434:
and relaxedly. In contrast to the front crawl recovery, the arm recovery is a ballistic shot, letting gravity and momentum do most of the work. The only way to lift the arms and the shoulders out of the water would be by dropping one's hips. Therefore, the recovery, at least the acceleration of the arms, is in no way relaxed . It is important not to enter the water too early because this would generate extra resistance as the arms move forward against the swimming direction. However, during longer distances, this is not easy to avoid, and it is more important to avoid dropping one's hips. A high elbow recovery, akin to that observed in the front crawl, would prove detrimental to the efficiency of the butterfly stroke due to the resultant undulations and the diminution of momentum generated by the triceps extension. Limitations of shoulder movement in the human body make such a move unlikely. The hands should enter the water with a narrow V shape (at 11 and 1 o'clock, if viewed like a clock) with thumbs entering first and pinkies last.
142:
478:, may breathe every stroke.) Elite swimmers practice breathing intervals such as the "two up, one down" approach. They breathe for two successive strokes, then keep their head in the water on the next stroke for easier breathing. Swimmers with good lung capacity might also breathe every 3rd stroke during sprints for the finish. Some swimmers can even hold their breaths for an entire race (assuming it is short). To swim with the best results, keeping one's head down when taking a breath is important. If the swimmer lifts their head too high, the swimmer's hips often drop, creating drag, thus slowing the swimmer down. The closer one's head is to the water; the better one swims the general technique used by swimmers.
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318:'s magazine wrote a "vitriolic article" that made disparaging remarks about "the sportsmanship of young Myers who observed the letter but not the spirit of the breaststroke rules". Furthermore, Wallace Spence withdrew from the finals of the event alleging that Myers was swimming freestyle and he should "learn how to swim breaststroke properly". Despite this, Myers was very proud of his creation, saying: "It uninteresting to watch a breaststroke race, in time, the old breaststroke would have become as passe as the English
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254:, who, while being watched by David Armbruster, went underwater, lay on his side and performed the butterfly kick in imitation of a fish. Armbruster was reminded of the time in 1911 when George Corsan had previously demonstrated it to him, and noticed the speed that Sieg was able to achieve. Armbruster got Sieg to demonstrate it on his front, and Sieg was even faster. Sieg was even able to beat the best flutter kickers at the
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201:, owing to the synchronous propulsion generated by the simultaneous pull/push of both arms and legs. However, due to the pronounced drop in speed during the recovery phase, it is marginally slower than the front crawl, especially over extended distances. Furthermore, the butterfly stroke demands a different level of physical exertion, contributing to its slower overall pace than the front crawl.
521:". The legs touch the wall, and the hands are at the front. The swimmer sinks underwater and lies on the breast, or nearly so. Then the swimmer pushes off the wall, keeping a streamlined position with the hands to the front. Like the start, the swimmer is allowed to swim 15 metres underwater before the head breaks the surface. Most swimmers dolphin kick after an initial gliding phase.
457:
upset with the change since they came from a time when butterfly was usually swum with a breaststroke kick. FINA was then convinced to allow a breaststroke kick in
Masters swimming. Given the option, most swimmers use a dolphin-kicking action. However, there still is a small minority of swimmers who prefer the breaststroke kick for recreational swimming and even for competition.
513:
slightly. The bent elbows allow the swimmer to push themself away from the wall and turn sideways. One hand leaves the wall to be moved to the front underwater. At the same time, the legs are pulled closer and moved underneath the body towards the wall. The second hand leaves the wall to be moved to the front over water. It is commonly referred to as an "
294:. Rademacher generally used the flying fish coming out of the turns, which was dubbed the "flying breaststroke turn" and at the end of the race, which was dubbed the "flying finish". Rademacher insisted that this did not break the rules, and continued to use it in the late 1920s and early 1930s in the US. Sources conflict as to whether he used it in the
298:, with the International Swimming Hall of Fame saying he did but Francois Oppenheim's book "The History of Swimming" saying he didn't. In 1935, presumably for the removal of ambiguity, the NCAA changed the rule regarding the breaststroke recovery to use the word "moved", rather than "pushed". Other early adoptees of the "flying breaststroke turn" were
546:. While rising arms, bend both knees and waist to send the body back to the surface and prepare a dolphin kick. Pull both arms downward while executing the dolphin kick. After this sequence, immediately push the water backward. In this style, a turning point from drowning to floating is at the time of the waist bend.
539:. While pulling, arms and legs are relaxed, and both knees and waist are slightly bent to prepare the dolphin kick. After the arms push the water backwards, pull the arms up simultaneously with a dolphin kick. In this style, the turning point from drowning to floating is at the time of downward arm motion.
589:
At the start and at turns, a swimmer is permitted one or more leg kicks and one arm pull under the water, which must bring him to the surface. It shall be permissible for a swimmer to be completely submerged for a distance of not more than 15 metres after the start and after each turn. By that point,
563:
From the beginning of the first arm stroke after the start and each turn, the body shall be kept on the breast. It is not permitted to roll onto the back at any time, except at the turn after the touch of the wall where it is permissible to turn in any manner as long as the body is on the breast when
437:
The arms enter the water with the thumbs first at shoulder width. A wider entry loses movement in the next pull phase, and if the hands touch, it will waste energy. The cycle repeats with the pull phase. However, some swimmers prefer to touch in front as it assists them in grasping the water. As long
425:
The butterfly stroke has three major parts, the pull, the push, and the recovery. These can also be further subdivided. The arm movement starts very similarly to the breaststroke from the initial position. In the beginning, the hands sink a little bit with the palms facing outwards, and slightly down
347:
finals, Higgins finished fourth while using the butterfly-breaststroke technique. Though the butterfly-breaststroke was gaining traction, it was almost prohibited as a style of breaststroke in an
October 1938 FINA Executive Bureau meeting where it was "supported by four votes out of seven to prohibit
281:
Prior to 1935, the breaststroke rules from both FINA and the NCAA stated that the arms had to be simultaneously pushed forward on recovery. Since the rules did not state that the arm recovery had to be underwater, a few swimmers came up with the idea of an overarm recovery, which was initially called
486:
The proper utilization of the core muscles, in conjunction with precise timing and fluid body movement, greatly facilitates the execution of the butterfly stroke. The body moves in a wave-like fashion, controlled by the core, and as the chest is pressed down, the hips go up, and the posterior breaks
433:
In the recovery, the arms are swung sideways across the water surface to the front, with the elbows straight. The arms should be swung forward from the end of the underwater movement; the extension of the triceps in combination with the butterfly kick will allow the arm to be brought forward quickly
258:
using the fishtail kick. Initially, Corsan and
Armbruster thought that the "fishtail kick" could be a possible alternative to the flutter kick in freestyle, but in 1933 it began to dawn on Armbruster that it would perhaps be more effective in breaststroke. Armbruster began to experiment with Sieg on
469:
of the body to simplify the breathing process; doing this well requires some attention to butterfly stroke technique. The breathing process begins during the stroke's underwater "press" portion. The body naturally rises toward the water's surface as the hands and forearms move underneath the chest.
429:
The push propels the palm backwards through the water, starting beneath and ending at the side of the body. The swimmer only pushes the arms 1/3 of the way to the hips, making it easier to enter into the recovery and making the recovery shorter and making the breathing window shorter. The movement
384:
By 1952, the argument for separating the "A" and "B" styles of breaststroke was gaining momentum, and hence in 1953, breaststroke was separated into two different events. Furthermore, while traditional breaststroke required the whip kick, the new butterfly stroke allowed the use of butterfly kick.
456:
As butterfly originated as a variant of breaststroke, it would be performed with a breaststroke or whip kick by some swimmers. While breaststroke was separated from butterfly in 1953, the breaststroke kick in butterfly was not officially outlawed until 2001. However several
Masters swimmers were
413:
The butterfly technique with the dolphin kick consists of synchronous arm movement with a synchronous leg kick. Good technique is crucial to swim this style effectively. The wave-like body movement is also very significant in creating propulsion, as this is the key to easy synchronous over-water
263:
where, due to its potential to be faster than the traditional whip kick, Armbruster was enthusiastic to have it legalized within the breaststroke rules, to "offer this new type of stroke for exploitation as a competitive racing-speed stroke". Armbruster followed this appeal with another longer
512:
The turn and finish requires the swimmer to touch the wall "with both hands separated and simultaneously". Both hands must simultaneously touch the wall during turns and finish while the swimmer remains swimming face down. The swimmer touches the wall with both hands while bending the elbows
473:
Normally, swimmers take a breath every other stroke, which can be maintained over long distances. Often, breathing every stroke slows the swimmer down. (At a certain level, a breathing stroke becomes just as fast as a nonbreathing stroke; therefore, highly experienced competitors, such as
470:
The swimmer can lift the head to fully break the surface with minimum effort. The swimmer breathes in through the mouth. The head goes back in the water after the arms come out of the water as they swing forward over the surface. If the head stays out too long, the recovery is hindered.
338:
Indoor
Swimming Championships swam a time of 1:10.8 for the 100 metre breaststroke event, and became the first swimmer to set a world record using exclusively the flying fish. This technique of continuous flying fish would come to be known as "butterfly-breaststroke". Later at the
259:
using the butterfly kick in breaststroke and had excellent results. Presumably to reflect this, he also began referring to the previously named "fishtail kick" as the "dolphin breaststroke kick". He published his results in 1935 in an article called "The
Dolphin Breast Stroke" in
426:
at shoulder width, then the hands move out to create a Y. This is called catching the water. The pull movement follows a semicircle with the elbow higher than the hand and the hand pointing towards the center of the body and downward to form the traditionally taught "keyhole".
452:
There is no stipulation in competitive butterfly rules that a swimmer makes a fixed number of pulses in butterfly–the swimmer may kick as little or as much as they wish. While competitive rules allow such a choice, the typical method of swimming butterfly is with two kicks.
487:
the water surface and transfers into a fluid kick. During the push phase, the chest goes up, and the hips are at their lowest position. In this style, the second pulse in the cycle is stronger than the first one, as the second one is more in flow with the body movement.
376:. Despite this, FINA did add a definition of the two styles of breaststroke to the rules which named traditional breaststroke style "A" and butterfly-breaststroke style "B". A consequence of this was competitors were not able to swim both of the styles in the same race.
499:
Butterfly uses the regular start for swimming, if in a competition the swimmer would start off a diving block. After the start, a gliding phase follows underwater, followed by dolphin kicks swimming underwater. Swimming underwater reduces the
490:
Although butterfly is very compatible with diving, the resulting reduction in wave drag does not lead to an overall drag reduction. In the modern style of the butterfly stroke, one does only a little vertical movement of the body.
430:
increases speed throughout the pull-push phase until the hand is the fastest at the end of the push. This step is called the release and is crucial for recovery. The speed at the end of the push is used to help with the recovery.
5151:
322:, as far as racing is concerned. A butterfly-breaststroke race is a very exciting race to watch. The splashing and violent arm-motion seems to be quite conducive to spectator enthusiasm." Myers interested two teammates of his:
268:
Swimming and Diving Guide called "The New
Dolphin Breast Stroke on Trial", which further urged the NCAA to allow the kick in the rules for the extra speed. Unfortunately for Armbruster, this would not come to fruition, as in a
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All up and down movements of the legs must be simultaneous. The legs or the feet need not be on the same level, but they shall not alternate in relation to each other. A breaststroke kicking movement is not permitted.
360:) finished last. This dominant display of butterfly-breaststroke led to the idea of separating breaststroke into two breaststroke events, consisting of traditional breaststroke and butterfly-breaststroke. However, the
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the butterfly arm recovery in the breaststroke event. However, since alterations to the technical rules required a two-thirds majority before adoption, the motion was declared not carried". In the
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There is only a short window for breathing in the butterfly. If this window is missed, swimming becomes very difficult. Optimally, a butterfly swimmer synchronizes the taking of breaths with the
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The legs move together using different muscles. The shoulders rise with a strong up and medium down kick, then lower with a strong down and up kick. A fluid undulation connects the motion.
340:
5148:
330:, in the overarm recovery. Kaplan and Friesel went on to set new personal bests in breaststroke by over 3 seconds using it. As the overarm recovery caught on more, a swimmer called
549:
Two additional styles of butterfly stroke are similar to the two styles above but without a "second" dolphin kick. This allows the swimmer to conserve energy and be more relaxed.
4103:
3696:
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314:
head, winning against
Wallace Spence in spectacular fashion. The reaction to this performance was mixed. Though the officials did not disqualify him, the Brooklyn Central
3425:
535:"Arm pull up simultaneous with dolphin kick": After the head goes underwater, both arms go underwater but are still higher than the head. After the first dolphin kick,
2154:
1747:
1012:
617:
4952:
4566:
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The feet are pressed together to avoid loss of water pressure. The feet naturally point downwards, give thrust downwards, move up the feet, and press down the head.
4749:
250:
some time before 1938, Wilson was a young physicist and swimmer who had analyzed the motions of swimming fish. Another discovery of the butterfly kick was made by
4096:
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542:"Arm pull down simultaneous with dolphin kick": After the head goes underwater, both arms go underwater until lower than the head. After the first dolphin kick,
307:
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2147:
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570:
Both arms shall be brought forward simultaneously over the water and brought backward simultaneously under the water throughout the race, subject to SW 8.5.
1469:
583:
At each turn and at the finish of the race, the touch shall be made with both hands separated and simultaneously, at, above or below the water surface.
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532:
Two main styles of butterfly stroke seen today are: "arm pull up simultaneous with dolphin kick" and "arm pull down simultaneous with dolphin kick".
303:
323:
247:
235:
4893:
Francois
Oppenheim, The History of Swimming, translated from the French by Swimming World Books (New York: Swimming World Books, 1970), p. 120.
327:
4942:
Henry Myers to Mr. Kiputh, 13 October 1940; published in Robert J. H. Kiphuth, Swimming (New York: The Ronald Press
Company, 1942), pp. 80-82
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and is very economical. Rules allow for 15 m underwater swimming before the head breaks the surface and regular swimming begins.
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306:, who went on to dominate the breaststroke events using it. The next notable swimmer to further innovate on the butterfly arms was
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meeting in October 1938, the bureau unanimously agreed to prohibit up-and-down movements of the legs in the vertical plane.
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17:
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4760:, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A176818711/AONE?u=googlescholar&sid=bookmark-AONE&xid=535b6e53. Accessed 12 Dec. 2023.
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128:
62:
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352:, all but one of the finalists used the butterfly-breaststroke technique, and the only finalist who did not use it (
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95:
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361:
4608:(3rd ed.). Human Kinetics, P.O. Box 5076, Champaign, Illinois, United States: Human Kinetics. p. 145.
2139:
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385:
Now the butterfly stroke was its own separate event. The butterfly stroke was first seen in the Olympics at the
1461:
66:
246:
in 1911. Corsan called it a "fishtail kick". A perhaps independent discovery of the fishtail kick was made by
177:
swum on the chest, with both arms moving symmetrically, accompanied by the butterfly kick (also known as the "
5323:
590:
the head must have broken the surface. The swimmer must remain on the surface until the next turn or finish.
243:
77:
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1935 NCAA Swimming and Diving Guide (New York: American Sports Publishing Company, 1935), p. 12.
4750:
A long night's journey into day: the Odyssey of the butterfly stroke in international swimming.
655:
557:
As of the 1st January 2023, the FINA rules for the butterfly stroke state the following rules:
501:
335:
331:
102:
5439:
4787:
FINA (Federation Internationale de Natation Amateur) Bureau Bulletin, 4 (October 1938), p 13.
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310:, who in early December 1933 used the flying fish for the whole of the breaststroke leg of a
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style swum in competition, first swum in the early 1930s and originating out of the
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as they can perform this action efficiently, they do not incur any disadvantage.
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The swimmer is face down at the start, arms out front, and legs extended behind.
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Max Ritter to Bert Sollfors, 6 March 1949, ISHOF, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
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2019:
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402:
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186:
178:
161:
Butterfly stroke, shortly before entering the water again; view from behind
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44:
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the "flying fish". The International Swimming Hall of Fame credits
181:") along with the movement of the hips and chest. It is the newest
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291:
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with creating the overarm recovery, but it is also possible that
343:, Higgins set a new 200 metre American Record of 2:44.1. In the
234:
The earliest mention of the butterfly kick can be attributed to
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4239:
4053:
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3815:
2528:
1697:
4873:. Champaign, Illinois, USA: Human Kinetics. pp. 30–31.
197:
The butterfly stroke boasts a higher peak velocity than the
315:
153:
Overhead shot of a swimmer performing the butterfly stroke
5220:(2005–2009 rules). A similar implementation was made in
4754:
Proceedings: International Symposium for Olympic Research
4774:. New York: American Publishing Company. pp. 52–57.
379:
4120:
World long-course champions in women's 200 m butterfly
3713:
World long-course champions in women's 100 m butterfly
3442:
World long-course champions in women's 50 m butterfly
5069:
FINA Bureau Bulletin, No. 9, January 1949, pp. 21-22
2171:
World long-course champions in men's 200 m butterfly
1764:
World long-course champions in men's 100 m butterfly
594:
Olympic and world long-course champions in butterfly
4837:
4835:
1493:
World long-course champions in men's 50 m butterfly
69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5199:"Butterfly's Emergence Challenged 1950s Swimmers"
4783:
4781:
4677:(1st ed.). Simon and Schuster. p. 422.
5523:
4832:
229:
537:pull both arms immediately with downward motion
529:There are four styles of the butterfly stroke.
276:
4778:
552:
5324:
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3426:
3031:
2567:
2155:
1748:
1477:
1013:
618:
30:For the Iranian film with the same name, see
5236:"Underwater Comparison Of Butterfly Strokes"
5201:. USMS Swimmer, page 50. March/April 2005.
4796:
4709:The Journal of Health and Physical Education
3047:Olympic champions in women's 200 m butterfly
2583:Olympic champions in women's 100 m butterfly
261:The Journal of Health and Physical Education
5233:
5331:
5317:
5037:"Olympedia – 200 metres Breaststroke, Men"
4989:"Olympedia – 200 metres Breaststroke, Men"
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3419:
3038:
3024:
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1029:Olympic champions in men's 200 m butterfly
1020:
1006:
634:Olympic champions in men's 100 m butterfly
625:
611:
4748:Barney, David E., and Robert K. Barney. "
4601:
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
4723:– via Taylor & Francis Online.
334:, in February 1936 at the 1936 National
156:
148:
140:
5098:"Olympedia – 200 metres Butterfly, Men"
4911:
4797:Matt Mann II, Charles C. Fries (1940).
192:
14:
5524:
5338:
4866:
4672:
4509:
5312:
5274:from the original on 21 December 2021
5242:from the original on 21 December 2021
5108:from the original on 13 December 2023
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4654:from the original on 12 December 2023
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2143:
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372:, due to the chaotic situation after
368:decided not to add any events to the
345:1936 Berlin Olympic 200m breaststroke
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4730:
4698:
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4583:from the original on 9 December 2023
4561:
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4557:
380:Origins of the full butterfly stroke
290:independently discovered it in 1927
67:adding citations to reliable sources
38:
4772:1937 NCAA Swimming and Diving Guide
4648:International Swimming Hall of Fame
240:International Swimming Hall of Fame
24:
4931:
4867:Colwin, Cecil (20 February 2002).
507:
242:introduced it by demonstration to
25:
5548:
5290:
5087:1953-1956 FINA Rules Book, p. 29.
5078:FINA Bureau Bulletin, April 1952.
4914:"Swim News - April 1997 (No.227)"
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5234:MscMncVideo (28 January 2010).
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54:needs additional citations for
4763:
4721:10.1080/23267240.1935.10620880
4666:
4636:
4595:
4531:
4510:Murphy, Sam (12 August 2013).
502:drag from breaking the surface
13:
1:
5015:1936 Olympic 200 breaststroke
4953:"1936 US Olympic Team Trials"
4675:The Making of the Atomic Bomb
4496:
230:Origins of the butterfly kick
5128:"Rhythm of Butterfly Stroke"
460:
408:
277:Origins of the butterfly arm
7:
4705:"The Dolphin Breast Stroke"
4540:Butterfly - Press The Chest
4512:"I believe I can butterfly"
553:FINA butterfly stroke rules
399:Women's 100 metre Butterfly
10:
5553:
5303:Butterfly (swimming style)
4770:Armbruster, David (1937).
4703:Armbruster, David (1935).
4602:Maglischo, Ernest (2003).
544:raise both arms with relax
224:
29:
5463:
5407:
5381:
5350:
5154:11 September 2006 at the
5149:USA Swimming rule 101.2.3
4644:"Dave Armbruster - ISHOF"
4126:
3719:
3448:
3053:
2589:
2177:
1770:
1499:
1035:
640:
524:
391:Men's 200 metre butterfly
5216:3 September 2006 at the
4673:Rhodes, Richard (1987).
4628:: CS1 maint: location (
2547:
494:
414:recovery and breathing.
238:, who, according to the
4912:Thierry, Nick (1997).
4756:, Oct. 2006, pp. 65+.
598:
370:1952 Helsinki Olympics
341:1936 US Olympic Trials
162:
154:
146:
4870:Breakthrough Swimming
4758:Gale Academic OneFile
4567:"FINA Swimming Rules"
160:
152:
144:
5305:at Wikimedia Commons
5270:. 16 February 2008.
5250:– via YouTube.
5197:Showers, Virginia.
5184:19 June 2006 at the
5165:19 June 2006 at the
5104:. 13 December 2023.
350:1948 London Olympics
332:John Herbert Higgins
264:article in the 1937
193:Speed and ergonomics
63:improve this article
18:Butterfly (swimming)
5382:Competition formats
5351:Competition strokes
4815:"The Cavill Family"
4803:. Internet Archive.
4543:, 28 September 2015
312:three-stroke medley
5211:FINA rule MSW 3.10
4843:"Erich Rademacher"
4576:. 1 January 2023.
4313:Otylia Jędrzejczak
4296:Otylia Jędrzejczak
3276:Otylia Jędrzejczak
2364:Paweł Korzeniowski
1189:Sergey Fesenko Sr.
564:leaving the wall.
256:University of Iowa
163:
155:
147:
78:"Butterfly stroke"
5519:
5518:
5301:Media related to
5222:USMS rule 101.3.3
5188:(2005–2009 rules)
5169:(2005–2009 rules)
5134:. 10 August 1966.
5041:www.olympedia.org
4993:www.olympedia.org
4684:978-0-671-44133-3
4493:
4492:
4347:Jessicah Schipper
4330:Jessicah Schipper
4086:
4085:
3906:Jessicah Schipper
3804:Kornelia Gressler
3679:
3678:
3516:Therese Alshammar
3408:
3407:
3013:
3012:
2544:
2543:
2137:
2136:
1804:Gregory Jagenburg
1730:
1729:
1459:
1458:
995:
994:
401:event was won by
393:event was won by
139:
138:
131:
113:
32:Drown (2020 film)
16:(Redirected from
5544:
5532:Butterfly stroke
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5195:
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5179:FINA rule SW 8.3
5176:
5170:
5160:FINA rule SW 8.1
5142:
5136:
5135:
5132:Sarasota Journal
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4715:(4): 23–26, 58.
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4605:Swimming Fastest
4599:
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4160:Rosemarie Kother
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4143:Rosemarie Kother
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3567:Jeanette Ottesen
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1635:Florent Manaudou
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932:Joseph Schooling
929:
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711:
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665:
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652:
627:
620:
613:
604:
603:
288:Erich Rademacher
244:David Armbruster
219:
210:
145:Butterfly stroke
134:
127:
123:
120:
114:
112:
71:
47:
39:
21:
5552:
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5546:
5545:
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5541:
5537:Swimming styles
5522:
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5403:
5377:
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5337:
5293:
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5287:
5277:
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5255:
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5228:
5218:Wayback Machine
5209:
5205:
5196:
5192:
5186:Wayback Machine
5177:
5173:
5167:Wayback Machine
5156:Wayback Machine
5147:, for example,
5143:
5139:
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5121:
5111:
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5082:
5077:
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5019:
5018:, 13 March 2012
5012:
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4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4488:
4475:
4466:Summer McIntosh
4458:
4449:Summer McIntosh
4441:
4424:
4415:Mireia Belmonte
4407:
4390:
4373:
4356:
4339:
4322:
4305:
4288:
4271:
4254:
4237:
4220:
4211:Mary T. Meagher
4203:
4186:
4169:
4152:
4135:
4122:
4117:
4087:
4082:
4081:
4076:Angelina Köhler
4068:
4051:
4034:
4025:Maggie Mac Neil
4017:
4000:
3983:
3966:
3949:
3932:
3915:
3898:
3881:
3864:
3847:
3830:
3813:
3796:
3787:Mary T. Meagher
3779:
3770:Joan Pennington
3762:
3745:
3728:
3715:
3710:
3680:
3675:
3674:
3661:
3644:
3627:
3610:
3593:
3576:
3559:
3542:
3525:
3508:
3491:
3474:
3457:
3444:
3439:
3409:
3404:
3403:
3394:
3391:Summer McIntosh
3385:
3371:
3362:
3348:
3345:Mireia Belmonte
3339:
3325:
3316:
3302:
3293:
3279:
3270:
3256:
3247:
3233:
3224:
3210:
3201:
3187:
3178:
3164:
3161:Mary T. Meagher
3155:
3141:
3132:
3118:
3109:
3095:
3086:
3072:
3063:
3049:
3044:
3014:
3009:
3008:
2999:
2990:
2976:
2973:Maggie Mac Neil
2967:
2953:
2944:
2930:
2921:
2907:
2898:
2884:
2875:
2861:
2852:
2838:
2829:
2815:
2806:
2792:
2783:
2769:
2766:Mary T. Meagher
2760:
2746:
2743:Caren Metschuck
2737:
2723:
2714:
2700:
2691:
2677:
2668:
2654:
2645:
2631:
2628:Carolyn Schuler
2622:
2608:
2599:
2585:
2580:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2526:
2509:
2492:
2475:
2458:
2441:
2424:
2407:
2390:
2373:
2356:
2339:
2322:
2313:Denys Sylantyev
2305:
2296:Denis Pankratov
2288:
2271:
2254:
2237:
2220:
2203:
2186:
2173:
2168:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2119:
2110:Maxime Grousset
2102:
2085:
2068:
2051:
2034:
2017:
2000:
1983:
1966:
1949:
1932:
1915:
1898:
1881:
1864:
1847:
1838:Matthew Gribble
1830:
1813:
1796:
1787:Bruce Robertson
1779:
1766:
1761:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1712:
1695:
1678:
1661:
1644:
1627:
1610:
1593:
1576:
1567:Roland Schoeman
1559:
1550:Roland Schoeman
1542:
1525:
1508:
1495:
1490:
1460:
1455:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1422:
1413:
1399:
1390:
1376:
1367:
1353:
1344:
1330:
1321:
1307:
1298:
1284:
1281:Denis Pankratov
1275:
1261:
1252:
1238:
1229:
1215:
1206:
1192:
1183:
1169:
1160:
1146:
1137:
1123:
1114:
1100:
1091:
1077:
1068:
1054:
1045:
1031:
1026:
996:
991:
990:
981:
972:
958:
949:
935:
926:
912:
903:
889:
880:
866:
857:
843:
834:
820:
817:Denis Pankratov
811:
797:
788:
774:
765:
751:
742:
728:
719:
705:
696:
682:
673:
659:
650:
636:
631:
601:
596:
555:
527:
515:over/under turn
510:
508:Turn and finish
497:
484:
463:
444:
423:
411:
382:
366:Sigfrid Edstrom
279:
232:
227:
220:
211:
195:
175:swimming stroke
135:
124:
118:
115:
72:
70:
60:
48:
35:
28:
27:Swimming stroke
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5550:
5540:
5539:
5534:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5481:Eggbeater kick
5478:
5473:
5467:
5465:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5452:
5450:Treading water
5447:
5442:
5437:
5427:
5422:
5411:
5409:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5385:
5383:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5354:
5352:
5348:
5347:
5336:
5335:
5328:
5321:
5313:
5307:
5306:
5292:
5291:External links
5289:
5286:
5285:
5253:
5226:
5203:
5190:
5171:
5158:(2006 rules),
5137:
5119:
5089:
5080:
5071:
5062:
5053:
5028:
5005:
4980:
4944:
4930:
4904:
4895:
4886:
4880:978-0736037778
4879:
4859:
4831:
4806:
4789:
4777:
4762:
4726:
4690:
4683:
4665:
4635:
4614:
4594:
4553:
4530:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4483:Laura Stephens
4469:
4452:
4435:
4432:Boglárka Kapás
4418:
4401:
4384:
4367:
4350:
4333:
4316:
4299:
4282:
4265:
4248:
4231:
4228:Summer Sanders
4214:
4197:
4180:
4177:Tracy Caulkins
4163:
4146:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4116:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4093:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4062:
4045:
4028:
4011:
4008:Sarah Sjöström
3994:
3991:Sarah Sjöström
3977:
3974:Sarah Sjöström
3960:
3943:
3940:Sarah Sjöström
3926:
3909:
3892:
3889:Jenny Thompson
3875:
3858:
3855:Jenny Thompson
3841:
3824:
3807:
3790:
3773:
3756:
3753:Kornelia Ender
3739:
3736:Kornelia Ender
3721:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3709:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3686:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3669:Sarah Sjöström
3655:
3652:Sarah Sjöström
3638:
3635:Sarah Sjöström
3621:
3618:Sarah Sjöström
3604:
3601:Sarah Sjöström
3587:
3584:Sarah Sjöström
3570:
3553:
3536:
3533:Marieke D'Cruz
3519:
3502:
3485:
3482:Inge de Bruijn
3468:
3465:Inge de Bruijn
3450:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3438:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3415:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3378:
3355:
3332:
3309:
3286:
3263:
3240:
3217:
3207:Summer Sanders
3194:
3171:
3148:
3125:
3115:Andrea Pollack
3102:
3079:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3043:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3020:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3006:
2983:
2960:
2950:Sarah Sjöström
2937:
2914:
2904:Libby Trickett
2891:
2868:
2858:Inge de Bruijn
2845:
2822:
2799:
2776:
2753:
2730:
2720:Kornelia Ender
2707:
2684:
2674:Lyn McClements
2661:
2651:Sharon Stouder
2638:
2615:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2579:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2556:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2520:
2503:
2486:
2469:
2452:
2435:
2418:
2415:Michael Phelps
2401:
2398:Michael Phelps
2384:
2381:Michael Phelps
2367:
2350:
2347:Michael Phelps
2333:
2330:Michael Phelps
2316:
2299:
2282:
2279:Melvin Stewart
2265:
2248:
2231:
2214:
2211:Bill Forrester
2197:
2194:Robin Backhaus
2179:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2144:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2113:
2096:
2079:
2076:Caeleb Dressel
2062:
2059:Caeleb Dressel
2045:
2028:
2011:
2008:Michael Phelps
1994:
1991:Michael Phelps
1977:
1974:Michael Phelps
1960:
1943:
1926:
1923:Lars Frölander
1909:
1892:
1875:
1858:
1841:
1824:
1807:
1790:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1760:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1737:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1706:
1689:
1686:Caeleb Dressel
1672:
1669:Caeleb Dressel
1655:
1638:
1621:
1604:
1587:
1570:
1553:
1536:
1519:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1489:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1466:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1429:
1406:
1396:Michael Phelps
1383:
1360:
1350:Michael Phelps
1337:
1327:Michael Phelps
1314:
1291:
1268:
1258:Melvin Stewart
1245:
1222:
1199:
1176:
1153:
1130:
1107:
1084:
1061:
1051:William Yorzyk
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1025:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1002:
993:
992:
989:
988:
965:
955:Caeleb Dressel
942:
919:
909:Michael Phelps
896:
886:Michael Phelps
873:
863:Michael Phelps
850:
840:Lars Frölander
827:
804:
781:
758:
735:
712:
689:
666:
642:
641:
638:
637:
630:
629:
622:
615:
607:
600:
597:
595:
592:
554:
551:
526:
523:
509:
506:
496:
493:
483:
480:
476:Michael Phelps
462:
459:
443:
440:
422:
419:
410:
407:
395:William Yorzyk
381:
378:
304:Wallace Spence
278:
275:
231:
228:
226:
223:
222:
221:
214:
212:
205:
194:
191:
169:(shortened to
137:
136:
51:
49:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5549:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5506:Scissors kick
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5471:Backward kick
5469:
5468:
5466:
5462:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5435:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5420:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5406:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5380:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5334:
5329:
5327:
5322:
5320:
5315:
5314:
5311:
5304:
5299:
5295:
5294:
5273:
5269:
5268:
5263:
5257:
5241:
5237:
5230:
5224:(2006 rules).
5223:
5219:
5215:
5212:
5207:
5200:
5194:
5187:
5183:
5180:
5175:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5150:
5146:
5141:
5133:
5129:
5123:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5093:
5084:
5075:
5066:
5057:
5042:
5038:
5032:
5017:
5016:
5009:
4994:
4990:
4984:
4965:
4961:
4954:
4948:
4939:
4937:
4935:
4919:
4915:
4908:
4899:
4890:
4882:
4876:
4872:
4871:
4863:
4848:
4844:
4838:
4836:
4820:
4816:
4810:
4802:
4801:
4793:
4784:
4782:
4773:
4766:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4686:
4680:
4676:
4669:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4639:
4631:
4625:
4617:
4615:9780736031806
4611:
4607:
4606:
4598:
4579:
4575:
4568:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4542:
4541:
4534:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4506:
4502:
4484:
4479:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4462:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4445:
4439:
4436:
4433:
4428:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4411:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4398:Natsumi Hoshi
4394:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4377:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4360:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4343:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4326:
4320:
4317:
4314:
4309:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4292:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4279:Petria Thomas
4275:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4262:Susie O'Neill
4258:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4241:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4224:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4207:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4194:Ines Geissler
4190:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4173:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4156:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4139:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4114:
4109:
4107:
4102:
4100:
4095:
4094:
4091:
4077:
4072:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4055:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4038:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4021:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4004:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3987:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3970:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3953:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3936:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3919:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3902:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3885:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3872:Petria Thomas
3868:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3851:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3834:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3817:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3800:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3783:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3766:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3749:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3732:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3707:
3702:
3700:
3695:
3693:
3688:
3687:
3684:
3670:
3665:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3648:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3631:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3614:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3597:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3580:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3529:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3512:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3478:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3461:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3436:
3431:
3429:
3424:
3422:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3398:
3392:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3336:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3231:
3230:Susie O'Neill
3221:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3184:Kathleen Nord
3175:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3138:Ines Geissler
3129:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3036:
3034:
3029:
3027:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3003:
2997:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2881:Petria Thomas
2872:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2835:Amy Van Dyken
2826:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2572:
2570:
2565:
2563:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2535:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2517:Léon Marchand
2513:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2500:Kristóf Milák
2496:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2483:Kristóf Milák
2479:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2262:Michael Gross
2258:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2245:Michael Gross
2241:
2235:
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2172:
2165:
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2153:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2128:
2127:Diogo Ribeiro
2123:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2093:Kristóf Milák
2089:
2083:
2080:
2077:
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2066:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2049:
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2015:
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1998:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1978:
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1964:
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1947:
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1907:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1889:Rafał Szukała
1885:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1872:Anthony Nesty
1868:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1855:Pablo Morales
1851:
1845:
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1828:
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1746:
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1735:
1721:
1720:Diogo Ribeiro
1716:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1703:Thomas Ceccon
1699:
1693:
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1588:
1585:
1584:Milorad Čavić
1580:
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1568:
1563:
1557:
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1534:
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1516:Geoff Huegill
1512:
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1473:
1468:
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1442:Léon Marchand
1433:
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1426:
1420:
1419:Kristóf Milák
1410:
1407:
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1246:
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1236:
1235:Michael Gross
1226:
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978:Kristóf Milák
969:
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831:
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805:
801:
795:
794:Pablo Morales
785:
782:
778:
772:
771:Anthony Nesty
762:
759:
755:
749:
748:Michael Gross
739:
736:
732:
726:
725:Pär Arvidsson
716:
713:
709:
703:
693:
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492:
488:
482:Body movement
479:
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342:
337:
333:
329:
325:
324:Lester Kaplan
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
300:Walter Spence
297:
296:1928 Olympics
293:
289:
285:
284:Sydney Cavill
274:
272:
267:
262:
257:
253:
249:
248:Volney Wilson
245:
241:
237:
236:George Corsan
218:
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133:
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97:
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90:
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83:
80: –
79:
75:
74:Find sources:
68:
64:
58:
57:
52:This article
50:
46:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5496:Flutter kick
5491:Flicker kick
5476:Dolphin kick
5367:
5363:Breaststroke
5276:. Retrieved
5265:
5256:
5244:. Retrieved
5229:
5206:
5193:
5174:
5144:
5140:
5131:
5122:
5110:. Retrieved
5101:
5092:
5083:
5074:
5065:
5056:
5044:. Retrieved
5040:
5031:
5020:, retrieved
5014:
5008:
4996:. Retrieved
4992:
4983:
4971:. Retrieved
4960:USA Swimming
4959:
4947:
4921:. Retrieved
4917:
4907:
4898:
4889:
4869:
4862:
4850:. Retrieved
4846:
4822:. Retrieved
4818:
4809:
4799:
4792:
4771:
4765:
4757:
4753:
4712:
4708:
4674:
4668:
4656:. Retrieved
4647:
4638:
4604:
4597:
4585:. Retrieved
4573:
4545:, retrieved
4539:
4533:
4521:. Retrieved
4517:The Guardian
4515:
4505:
4364:Jiao Liuyang
3957:Dana Vollmer
3923:Libby Lenton
3499:Danni Miatke
3322:Jiao Liuyang
2927:Dana Vollmer
2789:Kristin Otto
2605:Shelley Mann
2534:Tomoru Honda
2466:Chad le Clos
2432:Chad le Clos
2042:Chad le Clos
2025:Chad le Clos
1906:Michael Klim
1373:Chad le Clos
656:Doug Russell
586:
585:
580:
579:
573:
572:
567:
566:
560:
559:
556:
548:
543:
541:
536:
534:
531:
528:
511:
498:
489:
485:
472:
464:
455:
451:
448:
445:
442:Leg movement
436:
432:
428:
424:
421:Arm movement
416:
412:
403:Shelley Mann
389:, where the
383:
374:World War II
328:Paul Friesel
280:
260:
233:
196:
187:breaststroke
179:dolphin kick
170:
166:
164:
125:
116:
106:
99:
92:
85:
73:
61:Please help
56:verification
53:
36:
5373:Front crawl
5278:18 February
5246:18 February
5112:13 December
5046:12 December
5022:12 December
4998:12 December
4973:12 December
4923:12 December
4852:12 December
4824:12 December
4658:12 December
4523:7 September
4059:Zhang Yufei
4042:Torri Huske
3550:Inge Dekker
3368:Zhang Yufei
3253:Misty Hyman
2996:Torri Huske
2697:Mayumi Aoki
2449:László Cseh
2228:Mike Bruner
1957:Ian Crocker
1940:Ian Crocker
1618:César Cielo
1601:César Cielo
1304:Tom Malchow
1166:Mike Bruner
1097:Kevin Berry
358:Netherlands
308:Henry Myers
199:front crawl
5526:Categories
5440:Streamline
5430:Sidestroke
5425:Dog paddle
5358:Backstroke
4587:9 December
4497:References
1821:Joe Bottom
1533:Matt Welsh
1212:Jon Sieben
1143:Mark Spitz
1120:Carl Robie
702:Matt Vogel
679:Mark Spitz
467:undulation
397:, and the
387:1956 games
364:president
320:sidestroke
119:April 2020
89:newspapers
5511:Whip kick
5501:Frog kick
5486:Fish kick
5389:Freestyle
5368:Butterfly
5262:"YouTube"
5102:Olympedia
4918:Swim News
4624:cite book
4547:8 October
4245:Liu Limin
3838:Liu Limin
3821:Qian Hong
3092:Karen Moe
2812:Qian Hong
1652:Ben Proud
1074:Mike Troy
519:open turn
517:" or an "
461:Breathing
409:Technique
354:Bob Bonte
302:and then
252:Jack Sieg
167:butterfly
5445:Suijutsu
5419:Georgian
5415:Colchian
5344:swimming
5272:Archived
5240:Archived
5214:Archived
5182:Archived
5163:Archived
5152:Archived
5106:Archived
4964:Archived
4800:Swimming
4652:Archived
4578:Archived
4381:Liu Zige
3299:Liu Zige
183:swimming
5455:Trudgen
5267:YouTube
3069:Ada Kok
356:of the
292:Germany
225:History
173:) is a
103:scholar
5434:Combat
5394:Medley
5340:Styles
4877:
4681:
4612:
3393:
3389:
3370:
3366:
3347:
3343:
3324:
3320:
3301:
3297:
3278:
3274:
3255:
3251:
3232:
3228:
3209:
3205:
3186:
3182:
3163:
3159:
3140:
3136:
3117:
3113:
3094:
3090:
3071:
3067:
2998:
2994:
2975:
2971:
2952:
2948:
2929:
2925:
2906:
2902:
2883:
2879:
2860:
2856:
2837:
2833:
2814:
2810:
2791:
2787:
2768:
2764:
2745:
2741:
2722:
2718:
2699:
2695:
2676:
2672:
2653:
2649:
2630:
2626:
2607:
2603:
1444:
1440:
1421:
1417:
1398:
1394:
1375:
1371:
1352:
1348:
1329:
1325:
1306:
1302:
1283:
1279:
1260:
1256:
1237:
1233:
1214:
1210:
1191:
1187:
1168:
1164:
1145:
1141:
1122:
1118:
1099:
1095:
1076:
1072:
1053:
1049:
980:
976:
957:
953:
934:
930:
911:
907:
888:
884:
865:
861:
842:
838:
819:
815:
796:
792:
773:
769:
750:
746:
727:
723:
704:
700:
681:
677:
658:
654:
587:SW 8.5
581:SW 8.4
574:SW 8.3
568:SW 8.2
561:SW 8.1
525:Styles
105:
98:
91:
84:
76:
5464:Kicks
5408:Other
5399:Relay
4967:(PDF)
4956:(PDF)
4847:ISHOF
4819:ISHOF
4581:(PDF)
4570:(PDF)
4485:(GBR)
4468:(CAN)
4451:(CAN)
4434:(HUN)
4417:(ESP)
4400:(JPN)
4383:(CHN)
4366:(CHN)
4349:(AUS)
4332:(AUS)
4315:(POL)
4298:(POL)
4281:(AUS)
4264:(AUS)
4247:(CHN)
4230:(USA)
4213:(USA)
4196:(GDR)
4179:(USA)
4162:(GDR)
4145:(GDR)
4078:(GER)
4061:(CHN)
4044:(USA)
4027:(CAN)
4010:(SWE)
3993:(SWE)
3976:(SWE)
3959:(USA)
3942:(SWE)
3925:(AUS)
3908:(AUS)
3891:(USA)
3874:(AUS)
3857:(USA)
3840:(CHN)
3823:(CHN)
3806:(GDR)
3789:(USA)
3772:(USA)
3755:(GDR)
3738:(GDR)
3671:(SWE)
3654:(SWE)
3637:(SWE)
3620:(SWE)
3603:(SWE)
3586:(SWE)
3569:(DEN)
3552:(NED)
3535:(AUS)
3518:(SWE)
3501:(AUS)
3484:(NED)
3467:(NED)
2548:Women
2536:(JPN)
2519:(FRA)
2502:(HUN)
2485:(HUN)
2468:(RSA)
2451:(HUN)
2434:(RSA)
2417:(USA)
2400:(USA)
2383:(USA)
2366:(POL)
2349:(USA)
2332:(USA)
2315:(UKR)
2298:(RUS)
2281:(USA)
2264:(FRG)
2247:(FRG)
2230:(USA)
2213:(USA)
2196:(USA)
2129:(POR)
2112:(FRA)
2095:(HUN)
2078:(USA)
2061:(USA)
2044:(RSA)
2027:(RSA)
2010:(USA)
1993:(USA)
1976:(USA)
1959:(USA)
1942:(USA)
1925:(SWE)
1908:(AUS)
1891:(POL)
1874:(SUR)
1857:(USA)
1840:(USA)
1823:(USA)
1806:(USA)
1789:(CAN)
1722:(POR)
1705:(ITA)
1688:(USA)
1671:(USA)
1654:(GBR)
1637:(FRA)
1620:(BRA)
1603:(BRA)
1586:(SRB)
1569:(RSA)
1552:(RSA)
1535:(AUS)
1518:(AUS)
495:Start
110:JSTOR
96:books
5280:2017
5248:2017
5114:2023
5048:2023
5024:2023
5000:2023
4975:2023
4925:2023
4875:ISBN
4854:2023
4826:2023
4679:ISBN
4660:2023
4630:link
4610:ISBN
4589:2023
4574:FINA
4549:2023
4525:2014
4472:2024
4455:2023
4438:2022
4421:2019
4404:2017
4387:2015
4370:2013
4353:2011
4336:2009
4319:2007
4302:2005
4285:2003
4268:2001
4251:1998
4234:1994
4217:1991
4200:1986
4183:1982
4166:1978
4149:1975
4132:1973
4065:2024
4048:2023
4031:2022
4014:2019
3997:2017
3980:2015
3963:2013
3946:2011
3929:2009
3912:2007
3895:2005
3878:2003
3861:2001
3844:1998
3827:1994
3810:1991
3793:1986
3776:1982
3759:1978
3742:1975
3725:1973
3658:2024
3641:2023
3624:2022
3607:2019
3590:2017
3573:2015
3556:2013
3539:2011
3522:2009
3505:2007
3488:2005
3471:2003
3454:2001
3381:2024
3358:2020
3335:2016
3312:2012
3289:2008
3266:2004
3243:2000
3220:1996
3197:1992
3174:1988
3151:1984
3128:1980
3105:1976
3082:1972
3059:1968
2986:2024
2963:2020
2940:2016
2917:2012
2894:2008
2871:2004
2848:2000
2825:1996
2802:1992
2779:1988
2756:1984
2733:1980
2710:1976
2687:1972
2664:1968
2641:1964
2618:1960
2595:1956
2523:2024
2506:2023
2489:2022
2472:2019
2455:2017
2438:2015
2421:2013
2404:2011
2387:2009
2370:2007
2353:2005
2336:2003
2319:2001
2302:1998
2285:1994
2268:1991
2251:1986
2234:1982
2217:1978
2200:1975
2183:1973
2116:2024
2099:2023
2082:2022
2065:2019
2048:2017
2031:2015
2014:2013
1997:2011
1980:2009
1963:2007
1946:2005
1929:2003
1912:2001
1895:1998
1878:1994
1861:1991
1844:1986
1827:1982
1810:1978
1793:1975
1776:1973
1709:2024
1692:2023
1675:2022
1658:2019
1641:2017
1624:2015
1607:2013
1590:2011
1573:2009
1556:2007
1539:2005
1522:2003
1505:2001
1432:2024
1409:2020
1386:2016
1363:2012
1340:2008
1317:2004
1294:2000
1271:1996
1248:1992
1225:1988
1202:1984
1179:1980
1156:1976
1133:1972
1110:1968
1087:1964
1064:1960
1041:1956
968:2024
945:2020
922:2016
899:2012
876:2008
853:2004
830:2000
807:1996
784:1992
761:1988
738:1984
715:1980
692:1976
669:1972
646:1968
326:and
316:YMCA
271:FINA
266:NCAA
165:The
82:news
5342:of
5145:See
4717:doi
3397:CAN
3374:CHN
3351:ESP
3328:CHN
3305:CHN
3282:POL
3259:USA
3236:AUS
3213:USA
3190:GDR
3167:USA
3144:GDR
3121:GDR
3098:USA
3075:NED
3002:USA
2979:CAN
2956:SWE
2933:USA
2910:AUS
2887:AUS
2864:NED
2841:USA
2818:CHN
2795:GDR
2772:USA
2749:GDR
2726:GDR
2703:JPN
2680:AUS
2657:USA
2634:USA
2611:USA
1448:FRA
1425:HUN
1402:USA
1379:RSA
1356:USA
1333:USA
1310:USA
1287:RUS
1264:USA
1241:FRG
1218:AUS
1195:URS
1172:USA
1149:USA
1126:USA
1103:AUS
1080:USA
1057:USA
984:HUN
961:USA
938:SIN
915:USA
892:USA
869:USA
846:SWE
823:RUS
800:USA
777:SUR
754:FRG
731:SWE
708:USA
685:USA
662:USA
599:Men
362:IOC
336:AAU
171:fly
65:by
5528::
5264:.
5238:.
5130:.
5100:.
5039:.
4991:.
4962:.
4958:.
4933:^
4916:.
4845:.
4834:^
4817:.
4780:^
4752:"
4729:^
4711:.
4707:.
4693:^
4650:.
4646:.
4626:}}
4622:{{
4572:.
4556:^
4514:.
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