6231:
1149:, rodents, shrews, carnivores, and ungulates. Between October 2001 and December 2003, five Ebola virus outbreaks occurred in the border area between Gabon and Republic of Congo. Autopsies of wildlife carcasses showed that chimpanzees, gorillas and bay duikers were infected with the virus. The Ebola virus has been linked to bushmeat, with some researchers hypothesizing that megabats are a primary host of at least some variants of Ebola virus. Between the first recorded outbreak in 1976 and the largest in 2014, the virus has
266:
40:
4751:
975:
255:
6479:
6035:
4628:
834:
735:
277:
605:
914:-subsidized fleets and local commercial fleets have depleted fish stocks, leaving local people to supplement their diets with animals hunted from nature reserves. Over 30 years of data link sharp declines in both mammal populations and the biomass of 41 wildlife species with a decreased supply of fish. Consumption of fish and of bushmeat is correlated: the decline of one resource drives up the demand and price for the other.
88:
6024:
1356:
4745:
2150:
212:. Affected countries were urged to recognize the increasing ramifications of the bushmeat trade, to strengthen and enforce legislation, and to develop action programmes to mitigate the consequences of the trade. Donor organisations were requested to provide funding for the implementation of such programmes.
2224:
Bahaa-el-din, L.; Henschel, P.; Abaâa, R.; Abernethy, K.; Bohm, T.; Bout, N.; Coad, L.; Head, J.; Inoue, E.; Lahm, S.; Lee, M. E.; Maisels, F.; Rabanal, L.; Starkey, M.; Taylor, G.; Vanthomme, A.; Nakashima, Y.; Hunter, L. (2013). "Notes on the distribution and status of small carnivores in Gabon".
2151:
Walsh, P. D.; Abernethy, K. A.; Bermejo, M.; Beyers, R.; De
Wachter, P.; Akou, M. E.; Huijbregts, B.; Mambounga, D. I.; Toham, A. K.; Kilbourn, A. M.;, Lahm, S.A.;, Latour. S.; Maisels, F.; Mbinak, C.; Mihindouk, Y.; Obiang, S. N.; Effa, E. N.; Starkey, M. P.; Telfer, P. M.; Thibault, M.; Tutin, C.
3201:
SaĂ©z, A. M.; Weiss, S.; Nowak, K.; Lapeyre, V.; Zimmermann, F.; DĂŒx, A.; KĂŒhl, H. S.; Kaba, M.; Regnaut, S.; Merkel, K.; Sachse, A.; Thiesen, U.; VillĂĄnyi, L.; Boesch, C.; Dabrowski, P. W.; RadoniÄ, A.; Nitsche, A.; Leendertz, S. A. J.; Petterson, S.; Becker, S.; KrĂ€hling, V.; Couacy-Hymann, E.;
849:
concessions operated by companies in
African forests have been closely linked to the bushmeat trade. Because they provide roads, trucks and other access to remote forests, they are the primary means for the transportation of hunters and meat between forests and urban centres. Some, including the
1153:
only 30 times, despite large numbers of bats being killed and sold each year. Bats drop partially eaten fruits and pulp, then terrestrial mammals such as gorillas and duikers feed on these fruits. This chain of events forms a possible indirect means of transmission from the natural host to
854:, partnered with governments and international conservation organizations to regulate the bushmeat trade within the concessions where they operate. Numerous solutions are needed; because each country has different circumstances, traditions and laws, no one solution will work in every location.
305:
was estimated to be much lower, at 3.69 ± 3.9 kg/km (21.1 ± 22.3 lb/sq mi) in the case of species weighing more than 10 kg and 0.6 ± 0.9 kg/km (3.4 ± 5.1 lb/sq mi) in the case of species weighing less than 10 kg, based on 3
3088:
We found published evidence from cases of serological and/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positivity of EVD in non- human mammal, or of EVD-linked mortality, in 28 mammal species: 10 primates, three rodents, one shrew, eight bats, one carnivore, and five
1177:
Results of a study conducted during the Ebola crisis in
Liberia showed that socio-economic conditions affected bushmeat consumption. During the crisis, there was a decrease in bushmeat consumption and daily meal frequency. In addition, preferences for bushmeat species stayed the same.
2800:
Keele, B. F.; Van
Heuverswyn, F.; Li, Y.; Bailes, E.; Takehisa, J.; Santiago, M. L.; Bibollet-Ruche, F.; Chen, Y.; Wain, L. V.; Liegeois, F.; Loul, S.; Ngole, E. M.; Bienvenue, Y.; Delaporte, E.; Brookfield, J. F.; Sharp, P. M.; Shaw, G. M.; Peeters, M. & Hahn, B. H. (2006).
292:
was estimated at 1â5 million tonnes (980,000â4,920,000 long tons; 1,100,000â5,500,000 short tons) per year at the turn of the 21st century. In 2002, it was estimated that species weighing more than 10 kg (22 lb) contribute 177.7 ± 358.4 kg/km
1608:
Georges-Courbot, M. C.; Sanchez, A.; Lu, C. Y.; Baize, S.; Leroy, E.; Lansout-Soukate, J.; TĂ©vi-BĂ©nissan, C.; Georges, A. J.; Trappier, S. G.; Zaki, S. R.; Swanepoel, R.; Leman, P. A.; Rollin, P. E.; Peters, C. J.; Nichol, S. T. & Ksiazek, T. G. (1997).
2590:
Wolfe, N. D.; Heneine, W.; Carr, J. K.; Garcia, A. D.; Shanmugam, V.; Tamoufe, U.; Torimiro, J. N.; Prosser, A. T.; Lebreton, M.; Mpoudi-Ngole, E.; McCutchan, F. E.; Birx, D. L.; Folks, T. M.; Burke, D. S. & Switzer, W. M. (2005).
306:
individuals. Based on these estimates, a total of 2,200,000 t (2,200,000 long tons; 2,400,000 short tons) bushmeat is extracted in the Congo Basin per year, ranging from 12,938 t (12,734 long tons; 14,262 short tons) in
1410:
Bennett, E. L.; Blencowe, E.; Brandon, K.; Brown, D.; Burn, R. W.; Cowlishaw, G.; Davies, G.; Dublin, H.; Fa, J. E.; Milner-Gulland, E. J.; Robinson, J. G.; Rowcliffe, J. M.; Underwood, F. M. & Wilkie, D. S. (2007).
1546:; Abernethy, K.; Betts, M. G.; Chapron, G.; Dirzo, R.; Galetti, M.; Levi, T.; Lindsey, P. A.; Macdonald, D. W.; Machovina, B.; Newsome, T. M.; Peres, C. A.; Wallach, A. D.; Wolf, C. & Young, H. (2016).
3302:
Pourrut, X.; Diffo, J. L. D.; Somo, R. M.; Bilong, C. B.; Delaporte, E.; LeBreton, M. & Gonzalez, J. P. (2011). "Prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in primate bushmeat and pets in
Cameroon".
301:
than 10 kg (22 lb) were estimated to contribute 35.4 ± 72.2 kg/km (202 ± 412 lb/sq mi), also based on 24 individuals. Bushmeat extraction in the
2563:
Khodakevich, L.; Szczeniowski, M.; Manbu-ma-Disu; Jezek, Z.; Marennikova, S.; Nakano, J. & Messinger, D. (1987). "The role of squirrels in sustaining mpox virus transmission".
2462:
Brashares, J. S.; Arcese, P.; Sam, M. K.; Coppolillo, P. B.; Sinclair, A. R. E. & Balmford, A. (2004). "Bushmeat hunting, wildlife declines, and fish supply in West Africa".
1394:. CBD Technical Series no. 33. Montreal and Bogor: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity and Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). pp. 1â50.
317:
The 301 mammal species threatened by hunting for bushmeat comprise 126 primates, 65 even-toed ungulates, 27 bats, 26 diprotodont marsupials, 21 rodents, 12 carnivores and all
3658:
2355:
1788:. Occasional papers of the IUCN Species Survival Commission. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. pp. 5â6.
3064:
1291:
of species traditionally harvested from the wild is sometimes feasible. Captive breeding efforts must be closely monitored, as there is risk they can be used to
636:) were estimated to have declined by 56%. This decline was primarily caused by the commercial hunting, which was facilitated by the extended infrastructure for
3101:
Rouquet, P.; Froment, J.; Bermejo, M.; Kilbourne, A.; Karesh, W.; Reed, P.; Kumulungui, B.; Yaba, P.; DĂ©licat, A.; Rollin, P. E. & Leroy, E. M. (2005).
2311:
Gardner, C.J. & Davies, Z.G. (2014). "Rural bushmeat consumption within multiple-use protected areas: qualitative evidence from southwest
Madagascar".
2700:
1339:
3150:
Leroy, E.; Gonzalez, J. P. & Pourrut, X. (2007). "Ebolavirus and Other
Filoviruses". In Childs, J. E.; Mackenzie, J. S. & Richt, J. A. (eds.).
204:
term for wildlife species that are hunted for human consumption, and usually refers specifically to the meat of
African wildlife. In October 2000, the
2907:
Arts, E. J. & Tebit, D. M. (2011). "Tracking a century of global expansion and evolution of HIV to drive understanding and to combat disease".
2210:
1747:
3496:
117:
for human consumption. Bushmeat represents a primary source of animal protein and a cash-earning commodity in poor and rural communities of humid
6340:
1386:
1133:) and the putty-nosed monkey. It is likely that HIV was initially transferred to humans after having come into contact with infected bushmeat.
5879:
3565:
1097:
and the risks of disease transmissions. An interview survey in rural communities in
Nigeria revealed that 55% of the respondents knew of
3475:
2055:
Kamins, A. O.; Restif, O.; Ntiamoa-Baidu, Y.; Suu-Ire, R.; Hayman, D. T.; Cunningham, A. A.; Wood, J. L. & Rowcliffe, J. M. (2011).
6508:
3202:
Akoua-Koffi, C.; Weber, N.; Schaade, L.; Fahr, J.; Borchert, M.; Gogarten, J. F.; Calvignac-Spencer, S. & Leendertz, F. H. (2014).
2242:"Bonobos at the market of Basankusu (Equateur Province, DRC) in 1999: new evidence for bonobos between the lkelemba and Bosomba rivers"
404:
species constituted more than half of the total 723 animals offered. In 2012, the bushmeat trade was surveyed in three villages in the
3251:
Ordaz-NĂ©meth, I.; Arandjelovic, M.; Boesch, L.; Gatiso, T.; Grimes, T.; Kuehl, H. S.; Lormie, M.; Stephens, C. & Tweh, C. (2017).
6408:
6305:
3063:
Olivero, J.; Fa, J. E.; Real, R.; FarfĂĄn, M. Ă.; MĂĄrquez, A. L.; Vargas, J. M.; Gonzalez, J. P.; Cunningham, A. A.; Nasi, R. (2017).
247:
Globally, more than 1,000 animal species are estimated to be affected by hunting for bushmeat. Bushmeat hunters use mostly leg-hold
6418:
3389:
Wilkie, D. S.; Wieland, M.; Boulet, H.; Le Bel, S.; van Vliet, N.; Cornelis, D.; BriacWarnon, V.; Nasi, R. & Fa, J. E. (2016).
1809:
Wilkie, D.S.; Wieland, M.; Boulet, H.; Le Bel, S.; van Vliet, N.; Cornelis, D.; BriacWarnon, V.; Nasi, R. & Fa, J.E. (2016).
1101:, but their education and cultural traditions are important drivers for hunting and eating bushmeat despite the risks involved.
6413:
3599:
1891:
Fa, J. E.; Peres, C. A. & Meeuwig, J. (2002). "Bushmeat exploitation in tropical forests: an intercontinental comparison".
6423:
5691:
3167:
960:
area between 2012 and 2017 is attributed to their poaching activities. They use livestock to transport bushmeat to markets.
5696:
2153:
2402:
1711:
Karesh, W. B. & Noble, E. (2009). "The bushmeat trade: Increased opportunities for transmission of zoonotic disease".
1159:
6345:
2241:
2114:"Getting to grips with the magnitude of exploitation: bushmeat in the CrossâSanaga rivers region, Nigeria and Cameroon"
1324:
1114:
526:
251:
to catch any wildlife, but prefer to kill large species, as these provide a greater amount of meat than small species.
1413:"Hunting for consensus: reconciling bushmeat harvest, conservation, and development policy in West and Central Africa"
4481:
3390:
1793:
1121:. There are several distinct strains of HIV, indicating that this cross-species transfer has occurred several times.
1786:
Links
Between Biodiversity Conservation, Livelihoods and Food Security: The Sustainable Use of Wild Species for Meat
132:
were thought to be unsustainable. By 2005, commercial harvesting and trading of bushmeat was considered a threat to
4105:
1056:
311:
5748:
3152:
Wildlife and Emerging Zoonotic Diseases: The Biology, Circumstances and Consequences of Cross-Species Transmission
2057:"Uncovering the fruit bat bushmeat commodity chain and the true extent of fruit bat hunting in Ghana, West Africa"
6355:
3558:
3154:. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Vol. 315. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 363â387.
6072:
4664:
469:
1468:"The threats to primates and other mammals from the bushmeat trade in Africa and how this could be diminished"
3622:
2701:"Zoonotic disease risk and the bushmeat trade: Assessing awareness among hunters and traders in Sierra Leone"
1122:
231:
in markets, the survival of those species that are large-bodied and reproduce slowly is threatened. The term
6513:
5978:
4174:
4009:
1991:"Monkeys in a West African bushmeat market: implications for cercopithecid conservation in eastern Liberia"
5841:
5701:
4498:
2515:"Apex predators decline after an influx of pastoralists in former Central African Republic hunting zones"
770:
2022:
Bi, S. G.; Koné, I.; Béné, J. C. K.; Bitty, E. A.; Yao, K. A.; Kouassi, B. A. & Gaubert, P. (2017).
1758:
6428:
6280:
5407:
4631:
4515:
4459:
3551:
1552:
1109:
Results of research on wild chimpanzees in Cameroon indicate that they are naturally infected with the
1079:
3520:
1385:
Nasi, R.; Brown, D.; Wilkie, D.; Bennett, E.; Tutin, C.; Van Tol, G. & Christophersen, T. (2008).
1257:
increase access of consumers to affordable and reliable alternative sources of animal protein such as
6392:
6360:
6310:
6265:
5743:
4750:
4046:
3339:"Armillifer-infected snakes sold at Congolese bushmeat markets represent an emerging zoonotic threat"
1090:
to be transmitted is higher when butchering a carcass than when transporting, cooking and eating it.
1036:
1032:
903:
361:
91:
3103:"Wild animal mortality monitoring and human Ebola outbreaks, Gabon and Republic of Congo, 2001â2003"
2921:
5884:
5816:
5706:
5249:
4031:
1611:"Isolation and phylogenetic characterization of Ebola viruses causing different outbreaks in Gabon"
933:
802:
507:
353:
6290:
2513:Ăbischer, T.; Ibrahim, T.; Hickisch, R.; Furrer, R. D.; Leuenberger, C. & Wegmann, D. (2020).
6386:
6365:
5864:
5665:
4206:
4095:
1167:
1044:
594:
2112:
Fa, J. E.; Seymour, S.; Dupain, J. E. F.; Amin, R.; Albrechtsen, L. & Macdonald, D. (2006).
672:
6275:
5675:
5650:
5618:
4609:
4452:
4324:
2916:
778:
554:
514:) were estimated in 2011 to be traded as bushmeat every year in four cities in southern Ghana.
293:(1,015 ± 2,046 lb/sq mi) of meat per year to the bushmeat extracted in the
1944:"Bushmeat and food security in the Congo Basin: linkages between wildlife and people's future"
1239:
vipers sold at rural bushmeat markets in the Democratic Republic of the Congo are infected by
5951:
5894:
5826:
5728:
5254:
4406:
4401:
4196:
4137:
2204:
1280:
1213:
818:
530:
1781:
1125:
present in chimpanzees is reportedly derived from older strains of the virus present in the
6335:
6270:
6230:
5670:
5660:
4600:
4572:
4537:
4464:
4264:
4201:
4019:
3840:
3405:
2814:
2604:
2593:"Emergence of unique primate T-lymphotropic viruses among central African bushmeat hunters"
2529:
2471:
2370:
2320:
2285:
2168:
2125:
2068:
1955:
1900:
1857:
1822:
1561:
1512:
1424:
1223:
810:
762:
656:) are the most numerous small carnivores offered in rural bushmeat markets in the country.
461:
405:
235:
was coined in 2007 and refers to this dual threat of depleting food resources and wildlife
3532:
2447:
2430:
1141:
The natural reservoirs of ebolaviruses are unknown. Possible reservoirs include non-human
745:
A survey in a rural area in southwestern Madagascar revealed that bushmeat hunters target
8:
6325:
6315:
5961:
5655:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5613:
5605:
4595:
4503:
4491:
4381:
4334:
4142:
4065:
3791:
3582:
3253:"The socio-economic drivers of bushmeat consumption during the West African Ebola crisis"
3040:
3023:
2751:"Drivers of bushmeat hunting and perceptions of zoonoses in Nigerian hunting communities"
1752:
1150:
1028:
649:
429:
412:. During six months, nine restaurants received 376 mammals and eight reptiles, including
393:
269:
227:
in large landscapes for their own consumption. Due to the extent of bushmeat hunting for
208:
World Conservation Congress passed a resolution on the unsustainable commercial trade in
149:
3409:
2818:
2608:
2533:
2475:
2374:
2324:
2289:
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2129:
2072:
1959:
1904:
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1662:
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1516:
1428:
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6003:
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4605:
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3228:
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2192:
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1971:
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1218:
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979:
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345:
169:
57:
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3508:
2930:
2514:
1681:
6518:
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5000:
4577:
4041:
3947:
3920:
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3717:
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3607:
3471:
3371:
3319:
3284:
3233:
3183:
3163:
3132:
3045:
3004:
2934:
2889:
2840:
2782:
2723:
2681:
2632:
2572:
2549:
2487:
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2340:
2184:
2113:
2094:
1943:
1916:
1912:
1869:
1789:
1728:
1713:
Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine: A Journal of Translational and Personalized Medicine
1685:
1640:
1587:
1543:
1525:
1500:
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1467:
1440:
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and legitimize individuals captured from the wild, similar to the laundering of wild
1126:
851:
754:
629:
477:
307:
302:
53:
5553:
4955:
2735:
2499:
2398:
2356:"Bushmeat supply and consumption in a tropical logging concession in northern Congo"
1975:
1928:
1877:
1452:
517:
In 2006, it was estimated that about 1,437,458 animals are killed every year in the
6449:
6219:
5998:
5899:
5793:
5788:
5297:
5209:
5135:
5120:
5070:
4527:
4486:
4469:
4356:
4254:
3786:
3690:
3574:
3413:
3361:
3353:
3311:
3274:
3264:
3223:
3215:
3173:
3155:
3122:
3114:
3079:
3035:
2994:
2926:
2879:
2871:
2830:
2822:
2772:
2762:
2715:
2671:
2663:
2649:
2622:
2612:
2537:
2479:
2442:
2378:
2328:
2293:
2276:
Martin, A. & Caro, T. (2013). "Illegal hunting in the Katavi-Rukwa ecosystem".
2256:
2196:
2176:
2133:
2084:
2076:
2054:
2035:
2002:
1963:
1908:
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1830:
1720:
1697:
1677:
1630:
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1607:
1577:
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1520:
1479:
1432:
1412:
1334:
1292:
1288:
1187:
984:
969:
794:
570:
546:
494:
485:
324:
Primate species offered fresh and smoked in 2009 at a wildlife market by Liberia's
45:
3301:
2223:
1663:"Population, environment, disease, and survival: past patterns, uncertain futures"
6439:
6164:
6154:
5934:
5836:
5274:
5229:
5219:
5060:
4837:
4694:
4544:
4510:
4396:
4376:
4286:
3935:
3901:
3835:
3632:
3617:
3337:
Hardi, R.; Babocsay, G.; Tappe, D.; Sulyok, M.; BodĂł, I. & RĂłzsa, L. (2017).
3315:
3269:
3159:
3022:
Baseler, L.; Chertow, D. S.; Johnson, K. M.; Feldmann, H.; Morens, D. M. (2017).
2767:
2541:
2137:
2080:
621:
413:
224:
220:
118:
3497:"Understanding the bushmeat market: why do people risk infection from bat meat?"
3447:
3338:
2875:
2512:
265:
39:
5904:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5427:
5259:
5115:
4940:
4905:
4880:
4872:
4817:
4782:
4585:
4532:
4442:
4361:
4346:
4341:
4293:
4181:
3977:
3925:
3908:
3742:
2999:
2982:
2597:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2589:
2353:
2239:
2007:
1990:
1276:
1229:
911:
871:
641:
369:
289:
228:
129:
3357:
3100:
2719:
2429:
Lee, Tien Ming; Sigouin, Amanda; Pinedo-Vasquez, Miguel; Nasi, Robert (2020).
2332:
2040:
2023:
1967:
1409:
675:
in the Congo Basin. The main species killed by bushmeat hunters in Tanzania's
6503:
6497:
6482:
6058:
6039:
5946:
5851:
5766:
5738:
5588:
5488:
5339:
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5189:
5095:
5090:
5065:
4925:
4910:
4744:
4724:
4709:
4650:
4549:
4386:
4276:
4233:
4014:
3891:
3777:
3727:
3591:
867:
863:
786:
716:
692:
676:
562:
453:
385:
325:
157:
3219:
2826:
2617:
2483:
2111:
1166:
in south-eastern Guinea, who played in a hollow tree harbouring a colony of
6300:
6285:
6260:
5968:
5956:
5924:
5808:
5493:
5432:
5397:
5357:
5155:
4992:
4980:
4890:
4787:
4699:
4351:
4309:
4085:
4036:
3972:
3828:
3732:
3375:
3323:
3288:
3237:
3187:
3136:
3118:
3049:
3008:
2955:
2938:
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2844:
2786:
2727:
2685:
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2390:
2188:
2098:
2021:
1920:
1808:
1732:
1689:
1626:
1591:
1444:
1329:
992:
724:
708:
680:
586:
377:
337:
133:
2576:
1644:
254:
6295:
6250:
6119:
6028:
5939:
5889:
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5859:
5578:
5568:
5538:
5468:
5463:
5402:
5387:
5329:
5324:
5309:
5130:
5110:
5035:
5025:
5010:
5005:
4960:
4930:
4920:
4885:
4862:
4734:
4729:
4447:
4391:
4213:
4191:
4186:
4053:
3930:
3896:
3884:
3772:
3695:
2562:
1360:
1318:
1266:
1070:
in the 1990s have been associated with the butchering and consumption of
1063:
945:
925:
922:
538:
409:
294:
285:
125:
3388:
3200:
2431:"The Harvest of Tropical Wildlife for Bushmeat and Traditional Medicine"
2180:
1573:
1501:"Evidence for post-depletion sustainability in a mature bushmeat market"
1253:
Suggestions for reducing or halting bushmeat harvest and trade include:
6444:
6135:
6008:
5983:
5503:
5498:
5417:
5264:
5125:
4832:
4827:
4792:
4554:
4371:
4329:
4271:
4240:
3879:
3811:
3749:
3722:
3685:
2650:
Wolfe, N. D.; Daszak, P.; Kilpatrick, A. M. & Burke, D. S. (2005).
2024:"Bushmeat hunting around a remnant coastal rainforest in CĂŽte d'Ivoire"
1782:"IUCN Resolution 2.64: The unsustainable commercial trade in wild meat"
1348:
1155:
1071:
991:
Animal sources may have been the cause for infectious diseases such as
949:
833:
437:
329:
310:
to 1,665,972 t (1,639,661 long tons; 1,836,420 short tons) in the
248:
236:
223:
for poor people. It can be sustainable when carried out by traditional
184:
141:
3417:
3204:"Investigating the zoonotic origin of the West African Ebola epidemic"
3083:
2297:
1834:
1724:
874:
region found that those who consumed bushmeat were at a lower risk of
6434:
6177:
5821:
5543:
5451:
5441:
5422:
5392:
5244:
5204:
5170:
5140:
5075:
4935:
4900:
4822:
4802:
4759:
4689:
4437:
4319:
4127:
4122:
4100:
3989:
3982:
3801:
3796:
3703:
3680:
3521:"Bushmeat consumption, wildlife trade and global public health risks"
2748:
2652:"Bushmeat hunting, deforestation, and prediction of zoonotic disease"
1388:
Conservation and use of wildlife-based resources: the bushmeat crisis
1262:
1201:
1195:
1163:
1086:
can be transmitted when butchering and eating ungulates. The risk of
1012:
974:
953:
941:
907:
887:
734:
668:
165:
124:
The numbers of animals killed and traded as bushmeat in the 1990s in
3543:
3476:"People are hunting primates, bats, and other mammals to extinction"
3250:
604:
276:
175:
Bushmeat provides increased opportunity for transmission of several
5993:
5988:
5798:
5548:
5528:
5523:
5513:
5508:
5377:
5367:
5319:
5282:
5085:
5040:
5015:
4975:
4945:
4807:
4797:
4564:
4132:
4058:
3994:
3942:
3852:
3823:
3816:
3806:
3737:
3711:
3707:
3699:
3149:
2354:
Poulsen, J. R.; Clark, C. J.; Mavah, G. & Elkan, P. W. (2009).
2261:
2240:
Dupain, J.; Bofaso, M.; Lompongo, J. & Elsacker, L. V. (2001).
1810:
1313:
1308:
1190:
1098:
1094:
1016:
1004:
937:
522:
318:
258:
219:
for food is important for the livelihood security of and supply of
176:
145:
110:
49:
24:
20:
6398:
6381:
6148:
5869:
5733:
5583:
5563:
5446:
5372:
5239:
5214:
5184:
5176:
5160:
5145:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5030:
5020:
4970:
4915:
4777:
4714:
4681:
4432:
4228:
4223:
4169:
4075:
4004:
3847:
3648:
1258:
1207:
1146:
1142:
1083:
1008:
1000:
996:
846:
746:
700:
637:
609:
518:
216:
114:
1890:
1272:
devolve rights and authority over wildlife to local communities;
6215:
6125:
5558:
5458:
5412:
5313:
5292:
5234:
5224:
5194:
5080:
4965:
4812:
4767:
4281:
4246:
4070:
4026:
3874:
3672:
1075:
957:
875:
684:
660:
401:
201:
161:
137:
87:
1941:
6464:
6454:
6106:
5973:
5573:
5518:
5483:
5478:
5382:
5362:
5150:
5100:
4842:
4719:
4314:
4154:
4080:
3867:
3021:
1848:
Davies, G. (2002). "Bushmeat and international development".
1548:"Bushmeat hunting and extinction risk to the world's mammals"
1344:
1235:
1118:
1067:
1020:
929:
899:
738:
617:
537:), 41,800 tree pangolins, 39,700 putty-nosed monkeys, 22,500
445:
179:
6023:
3509:"FAO warns of fruit bat risk in West African Ebola epidemic"
2461:
2428:
1355:
878:
and chronic health conditions, as their diets included more
6459:
6100:
5199:
5105:
4950:
4852:
4847:
4772:
4673:
4259:
4115:
4110:
4090:
3964:
3915:
3759:
3435:
2799:
1542:
1498:
1052:
1024:
883:
879:
205:
106:
3459:
6081:
5473:
4857:
4704:
4218:
3862:
2803:"Chimpanzee reservoirs of pandemic and nonpandemic HIV-1"
2310:
1499:
Cowlishaw, G.; Mendelson, S. & Rowcliffe, J. (2005).
189:
153:
3336:
1113:
and constitute a reservoir of HIV-1, a precursor of the
6050:
4642:
2749:
Friant, S.; Paige, S. B. & Goldberg, T. L. (2015).
2154:"Catastrophic ape decline in western equatorial Africa"
1078:. Bushmeat hunters in Central Africa infected with the
3065:"Mammalian biogeography and the Ebola virus in Africa"
1988:
1384:
936:
are accompanied by armed merchants who also engage in
1779:
1603:
1601:
444:), Campbell's mona monkey, lesser spot-nosed monkey,
3062:
1340:
Wildlife trafficking and emerging zoonotic diseases
2983:"Transmission of Ebola Virus Disease: An Overview"
2275:
1757:
1598:
1186:In Cameroon, 15 primate species were examined for
3028:Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease
1465:
6495:
1942:Fa, J. E.; Currie, D. & Meeuwig, J. (2003).
1660:
1405:
1403:
1401:
144:due to hunting for bushmeat including non-human
1656:
1654:
1538:
1536:
837:Two Malagasy bushmeat hunters with their quarry
2152:E. G.; White, L. J. T.; Wilkie, D. S. (2003).
1459:
1019:acquired by early agrarians. The emergence of
6066:
4658:
3559:
1398:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1245:, which represent a threat to public health.
963:
850:Congolaise Industrielle du Bois (CIB) in the
612:in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2008
3194:
2424:
2422:
2209:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1704:
1651:
1533:
297:, based on 24 individuals. Species weighing
242:
2980:
2900:
2864:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
2698:
1710:
6073:
6059:
4665:
4651:
3566:
3552:
3391:"Eating and conserving bushmeat in Africa"
2960:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2950:
2948:
2435:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
2144:
1811:"Eating and conserving bushmeat in Africa"
1373:
1093:Many hunters and traders are not aware of
38:
3365:
3278:
3268:
3227:
3177:
3126:
3039:
3024:"The Pathogenesis of Ebola Virus Disease"
2998:
2920:
2906:
2883:
2857:
2834:
2776:
2766:
2675:
2626:
2616:
2446:
2419:
2260:
2088:
2039:
2006:
1634:
1581:
1524:
1483:
1466:Bowen-Jones, E. & Pendry, S. (1999).
1035:are attributed to animal sources today.
973:
910:has increased demand for bushmeat. Both
832:
733:
603:
275:
264:
253:
3470:
3015:
2945:
2858:Sharp, P. M. & Hahn, B. H. (2011).
1193:. Bushmeat primates were infected with
1082:were closely exposed to wild primates.
862:Bushmeat can be an important source of
239:, both entailed by the bushmeat trade.
6496:
3525:Food and Agriculture Organisation News
3513:Food and Agriculture Organisation News
2860:"Origins of HIV and the AIDS Pandemic"
1989:Covey, R. & McGraw, W. S. (2014).
1847:
1780:Mainka, S.; Trivedi, M., eds. (2002).
6409:Chimpanzeeâhuman last common ancestor
6054:
4646:
3573:
3547:
3533:"What does Elephant Meat Taste Like?"
2448:10.1146/annurev-environ-102016-060827
890:than those who did not eat bushmeat.
200:The term 'bushmeat' is originally an
182:from animal hosts to humans, such as
6419:Orangutanâhuman last common ancestor
3041:10.1146/annurev-pathol-052016-100506
1745:
1062:Outbreaks of the Ebola virus in the
870:. A study of South Americans in the
659:In the late 1990s, fresh and smoked
284:The volume of the bushmeat trade in
1160:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa
13:
6414:Gorillaâhuman last common ancestor
6346:Kinshasa Declaration on Great Apes
2565:Tropical and Geographical Medicine
1325:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas
1162:in 2014 was a two-year-old boy in
1154:animal populations. The suspected
1151:transferred from animals to humans
1115:acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
527:Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests
14:
6530:
6509:Environmental issues with forests
6424:Gibbonâhuman last common ancestor
3428:
741:killed in Madagascar for bushmeat
6478:
6477:
6229:
6034:
6033:
6022:
4749:
4743:
4627:
4626:
3503:. University of Cambridge. 2014.
3257:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
2755:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
2383:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01251.x
1913:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00275.x
1870:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01636.x
1526:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01046.x
1485:10.1046/j.1365-3008.1999.00066.x
1437:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00595.x
1354:
1347:â wildlife meat sold at Chinese
1299:in Indonesia for the pet trade.
1057:Democratic Republic of the Congo
312:Democratic Republic of the Congo
86:
6356:Great Apes Survival Partnership
6306:Iowa Primate Learning Sanctuary
3382:
3330:
3295:
3244:
3143:
3094:
3056:
2974:
2851:
2793:
2742:
2692:
2643:
2583:
2556:
2506:
2455:
2347:
2304:
2269:
2233:
2217:
2105:
2048:
2015:
1982:
1935:
1884:
1841:
1802:
1773:
1287:As an alternative to bushmeat,
195:
16:Meat hunted in tropical forests
3452:Ape Alliance â Action for Apes
2981:Rewar, S.; Mirdha, D. (2015).
2956:"What is Ebola Virus Disease?"
2909:The Lancet Infectious Diseases
1739:
1492:
917:
893:
470:African brush-tailed porcupine
136:. As of 2016, 301 terrestrial
44:Bushmeat seen on the roadside
1:
5692:Countries by meat consumption
2931:10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70186-9
1995:Tropical Conservation Science
1682:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)08164-3
1366:
1275:strengthen the management of
1248:
1123:Simian immunodeficiency virus
928:from the border area between
667:) carcasses were observed in
5979:Non-vegetarian food in India
5697:Countries by meat production
3592:Pollution / quality
3316:10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.09.023
3270:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005450
3160:10.1007/978-3-540-70962-6_15
3107:Emerging Infectious Diseases
2768:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003792
2656:Emerging Infectious Diseases
2542:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108326
2227:Small Carnivore Conservation
2138:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.11.031
2081:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.09.003
1615:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1181:
857:
492:), striped ground squirrel (
7:
5702:Food and drink prohibitions
2876:10.1101/cshperspect.a006841
1302:
828:
616:Between 1983 and 2002, the
10:
6535:
6429:List of fictional primates
6281:Neanderthal genome project
4741:
3460:"Action on wildlife trade"
3398:African Journal of Ecology
3000:10.1016/j.aogh.2015.02.005
2278:African Journal of Ecology
2008:10.1177/194008291400700103
1948:Environmental Conservation
1815:African Journal of Ecology
1553:Royal Society Open Science
1505:Journal of Applied Ecology
1080:human T-lymphotropic virus
987:sold for human consumption
967:
964:Role in spread of diseases
841:
18:
6473:
6374:
6361:International Primate Day
6324:
6311:Borneo Orangutan Survival
6266:Chimpanzee genome project
6238:
6227:
6088:
6017:
5915:
5850:
5807:
5759:
5744:Psychology of eating meat
5719:
5684:
5604:
5597:
5348:
5288:Black soldier fly maggots
5273:
5169:
4991:
4871:
4758:
4680:
4622:
4563:
4428:
4421:
4302:
4163:Types / location
4162:
4153:
3963:
3758:
3671:
3641:
3590:
3581:
3358:10.1007/s10393-017-1274-5
2720:10.1007/s10393-012-0807-1
2333:10.1007/s10745-013-9629-1
2041:10.1017/S0030605315001453
1968:10.1017/S0376892903000067
1746:Hall, Jani (2019-06-19).
1661:McMichael, A. J. (2002).
1321:â animals hunted for food
1049:Heliosciurus rufobrachium
1033:Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
904:illegal over-exploitation
529:, including about 43,880
508:straw-coloured fruit bats
243:Affected wildlife species
81:
73:
65:
37:
6080:
5817:Beef hormone controversy
4672:
2699:Subramanian, M. (2012).
1233:. A large proportion of
1168:Angolan free-tailed bats
1136:
934:Central African Republic
803:reddish-gray mouse lemur
771:Hubbard's sportive lemur
595:African forest elephants
354:lesser spot-nosed monkey
19:Not to be confused with
6387:List of individual apes
6366:Nonhuman Rights Project
3304:Veterinary Parasitology
3220:10.15252/emmm.201404792
3208:EMBO Molecular Medicine
2987:Annals of Global Health
2827:10.1126/science.1126531
2618:10.1073/pnas.0501734102
2522:Biological Conservation
2484:10.1126/science.1102425
2118:Biological Conservation
2061:Biological Conservation
1269:raised at family level;
1045:red-legged sun squirrel
715:), harnessed bushbuck,
490:Thryonomys swinderianus
6276:Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka
5842:Water holding capacity
3436:"The Bushmeat Project"
3119:10.3201/eid1102.040533
2870:(1): a006841âa006835.
2668:10.3201/eid1112.040789
1627:10.3201/eid0301.970107
1104:
1051:) were found to carry
1041:Funisciurus anerythrus
1037:Thomas's rope squirrel
988:
838:
779:fat-tailed dwarf lemur
751:Potamochoerus larvatus
742:
613:
559:Mandrillus leucophaeus
362:Campbell's mona monkey
281:
273:
262:
158:diprotodont marsupials
121:regions of the world.
6291:Lone DrĂžscher Nielsen
5827:Feed conversion ratio
5729:Ethics of eating meat
1748:"Bushmeat, explained"
1281:wildlife conservation
977:
968:Further information:
836:
819:Madagascan flying fox
775:Lepilemur hubbardorum
767:Propithecus verreauxi
737:
705:Phacocherus africanus
607:
434:Philantomba maxwellii
418:Osteolaemus tetraspis
279:
268:
257:
140:were threatened with
6271:Human Genome Project
5880:Environmental impact
4538:remnant natural area
4175:storage and recovery
3841:habitat conservation
3659:Deforestation (REDD)
3440:Biosynergy Institute
2363:Conservation Biology
1893:Conservation Biology
1850:Conservation Biology
1417:Conservation Biology
1131:Cercocebus torquatus
811:Madagascan fruit bat
721:Potamochoerus porcus
673:Province of Ăquateur
575:Crossarchus obscurus
504:Dendrohyrax dorsalis
482:Cricetomys gambianus
462:long-tailed pangolin
458:Phataginus tricuspis
442:Cephalophus dorsalis
426:Tragelaphus scriptus
406:Sassandra Department
170:developing countries
69:Wild meat, wild game
6514:Environmental crime
6316:Primate archaeology
4492:Earth Overshoot Day
4066:Marine conservation
4047:non-timber products
3410:2016AfJEc..54..402W
2819:2006Sci...313..523K
2609:2005PNAS..102.7994W
2534:2020BCons.24108326A
2476:2004Sci...306.1180B
2470:(5699): 1180â1183.
2375:2009ConBi..23.1597P
2325:2014HumEc..42...21G
2290:2013AfJEc..51..172M
2181:10.1038/nature01566
2173:2003Natur.422..611W
2130:2006BCons.129..497F
2073:2011BCons.144.3000K
1960:2003EnvCo..30...71F
1905:2002ConBi..16..232F
1862:2002ConBi..16..587D
1827:2016AfJEc..54..402W
1753:National Geographic
1676:(9312): 1145â1148.
1574:10.1098/rsos.160498
1566:2016RSOS....360498R
1517:2005JApEc..42..460C
1429:2007ConBi..21..884B
1088:bloodborne diseases
1029:Ebola virus disease
783:Cheirogaleus medius
650:long-nosed mongoose
579:African palm civets
577:), more than 7,600
567:Civettictis civetta
531:Emin's pouched rats
474:Atherurus africanus
394:western red colobus
342:Cercopithecus diana
270:Gambian pouched rat
150:even-toed ungulates
92:Media: Bushmeat
34:
6246:Great ape language
6204:Tapanuli orangutan
6184:Sumatran orangutan
6004:Warmed-over flavor
5772:Semi-vegetarianism
4477:Ecosystem services
3600:Ambient standards
1297:green tree pythons
1242:Armillifer grandis
1111:simian foamy virus
989:
980:Armillifer grandis
839:
799:Microcebus murinus
743:
697:Sylvicapra grimmia
689:Aepyceros melampus
646:Atilax paludinosus
630:common chimpanzee
614:
599:Loxodonta cyclotis
543:Cercopithecus mona
500:western tree hyrax
450:Perodicticus potto
422:harnessed bushbuck
346:putty-nosed monkey
282:
274:
263:
58:red-flanked duiker
30:
6491:
6490:
6351:Great Ape Project
6194:Bornean orangutan
6048:
6047:
5715:
5714:
4640:
4639:
4618:
4617:
4417:
4416:
4096:genetic resources
4032:genetic resources
3667:
3666:
3575:Natural resources
3418:10.1111/aje.12392
3169:978-3-540-70961-9
3084:10.1111/mam.12074
2962:. 5 November 2019
2813:(5786): 523â526.
2662:(12): 1822â1827.
2603:(22): 7994â7999.
2298:10.1111/aje.12000
2167:(6932): 611â614.
2067:(12): 3000â3008.
1835:10.1111/aje.12392
1762:on April 10, 2021
1725:10.1002/msj.20139
1127:collared mangabey
944:. The decline of
852:Republic of Congo
815:Eidolon dupreanum
763:Verreaux's sifaka
755:ring-tailed lemur
591:Varanus niloticus
583:Nandinia binotata
571:common kusimanses
547:red-eared guenons
506:). About 128,400
478:giant pouched rat
382:Colobus polykomos
308:Equatorial Guinea
303:Amazon rainforest
280:Bushmeat in Gabon
113:species that are
100:
99:
66:Alternative names
54:giant pouched rat
6526:
6481:
6480:
6450:Mythic humanoids
6233:
6208:P. tapanuliensis
6075:
6068:
6061:
6052:
6051:
6037:
6036:
6027:
6026:
5999:Roadkill cuisine
5794:Meat alternative
5789:Plant-based diet
5707:Meat substitutes
5602:
5601:
4753:
4747:
4667:
4660:
4653:
4644:
4643:
4630:
4629:
4581:
4528:Natural heritage
4487:overexploitation
4426:
4425:
4160:
4159:
4106:herbal medicines
4086:FAO Plant Treaty
3626:
3603:
3588:
3587:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3528:
3516:
3504:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3467:
3455:
3443:
3422:
3421:
3395:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3369:
3343:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3310:(1â2): 187â191.
3299:
3293:
3292:
3282:
3272:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3231:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3181:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3130:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3069:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3043:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3002:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2952:
2943:
2942:
2924:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2887:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2838:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2780:
2770:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2705:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2679:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2630:
2620:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2519:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2426:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2407:
2401:. Archived from
2369:(6): 1597â1608.
2360:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2246:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2208:
2200:
2158:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2092:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1761:
1756:. Archived from
1743:
1737:
1736:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1667:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1638:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1585:
1540:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1407:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1382:
1359:
1358:
1335:Roadkill cuisine
1289:captive breeding
1188:gastrointestinal
985:Rhinoceros viper
970:Zoonotic disease
948:, Cape buffalo,
902:, international
795:grey mouse lemur
791:Tenrec ecaudatus
535:Cricetomys emini
495:Xerus erythropus
486:greater cane rat
430:Maxwell's duiker
390:Procolobus verus
225:hunter-gatherers
90:
74:Main ingredients
42:
35:
33:
29:
6534:
6533:
6529:
6528:
6527:
6525:
6524:
6523:
6494:
6493:
6492:
6487:
6469:
6440:Human evolution
6370:
6327:
6320:
6256:BirutÄ Galdikas
6234:
6225:
6165:Western gorilla
6155:Eastern gorilla
6091:
6084:
6079:
6049:
6044:
6029:Food portal
6021:
6013:
5935:Case-ready meat
5917:
5911:
5885:Factory farming
5846:
5803:
5755:
5721:
5711:
5680:
5593:
5350:
5344:
5269:
5174:
5165:
4987:
4867:
4838:Lamb and mutton
4754:
4748:
4739:
4676:
4671:
4641:
4636:
4614:
4579:
4559:
4545:Systems ecology
4511:Natural capital
4413:
4298:
4287:reclaimed water
4149:
4111:UPOV Convention
3959:
3754:
3663:
3637:
3633:Ozone depletion
3624:
3601:
3577:
3572:
3531:
3519:
3507:
3495:
3486:
3484:
3458:
3446:
3434:
3431:
3426:
3425:
3393:
3387:
3383:
3341:
3335:
3331:
3300:
3296:
3263:(3): e0005450.
3249:
3245:
3199:
3195:
3170:
3148:
3144:
3099:
3095:
3067:
3061:
3057:
3020:
3016:
2979:
2975:
2965:
2963:
2954:
2953:
2946:
2922:10.1.1.964.6074
2905:
2901:
2856:
2852:
2798:
2794:
2761:(5): e0003792.
2747:
2743:
2703:
2697:
2693:
2648:
2644:
2588:
2584:
2561:
2557:
2517:
2511:
2507:
2460:
2456:
2427:
2420:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2358:
2352:
2348:
2309:
2305:
2274:
2270:
2249:Pan Africa News
2244:
2238:
2234:
2222:
2218:
2202:
2201:
2156:
2149:
2145:
2110:
2106:
2053:
2049:
2020:
2016:
1987:
1983:
1940:
1936:
1889:
1885:
1846:
1842:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1778:
1774:
1765:
1763:
1744:
1740:
1709:
1705:
1665:
1659:
1652:
1606:
1599:
1541:
1534:
1497:
1493:
1464:
1460:
1408:
1399:
1391:
1383:
1374:
1369:
1361:Food portal
1353:
1305:
1277:protected areas
1251:
1184:
1172:Mops condylurus
1139:
1107:
972:
966:
920:
908:fishing grounds
896:
860:
844:
831:
713:Syncerus caffer
634:Pan troglodytes
626:Gorilla gorilla
622:western gorilla
620:populations of
466:P. tetradactyla
414:dwarf crocodile
374:Cercocebus atys
334:Pan troglodytes
245:
233:bushmeat crisis
221:dietary protein
198:
119:tropical forest
96:
61:
31:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6532:
6522:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6485:
6474:
6471:
6470:
6468:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6390:
6384:
6378:
6376:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6332:
6330:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6242:
6240:
6236:
6235:
6228:
6226:
6224:
6223:
6222:: Hylobatidae)
6213:
6212:
6211:
6201:
6191:
6174:
6173:
6172:
6162:
6145:
6144:
6143:
6140:P. troglodytes
6133:
6116:
6115:
6114:
6096:
6094:
6086:
6085:
6078:
6077:
6070:
6063:
6055:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6042:
6040:Category: Meat
6031:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5965:
5964:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5943:
5942:
5932:
5927:
5921:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5909:
5908:
5907:
5905:Slaughterhouse
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5856:
5854:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5813:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5785:
5784:
5782:Pollotarianism
5779:
5777:Pescetarianism
5769:
5763:
5761:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5753:
5752:
5751:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5725:
5723:
5717:
5716:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5688:
5686:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5610:
5608:
5599:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5449:
5439:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5354:
5352:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5307:
5306:
5305:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5279:
5277:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5181:
5179:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4997:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4877:
4875:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4764:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4686:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4670:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4647:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4580:(perpetuation)
4575:
4569:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4533:Nature reserve
4530:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4489:
4479:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4429:
4423:
4419:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4257:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4216:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4166:
4164:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4010:climate change
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3978:Bioprospecting
3975:
3969:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3860:
3855:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3780:
3764:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3677:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3623:Clean Air Act
3615:
3610:
3605:
3596:
3594:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3571:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3529:
3517:
3505:
3493:
3468:
3456:
3444:
3430:
3429:External links
3427:
3424:
3423:
3404:(4): 402â414.
3381:
3352:(4): 743â749.
3329:
3294:
3243:
3193:
3168:
3142:
3113:(2): 283â290.
3093:
3055:
3014:
2993:(6): 444â451.
2973:
2944:
2899:
2850:
2792:
2741:
2714:(4): 471â482.
2691:
2642:
2582:
2571:(2): 115â122.
2555:
2505:
2454:
2418:
2346:
2303:
2284:(1): 172â175.
2268:
2262:10.5134/143400
2232:
2216:
2143:
2124:(4): 497â510.
2104:
2047:
2034:(3): 418â427.
2014:
2001:(1): 115â125.
1981:
1934:
1899:(1): 232â237.
1883:
1856:(3): 587â589.
1840:
1821:(4): 402â414.
1801:
1794:
1772:
1738:
1719:(5): 429â444.
1703:
1650:
1597:
1560:(10): 160498.
1532:
1511:(3): 460â468.
1491:
1478:(3): 233â247.
1458:
1423:(3): 884â887.
1397:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1351:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1316:
1311:
1304:
1301:
1285:
1284:
1273:
1270:
1250:
1247:
1230:Endolimax nana
1183:
1180:
1138:
1135:
1106:
1103:
1059:in the 1980s.
983:as found in a
965:
962:
919:
916:
912:European Union
895:
892:
872:Tres Fronteras
868:macronutrients
864:micronutrients
859:
856:
843:
840:
830:
827:
823:Pteropus rufus
807:M. griseorufus
654:Herpestes naso
642:Marsh mongoose
563:African civets
512:Eidolon helvum
370:sooty mangabey
290:Central Africa
244:
241:
197:
194:
130:Central Africa
98:
97:
95:
94:
82:
79:
78:
75:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
43:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6531:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6501:
6499:
6484:
6476:
6475:
6472:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6394:
6393:Apes in space
6391:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6377:
6373:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6333:
6331:
6329:
6328:social status
6323:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6239:Study of apes
6237:
6232:
6221:
6217:
6214:
6209:
6205:
6202:
6199:
6195:
6192:
6189:
6185:
6182:
6181:
6180:
6179:
6175:
6170:
6166:
6163:
6160:
6156:
6153:
6152:
6151:
6150:
6146:
6141:
6137:
6134:
6131:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6122:
6121:
6117:
6112:
6108:
6105:
6104:
6103:
6102:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6093:
6087:
6083:
6076:
6071:
6069:
6064:
6062:
6057:
6056:
6053:
6041:
6032:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6019:
6016:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5963:
5960:
5959:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5947:Cultured meat
5945:
5941:
5938:
5937:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5914:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5852:Meat industry
5849:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5810:
5806:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5774:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5767:Vegetarianism
5765:
5764:
5762:
5758:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5739:Animal rights
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5718:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5683:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
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5598:List articles
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5499:Luncheon meat
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5096:Pacific saury
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5091:Orange roughy
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4610:Non-renewable
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4550:Urban ecology
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4382:Privatization
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4277:Surface water
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3778:peak farmland
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3501:Research News
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3072:Mammal Review
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2408:on 2019-12-26
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2313:Human Ecology
2307:
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2018:
2009:
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1559:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1544:Ripple, W. J.
1539:
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1527:
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1514:
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1134:
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1128:
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1120:
1116:
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1089:
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1081:
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1069:
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1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
986:
982:
981:
976:
971:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
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915:
913:
909:
905:
901:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
855:
853:
848:
835:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
787:common tenrec
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
740:
736:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
717:red river hog
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
693:common duiker
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
611:
606:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
587:Nile monitors
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
551:C. erythrotis
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
525:parts of the
524:
520:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
496:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
454:tree pangolin
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
386:olive colobus
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
358:C. petaurista
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
326:Cavally River
322:
320:
315:
313:
309:
304:
300:
296:
291:
287:
278:
271:
267:
260:
256:
252:
250:
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226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
193:
191:
187:
186:
181:
178:
173:
171:
168:occurring in
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
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93:
89:
84:
83:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
59:
55:
51:
47:
41:
36:
26:
22:
6403:
6341:Research ban
6301:Elgin Center
6286:Willie Smits
6261:Jane Goodall
6207:
6197:
6187:
6176:
6168:
6158:
6147:
6139:
6129:
6118:
6110:
6099:
5969:Mystery meat
5925:Arachnophagy
5865:Branch house
5832:Preservation
5809:Meat science
5760:Alternatives
5749:Meat paradox
5671:Smoked foods
5310:Grasshoppers
5255:Sea cucumber
5250:Shrimp/prawn
4895:
4608: /
4482:Exploitation
4367:Conservation
4310:Desalination
4245:
4138:conservation
3999:
3973:Biodiversity
3921:conservation
3768:Agricultural
3696:Fossil fuels
3537:Foodlve Blog
3536:
3524:
3512:
3500:
3485:. Retrieved
3479:
3463:
3451:
3439:
3401:
3397:
3384:
3349:
3345:
3332:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3260:
3256:
3246:
3214:(1): 17â23.
3211:
3207:
3196:
3151:
3145:
3110:
3106:
3096:
3087:
3075:
3071:
3058:
3031:
3027:
3017:
2990:
2986:
2976:
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2959:
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2403:the original
2366:
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2349:
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2316:
2312:
2306:
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2252:
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2229:(48): 19â29.
2226:
2219:
2205:cite journal
2164:
2160:
2146:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2031:
2027:
2017:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1954:(1): 71â78.
1951:
1947:
1937:
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1775:
1764:. Retrieved
1759:the original
1751:
1741:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1673:
1669:
1621:(1): 59â62.
1618:
1614:
1557:
1551:
1508:
1504:
1494:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1420:
1416:
1387:
1330:Malnutrition
1286:
1279:and enforce
1252:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1185:
1176:
1171:
1140:
1130:
1108:
1092:
1061:
1048:
1040:
993:tuberculosis
990:
978:
926:pastoralists
921:
897:
861:
845:
822:
814:
806:
798:
790:
782:
774:
766:
758:
750:
744:
729:Equus quagga
728:
725:plains zebra
720:
712:
709:Cape buffalo
704:
696:
688:
681:Rukwa Region
665:Pan paniscus
664:
658:
653:
645:
633:
625:
615:
598:
590:
582:
574:
566:
558:
550:
542:
539:Mona monkeys
534:
516:
511:
503:
493:
489:
481:
473:
465:
457:
449:
441:
433:
425:
417:
397:
389:
381:
378:king colobus
373:
366:C. campbelli
365:
357:
350:C. nictitans
349:
341:
338:Diana monkey
333:
323:
316:
298:
283:
246:
232:
214:
209:
199:
196:Nomenclature
183:
174:
134:biodiversity
123:
102:
101:
6431:(non-human)
6395:(non-human)
6389:(non-human)
6296:Ian Redmond
6251:Dian Fossey
6198:P. pygmaeus
6159:G. beringei
6130:P. paniscus
6092:ape species
5952:Entomophagy
5940:Meat diaper
5930:Cannibalism
5606:Meat dishes
5388:Charcuterie
5351:preparation
5335:Mopane worm
5325:Mezcal worm
4601:Nationalism
4573:Common-pool
4214:Hydrosphere
4207:remediation
4192:Groundwater
3787:Degradation
3472:Pennisi, E.
3034:: 387â418.
2441:: 145â170.
1349:wet markets
1267:farmed fish
1072:chimpanzees
1064:Congo Basin
946:giant eland
923:Transhumant
918:Pastoralism
906:of African
894:Overfishing
759:Lemur catta
410:Ivory Coast
295:Congo Basin
272:in Cameroon
261:in Cameroon
249:snare traps
237:extinctions
48:: includes
6498:Categories
6445:Monkey Day
6435:Great apes
6336:Personhood
6169:G. gorilla
6136:Chimpanzee
6111:H. sapiens
6009:White meat
5984:Pink slime
5962:Artificial
5837:Tenderness
5722:psychology
5720:Ethics and
5554:Salt-cured
5260:Sea urchin
4828:Guinea pig
4596:Extraction
4555:Wilderness
4516:accounting
4499:Management
4465:ecological
4453:tragedy of
4372:Peak water
4357:Efficiency
4330:Sanitation
4272:Stormwater
4265:harvesting
4241:Irrigation
4143:management
4101:gene banks
4042:management
4020:management
3936:resilience
3902:phosphorus
3858:industrial
3836:Management
3812:soundscape
3718:Geothermal
3448:"Bushmeat"
2528:: 108326.
2412:2019-12-26
1766:2022-05-18
1670:The Lancet
1367:References
1249:Management
1214:Capillaria
1156:index case
1117:(AIDS) in
950:hartebeest
942:herbivores
640:purposes.
593:) and 410
585:), 26,760
569:), 11,900
561:), 15,300
553:), 20,300
438:bay duiker
330:chimpanzee
185:Ebolavirus
166:carnivores
142:extinction
6326:Legal and
6188:P. abelii
6178:Orangutan
5900:Slaughter
5822:Drip loss
5544:Rillettes
5504:Marinated
5442:Forcemeat
5428:Fermented
5368:Barbecued
5340:Palm grub
5171:Shellfish
5141:Swordfish
5076:Mahi Mahi
4906:Crocodile
4881:Alligator
4760:Livestock
4690:Cassowary
4606:Renewable
4591:Depletion
4578:Conflict
4460:Economics
4438:enclosure
4397:Resources
4377:Pollution
4294:Watershed
4197:pollution
4128:Seed bank
4123:Rangeland
4005:Fisheries
3990:Biosphere
3983:biopiracy
3926:fertility
3802:cityscape
3797:Landscape
3704:peak coal
3691:Resources
3642:Emissions
3346:EcoHealth
3089:ungulates
3078:: 24â37.
2917:CiteSeerX
2708:EcoHealth
2550:213766740
2341:154683918
1263:livestock
1224:Bertiella
1202:Entamoeba
1196:Trichuris
1191:parasites
1182:Parasites
1164:Meliandou
1013:influenza
954:waterbuck
888:vitamin C
858:Nutrition
669:Basankusu
545:), 3,500
398:P. badius
328:included
321:species.
215:Wildlife
210:wild meat
6519:Bushfood
6483:Category
6404:Bushmeat
5994:Red meat
5989:Raw meat
5918:subjects
5799:Veganism
5666:Meatball
5529:Pemmican
5514:Meatloaf
5509:Meatball
5349:Cuts and
5330:Silkworm
5320:Mealworm
5298:Crickets
5210:Crayfish
5190:Calamari
5086:Milkfish
5071:Mackerel
5066:Kingfish
5041:Flounder
4941:Pangolin
4926:Kangaroo
4911:Elephant
4896:Bushmeat
4632:Category
4565:Resource
4504:adaptive
4402:improved
4362:Conflict
4347:Security
4342:Scarcity
4335:improved
4325:Leaching
4202:recharge
4182:Drinking
4133:Wildlife
4000:Bushmeat
3995:Bushfood
3948:planning
3853:gemstone
3848:Minerals
3829:property
3817:viewshed
3807:seascape
3738:sunlight
3712:peak oil
3708:peak gas
3474:(2016).
3376:29030787
3324:20970258
3289:28282378
3238:25550396
3188:17848072
3137:15752448
3050:27959626
3009:25960093
2966:25 March
2939:21126914
2894:22229120
2845:16728595
2787:26001078
2736:22594553
2728:23408099
2686:16485465
2637:15911757
2500:51325711
2492:15539602
2399:42668922
2391:19459888
2189:12679788
2099:22514356
1976:84561619
1929:55246983
1921:35701970
1878:83996789
1733:19787649
1690:11943282
1592:27853564
1453:38428707
1445:17531066
1314:Dog meat
1309:Cat meat
1303:See also
1261:, small
1219:pinworms
1158:for the
1147:megabats
1143:primates
1099:zoonoses
1095:zoonosis
1017:syphilis
1005:smallpox
938:poaching
932:and the
829:Dynamics
683:include
523:Cameroon
519:Nigerian
319:pangolin
259:Pangolin
177:zoonotic
146:primates
111:wildlife
103:Bushmeat
77:Wildlife
50:cane rat
46:in Ghana
32:Bushmeat
25:Bushmead
21:Bushfood
6399:Bigfoot
6382:Primate
6375:Related
6149:Gorilla
5957:Marbled
5916:Related
5895:Packing
5870:Butcher
5734:Carnism
5676:Sausage
5651:Seafood
5619:Chicken
5589:Tartare
5584:Tandoor
5564:Sausage
5549:Roasted
5534:Poached
5524:Pickled
5447:Cretons
5437:supreme
5378:Braised
5373:Biltong
5275:Insects
5240:Scallop
5230:Octopus
5220:Lobster
5215:Dolphin
5185:Abalone
5177:seafood
5161:Walleye
5146:Tilapia
5121:Sardine
5111:Pollock
5061:Herring
5056:Halibut
5051:Haddock
5046:Grouper
5031:Crappie
5021:Catfish
5001:Anchovy
4971:Venison
4788:Buffalo
4778:Beefalo
4715:Ostrich
4695:Chicken
4682:Poultry
4433:Commons
4422:Related
4387:Quality
4303:Aspects
4229:glacial
4170:Aquifer
4076:Pasture
4027:Forests
3953:reserve
3728:Nuclear
3698: (
3654:Trading
3649:Airshed
3539:. 2023.
3527:. 2010.
3515:. 2014.
3487:May 26,
3481:Science
3464:Traffic
3406:Bibcode
3367:7088293
3280:5362244
3229:4309665
3179:7121322
3128:3320460
2885:3234451
2836:2442710
2815:Bibcode
2807:Science
2778:4441483
2677:3367616
2628:1142377
2605:Bibcode
2577:2820094
2530:Bibcode
2472:Bibcode
2464:Science
2371:Bibcode
2321:Bibcode
2286:Bibcode
2197:5905831
2169:Bibcode
2126:Bibcode
2090:3323830
2069:Bibcode
1956:Bibcode
1901:Bibcode
1858:Bibcode
1823:Bibcode
1698:9159650
1645:9126445
1636:2627600
1583:5098989
1562:Bibcode
1513:Bibcode
1425:Bibcode
1293:launder
1259:chicken
1208:Ascaris
1084:Anthrax
1076:bonobos
1066:and in
1055:in the
1009:measles
1001:cholera
997:leprosy
956:in the
847:Logging
842:Logging
747:bushpig
701:warthog
671:in the
638:logging
610:gorilla
217:hunting
202:African
180:viruses
162:rodents
138:mammals
6220:family
6216:Gibbon
6126:Bonobo
6090:Extant
6038:
5890:Jobber
5875:Cutter
5860:Broker
5661:Steaks
5579:Stewed
5569:Smoked
5559:Salumi
5539:Potted
5489:Kidney
5469:Ground
5464:Frozen
5433:Fillet
5413:Cutlet
5403:Corned
5398:Confit
5383:Burger
5314:locust
5293:Cicada
5235:Oyster
5225:Mussel
5195:Chiton
5175:other
5116:Salmon
5081:Marlin
4966:Turtle
4956:Rabbit
4931:Monkey
4921:Iguana
4863:Ć»ubroĆ
4818:Snails
4813:Donkey
4768:Alpaca
4735:Turkey
4720:Pigeon
4443:global
4407:policy
4352:Supply
4315:Floods
4282:Sewage
4255:Marine
4247:huerta
4081:Plants
4071:Meadow
3931:health
3909:rights
3897:copper
3875:mining
3773:arable
3673:Energy
3613:Indoor
3374:
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3322:
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2187:
2161:Nature
2097:
2087:
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1927:
1919:
1876:
1792:
1731:
1696:
1688:
1643:
1633:
1590:
1580:
1451:
1443:
1119:humans
1043:) and
1031:, and
1015:, and
958:Chinko
940:large
886:, and
876:anemia
817:) and
739:Lemurs
723:) and
685:impala
677:Katavi
661:bonobo
648:) and
628:) and
555:drills
498:) and
402:Duiker
115:hunted
85:
56:, and
6465:Yowie
6455:Yeren
6107:Human
5974:Offal
5685:Other
5574:Steak
5519:Offal
5494:Liver
5484:Kebab
5479:Jerky
5459:Fried
5418:Dried
5408:Cured
5363:Bacon
5303:Flour
5265:Whale
5151:Trout
5126:Shark
5101:Perch
4961:Snake
4936:Mouse
4843:Llama
4833:Horse
4793:Camel
4783:Bison
4725:Quail
4710:Goose
4586:Curse
4392:Right
4234:polar
4224:bergs
4187:Fresh
4155:Water
3868:metal
3792:Field
3743:shade
3733:Solar
3723:Hydro
3608:Index
3394:(PDF)
3342:(PDF)
3068:(PDF)
2732:S2CID
2704:(PDF)
2546:S2CID
2518:(PDF)
2496:S2CID
2406:(PDF)
2395:S2CID
2359:(PDF)
2337:S2CID
2245:(PDF)
2193:S2CID
2157:(PDF)
1972:S2CID
1925:S2CID
1874:S2CID
1694:S2CID
1666:(PDF)
1449:S2CID
1392:(PDF)
1345:Yewei
1283:laws.
1236:Bitis
1137:Ebola
1068:Gabon
1021:HIV-1
930:Sudan
900:Ghana
618:Gabon
446:potto
229:trade
109:from
6504:Meat
6460:Yeti
6101:Homo
6082:Apes
5656:Veal
5639:Pork
5634:Lamb
5629:Goat
5624:Fish
5614:Beef
5452:Pùté
5393:Chop
5358:Aged
5283:Ants
5245:Seal
5205:Crab
5200:Clam
5156:Tuna
5136:Swai
5131:Sole
5106:Pike
5016:Carp
5011:Bass
5006:Basa
4993:Fish
4981:Wolf
4951:Hare
4901:Boar
4891:Bear
4873:Game
4853:Veal
4848:Pork
4823:Frog
4803:Goat
4773:Beef
4730:Rhea
4700:Duck
4674:Meat
4521:good
4470:land
4448:land
4260:Rain
4116:wood
4091:food
4054:Game
3965:Life
3916:Soil
3892:peak
3885:sand
3760:Land
3750:Wind
3625:(US)
3602:(US)
3489:2017
3372:PMID
3320:PMID
3285:PMID
3234:PMID
3184:PMID
3164:ISBN
3133:PMID
3046:PMID
3005:PMID
2968:2021
2935:PMID
2890:PMID
2841:PMID
2783:PMID
2724:PMID
2682:PMID
2633:PMID
2573:PMID
2488:PMID
2387:PMID
2211:link
2185:PMID
2095:PMID
2028:Oryx
1917:PMID
1790:ISBN
1729:PMID
1686:PMID
1641:PMID
1588:PMID
1472:Oryx
1441:PMID
1319:Game
1265:and
1227:and
1074:and
1053:MPXV
1025:AIDS
952:and
884:zinc
880:iron
866:and
521:and
299:less
288:and
286:West
206:IUCN
188:and
164:and
154:bats
128:and
126:West
107:meat
6120:Pan
5644:Ham
5474:Ham
5423:Dum
5173:and
5036:Eel
5026:Cod
4976:Dog
4946:Rat
4916:Fox
4886:Bat
4858:Yak
4808:Dog
4798:Cat
4705:Emu
4320:Law
4219:Ice
4059:law
4037:law
4015:law
3943:Use
3880:law
3863:ore
3824:Law
3700:gas
3686:Law
3681:Bio
3618:Law
3583:Air
3414:doi
3362:PMC
3354:doi
3312:doi
3308:175
3275:PMC
3265:doi
3224:PMC
3216:doi
3174:PMC
3156:doi
3123:PMC
3115:doi
3080:doi
3036:doi
2995:doi
2927:doi
2880:PMC
2872:doi
2831:PMC
2823:doi
2811:313
2773:PMC
2763:doi
2716:doi
2672:PMC
2664:doi
2623:PMC
2613:doi
2601:102
2538:doi
2526:241
2480:doi
2468:306
2443:doi
2379:doi
2329:doi
2294:doi
2257:doi
2177:doi
2165:422
2134:doi
2122:129
2085:PMC
2077:doi
2065:144
2036:doi
2003:doi
1964:doi
1909:doi
1866:doi
1831:doi
1721:doi
1678:doi
1674:359
1631:PMC
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