1181:, while appointing U Po Min Myowun and U Min thugyi of Kyaukki. Resistance then broke out in several places all at once in Kyaukkyi. Mayanchaung Pongyi by then had fled north to Yathaung, 30 miles northeast of Sittang, gathering a force as many as 300 to 800. From there, the main body moved on to Binban near Bilin while another detachment, estimated at 100 to 400, established themselves at Taungthalezeik, a betel depot 17 to 20 miles southeast of Shwegyin. On 11 January 1886, Major Robinson and 70 men advanced to meet with Mayanchaung Pongyi but were ambushed. Major Robinson was wounded badly while some of his men were killed. The British then increased their forces and Mayanchaung Pongyi was forced to retreat into the hills of
1103:
125:
101:
893:. The combined forces of both princes became a serious threat to the British. On 8 October 1887, the British then sent a force of 21 mounted Military Police and a detachment of the 2nd Hyderabad Contingent Infantry to surprise and suppress U Tha Gyi and the Bayingan Prince. U Thai Gyi and the Bayingan Prince managed to escape to Chinbyit where a second British force attacked from Kyadet on 12 October. Eventually U Thai Gyi and Bayingan were killed but not without also taking the lives of Major Kennedy, commander of the British Force, and Captain Beville, assistant commander of
1089:– to take over villages under his domain. Theirs was a successful stronghold with the British not being able to make any progress infiltrating without U Ottama knowing their movements well in advance. The British then resorted to means of persuading and even buying over U Ottama's followers, at the same time imposing severe penalties for those villagers who aided or abetted the resistance leaders. Gradually, these tactics succeeded and 1,204 of U Ottama's men surrendered to the British. U Ottama himself was finally captured by the British near Legaing in June 1889.
1479:
side of the
British. After almost ten years since 1885, the resistance movement was subdued. This was due primarily to four factors: 1) Better tactics of co-optation from the British; 2) More experienced and battle-hardened commanders were sent to reinforce the occupying British; 3) Superior weapons and war machinery of the British; 4) the targeting of the civilian population supporting the resistance movement by the British. There was an exception however: there were still periodic resistances from the Kachins which lasted until 1914–1915.
273:
113:
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a bounty of Rs. 1,000 for the head of Bo Swe, which increased to Rs. 5,000 towards the end of 1887. Nevertheless, Bo Swe was unfazed. When in June 1886, the
British attacked Bo Swe's position at Padein with a force of 50 Military Police; Bo Swe was able to repel the attacks with reinforcement. The British commander Phayre was shot and killed in the skirmish and Bo Swe managed to hold his position at Padein. To salvage the loss of their commander, the British then sent reinforcements from
28:
696:
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Bo Muang Gale and Bo Nga Nyein. In May, there was an attempt by the
Chaunggwa Princes to combine forces with Myinzaing Prince. Their forces arrived at Gye village, 12 miles southwest of Kyaukse with 600 men to meet with Myinzaing's army at Natteik pass. This united front however did not materialize because of British retaliation. Bo Shwe Yan finally escaped into the jungles near Panlaung while the princes retreated back into Mandalay by 1887.
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1004:
would not be charged for the murder of Phayre. Nevertheless, Bo Swe refused. Incensed, the
British increased their cavalry and mounted infantry forces at Ngape, systematically rooting out Bo Swe's resistance base. Finally, Bo Swe made a last ditched effort at repelling the British forces in a ravine near Milangon in Thayetmyo district. He died a valiant death of fighting with only 10 of his men as compared to the more numerous mounted
933:. However, the British moved swiftly against the Prince and his forces, attacking his camp on 12 November 1886. The Kyimyindaing Prince was forced to withdraw but not without killing a British officer, Lieutenant Eckersley of the Somersetshire Regiment. British counter-attacks forced the Prince to retreat to Ywangan state where he and his men fought their last battle stoically till the last man standing.
1423:, who established his headquarters at Kanpale on 3 December 1888 and assembled a force of 1,200. Meanwhile, attacks from the Tashons and Siyins continued unabated. The main British strategy however was to undermine Chin solidarity by driving a wedge between the Chins. They would only attack the Siyins and the Kamhaus, while the Tashons would be left alone. The very first objective was the occupation of
736:. He continued to harass the British around Kyaukse and Mandalay. The police station southeast of Mandalay was attacked on 18 April and on 30 April a great fire was started in Mandalay which killed Lt. Forbes and injured seven sepoys. Yakhainggyi continued to be the main base of operations for Myinzaing until May 1886, while the rest of his army remained at Kywetnapha and Hngetkyithaik.
1288:. The British then mounted a military offensive in three successive expeditions in the years 1888–1889 with a column of 51 rifles of the Hampshire Regiment, 320 of the Mogaung Levy and two mountain guns under Captain O’Donnell. The British then occupied Kamaing on 11 January 1889, then Sama and finally Muklon. The resistance movement of U Po Saw was finally routed by 1889 with the
682:
officials shall not forcibly impress into service anyone who may not wish to serve. To uphold the religion, to uphold the national honour, to uphold the country's interests, will bring about threefold good; good of our religion, good of our master, and good of ourselves; and will gain for us the important result of placing us in the path to the celestial regions and to
1319:, U Aung Myat thus refused to surrender. A column of 400 men was hence sent in January 1887 to Tatlwin Pass captured both U Aung Myat and U Shwe Tha. After prolonged negotiation, U Aung Myat submitted but it was merely a façade. U Aung Myat's men still resisted and by January 1891, skirmishes broke out formerly again. Havoc broke out in the towns of
686:. Whoever, therefore, is willing to join and serve zealously will be assisted by His Majesty with royal rewards and royal money, and be made to serve in the capacity for which he may be fit. Loyal officials are to make inquiries for volunteers and others who may wish to serve, and are to submit lists of them to their respective Governments."
1028:, launching attacks on the British from there. The British used the same tactics of offering amnesty in order to co-opt him but Bo Ya Nyun refused. However, some troops under him were taken in by the British offer. By 1890, Bo Ya Ngun's resistance eventually crumbled and he surrendered to the British on 30 May 1890.
1458:. Fighting stretched all the way into 1891 when the Kamhaus finally submitted under superior British firepower. Sporadic outbreaks of resistance still occurred with the minority tribes with stubborn attacks by Siyin and other smaller tribes. The Siyins persisted to the last but was eventually subdued.
990:
He emerged once again in May 1886 to attack Kani with 150 men. The
British then came in from Pyilongyaw on 17 May and Bo Swe was forced to withdraw again to Yaw. However, this time the retreat was for tactical purposes so that he could organize his men more effectively. The British, at that time, set
792:
Princes along with the support of a local leader, Bo Shwe Yan, stationed themselves in Kabo with 300 to 500 men recruited from the villages of
Chaunggwa, Kabo, Thetpan, Ngazinyaing, Lawagai, Oktwingan, Gyogya-U, Ingan, Zigyaung and Kokkogan. Earlier in April, Bo Shwe Yan attacked Shwedaung along with
739:
Myinzaing hatched a plan to capture
Mandalay by launching a full-scale attack on the city in May 1886. 300 swordsmen and 100 musketeers would attack the police station and destroy the telegraph wires. Anaukwindawhmu U Paung would lead 200 swordsmen and 1500 Shan and Burmese musketeers to attack the
1019:
was the chief horseman of
Welaung in Myingyan district. This district was well known for the high caliber of its cavalry. Due to his official position and his natural leadership ability, Bo Ya Nyun was able to gather a large following. Throughout the years 1887 and 1888, Bo Ya Ngun would carry out
995:
led by Major Gordan with 95 rifles of the 2nd Bengal
Infantry, 50 rifles of the Liverpool Regiment and 2 artillery pieces. On 19 July, Major Gordon's forces clashed with BoSwe's at a position near Ngape. Bo Swe eventually withdrew but not without inflicting losses of 8 killed and 26 wounded on the
1478:
dynasty to the
British. Many of the resistance were small-scale affairs - scattered, disorganized and without an eventual goal in sight except to struggle against a foreign enemy that was seen to be encroaching upon their land, religion and king. There were also many who have defected over to the
1060:
of Kan, together with the thugyis of Ngakwe, Kawton and Thechaung villages, they conducted an active campaign in the Salin and Sale districts. Fighting broke out on 13 March with a British force under Captain Dunsford at Kyaukpon, after which U Ottama retreated back again towards Pauk. By then, U
1003:
After the Ngape incident, the British decoded to change tactics. They tried to win Bo Swe over to their side with the promise that he would be appointed Extra Assistant Commissioner 5th Grade at Ngape should he give himself up with his men and capture U Ottama. There was a further proviso that he
681:
barbarians, having most harshly made demands calculated to bring about the impairment and destruction of our religion, the violation of our national traditions and customs, and the degradation of our race, are making a show and preparation as if about to wage war with our State ... The local
833:, they gave up Shwebo but continue to harass the British forces. After a major battle at Kadu Kunitywa, the princes were defeated. Hteiktin Thein died later in January 1886 but his brother Hteiktin continued the resistance. He then established alliances with local resistance leaders Bo Hla U and
1068:
On 12 June 1886, the British started an attack near U Ottama's position at Salin. U Ottama's men killed Captain Dunsford and then besieging the British forces at Salin. The siege was broken by a relieving British force but only after the Burmese had killed its commander again, Captain Atkinson.
1223:. The British managed to exploit this local feud to reinstate their control over the Shan hills. A few of the Shan Sawbas resisted while many defected to the British side. One by one, townships within the Shan states fell into British hands. Stubborn resistance fighters such as the Sawbas of
1044:, including 600 to 700 mean joined their resistance forces. On 17 February, their forces attacked and took over Sagu. However, the British attacked back, pushing into Sagu and further into Pyilongyaw, raiding U Ottama's monastery. By this time both U Ottama and U Thaung had escaped to
1218:
to be their representative. However, the formation of the confederacy was still in its infancy when Mandalay had fallen to the British. Nevertheless, the immediate confrontation of the Limbin Confederacy was not with the British but with the chiefs against the recalcitrant Sawbas to
1427:, the main Siyin village. They then continued their advance on Khausak with a force of 517 rifles and two mountain guns. Fierce fighting ensued whereby many villages of the Siyins and Kamhaus were destroyed. Having done that, the British then turned their attention to the Tashons.
1125:
to increase the intensity of revolt in Lower Burma before the outbreak of war. He subsequently roped in the help of Kyaukkalat, Pekkaleit and Shwehle Pongyis to stir up revolt in the region. After the fall of Mandalay, Mayanchaung Pongyis’ men made a simultaneous attack on
732:. Myinzaing and his followers then attacked a group of British at Paleit and Htonbo in early January 1886. Following British suppression in 1886, Myinzaing was forced to move southwards, reestablishing himself at Yakhainggyi, 23 miles southeast of
796:
A plot was hatched in 1887 in Mandalay to put Saw Yan Naing on the throne. Nevertheless, the plan was foiled once again by the British, who arrested the ringleaders while Saw Yan Naing was dispatched to Rangoon. He then tried to move to
982:
hills. By December 1885, Bo Swe and his forces attacked a police station on the west frontier and subsequently moving into Malun township in 1886. Over there, he encountered the forces of Captain Rolland and 25 men from the
1272:
of Kamaing, Mogaung and Uyu Seywa on the night of 20 May 1888, occupying the town of Mogaung. In this engagement, they lost 49 men but had also inflicted a loss of 8 men killed and 15 wounded on the British side.
953:
prince was forced to withdraw east in 1888, establish a large following and making incursions into Kyauke district. He did some damage to the Military Police but was eventually captured by the Sawbwa of
1268:, 25 Mounted Infantry and 2 mountain guns led by Captain Triscott whom had previously settled in on 14 January 1888. After a series of small-scale skirmishes, U Po Saw assembled over 400 men, mostly
929:. He then combined forces with leaders like Yamethin Lewun, Theingon Thugyi, Buddhayaza and Thihaya when he moved south. Their forces managed to disrupt the communications of the British in
760:. Nevertheless, Myinzaing's plan could not be carried out as the British were able to uncover the activities of Myinzaing's lieutenants, putting a stop to the plan. Four other monks namely
1231:
put up a valiant fight, however they too crumbled under British guile and force. The break-up of the Limbin Confederacy eventually forced the Limbin Prince to submit. He was then taken to
1149:
had already posted a reward of Rs. 5,000 for the capture of Mayanchaung Pongyi. The British also started to reinforcement their strength at Shwegyin with an officer and 45 men of the
675:, shield bearers, heads of jails, heads of gold and silver revenues, mine workers, settlement officers, heads of forests, and to all royal subjects and inhabitants of the Royal Empire
1466:, finally surrendered on 16 May 1894. Still, the Chins were perceived to be the fiercest and strongest foe to the British advancement, having lasted for more than seven years.
837:
Myowun Bo Pyan Gyi. After continual harass and strong British retaliation, Hteiktin Hmat retreated to the north. He attacked and captured Taze with 3500 men recruited from
1157:, while at Sittang there were 3 officers and 73 men of the Royal Scots Fusiliers, 2 officers and 65 men of the 1st Bombay Grenadiers and an officer and 50 men of the
1130:, Winbadaw and Karawe on 15 December 1885. The very next day, the group proceeded to cut the telegraph lines at Thayethamein while another, led by a pongyi, captured
1280:
and two more mountain guns. At the same time, letters of ultimatum were sent to the Sama and Panga Duwas requiring them to make a formal submission and to surrender
1435:
1265:
1264:
support. He met with strong British resistance consisting of 50 rifles of the Cheshire Regiment, 101 rifles of the Kalati Ghilzai Regiment, 500 rifles of the
1276:
With that loss of the British, they regrouped swiftly. In October 1888, a sanction was given to increase the size of the Moguang garrison with 200 men from
1202:, a union of Shan Sawbas and Myosas, had its origins before British annexation of Upper Burma when the Shan States refused to submit under the authority of
1199:
1381:
873:, who had surrendered his allegiance to the British. U Tha Gyi, another local man of influence defected from the British and joined in the resistance.
740:
city directly and slaughter Burmese ministers and officials who had capitulated under the British. Maung Gyi, Myinzaing's maternal uncle, will take on
1178:
1069:
Riding on his success, U Ottama reconsolidated his forces in the Minbu region. He then assumed the title of Mingyi and appointed five lieutenants –
429:
1384:, they launched an offensive against the British by raiding Indin on 4 May 1888. This was followed by incursions into the plain in which the towns
1207:
861:
district in the treacherous hills of the Pondaung range. His influence included Pagyi and Pakhangyi area as well with prominent followers such as
1420:
1215:
1086:
1866:
1669:
906:
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with 250 swordsmen and 700 Shan and Burmese musketeers. Myaukdawebo Maung Gale would then administer the oath of allegiance to all Sawbwas and
1315:. Both father and son were brought up in the Burmese court and had pledged their loyalties to the Konbaung monarch. When the British occupied
1040:
Prince, U Ottama together with U Thaung collected man and arms on both sides of the Man Creek to prepare for battle with the British. Several
857:
Prince, whose claim to royalty was probably questionable, rose up and mobilized his forces of resistance at Kanle in the southern part of the
780:. In the end, Myinzaing was forced to retreat into the Myelat State of Ywangan. He contracted fever there in August 1886 and died soon after.
1369:
1312:
1115:
1053:
1308:
1074:
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890:
789:
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1142:. Nevertheless, another of wave attack began again at Kyaikkaw, breaching the Abya embankment and destroyed the lock gates at Myitkyo.
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1413:
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while a force of 300–500 mean attack on Shwegyin, the district headquarters. The attack was repulsed by British reinforments from
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Ottama's strength had increased considerably after he had managed to enter into a successful communication with the forces under
517:
467:
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and Indauktha. However, the tough jungle life was unbearable to him and like Myinzaing Prince, he died of fever in August 1887.
865:(Tayokmyo) Myowun U Kyaw Gaung under him. By 1887, he had extended his resistance activities into the Yaw country and then the
1368:
in his stead. They then ventured into Tashon country with the objective of negotiating a trade route to India through the
511:
1430:
With peaceful negotiations breaking down between the Tashons and British, the British decided to take on the offensive.
1000:, the British withdrew in July 1886, allowing Bo Swe to once again regroup and reconsolidate his forces in the region.
809:
to establish a new base for further resistance, He was killed during fighting with the British forces along the route.
885:(Viceroy) Prince also arose along with resistance movements that started in Mandalay and eventually moving north into
1431:
1239:
permanently in 1921, living in a house there free of charge and given a monthly grant of 16 pounds. He died in 1933.
889:. In September 1887 he moved into the Pagyi region, establishing contacts with Shwegyobyu Prince and in particular,
1020:
guerilla tactics on the British. Whenever the enemy forces were too great, he would retreat into the jungles around
974:
of Mindat continued to fight against the British. He established his power in the region west of Minbu, between the
597:
505:
499:
869:. In one of the raids within the Pagyi region, Bo Sawba attacked and carried off the body of U Po O, a nephew of
473:
1352:. Previously on 1 January 1887, the British had started to assert their control over Chin territory by deposing
1956:
1311:, was made Sawba of Wuntho previously in 1866 until he relinquished his position in favor of his son in 1881,
949:
at the end of 1887. This was followed by attacks from the British with the support of the Maw Ngwegunhmu. The
1951:
1474:
The resistance movement was not a unified one. It was the outcome of the sudden and humiliating fall of the
817:
Also, during the same period in December 1885 two brother princes Hteiktin Hmat and Hteiktin Thein, sons of
1557:
1438:
who positioned his forces at Fort White with 1,622 men. The Southern Column, consisting of 1,869 men under
523:
479:
437:
1419:
Facing the growing threat from the chin tribes, a military expedition was launched into the Hills led by
1102:
590:
557:
542:
537:
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1327:. However, the overwhelming force of the British forced both father and son to find refuge in Tsanta in
1185:. Eventually, he was captured on 10 March 1886 and publicly hanged in front of Kyaikto police station.
630:
356:
205:
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Prince's lieutenants Bo Manga, Myedu Myosa and Mg Lat positioned themselves along the course of the
562:
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suffered few casualties. Many had not experienced actual fighting. Nevertheless, the issue of the
622:
547:
1628:
The report of the Deputy Commissioner of Ava to the Secretary to the CHief Commissioner of Burma
1442:, established themselves at Kan on 9 December 1889. These two columns would come to subdue the
201:
1434:
was planned for 1889–1890, which was divided into two columns. The Northern Column was led by
748:
would invade the eastern suburbs and capture Yankin Hill with 300 swordsmen and 1000 Shan and
1154:
1150:
1005:
984:
870:
830:
700:
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had to disarm without putting up a fight. Soon widespread resistance started to break out in
455:
282:
231:
1739:
Maung, Tha Aung; Maung Mya Din (1936). "Pacification of Upper Burma: A Vernacular History".
124:
100:
423:
8:
1439:
1166:
1158:
1024:. By 1889 Bo Ya Ngun had reconsolidated enough strength to establish himself formally at
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and the northern suburbs with 100 swordsmen and 700 Shan and Burmese musketeers. Mongnai
725:
397:
348:
1860:
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before 14 April. They refused and with 40–50 men from Pyilongyaw and 500–600 men under
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409:
330:
298:
264:
914:
367:
1925:
1131:
806:
443:
176:
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143:
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Fighting first broke out in Upper Burma when between 18 and 25 December 1885, 200
975:
626:
417:
377:
302:
288:
637:’s order to surrender on 27 November 1885 meant that Burmese garrisons south of
1049:
829:
from Shwebo Myowun. On 23 December, after skirmishes with two companies of the
822:
580:
383:
321:
117:
112:
1853:
Upper Burma Proceedings (Foreign Department), Proceeding No. 3 Enclosure 2 (3)
272:
1945:
1932:
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1045:
741:
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389:
371:
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Meanwhile, as troops of the Myinzaing Prince wreaked havoc in Mandalay, the
1324:
979:
749:
654:
311:
63:
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and Maungtaw villages. On the night of 31 December 1885, the men attacked
27:
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1203:
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403:
227:
104:
55:
51:
1396:, another Chin tribe, had joined in the resistance, with them attacking
1211:
1021:
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District, he moved to Maw, the Myelat state on the southeast border of
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67:
59:
1206:, plotting to replace him with another suzerain who would repeal the
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917:. In March 1886, his forces took on British troops marching from
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in the northern Shan States and then to the border region between
1527:
1424:
1412:
also took the opportunity to attack the Kabaw valley, destroying
1389:
1331:
province. With that, the Wuntho uprising was finally suppressed.
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launched an attack on the British garrison along with widespread
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1228:
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as well as displaying their military dominance and prowess to
1252:
Formerly the descendant of a family of local influence in the
1451:
1277:
1169:. Meanwhile, Mayanchaung Pongyi had established contact with
1146:
997:
992:
918:
838:
834:
773:
941:
Initially starting his resistance movement from his base in
1544:
Reports of Disturbances in the City and Suburbs of Mandalay
1361:
1323:
and Kyaukpintha. By this time, U Shwe Tha had retreated to
1210:. They selected a disenfranchised prince of the house of
699:
A Burmese rebel being executed at Shwebo, Upper Burma, by
996:
British side. Finding their strength rather deficient at
913:
district before establishing himself in the area around
1546:. File 21: National Archives Department, Rangoon. 1886.
987:. After which, Bo Swe retreated into the Arakan Yomas.
881:
At the same time of the Shwegyobyu Prince attacks, the
1813:. Burma: National Archives Department, Rangoon. 1886.
1785:. Burma: National Archives Department, Rangoon. 1886.
1771:. Burma: National Archives Department, Rangoon. 1886.
1602:. Burma: National Archives Department, Rangoon. 1887.
1499:. Burma: The Universities Press Rangoon. p. 243.
1048:. The British then requested for their surrender at
625:. Due to the rapidity of British advancement up the
1896:
Wuntho Sawbwagyi, Bama sheipyei tawhlanyei thamagyi
1700:. Upper Burma: Gazetteer of Upper Burma. 1887–1888.
966:Although in his fifties by the time of annexation,
958:who handed him over to the British to be executed.
1924:
1738:
1242:
1943:
1348:were a powerful and influential tribe among the
1307:consisted of a father and son team. The father,
1827:. Burma: Crosthwaite, Pacification. 1889-11-08.
1532:. Upper Burma: Wetmasut Wundak Daw. 1885-11-07.
1334:
1188:
1574:. National Archives Department, Rangoon. 1886.
909:Prince started off his resistance movement in
598:
1755:Report on Administration of Burma, 1888–1889
1497:Burma's Struggle Against British Imperialism
1092:
690:
1799:. Burma: Pyinnya Totetkyipwaye Press. 1934.
1235:where he stayed until 1912. He returned to
1165:column with one officer and 175 men of the
246:Upper Burma: 312 dead (British Army Report)
1883:. Home Department Proceedings. 1888-06-15.
1865:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1668:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1616:. Burma: MIC 22/Reel48. 1886. p. 278.
605:
591:
1193:
752:musketeers. Lawksawk Sawbwa would invade
1881:Burma Proceedings 1888, Proceeding No. 3
1644:. Upper Burma: Foreign Department. 1887.
1106:Officers of the 1886 Mogaung Expedition.
1101:
1036:In 1886, upon receiving orders from the
694:
619:Burmese Resistance Movement of 1885–1895
1922:
1757:. Gazetteer of Upper Burma. 1889-10-04.
1686:. Crosthwaithe Pacification. July 1886.
1404:on 22 September. Other tribes like the
21:Burmese resistance movement (1885–1895)
1944:
1292:offering stiff resistance throughout.
900:
621:occurred almost immediately after the
1893:
1509:
1494:
1097:
253:Military Police: 46 dead, 76 wounded
848:
1642:Burma Proceedings, Proceeding No. 2
783:
772:were also arrested and detained at
707:
13:
1339:
876:
661:which did not die out until 1896.
14:
1968:
1741:Journal of Burma Research Society
1392:were targeted. By this time, the
812:
671:, heads of cavalry, heads of the
1295:
936:
574:
271:
123:
111:
99:
26:
1916:
1902:
1894:Maung, Myanma Alin Soe (1956).
1887:
1873:
1845:
1831:
1817:
1803:
1797:Tawthagyi: Bo Ya Nyun i zatiman
1789:
1775:
1761:
1747:
1732:
1718:
1704:
1690:
1676:
1648:
1634:
1620:
1606:
1592:
1586:Wetmasut Wundak neizin hmattan
1578:
1564:
1536:
1526:Order of the Ministers of the
1518:
1514:. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
1503:
1488:
1462:, the Siyin chief and his son
1243:Resistance in the Kachin Hills
1153:and an officer and 100 of the
1134:. Another force also attacked
677:: Those heretics, the English
1:
1898:. Rangoon: Thamameikta Press.
1482:
1011:
83:Pacification of British Burma
1469:
1335:Resistance in the Chin Hills
1189:Resistance in the Shan Hills
716:under the leadership of the
244:Unknown but in the Hundreds
7:
1432:Another military expedition
1247:
1031:
10:
1973:
1530:1st waxing Tazaungmon 1247
255:Army: 60 dead, 142 wounded
1510:Maung, Htin Aung (1965).
1093:Resistance in Lower Burma
961:
691:Resistance in Upper Burma
237:
206:Lieutenant-General Phayre
202:Lieutenant-General Forbes
164:Kyimyindaing Prince
134:
93:
34:
25:
20:
1556:: CS1 maint: location (
1440:Brigadier-General Symons
1421:Brigadier-General Faunce
825:, attacked and captured
667:To all town and village
228:Brigadier-General Symons
1698:Administration of Burma
1121:was first appointed by
456:British colonial period
1910:Chin Hills Gazetteer I
1658:. Burma. October 1886.
1194:The Limbin Confederacy
1107:
704:
688:
142:Chaunggwa Prince
135:Commanders and leaders
1957:British rule in Burma
1684:Burma Home Proceeding
1495:Myint, Ni Ni (1983).
1266:Bhamo Military Police
1155:1st Bombay Grenadiers
1151:Royal Scots Fusiliers
1105:
1008:led by Major Harvey.
1006:South Wales Borderers
985:Royal Scots Fusiliers
831:Royal Welsh Fusiliers
701:Royal Welch Fusiliers
698:
663:
430:Nyaungyan Restoration
357:Warring states period
283:Prehistory of Myanmar
238:Casualties and losses
155:Bayingan Prince
1952:Resistance movements
1855:. Burma. 1886-10-14.
1726:U B Home (Misc Dept)
1656:U B Home (Misc Dept)
1512:The Stricken Peacock
1284:and his lieutenant,
1214:, also known as the
474:Nationalist movement
438:Restored Hanthawaddy
424:First Toungoo Empire
400:1287–1539, 1550–1552
213:Lieutenant Eckersley
1927:The Making of Burma
1167:9th Madras Infantry
1161:. There was also a
1159:5th Madras Infantry
905:In early 1886, the
901:Kyimyindaing Prince
506:Ne Win dictatorship
480:Japanese occupation
468:Resistance movement
398:Hanthawaddy Kingdom
349:Early Pagan Kingdom
128:Pro-British Burmese
1400:on 17 October and
1200:Limbin Confederacy
1177:, sons of the old
1108:
1098:Mayanchaung Pongyi
705:
629:, the bulk of the
581:Myanmar portal
512:SLORC / SPDC junta
462:Anglo-Burmese Wars
410:Kingdom of Mrauk U
331:Arakanese kingdoms
299:Sri Ksetra Kingdom
265:History of Myanmar
188:Mayanchaung Pongyi
1382:Shwegyobyu Prince
970:, the hereditary
925:via Mahlaing and
849:Shwegyobyu Prince
615:
614:
518:Political reforms
291:200 BCE – 1050 CE
259:
258:
223:Captain O’Donnell
153:Shwegyobyu Prince
89:
88:
1964:
1937:
1936:
1930:
1923:Woodman (1962).
1920:
1914:
1913:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1864:
1856:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1841:. February 1886.
1835:
1829:
1828:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1667:
1659:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1614:Duffferin Papers
1610:
1604:
1603:
1600:File No. NP 1887
1596:
1590:
1589:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1555:
1547:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1492:
1056:of Warabyin and
784:Chaunggwa Prince
708:Myinzaing Prince
623:fall of Mandalay
607:
600:
593:
579:
578:
577:
558:Military history
553:Royal chronicles
543:List of capitals
500:AFPFL government
444:Konbaung dynasty
325:
306:
275:
261:
260:
219:Captain Dunsford
181:
170:
161:
148:
140:Myinzaing Prince
127:
116:
115:
103:
79:British victory
36:
35:
30:
18:
17:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1921:
1917:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1892:
1888:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1858:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1783:File No. 466 UB
1781:
1780:
1776:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1737:
1733:
1728:. October 1886.
1724:
1723:
1719:
1714:. Pacification.
1710:
1709:
1705:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1661:
1660:
1654:
1653:
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1640:
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1626:
1625:
1621:
1612:
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1607:
1598:
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1593:
1584:
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1570:
1569:
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1549:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1524:
1523:
1519:
1508:
1504:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1472:
1416:in their wake.
1364:and installing
1342:
1340:The Chin Tribes
1337:
1298:
1250:
1245:
1196:
1191:
1179:Kyaukkyi Mingyi
1100:
1095:
1034:
1014:
964:
939:
903:
879:
877:Bayingan Prince
851:
821:’s brother the
815:
786:
710:
693:
627:Irrawaddy River
611:
575:
573:
418:Toungoo dynasty
378:Sagaing Kingdom
319:
303:Tagaung Kingdom
296:
289:Pyu city-states
230:
226:
224:
222:
220:
218:
216:
215:Captain Rolland
214:
212:
211:Captain Beville
210:
208:
204:
197:
195:
193:
191:
189:
187:
185:
183:
177:
174:
172:
166:
163:
157:
154:
152:
150:
144:
141:
110:
70:
12:
11:
5:
1970:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1939:
1938:
1915:
1901:
1886:
1872:
1844:
1830:
1816:
1802:
1788:
1774:
1760:
1746:
1731:
1717:
1703:
1689:
1675:
1647:
1633:
1619:
1605:
1591:
1577:
1563:
1535:
1517:
1502:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1471:
1468:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1297:
1294:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1208:Thathameda tax
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1033:
1030:
1013:
1010:
963:
960:
938:
935:
902:
899:
878:
875:
850:
847:
823:Kanaung Prince
814:
813:Kanaung Prince
811:
785:
782:
709:
706:
692:
689:
613:
612:
610:
609:
602:
595:
587:
584:
583:
570:
569:
568:
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566:
565:
555:
550:
545:
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532:
531:
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527:
521:
515:
509:
503:
488:
487:
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484:
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477:
471:
465:
450:
449:
448:
447:
441:
435:
434:
433:
427:
415:
414:
413:
407:
401:
395:
394:
393:
387:
384:Kingdom of Ava
381:
375:
372:Pinya Kingdoms
354:
353:
352:
337:
336:
335:
334:
327:
326:
322:Thaton Kingdom
316:
315:
308:
307:
293:
292:
286:
285:11,000–200 BCE
277:
276:
268:
267:
257:
256:
247:
240:
239:
235:
234:
221:Major Robinson
199:
151:Kanaung Prince
137:
136:
132:
131:
130:
129:
118:British Empire
107:
105:Burmese rebels
96:
95:
91:
90:
87:
86:
85:
84:
76:
72:
71:
50:
48:
44:
43:
40:
32:
31:
23:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1969:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1934:
1933:Cresset Press
1929:
1928:
1919:
1911:
1905:
1897:
1890:
1882:
1876:
1868:
1862:
1854:
1848:
1840:
1834:
1826:
1820:
1812:
1811:File No. 50 I
1806:
1798:
1792:
1784:
1778:
1770:
1769:File No. 50 I
1764:
1756:
1750:
1742:
1735:
1727:
1721:
1713:
1707:
1699:
1693:
1685:
1679:
1671:
1665:
1657:
1651:
1643:
1637:
1630:. 1886-04-01.
1629:
1623:
1615:
1609:
1601:
1595:
1587:
1581:
1573:
1567:
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1553:
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1480:
1477:
1467:
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1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1436:Colonel Skene
1433:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
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1332:
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1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1296:Wuntho Sawbas
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1216:Limbin prince
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1104:
1090:
1088:
1087:Bo Byaing Gyi
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1009:
1007:
1001:
999:
994:
988:
986:
981:
977:
973:
969:
959:
957:
952:
948:
944:
937:Setkya Prince
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
874:
872:
871:Kinwun Mingyi
868:
864:
860:
856:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
810:
808:
804:
800:
794:
791:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
742:Mandalay Hill
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
722:Myitnge River
719:
715:
702:
697:
687:
685:
680:
676:
674:
670:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
608:
603:
601:
596:
594:
589:
588:
586:
585:
582:
572:
571:
564:
563:Military rule
561:
560:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
535:
534:
533:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
497:
496:1948–present
495:
492:
491:
490:
489:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
459:
457:
454:
453:
452:
451:
445:
442:
439:
436:
431:
428:
425:
422:
421:
419:
416:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
391:
390:Prome Kingdom
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
369:
366:
365:
363:
362:Upper Myanmar
360:
359:
358:
355:
350:
347:
346:
344:
343:Pagan Kingdom
341:
340:
339:
338:
332:
329:
328:
323:
318:
317:
314:825?–1057? CE
313:
310:
309:
304:
300:
295:
294:
290:
287:
284:
281:
280:
279:
278:
274:
270:
269:
266:
263:
262:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
241:
236:
233:
232:Kinwun Mingyi
229:
225:Colonel Skene
209:Major Kennedy
207:
203:
200:
190:Limbin Prince
182:
180:
173:Setkya Prince
171:
169:
162:
160:
149:
147:
139:
138:
133:
126:
122:
121:
120:
119:
114:
108:
106:
102:
98:
97:
92:
82:
81:
80:
77:
74:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
46:
45:
41:
38:
37:
33:
29:
24:
19:
16:
1926:
1918:
1909:
1904:
1895:
1889:
1880:
1875:
1852:
1847:
1838:
1833:
1825:BHP (Police)
1824:
1819:
1810:
1805:
1796:
1791:
1782:
1777:
1768:
1763:
1754:
1749:
1740:
1734:
1725:
1720:
1711:
1706:
1697:
1692:
1683:
1678:
1655:
1650:
1641:
1636:
1627:
1622:
1613:
1608:
1599:
1594:
1585:
1580:
1571:
1566:
1543:
1538:
1525:
1520:
1511:
1505:
1496:
1490:
1473:
1429:
1418:
1343:
1299:
1275:
1251:
1197:
1144:
1109:
1067:
1035:
1015:
1002:
989:
965:
940:
907:Kyimyindaing
904:
880:
852:
816:
795:
787:
764:, U Ottama,
738:
711:
678:
672:
668:
666:
664:
655:Kachin Hills
631:Burmese army
618:
616:
526:2021–present
312:Mon kingdoms
252:
250:Upper Burma
249:
243:
217:Major Gordan
178:
175:Bo Swe
167:
158:
145:
109:
94:Belligerents
78:
64:Kachin Hills
15:
1712:Crosthwaite
1370:China Hills
1313:U Aung Myat
1204:King Thibaw
1123:King Thibaw
1116:Mayanchaung
1054:Bo Shwe Tha
647:Lower Burma
643:Upper Burma
404:Shan States
196:U Aung Myat
56:Lower Burma
52:Upper Burma
1946:Categories
1931:. London:
1483:References
1309:U Shwe Tha
1212:Alaungpaya
1075:Bo Kan Thi
1071:Bo Yaw Baw
1017:Bo Ya Nyun
1012:Bo Ya Nyun
897:district.
867:Chin Hills
855:Shwegyobyu
659:Chin Hills
651:Shan Hills
494:Modern era
458:1824–1948
420:1510–1752
364:1297–1555
194:U Shwe Tha
184:Bo Ya Nyun
68:Chin Hills
60:Shan Hills
1861:cite book
1664:cite book
1552:cite book
1470:Aftermath
1378:U Tha Dun
1374:U Tok San
1145:By then,
1058:Bo Lu Gyi
1038:Myinzaing
976:Irrawaddy
891:U Tha Gyi
803:Tawngpeng
790:Chaunggwa
766:U Nandiya
754:Amarapura
726:Shwesayan
718:Myinzaing
524:SAC junta
520:2011–2015
514:1988–2010
508:1962–1988
502:1948–1962
482:1942–1945
476:1900–1948
470:1885–1895
464:1824–1885
446:1752–1885
440:1740–1757
432:1599–1752
426:1510–1599
412:1429–1785
406:1215–1563
392:1482–1542
386:1365–1555
380:1315–1365
374:1297–1365
368:Myinsaing
345:849–1297
333:788?–1406
42:1885–1895
1476:Konbaung
1464:Khai Kam
1460:Khup Pau
1398:Chitpauk
1380:and the
1366:U Pa Gyi
1317:Mandalay
1282:U Po Saw
1258:U Po Saw
1248:U Po Saw
1233:Calcutta
1225:Lawksawk
1221:Kengtung
1171:U Po Min
1163:Moulmein
1136:Kyaikhto
1079:U Ottara
1032:U Ottama
956:Lawksawk
943:Mandalay
931:Pyinmana
927:Meiktila
923:Yamethin
915:Mahlaing
895:Chindwin
883:Bayingan
863:Myingyan
859:Chindwin
770:U Rewata
730:Mandalay
724:between
639:Mandalay
538:Timeline
351:849–1044
198:Cawn Bik
192:U Po Saw
186:U Ottama
47:Location
1588:. 1886.
1572:File NP
1528:Hluttaw
1456:Zokhuas
1444:Tashons
1425:Khuasak
1414:Khamput
1410:Kamhaus
1390:Homalin
1386:Sihuang
1346:Tashons
1290:Kachins
1254:Mogaung
1237:Rangoon
1229:Mongnai
1183:Toungoo
1140:Toungoo
1128:Sittang
1042:thugyis
1026:Welaung
947:Kyaukse
887:Sagaing
807:Mongmit
778:Rangoon
750:Burmese
734:Kyaukse
669:thugyis
635:Hluttaw
548:Leaders
179:†
168:†
159:†
146:†
1448:Siyins
1406:Soktes
1402:Kantha
1394:Siyins
1358:Sawbwa
1329:Yunnan
1321:Kawlin
1305:sawbas
1302:Wuntho
1262:Kachin
1256:area,
1119:Pongyi
1083:Bo Kin
1063:Bo Swe
980:Arakan
972:Thugyi
968:Bo Swe
962:Bo Swe
951:Setkya
843:Wuntho
827:Shwebo
819:Mindon
799:Hsenwi
762:U Dipa
758:Myosas
746:Sawbwa
684:Nibban
673:daings
649:, the
75:Result
1452:Hakha
1354:U Yit
1350:Chins
1325:Mansi
1286:Bo Ti
1278:Bhamo
1270:Shans
1175:U Min
1147:Symes
1132:Bilin
1050:Salin
998:Ngape
993:Pagan
919:Pagan
839:Myedu
835:Singu
774:Akyab
714:Shans
1867:link
1670:link
1558:link
1454:and
1408:and
1388:and
1362:Kale
1344:The
1300:The
1227:and
1198:The
1173:and
1112:Shan
1085:and
1046:Pauk
1022:Popa
978:and
853:The
805:and
776:and
768:and
679:kala
657:and
617:The
370:and
66:and
39:Date
1839:BHP
1360:of
1356:as
921:to
911:Ava
1948::
1863:}}
1859:{{
1666:}}
1662:{{
1554:}}
1550:{{
1450:,
1446:,
1376:,
1114:,
1110:A
1081:,
1077:,
1073:,
1065:.
841:,
653:,
645:,
301:,
62:,
58:,
54:,
1935:.
1912:.
1869:)
1743:.
1672:)
1560:)
703:.
665:"
606:e
599:t
592:v
324:)
320:(
305:)
297:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
