116:. Recognised from the nineteenth century onward, they attracted little significant interest until the 1980s. In Ireland they are often found in low-lying ground close to water. In Britain, they appeared to have a distribution pattern confined to the higher ground. However, this may be illusory, as examples have been found at lower altitudes during linear route excavations. The reason that they had not been recognised before was that the mounds have been ploughed out, although the trough may partially survive and there will be layers of the burnt mound material surviving as a spread of material. The mixture of burnt and shattered rock with charcoal, labelled as burnt mound material, is found on occasion without the trough. There are settlement sites on Orkney, where the burnt mound material is found as thick layers , but there is no trough to explain the shattering of the rocks.
20:
184:
no bone survived, particularly as the pH of the soil will vary considerably from site to site, and there are also examples of burnt mounds that have been recorded on neutral or basic soils, without bone being apparent in the burnt mound material, In addition some mounds occur in places which are believed to have never been inhabited, but this may be explained as cooking by hunting parties or those who were outlawed from living near permanent settlements.
183:
of cooking. Bone is rarely if ever reported from burnt mound sites, which would be unusual for a cooking site. This has been explained as the result of the soils being too acidic for the bone to be preserved, but it would be unlikely that all of the soils relating to burnt mounds were so acidic that
175:
Burnt mounds are also hypothesized to have been used as cooking sites. There are descriptions of the use of such places for cooking in some of the early
Medieval tales, although the historicity of these accounts is open to question. The process has been found to work; experiments were carried out in
119:
The upland bias in distribution in Great
Britain has led to a suggestion that they were cooking sites for hunting parties, and there are images from Medieval Irish texts that appear to show this. The burnt mounds are always adjacent to water courses, and there can be several instances along the same
148:
It is not necessarily the case that all burnt mound material must have been created for the same purposes, and it would be a mistake to seek a single explanation for all the examples of burnt mounds and burnt mound material. Similar material has been produced all over the world , and there may be a
166:
where experiments were made in the late 1990s to assess the plausibility of the sauna hypothesis. A related thesis is that the hot stones were used to heat water in a large, rectangular pit lined with large, flat stones, and that the hot water could then be used for a variety of purposes - bathing
123:
The implication found in many accounts of burnt mounds gives the impression that they are found in
Ireland and Scotland, but they also are found in Wales and in England. The Welsh examples tend to be upland and rural, as are many of the English ones, but there are also many found in the lowlying
96:
There has been considerable debate about the time required to create the mounds. Some interpretations posit the rapid accumulation of material, as a trough was used intensively and very frequently; others suggest a slower accumulation, where the trough was used occasionally over a long period of
97:
time. One thesis is that mounds were created at hunting sites; this explanation would most likely result in the latter pattern of accumulation, while the former would suggest that the use of the trough was for an essentially domestic purpose.
157:
Barfield & Hodder interpreted burnt mounds as possibly places for bathing in heated water or steam, based on their discoveries of structures that could have involved tents and broken stones next to streams in the
484:
78:
The shattered rock fragments are thought to be the remains of stones heated in fires, which were used to heat water. The shattering of the rock appears to have been the result of
324:
Banks, Iain; Dickson, Camilla; Downes, Jane; Robins, Paul; Sanderson, David (1998–99). "Investigating burnt mounds in
Clydesdale & Annandale during motorway construction".
481:
666:
2097:
736:
2494:
2235:
1831:
2450:
1959:
2282:
1733:
694:
605:
242:
729:
176:
Ireland in the 1950s to show that a joint of meat could be fully cooked in about three to four hours through this method.
1860:
766:
625:
465:
410:
385:
360:
308:
2591:
2067:
1954:
110:
The vast majority of burnt mounds are found in the uplands of Great
Britain, and in Ireland where they are called
2479:
1870:
908:
722:
2092:
1622:
882:
950:
548:
500:
70:. The technology used at burnt mounds has much greater antiquity and is found from the Palaeolithic onward.
2087:
1627:
1100:
776:
85:
The mound is assumed to result from the periodic clearing out of the trough, with the stone fragments and
1053:
709:
704:
699:
2355:
2156:
2161:
1976:
2350:
1442:
987:
1514:
1509:
2467:
2377:
1549:
1316:
1135:
1068:
800:
196:. More domestic purpose suggestions are heating water for bathing, dyeing or leather treatment,
2555:
2429:
2035:
1926:
1914:
1610:
1351:
1190:
827:
761:
745:
2294:
2230:
2104:
1797:
1723:
1497:
1492:
1430:
1369:
1306:
1254:
1247:
793:
62:, with clusters of dates between 1900 and 1500 BC and 1200–800 BC, with some outliers in the
35:
1679:
261:
Barfield, L H; Hodder, M A (1987). "Burnt mounds as saunas, and the prehistory of bathing".
2560:
2511:
2506:
2489:
2484:
2462:
2252:
1966:
1819:
1711:
1615:
1408:
1093:
892:
835:
1063:
598:
Burnt Mounds in
Northern and Western Europe: A study of prehistoric technology and society
514:
O'Kelly, Michael J (1954). "Excavations and experiments in ancient Irish cooking-places".
8:
2550:
2215:
2020:
1853:
1386:
1259:
1140:
1115:
630:
54:. The trough could be rock-cut, wood-lined or clay-lined to ensure it was watertight.
2501:
2404:
2306:
2119:
1301:
1031:
997:
689:
647:
299:
O Drisceoil, Diarmuid A (1990). "Fulachta fiadh: the value of early Irish literature".
278:
55:
574:
2543:
2533:
2523:
2472:
2129:
2047:
1341:
1326:
1311:
1291:
1182:
1161:
972:
815:
651:
601:
461:
406:
381:
356:
304:
282:
238:
137:
67:
2538:
2445:
2188:
1971:
1771:
1691:
1647:
1447:
1269:
1120:
1080:
639:
333:
270:
125:
2030:
1986:
690:
Tennessee
Archaeology Net Bibliography Page - FCR (Fire-Cracked Rock) Bibliography
563:
The Wisdom of the Outlaw - The
Boyhood Deeds of Finn in Gaelic Narrative Tradition
82:
when the heated stones were dropped into liquid, normally believed to be water.
2596:
2419:
2389:
2151:
2079:
2057:
2015:
1910:
1880:
1745:
1740:
1391:
1274:
845:
488:
180:
51:
656:
2528:
2455:
2277:
2242:
2173:
2062:
1934:
1642:
1227:
1217:
1038:
1019:
192:
Several other purposes have been suggested. A possible non-domestic purpose is
59:
24:
643:
274:
2585:
2414:
2399:
2345:
2323:
2220:
2208:
2124:
1993:
1875:
1836:
1824:
1812:
1524:
1435:
1364:
1105:
1048:
1026:
935:
867:
862:
840:
351:
Barber, John (1990). "Burnt mound material on settlement sites in
Scotland".
337:
213:
112:
79:
19:
955:
535:
Burnt Mounds & Hot Stone
Technology (Ed) Hodder, M A & Barfield, L H
2333:
2289:
2270:
2225:
2025:
1949:
1706:
1701:
1657:
1284:
1166:
1130:
1110:
962:
940:
852:
2382:
2372:
2362:
2318:
2313:
2265:
2203:
2166:
2139:
2040:
2010:
1885:
1728:
1716:
1477:
1462:
1452:
1423:
1381:
1296:
1264:
1212:
1145:
982:
857:
714:
401:
Larsson, Thomas B (1990). "Skärvstenhögar - the burnt mounds of Sweden".
193:
163:
426:
Ramseyer, D (1991). "Bronze and Iron Age cooking ovens in Switzerland".
2516:
2409:
2367:
2183:
2146:
2109:
2005:
1592:
1504:
1331:
1232:
1205:
1125:
923:
877:
788:
756:
159:
2424:
2193:
2178:
1776:
1761:
1686:
1669:
1587:
1472:
1413:
1403:
1398:
1321:
1200:
1088:
1014:
781:
771:
441:
Campling, N R (1991). "An earth oven from British Columbia, Canada".
2198:
2134:
1981:
1939:
1674:
1582:
1457:
1279:
1242:
1222:
90:
86:
63:
43:
2260:
2052:
1998:
1944:
1766:
1572:
1482:
1336:
1237:
1195:
1058:
977:
930:
918:
197:
2328:
1865:
1843:
1696:
1632:
1577:
967:
945:
913:
887:
47:
667:"The excavation of a burnt mound at Ballywilliam, County Down"
2394:
2114:
1848:
1802:
1664:
1519:
1467:
1043:
1009:
39:
533:
Barfield, L H (1991). "Hot stones: hot food or hot baths?".
2340:
2301:
1781:
1637:
1567:
1487:
1359:
872:
565:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
323:
294:
292:
1652:
1418:
1376:
482:
Birmingham City Council leaflet by planning archaeologist
201:
93:
shape, which is seen as being the result of the upcast.
626:"Burnt mounds as saunas, and the prehistory of bathing"
289:
256:
254:
89:
being cast up into a mound. The mound is frequently a
136:
Burnt mound material has also been found elsewhere in
695:
Prehistoric Birmingham - 3000 years old Burnt Mounds
251:
260:
655:
456:Hurl, Declan (1990). "An anthropologist's tale".
179:However no burnt mounds have been found with any
2583:
624:Barfield, Lawrence & Hodder, Mike (1987).
66:. There are also some dates that go into the
730:
105:
700:Burnt mound in Fox Hollies Park, Birmingham
513:
298:
235:Burnt Mounds in Northern and Western Europe
152:
73:
744:
737:
723:
705:Burnt mounds in Woodlands Park, Birmingham
532:
440:
425:
18:
710:Burnt mounds at Moseley Bog, Birmingham
443:Burnt Mounds & Hot Stone Technology
428:Burnt Mounds & Hot Stone Technology
400:
232:
2584:
474:
350:
140:, such as in Sweden and Switzerland.
58:vary quite widely, the earliest being
1908:
1547:
813:
718:
638:(233). The Antiquity Trust: 370–379.
1909:
555:
455:
143:
458:Burnt Offerings (Ed) Victor Buckley
403:Burnt Offerings (Ed) Victor Buckley
353:Burnt Offerings (Ed) Victor Buckley
301:Burnt Offerings (Ed) Victor Buckley
13:
131:
14:
2608:
1861:Megalithic architectural elements
683:
187:
1548:
549:"New discoveries in Sutton Park"
501:"New discoveries in Sutton Park"
2480:Evolutionary origin of religion
595:
583:
568:
541:
526:
507:
493:
449:
434:
419:
394:
369:
344:
326:Glasgow Archaeological Journal
317:
226:
1:
2093:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
1623:British megalith architecture
671:Ulster Journal of Archaeology
219:
2088:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
1628:Nordic megalith architecture
561:Nagy, Joseph Falaky (1985).
100:
46:, normally with an adjacent
7:
665:Chapple, Robert M. (2007).
207:
16:Type of archaeological site
10:
2613:
2236:British Isles and Brittany
2157:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
664:
623:
170:
2438:
2251:
2078:
1925:
1921:
1904:
1790:
1754:
1603:
1560:
1556:
1543:
1350:
1181:
1154:
1079:
1005:
996:
901:
826:
822:
814:
809:
752:
644:10.1017/S0003598X00072926
600:. VDM Verlag Dr. MĂĽller.
275:10.1017/S0003598X00072926
106:Great Britain and Ireland
338:10.3366/gas.1998.21.21.1
162:area. One example is in
153:Possible use for bathing
74:Description and creation
42:of shattered stones and
2592:Archaeological features
2468:Evolutionary musicology
1871:Oldest extant buildings
1798:Archaeological features
1317:Prepared-core technique
376:"Welsh Contributions".
167:being just one option.
149:range of explanations.
2430:Unchambered long cairn
2278:Mound Builders culture
1611:Neolithic architecture
746:Prehistoric technology
596:Ă“'NĂ©ill, John (2009).
575:Fulacht_fiadh#Function
487:March 6, 2007, at the
233:Ă“ NĂ©ill, John (2009).
36:archaeological feature
27:
2105:List of Stone Age art
1307:Microblade technology
1255:Langdale axe industry
853:Ard / plough
23:A burnt mound in the
22:
2512:Prehistoric medicine
2507:Prehistoric counting
2490:Prehistoric religion
2485:Paleolithic religion
2463:Behavioral modernity
1820:Causewayed enclosure
1712:Abri de la Madeleine
836:Neolithic Revolution
200:, and the making of
2551:Prehistoric warfare
1297:Magdalenian culture
1260:Levallois technique
1191:Earliest toolmaking
516:Trans Royal Ir Acad
138:northwestern Europe
2502:Origin of language
2495:Spiritual drug use
2405:Rectangular dolmen
2307:Dartmoor kistvaens
2120:Carved stone balls
1832:Circular enclosure
1791:Other architecture
1734:Alp pile dwellings
1322:Solutrean industry
1233:Gravettian culture
883:Secondary products
551:. 6 December 2019.
503:. 6 December 2019.
28:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2524:Prehistoric music
2473:music archaeology
2130:Cup and ring mark
1955:Clothing/textiles
1900:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1342:Yubetsu technique
1327:Striking platform
1292:Lithic technology
1177:
1176:
1162:Game drive system
1081:Projectile points
973:Mortar and pestle
617:Academic articles
607:978-3-639-20609-8
380:: 117–140. 1990.
244:978-3-639-20609-8
144:Possible purposes
68:Early Middle Ages
56:Radiocarbon dates
2604:
2539:Divje Babe flute
2446:Archaeoastronomy
2189:Petrosomatoglyph
1923:
1922:
1906:
1905:
1755:Water management
1558:
1557:
1545:
1544:
1448:Denticulate tool
1270:Lithic reduction
1003:
1002:
824:
823:
811:
810:
739:
732:
725:
716:
715:
678:
661:
659:
654:. Archived from
611:
577:
572:
566:
559:
553:
552:
545:
539:
538:
530:
524:
523:
511:
505:
504:
497:
491:
478:
472:
471:
453:
447:
446:
438:
432:
431:
423:
417:
416:
398:
392:
391:
373:
367:
366:
348:
342:
341:
321:
315:
314:
296:
287:
286:
269:(233): 370–379.
258:
249:
248:
230:
126:English Midlands
120:burn or stream.
38:consisting of a
2612:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2567:
2434:
2420:Stone box grave
2390:Megalithic tomb
2295:Cotswold-Severn
2247:
2152:Guardian stones
2080:Prehistoric art
2074:
1917:
1892:
1881:Timber trackway
1786:
1750:
1746:Wattle and daub
1599:
1578:Standing stones
1552:
1531:
1346:
1173:
1150:
1075:
992:
902:Food processing
897:
846:New World crops
818:
805:
748:
743:
686:
681:
614:
608:
586:
581:
580:
573:
569:
560:
556:
547:
546:
542:
531:
527:
512:
508:
499:
498:
494:
489:Wayback Machine
479:
475:
468:
454:
450:
439:
435:
424:
420:
413:
399:
395:
388:
378:Burnt Offerings
375:
374:
370:
363:
349:
345:
322:
318:
311:
297:
290:
259:
252:
245:
231:
227:
222:
210:
194:salt production
190:
181:direct evidence
173:
155:
146:
134:
132:Other locations
108:
103:
76:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2610:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2529:Alligator drum
2521:
2520:
2519:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2465:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2456:lunar calendar
2453:
2442:
2440:
2439:Other cultural
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
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2370:
2365:
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2353:
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2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2287:
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2285:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2257:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2243:Venus figurine
2240:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2174:Megalithic art
2171:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2132:
2127:
2125:Cave paintings
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
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2070:
2065:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2008:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1927:Material goods
1919:
1918:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
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1856:
1846:
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1827:
1817:
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1689:
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1672:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1650:
1645:
1643:Cliff dwelling
1640:
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1625:
1620:
1619:
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1607:
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1598:
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1438:
1428:
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1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
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1394:
1384:
1379:
1374:
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1372:
1362:
1356:
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1348:
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1345:
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1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
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1288:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1228:Fire hardening
1225:
1220:
1218:Clovis culture
1215:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1187:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1141:Manis Mastodon
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1085:
1083:
1077:
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1074:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1020:throwing stick
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
993:
991:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
959:
958:
953:
943:
938:
933:
928:
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926:
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899:
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865:
860:
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849:
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832:
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820:
819:
807:
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684:External links
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188:Other purposes
186:
172:
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133:
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107:
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99:
75:
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60:late Neolithic
25:Orkney Islands
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
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2609:
2598:
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2415:Simple dolmen
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2400:Passage grave
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2346:Gallery grave
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2261:Burial mounds
2259:
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2256:
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2250:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2221:Statue menhir
2219:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2209:Stone carving
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2197:
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2048:Sewing needle
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2027:
2024:
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2019:
2017:
2014:
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2012:
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1887:
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1879:
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1876:Timber circle
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1830:
1826:
1825:Tor enclosure
1823:
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1818:
1814:
1813:fulacht fiadh
1811:
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1049:spear-thrower
1047:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1027:Bow and arrow
1025:
1021:
1018:
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1016:
1013:
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1007:
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989:
986:
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966:
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944:
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939:
937:
936:Grinding slab
934:
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922:
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917:
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904:
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874:
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869:
868:Domestication
866:
864:
863:Digging stick
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
847:
844:
842:
841:Founder crops
839:
838:
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829:
825:
821:
817:
812:
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799:
795:
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791:
790:
787:
783:
782:New Stone Age
780:
778:
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773:
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768:
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763:
760:
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758:
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747:
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496:
490:
486:
483:
477:
469:
467:1-869857-07-0
463:
459:
452:
444:
437:
429:
422:
414:
412:1-869857-07-0
408:
404:
397:
389:
387:1-869857-07-0
383:
379:
372:
364:
362:1-869857-07-0
358:
354:
347:
339:
335:
331:
327:
320:
312:
310:1-869857-07-0
306:
302:
295:
293:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
257:
255:
246:
240:
236:
229:
225:
215:
214:Fulacht fiadh
212:
211:
205:
203:
199:
195:
185:
182:
177:
168:
165:
161:
150:
141:
139:
129:
127:
121:
117:
115:
114:
113:fulachtaĂ fia
98:
94:
92:
88:
83:
81:
80:thermal shock
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
26:
21:
2356:wedge-shaped
2341:Funeral pyre
2334:Great dolmen
2290:Chamber tomb
2271:Round barrow
2226:Stone circle
2098:Blombos Cave
2026:Grooved ware
1950:Chalcolithic
1854:Thornborough
1807:
1772:Flush toilet
1707:Blombos Cave
1702:Rock shelter
1658:Quiggly hole
1550:Architecture
1525:illustration
1167:Buffalo jump
988:Storage pits
951:Aşıklı Höyük
941:Ground stone
777:Subdivisions
674:
670:
657:the original
635:
629:
597:
584:Bibliography
570:
562:
557:
543:
534:
528:
519:
515:
509:
495:
476:
457:
451:
442:
436:
427:
421:
402:
396:
377:
371:
352:
346:
332:(21): 1–28.
329:
325:
319:
300:
266:
262:
234:
228:
191:
178:
174:
156:
147:
135:
122:
118:
111:
109:
95:
84:
77:
31:
29:
2378:unchambered
2373:Long barrow
2363:Grave goods
2319:Court cairn
2314:Clava cairn
2266:Bowl barrow
2204:Rock cupule
2147:Golden hats
2140:Hill figure
2041:Unstan ware
2021:Cord-marked
1886:Sweet Track
1808:Burnt mound
1729:Stilt house
1717:Sibudu Cave
1510:Tally stick
1478:Quern-stone
1463:Hammerstone
1453:Fire plough
1424:Pesse canoe
1382:Bannerstone
1352:Other tools
1265:Lithic core
1213:Aurignacian
1101:Bare Island
983:Quern-stone
460:: 154–156.
405:: 142–153.
303:: 157–164.
164:Moseley Bog
32:burnt mound
2586:Categories
2517:trepanning
2410:Ring cairn
2368:Jar burial
2351:transepted
2283:U.S. sites
2184:Petroglyph
2110:Bird stone
2068:wine press
1741:Stone roof
1724:Roundhouse
1616:long house
1593:Stonehenge
1561:Ceremonial
1505:Stone tool
1332:Tool stone
1302:Metallurgy
1206:Mousterian
1183:Toolmaking
1121:Cumberland
1094:Transverse
1064:Schöningen
956:Qesem cave
924:Earth oven
878:Irrigation
789:Technology
757:Prehistory
522:: 105–155.
220:References
160:Birmingham
2561:symbolism
2425:Tor cairn
2383:Grønsalen
2324:Cremation
2216:Sculpture
2194:Pictogram
2179:Petroform
1999:amber use
1967:Cosmetics
1777:Reservoir
1762:Check dam
1692:Pueblitos
1687:Pit-house
1670:Longhouse
1604:Dwellings
1473:Microlith
1404:Bow drill
1399:Bone tool
1392:prismatic
1201:Acheulean
1116:Cresswell
1089:Arrowhead
1015:Boomerang
931:Granaries
893:Terracing
772:Stone Age
652:163713699
631:Antiquity
355:: 92–97.
283:163713699
263:Antiquity
101:Locations
2199:Rock art
2162:painting
2135:Geoglyph
1960:timeline
1940:Beadwork
1680:Mehrgarh
1675:Mudbrick
1583:megalith
1458:Fire-saw
1280:debitage
1275:analysis
1243:Hand axe
1223:Cupstone
801:Glossary
762:Timeline
677:: 21–38.
537:: 59–67.
485:Archived
445:: 93–95.
430:: 71–91.
208:See also
91:crescent
87:charcoal
64:Iron Age
44:charcoal
2556:Symbols
2167:pigment
2053:Weaving
2016:Cardium
2011:Pottery
2006:Mirrors
1994:Jewelry
1935:Baskets
1915:culture
1767:Cistern
1573:Pyramid
1515:Weapons
1493:Scraper
1483:Racloir
1443:Cleaver
1431:Chopper
1337:Uniface
1248:Grooves
1238:Hafting
1196:Oldowan
1155:Systems
1106:Cascade
1069:woomera
1059:harpoon
1032:history
998:Hunting
978:Pottery
919:Cooking
828:Farming
794:history
767:Outline
198:fulling
171:Cooking
2597:Mounds
2534:flutes
2329:Dolmen
2253:Burial
2063:winery
2036:Linear
1866:Midden
1844:Cursus
1837:Goseck
1697:Pueblo
1648:Dugout
1633:Burdei
1312:Mining
1136:Lamoka
1131:Folsom
1111:Clovis
968:Metate
946:Hearth
914:Basket
888:Sickle
650:
604:
464:
409:
384:
359:
307:
281:
241:
52:trough
48:hearth
34:is an
2451:sites
2395:Mummy
2115:Cairn
2031:JĹŤmon
1982:shoes
1977:Hides
1849:Henge
1803:Broch
1665:Jacal
1520:Wheel
1468:Knife
1414:Canoe
1409:Burin
1387:Blade
1285:flake
1146:Plano
1054:baton
1044:Spear
1010:Arrow
963:Manos
816:Tools
648:S2CID
279:S2CID
40:mound
2544:gudi
2302:Cist
2231:list
2058:Wine
1987:Ă–tzi
1972:Glue
1945:Beds
1913:and
1911:Arts
1782:Well
1638:Cave
1568:Kiva
1498:side
1488:Rope
1436:tool
1370:bone
1360:Adze
1126:Eden
1039:Nets
909:Fire
873:Goad
858:Celt
602:ISBN
462:ISBN
407:ISBN
382:ISBN
357:ISBN
305:ISBN
239:ISBN
50:and
1653:Hut
1588:row
1419:Oar
1377:Axe
1365:Awl
640:doi
334:doi
271:doi
202:ale
2588::
675:66
673:.
669:.
646:.
636:61
634:.
628:.
520:18
518:.
330:21
328:.
291:^
277:.
267:61
265:.
253:^
237:.
204:.
128:.
30:A
738:e
731:t
724:v
642::
610:.
480:*
470:.
415:.
390:.
365:.
340:.
336::
313:.
285:.
273::
247:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
