supplying the missing burh figures from ‘A’ then the ‘restored’ total would be 28,671. Hill then turns to the second part of the final sentence “and 30 to the West Saxons”, this too is glossed as ‘30,000’ by the copyist ‘6’ so that it seems to refer to hides; but Hill proposes that it refers to the 30 burh; there are in fact 31 of these in the combined lists, but he then proposes that
Buckingham (at 1600 hides) is in fact Mercian, that is not of “the West Saxons”, so is not included in the grand total. The adjusted total of 27,071 then concurs with the final ‘B’ sentence/statement.
803:
contradicts any proposal that the recensions had burh added or subtracted to reflect ‘new’ or ‘abandoned’ burh. The ‘B’ archetype is more likely to be closer to the ultimate source which would be an ‘exchequer/ treasury’ document. ‘A’/ Cotton-Otho would have been prepared from it to perform the function Hill proposes, the burh/ shiring of the reconquered areas. But, surely the final sentence/statement of ‘B’ “And to
Worcester 1200 hides. To Warwick four and 2400 hides” which Hill proposes as being about the proposed organisation of the new Mercian ‘shires’ should actually, if it meant such, would actually be more congruent if appended to the formulae following ‘A’.
188:). Initially the size of the hide varied according to value and resources of the land itself. Over time the hide became the unit on which all public obligation was assessed; as well as food rent, the manning and maintenance of the walls of a burh and the amount of geld payable was based on the hide. Tenants had a threefold obligation related to their landholding; the so-called ‘common burdens' of military service, fortress work, and bridge repair. Later the hide was given a set acreage and in the Domesday book the most common size in use was 120
770:
mistranscribed in the copying process. Hill argues that these errors are not conflicts of facts or derive from differing lists, but simply errors in copying from a common source; it is possible to see that this was because lines of the text were being missed. However, as noted above, the ‘B’ recensions do not list
Burpham, Wareham and Bridport, it is likely that their common archetype must have missed them also. Yet it too must have contained the ‘grand total’ sentence at the end which is flatly contradicted by the hidages enumerated.
322:), can be seen as a tactical response to the effectiveness of the strategic offensive posed by the construction of the Burghal system. The ratification of a mutually agreed boundary to the east of London, in Alfred and Guthrum's Treaty, between Guthrum's new Viking kingdom of East Anglia and Alfred's newly won territory, can best be ascribed to this time. These developments gave Alfred control of London and its surrounding territory, which included a good length of the strategically important
20:
378:
298:. The creation of this system by King Alfred can therefore best be seen as both an in-depth defence of Wessex against possible invasion of Viking forces (such as indeed happened in the period 875-early 878), and as a strategic offensive against the Vikings who controlled Mercia and London at that time.
798:
One of the ‘B’ variants (Hill ‘6’) has a copyist's gloss which proposes a meaning of ‘27,000 and 70 hides’ to make sense of the “27 and 70” reference: the “belong to it” refers to the entire list enumerated, a grand total. However, none of the ‘B’ lists can give us that total as they miss out between
769:
The texts in the
Version A and Cotton Otho B.xi are sufficiently similar to show that ultimately they do derive from one source. The historian David Hill shows how all of the recensions can be used to correct each other or at least help us understand how errors, especially in the hidage numbers, were
301:
Work on the minting patterns of the coinage of the period has shown that King Alfred was in control of London and the surrounding area until about 877, exactly the time when the
Vikings are recorded as partitioning Mercia and taking control of its eastern extent. Thereafter the coins minted in London
281:
of the existence of garrisons in many of them by this time), and that most of them were constructed in the 880s. However, the fact that nearly half the number of hides in the system were allocated to burhs on the northern border of Wessex with Mercia suggests a context for the creation of this system
752:
There have been some problems with the Nowell transcription. However modern scholars have compared Nowell's transcription of other manuscripts, where the originals are still available, enabling a picture of the conventions Nowell used to be built. This model was then applied in the correction of his
744:
The Burgal Hidage survives in two versions of medieval and early modern date. Version A, Cotton Otho B.xi was badly damaged in a fire at
Ashburnham House in 1731 but the body of the text survives thanks to a transcript made by the Tudor historian Laurence Nowell in 1562. Version B survives as a part
1212:
The sentence “And to
Worcester 1200 hides. To Warwick four and 2400 hides” is not part of the foregoing lists and is not included in the ‘grand total’, however it does show that the copyist was changing the numbers from spelled to numerals and then confused himself, i.e. the archetype probably read
789:
Hill argues that this is back to front: the hidage assessment for a burh should provide a wall-length. He advances his argument to propose that the intention of the
Burghal Hidage is to provide a method of doing so not for Wessex but for the newly created burh in the reconquered ‘shires’ of Mercia.
334:
The fact that the Burghal Hidage does not include London, only taken in late 879; that many of the burhs recorded in the document were of a temporary nature and were only replaced by more permanent fortified sites later on; and that its organisation reflects a strategic offensive against the Viking
338:
In Wessex a number of the burhs which were part of the system recorded in the Burghal Hidage, and which were merely fortresses rather than fortified towns, were in many cases replaced at a later date by larger fortresses which were fortified towns. The received view of the date of this process is
267:
The order of citation of the individual burhs in the document, in a clockwise circuit around Wessex rather than on a shire by shire basis, indicates that at the time of the original composition of the document all the burhs were seen as being part of a single system. The defining characteristic of
263:
also reports that Edward the Elder took possession of London and Oxford in 910; Buckingham being situated between the two would have also been included. It is possible that the Burghal Hideage was created as a blue-print for the way that burhs were connected with hidation, originally worked out in
172:
In the event of Danish attacks, the provision of fortified towns was a place of refuge for the Anglo-Saxon rural population who lived within a 15-mile (24 km) radius of each town. They also provided secure regional market centres and from around 973 the coinage was reminted every six or seven
227:
In wartime, five hides were expected to provide one fully armed soldier in the king's service, and one man from every hide was to provide garrison duty for the burhs and to help in their initial construction and upkeep. The continued maintenance of the burhs, as well as ongoing garrison duty, was
306:
in early 878, Alfred was once again able to take the offensive. His victory must have earned him wide acclaim. It is this juncture which seems the most appropriate time for the start of the planning and construction of the system of burhs recorded in the Burghal Hidage. Throughout 878 Guthrum's
802:
Therefore, ‘A’ and ‘B’ were copied from the same archetype/s as they agree on the grand total (less 1600 for Buckingham), yet differ only in their final sentence/statements as to what the figures demonstrate, a formula for manpower or a total of hidage. This is important because it evidentially
228:
also probably supplied by those inhabitants of the new burhs which were planned by the king as new towns. In this way the economic and military functions of the larger burhs were closely interlinked. The hide also served as a unit of fiscal assessment for the collection of a tax, known as
385:
This list shows the 33 burhs (with hidages) included in either or both of the 'A' and the 'B' groups of manuscripts as discussed by David Hill, in the order that they appear in all of the documents. Burhs that were probably added to the document group 'B' after Alfred's time are shown in
749:. There are several discrepancies in the lists recorded in the two versions of the document: Version A includes references to Burpham, Wareham and Bridport but omits Shaftesbury and Barnstaple which are listed in Version B. Version B also names Worcester and Warwick in an appended list.
113:. There are several discrepancies in the lists recorded in the two versions of the document: Version A includes references to Burpham, Wareham and Bridport but omits Shaftesbury and Barnstaple which are listed in Version B. Version B also names Worcester and Warwick in an appended list.
240:
The document probably dates from after 914 during the reign of Alfred's son, Edward the Elder. This assumes that it was compiled as part of the preparations for Edward the Elder's campaign against the Danes in 917. The list identifies 30 burhs in Wessex, two in Mercia and one in
777:"For the maintenance and defence of an acre’s breadth of wall sixteen hides are required. If every hide is represented by one man, then every pole of wall can be manned by four men. Then for the maintenance of twenty poles of wall eighty hides are required ..."
326:
as it approached London. This interpretation is supported by the issue at this time of the special celebratory London Monogram coinage from the London mint, now under the control of Alfred, and by the issue at the same time of coins from Oxford and
276:
It has long been recognised that the system of burhs recorded in the Burghal Hidage was the creation of King Alfred, the received view being that they were in place by the time of the second Viking invasions in the 890s (based on the evidence in the
264:
Wessex, and applied to the situation in Mercia at that time. This received view has now been challenged from two directions – from the perspectives of the strategies involved, and a new interpretation of the coinage of King Alfred.
343:. More recently, arguments have been given which places these changes in the reign of Alfred, possibly in the 890s in response to the new Viking invasions. Examples of this process can be seen in the replacement of
753:
transcription of the Burghal Hidage Ortho manuscript. It seems that Nowell did not understand the subtlety of the phonetics of the Anglo-Saxon written language and would therefore substitute, using his knowledge of
1536:
757:
grammar, what he saw as an equivalent letter, thus giving the Anglo-Saxon word a completely different sound and meaning. Other issues included for example, the original scribes' use of an open Old English
1015:
Haslam. King Alfred and the Vikings 'in' Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History 13. p. 130. Bath was technically in Mercia at the time defended the South and South Western part of Hwicce.
785:"If the circuit is greater, the additional amount can easily be deduced from this account, for 160 men are always required for 1 furlong, then every pole of wall is manned by 4 men”.
232:, for which the original purpose was to raise money to buy off raiding Vikings; however after that threat had retreated it was retained as a permanent land-tax.
146:(878) and the departure of another Viking army from Fulham in 880, Alfred the Great set about building a system of fortified towns or forts, known as
790:
Perhaps this is what that formula means attached to ‘A’. Yet if we regard the archetype of ‘B’ as earlier than the end text of this says as follows:
154:
included former Roman towns (where stone walls were repaired and perimeter ditches sometimes added), temporary forts and substantial new towns.
1035:
in the same year, before Martinmas, went King Edward to Buckingham with his army, and sat there four weeks, during which he built the two forts
387:
294:. The most probable context on strategic grounds is in the short period between 877 and 879, when Mercia was partitioned between Ceolwulf and
161:
and his successors made this type of construction a key element in their campaigns against the Vikings, who had been in control of much of
282:
in the period when Mercia was occupied and controlled by the Vikings. This was the situation in the period from 874, when the Vikings at
794:“That is all 27 and 70 which belong to it; and 30 to the West Saxons. And to Worcester 1200 hides. To Warwick four and 2400 hides”.
1101:
Hill/ Rumble The Defence of Wessex: The Burghal Hidage and Anglo-Saxon fortifications. Manchester: University Press, pp. 189-231
2293:
1471:
2298:
1568:
314:
The retreat of Guthrum and his band to East Anglia in late 879 and the similar retreat of the Viking army stationed at
1291:
2247:
1499:
1449:
1398:
1363:
1323:
1304:
1280:
1261:
1229:, edited by M.A.S. Blackburn and D.N. Dumville. Studies in Anglo-Saxon History no. 9. Woodbridge. pp. 105–23.
1712:
1692:
1541:
1242:
822:
381:
The walled defence around a burh. Alfred's capital, Winchester. Saxon and medieval work on Roman foundations
1077:
1421:
1084:(1998) pp. 105-23; Simon Keynes, "King Alfred and the Mercians", in M. Blackburn & D.Dumville (eds),
1722:
1717:
1707:
109:
in 1562. Version B survives as a composite part of seven further manuscripts, usually given the title
1762:
1697:
1417:
94:
1886:
1831:
1846:
1702:
1119:
M Blackburn, "The London Mint in the Reign of Alfred", in M.A.S. Blackburn and D N Dumville (eds.)
666:
302:
are only in the name of the Mercian king Ceolwulf. After his decisive defeat of the Vikings at the
1561:
1194:
Grant. Laurence Nowell, William Lambarde, and the Laws of the Anglo-Saxons, Volume 108. pp. 27-28
1679:
1594:
1896:
245:. The view that the Burghal Hidage is of early 10th century date is based on the inclusion of
2252:
1203:
Grant. Laurence Nowell, William Lambarde, and the Laws of the Anglo-Saxons, Volume 108. p. 41
638:
287:
255:
1517:
1227:
Kings, Currency and Alliances: History and Coinage in Southern England in the Ninth Century
1121:
Kings, Currency and Alliances: History and Coinage in Southern England in the Ninth Century
1086:
Kings, Currency and Alliances. History and Coinage in Southern England in the Ninth Century
1082:
Kings, Currency and Alliances: History and Coinage in Southern England in the Ninth Century
519:
340:
78:
8:
1836:
817:
1158:
Hill/ Rumble. Defence of Wessex: The Burghal Hidage and Anglo-Saxon Fortifications. p. 1
1080:, "The London Mint in the Reign of Alfred", in M.A.S. Blackburn and D.N. Dumville (eds)
2179:
1983:
1866:
1861:
1619:
1554:
1388:
715:
303:
166:
143:
1531:
318:, west of London, back to the Continent at the same time (both events recorded in the
2267:
1648:
1495:
1467:
1445:
1394:
1359:
1319:
1300:
1276:
1257:
1238:
488:
291:
1799:
1684:
1599:
1342:
158:
117:
102:
34:
2043:
1938:
1604:
530:
106:
105:
in 1731 but the body of the text survives in a transcript made by the antiquary
97:
in 1897, survives in two versions of medieval and early modern date. Version A,
2229:
1943:
1483:
The Medieval English Borough: Studies on its Origins and constitutional History
1254:
Laurence Nowell, William Lambarde, and the Laws of the Anglo-Saxons, Volume 108
628:
608:
323:
2118:
1998:
773:
After listing all the burghs Version A of the Burghal Hidage includes a note:
2287:
2272:
2078:
2068:
2048:
2038:
1851:
1809:
1624:
684:
578:
344:
253:, two settlements that were sited in Mercia not Wessex, and according to the
2058:
1515:
Radford, C.A. Ralegh. "The Later Pre-Conquest Boroughs and their Defences."
1577:
1064:
Haslam. King Alfred and the Vikings: strategies and tactics, 876-886AD, in
2033:
307:
Vikings were in control of Mercia and, arguably, London, with his base in
200:). However some areas such as Dorset and Wiltshire used units based on 40
116:
The Burghal Hidage offers a detailed picture of the network of burhs that
2028:
2018:
1841:
1814:
1757:
1631:
754:
508:
468:
458:
407:
372:
356:
308:
221:
209:
197:
177:
137:
98:
90:
1973:
1546:
1356:
The Defence of Wessex: The Burghal Hidage and Anglo-Saxon Fortifications
2204:
2189:
2152:
2135:
2088:
2083:
1988:
1958:
1928:
1891:
1876:
1794:
1772:
1333:
Hill, D. H. (1969). "The Burghal Hidage: the establishment of a text".
1299:. Oxford University School of Archaeology: Cambridge University Press.
478:
448:
348:
328:
246:
1993:
1978:
1423:
Domesday Book and Beyond. Three essays in the early history of England
1389:
Lapidge, Michael Ed.; John Blair; Simon Keynes; Donald Scragg (2001).
2219:
2214:
2199:
2164:
2108:
2093:
2073:
2053:
2003:
1968:
1953:
1948:
1856:
1767:
1669:
1580:
1225:
Blackburn, Mark (1998). "The London Mint in the Reign of Alfred." In
704:
648:
181:
1346:
19:
2224:
2209:
2194:
2169:
2113:
2098:
2023:
1923:
1918:
1871:
1782:
1777:
1734:
1674:
1636:
1382:
Anglo-Saxon Military Institutions on the Eve of the Norman Conquest
618:
598:
540:
498:
418:
259:, Buckingham was created as a burh by Edward the Elder in 918. The
229:
997:
E. Lipson, The Economic History of England, 12th ed., vol. 1 p. 16
781:
There follows a series calculations and multiples then continues:
377:
2262:
2184:
2174:
1881:
1752:
1747:
727:
694:
588:
568:
438:
295:
217:
205:
193:
162:
1110:
Halshall. Warfare and Society in the Barbarian West. pp. 124-125
2103:
2063:
2013:
1906:
1901:
1826:
1804:
1653:
1614:
1609:
550:
352:
315:
283:
250:
242:
121:
86:
49:
2140:
2130:
2008:
1641:
428:
339:
that this took place in the 920s or 930s during the reign of
1149:
Haslams. Anglo-Saxon Towns in Southern England. pp. 249-283.
93:) assigned for their maintenance. The document, so named by
43:
1933:
812:
368:
213:
201:
189:
133:
82:
81:
document providing a list of over thirty fortified places (
60:
975:
Powicke. Military Obligation in Medieval England. pp.18-21
69:
165:. This culminated in the eventual creation of a unified
66:
46:
739:
933:
Hollister. Anglo-Saxon Military Institutions. pp. 59-60
1178:
Hill. The Burghal Hidage, the establishment of a text
858:
Maitland. Domesday Book and Beyond. pp. 502 – 503
745:
of seven further manuscripts, usually given the title
120:
designed to defend his kingdom from the predations of
1006:
Campbell. Essays in Anglo-Saxon History. p. 173 fn. 8
1542:
Information on the Cotton MSS at the British Library
157:
In the first half of the 10th century, Alfred's son
63:
40:
1213:“To Warwick four hundred and twenty hundred hides”.
57:
54:
37:
1391:The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England
1273:Warfare and Society in the Barbarian West, 450-900
180:was used as the basis for assessing the amount of
1410:The Economic History of England, 12th ed., vol. 1
1293:Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History 13
1066:Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History 13
955:Dennis Haselgrove. The Domesday Record of Sussex
271:
2285:
1354:Hill, David; Rumble, Alexander R., eds. (1996).
85:), the majority being in the ancient Kingdom of
173:years by moneyers in about sixty of the burhs.
1444:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 246–9.
1374:Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History
906:Welch. Anglo-Saxon England. pp. 127 – 129
1562:
1182:Medieval archaeology vol XIII 1969. pp. 84-92
1290:Haslam, Jeremy (2005). Semple, Sarah (ed.).
1237:. London: Hambledon Continuum; New edition.
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
971:
969:
916:
914:
912:
1358:. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
1341:. Society for Medieval Archaeology: 84–92.
1104:
1000:
924:Lapidge's. Anglo-Saxon England. pp. 238-239
888:
886:
23:A map of places named in the Burghal Hidage
1569:
1555:
1485:. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
1372:Hill, David. "Athelstan's urban reforms."
1353:
1190:
1188:
1097:Hill. A gazetteer of Burghal Hidage sites
949:
936:
927:
902:
900:
898:
867:Hill/ Rumble. The Defence of Wessex. p. 14
235:
150:, in response to the Viking threat. These
1576:
1439:
1379:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1139:
1049:
1009:
966:
909:
849:Hill/ Rumble. The Defence of Wessex. p. 5
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
1426:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1416:
1232:
991:
978:
883:
376:
142:After his victory over the Danes at the
89:, and the taxes (recorded as numbers of
18:
1458:
1433:Military Obligation in Medieval England
1430:
1270:
1197:
1185:
1152:
1091:
895:
861:
2286:
1783:Bilmingas (part of south Lincolnshire)
1407:
1313:
1289:
1161:
1132:D. Hill, "Athelstan's urban reforms."
1040:
1027:
1018:
880:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
834:
1550:
1537:33 Burhs listed in the Burghal Hidage
1489:
1316:Anglo-Saxon Towns in Southern England
1251:
946:Domesday Book and Beyond. pp. 490-520
762:which Nowell incorrectly copied as a
747:De numero hydarum Anglie in Britannia
740:Comparison of the various manuscripts
111:De numero hydarum Anglie in Britannia
1480:
1332:
1024:Tait. Medieval English Borough. p 16
101:B.xi was badly damaged in a fire at
1412:. London: Adam & Charles Black.
13:
1509:
1435:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
127:
14:
2310:
2248:Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
1525:
1033:Anglo Saxon Chronicle. 918. .....
892:Lapidge. Anglo-Saxon England p.76
176:In early Anglo-Saxon England the
362:
33:
1206:
1126:
1113:
1071:
984:Maitland. Essay III. The Hide
942:Maitland. Essay III. The Hide
870:
852:
823:History of the English borough
272:Political and military context
1:
1440:Robertson, A.J., ed. (1956).
1380:Hollister, C. Warren (1962).
1235:Essays in Anglo-Saxon History
828:
290:as king of Mercia to replace
2294:Texts of Anglo-Saxon England
1494:. London: English Heritage.
1314:Haslam, Jeremy, ed. (1984).
1252:Grant, Raymond J.S. (1996).
7:
2299:Warfare in medieval England
1145:Haslam, The towns of Devon
1046:Anglo Saxon Chronicle. 910.
806:
184:due from an area (known as
10:
2315:
2210:Sumortūnsǣte and Glestinga
1418:Maitland, Frederic William
1384:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1318:. Chichester: Phillimore.
1219:
366:
131:
2240:
1733:
1662:
1587:
1431:Powicke, Michael (1962).
988:Domesday Book and Beyond.
95:Frederic William Maitland
1233:Campbell, James (1995).
236:Origins of the document
1490:Welch, Martin (1992).
1459:Stenton, F.M. (1971).
796:
787:
779:
382:
24:
2253:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1862:Nox-gaga and Oht-gaga
1393:. London: Blackwell.
1275:. London: Routledge.
1271:Halsall, Guy (2003).
1256:. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
920:Rosamond Faith. Hide
792:
783:
775:
380:
320:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
279:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
256:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
22:
1897:Frithuwald's Sūþrīge
1518:Medieval archaeology
1481:Tait, James (1936).
1442:Anglo-Saxon Charters
1335:Medieval Archaeology
876:Stenton, F. (1971).
331:in southern Mercia.
1492:Anglo-Saxon England
1462:Anglo-Saxon England
878:Anglo-Saxon England
818:Anglo-Saxon England
518:Twynam (now called
1689:Lists of monarchs
1532:The Burghal Hidage
1521:14 (1970): 83-103.
1408:Lipson, E (1959).
1123:(1998) pp. 105-23.
383:
304:Battle of Edington
167:Kingdom of England
144:Battle of Edington
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1778:Spalda (Spalding)
1473:978-0-19-280139-5
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1466:. Oxford: OUP.
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363:List of burhs
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2069:South Engele
1963:
1939:Ceasterware
1913:
1832:Godhelmingas
1821:
1789:
1743:East Anglia:
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1625:Middel Seaxe
1516:
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1376:11, 173-185.
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1136:11, 173-185.
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961:South Saxons
960:
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929:
921:
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520:Christchurch
406:
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337:
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278:
275:
266:
260:
254:
239:
226:
220:; 0.08
216:(19.42
208:; 0.06
204:(16.19
196:; 0.19
192:(48.56
185:
175:
171:
156:
151:
147:
141:
115:
110:
28:
26:
2119:Wreocensæte
2044:North Engle
2029:Lindisfaras
1999:Cilternsæte
1959:Modingahema
1713:Northumbria
1693:East Anglia
1632:Northumbria
1595:East Anglia
1578:Anglo-Saxon
1464:3rd edition
963:pp. 194-195
755:Elizabethan
676:Buckingham
667:Wallingford
509:Shaftesbury
469:Southampton
459:Portchester
408:Eorpeburnan
373:Hide (unit)
357:Kingsbridge
309:Cirencester
138:Hide (unit)
99:Cotton Otho
79:Anglo-Saxon
2288:Categories
2205:Sumorsaete
2190:Glastening
2175:Brycgstowl
2153:Haestingas
2136:Beodarsæte
2089:Stoppingas
2084:Spaldingas
2059:Pencersæte
2004:Duddensæte
1989:Beormingas
1984:Banesbyrig
1919:Andredsley
1892:Pæding-tun
1877:Waeclingas
1837:Haueringas
1810:Caningaege
1805:Daenningas
1795:Brahhingas
1768:Herstingas
1680:Frithuwald
1244:0907628338
829:References
639:Malmesbury
479:Winchester
449:Chichester
367:See also:
359:in Devon.
349:Barnstaple
329:Gloucester
286:installed
247:Buckingham
222:sq mi
210:sq mi
198:sq mi
124:invaders.
2220:Wiltsaete
2215:Sunningas
2200:Rēadingas
2180:Dornsaete
2165:Eorlingas
2131:Elmetsæte
2109:Weorgoran
2094:Sweordora
2074:Snotingas
2064:Reagesate
2034:Magonsæte
2019:Glestinga
1954:Limenwara
1944:Eastorege
1887:Woccingas
1842:Hroðingas
1827:Gillingas
1670:Bretwalda
1581:heptarchy
959:Brandons
716:Worcester
705:Southwark
649:Cricklade
261:Chronicle
182:food rent
2241:See also
2225:Wihtwara
2195:Meonwara
2170:Basingas
2114:Westerne
2024:Husmerae
1974:Æbbingas
1969:Ælfingas
1934:Cantware
1929:Boroware
1907:Deningei
1902:Dæningas
1872:Tewingas
1867:Tetingas
1815:Gegingas
1735:Regiones
1675:Iclingas
1663:Monarchs
1637:Bernicia
1588:Kingdoms
1420:(1897).
807:See also
619:Langport
599:Axbridge
560:Halwell
541:Bridport
499:Chisbury
419:Hastings
230:Danegeld
212:) to 48
77:) is an
2263:Danelaw
2185:Gewisse
2160:Wessex:
2148:Sussex:
2104:Undaium
2099:Tomsæte
2054:Pecsæte
1994:Bilsæte
1979:Arosæte
1964:Mercia:
1857:Haering
1773:Ikelgas
1753:Suffolk
1748:Norfolk
1620:Lindsey
1220:Sources
728:Warwick
695:Eashing
658:Oxford
589:Watchet
569:Lydford
531:Wareham
439:Burpham
401:Hidage
296:Guthrum
292:Burgred
163:Danelaw
2230:Ytenes
2141:Loidis
2049:Pecset
2014:Gyrwas
1949:Lympne
1822:Surrey
1790:Essex:
1723:Wessex
1718:Sussex
1708:Mercia
1654:Wessex
1649:Sussex
1615:Hwicce
1610:Mercia
1498:
1470:
1448:
1397:
1362:
1322:
1303:
1279:
1260:
1241:
685:Sashes
579:Pilton
551:Exeter
489:Wilton
353:Totnes
345:Pilton
316:Fulham
284:Repton
251:Oxford
243:Hwicce
122:Viking
87:Wessex
2009:Gaini
1914:Kent:
1763:Gywre
1698:Essex
1642:Deira
1600:Essex
1297:(PDF)
1134:ASSAH
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