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199:" (The Case Was Settled) was written by CoBrA member Christian Dotremont and signed by all founding members in Paris in 1948. It was directly speaking to their experience attending the Centre International de Documentation sur l'Art d'Avant-garde in which they felt the atmosphere was sterile and authoritarian. It was a statement of working collaboratively in an organic mode of experimentation in order to develop their work separate from the current place of the avant-garde movement. The name of the manifesto was also a play on words from an earlier document signed by Belgian and French Revolutionary Surrealists in July 1947, entitled "La cause est entendue" (The Case Is Settled).
643:(1904–2002), of South Africa, claimed to be one of the only black artists of CoBrA. In his own words, Mancoba, a clear supporter of the CoBrA movement, criticizes the views of his fellow artists regarding himself: "The embarrassment that my presence caused to the point of making me, in their eyes, some sort of 'Invisible Man' or merely the consort of a European woman artist—was understandable, as before me there had never been to my knowledge any black man taking part in the visual arts 'avant garde' of the Western World."
4331:
263:, who would later become known for his architecture of playgrounds as cultural critique, was asked to do the interior design of the exhibition. The close relationship between Van Eyck and the artists from the CoBrA, who also drew their inspiration in particular from children's drawings, makes it probable that much of Eyck's early inspiration for the playgrounds may have derived from CoBrA.
292:, an artist from Belgium. The Dutch architect, Van Eyck designed the exhibition layout, just as he had for the 1949 CoBrA exhibition in Stedelijk. The innovations of this exhibit were that the composition for the wall was in a grid formation. In addition, the sculptures, which were featured in this show were on coal beds from the Liège area itself.
215:. One of the new approaches that united the CoBrA artists was their unrestrained use of strong colors, along with violent handwritings and figuration which can be either frightening or humorous. Their art was alive with subhuman figures in order to mirror the terror and weakness of our time unlike the dehumanized art of
81:
During the time of occupation of World War II, the
Netherlands had been disconnected from the art world beyond its borders. CoBrA was formed shortly thereafter. This international movement of artists who worked experimentally evolved from the criticisms of Western society and a common desire to break
223:
interest in the unconscious alone. The childlike in their method meant a pleasure in painting, in the materials, forms, and finally the picture itself; this aesthetic notion was called 'desire unbound'. The Dutch
Artists in particular within CoBrA (Corneille, Appel, Constant) were interested in
170:
In
November 1949 the group officially changed its name to Internationale des Artistes Expérimentaux with membership having spread across Europe and the United States, although this name has never stuck. The movement was officially disbanded in 1951, but many of its members remained close, with
171:
Dotremont in particular continuing collaborations with many of the leading members of the group. The primary focus of the group consisted of semi-abstract paintings with brilliant color, violent brushwork, and distorted human figures inspired by primitive and folk art and similar to
American
255:
was interested in bringing experimentalism and abstraction to The
Netherlands, and had also been an active member of the Dutch Resistance during the war. He was deeply involved with the CoBrA group and maintained direct contacts between the artists and the Stedelijk Museum.
110:
on 8 November 1948 in the Café Notre-Dame, Paris, with the signing of a manifesto, "La cause était entendue" ("The Case Was
Settled"), drawn up by Dotremont. Formed with a unifying doctrine of complete freedom of colour and form, as well as antipathy towards
186:
CoBrA was perhaps the last avant-garde movement of the twentieth century. According to
Nathalie Aubert the group only lasted officially for three years (1948 to 1951). After that period each artist in the group developed their own individual paths.
295:
This show was not specific to only CoBrA artists, and also, major artists of the CoBrA movement were not in this exhibit due to the existing conflict within the group that eventually led to the collapse of CoBrA shortly after in the same year.
135:
Coming together as an amalgamation of the Dutch group Reflex, the Danish group Høst and the
Belgian Revolutionary Surrealist Group, the group only lasted a few years but managed to achieve a number of objectives in that time: the periodical
219:. This spontaneous method was a rejection of Renaissance art, specialization, and 'civilized art', they preferred 'uncivilized' forms of expression which created an interplay between the conscious and the unconscious instead of the
224:
Children's art."We Wanted to start again like a child" Karel Appel insisted. As part of the
Western Left, they were built upon the fusion of Art and Life through experiment in order to unite form and expression.
902:
Auber, Nathalie. "'Cobra after Cobra' And The Alba
Congress: From Revolutionary Avant-Garde To Situationist Experiment." Third Text 20.2 (2006): 259–267. Art Source. Web. 14 Sept. 2015.
123:
Their working method was based on spontaneity and experiment, and they drew their inspiration in particular from children's drawings, from primitive art forms and from the work of
86:. Experimentation was the symbol of an unfettered freedom, which, according to Constant, was ultimately embodied by children and the expressions of children. CoBrA was formed by
276:. Newspapers spoke of offensive art and provocation on the part of the artists, and one evening for experimental poetry at the Stedelijk was the occasion for a public brawl.
1197:
667:, is known for its large assemblage of works of CoBrA art. The museum displays works by Karel Appel, Pierre Alechinsky, and Asger Jorn, the movement's leading exponents.
403:
4173:
272:(Free People) wrote, "Geklad, geklets en geklodder in het Stedelijk Museum" ("Smirch, twaddle and mess in the SMA"). The CoBrA artists are considered scribblers and
211:) for they preferred the process over the product and introduced primitive, mythical, and folkloric elements along with a decorative input from their children and
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Auctioneers Bruun Rasmussen held an auction of CoBrA artists on April 3, 2006 in Copenhagen. It set records for the highest price for an
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Hoffmann, Edith. "Cobra Exhibition in Rotterdam." The Burlington Magazine 108.760 (1966): 388–89. JSTOR. Web. 14 Sept. 2015.
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1006:"On display from July 12 in the Cobra Museum of Modern Art. "New Nuances, female artists in and around Cobra""
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Karel Appel, from an interview with Eleanor Flomenhaft, October 16, 1975; cited in Flomenhaft 1985, p. 33.
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The Stedelijk Museum exhibition gave rise to furious criticism from press and the public. A critic from
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288:, Belgium, in 1951. Shortly after this exhibit, the group dissolved. The show was organised by
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678:) and for the highest amount raised in a single auction in Denmark (30 million DKK in total).
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660:, Netherlands, displaying works by Karel Appel and other international avant-garde artists.
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praises CoBrA as being a "...wonderfully messy, cacophonous, and multi-tentacled," entity.
8:
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Cooke, Lynne. "Review." The Burlington Magazine 126, no. 978 (September 1, 1984): 583.
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248:, one of a few women involved in the movement, participated in this first exhibition.
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1224:(www.nsuartmuseum.org )<from Florida travel book and the museum's website>
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They exhibited mainly in Holland, but also Paris and other countries in Europe.
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away from existing art movements, including "detested" naturalism and "sterile"
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Two Survey shows (Hamburg, 1982; Paris and the French provinces also 1982)
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The European artists were different from their American counterparts (the
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1282:
782:" (The Case Is Settled) from the supporters of Revolutionary Surrealism
671:
657:
578:
523:
518:
Notable artists who had contact with, and/or were influenced by CoBrA:
451:
379:
220:
167:, a Danish sculptor who was one of a few active women in the movement.
112:
103:
62:
991:
710:
A Short History of the Netherlands: From Prehistory to the Present Day
5061:
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4879:
4820:
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4740:
4728:
4638:
4613:
4575:
4304:
4294:
4257:
4089:
4079:
4059:
3885:
3855:
3588:
3511:
2930:
2716:
2553:
2310:
2011:
1960:
1858:
1669:
1475:
1446:
771:"La cause Ă©tait entendue" is an ironical reference to the manifesto "
124:
70:
1277:
1198:"Revisiting The Radically Avant-Garde Movement Art History Forgot".
816:"The Erasure of Ernest Mancoba: Africa and Europe at the Crossroads"
144:
and two large-scale exhibitions. The first of these was held at the
5081:
5056:
5037:
4951:
4946:
4914:
4783:
4658:
4560:
4513:
4488:
4284:
4205:
4153:
4084:
3997:
3918:
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3721:
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3516:
3448:
3342:
3327:
3001:
2915:
2905:
2893:
2637:
2100:
1797:
1737:
1161:
1059:"Eye Magazine | Feature | Willem Sandberg: Warm printing"
457:
373:
244:
in November 1949 under the title "International Experimental Art".
212:
176:
66:
57:
art group active from 1948 to 1951. The name was coined in 1948 by
285:
153:
61:
from the initials of the members' home countries' capital cities:
4869:
4643:
4545:
4453:
4431:
3623:
3426:
3364:
3181:
3080:
2820:
2547:
2380:
1986:
1586:
1470:
1212:
1137:
The Art and Politics of Asger Jorn: The Avant-Garde Won't Give Up
116:
2542:
5086:
5032:
4673:
4668:
4555:
4421:
4247:
4106:
3598:
3528:
3097:
3009:
2864:
2095:
978:
Hoffmann, Edith (July 1966). "Cobra Exhibition in Rotterdam".
2331:
881:
Cobra: The Last Avant-garde Movement of the Twentieth Century
140:, a series of collaborations between various members called
5022:
4693:
4183:
2985:
4174:
Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation
38:
working on a mural in Rotterdam for the Manifestation E55
1081:
1079:
159:
The group is notable for having a Black artist member,
949:. Biuro Uslug Promocyjnych, Uniwersal SA. p. 554.
1076:
713:(4th ed.). Amersfoort: Bekking. p. 154.
5153:
1113:"Aldo van Eyck and the City as Playground"
1028:
1026:
864:. Cobra Museum, The Netherlands. Archived from
235:
175:. CoBrA was a milestone in the development of
148:in Amsterdam, November 1949, the other at the
4361:
1263:
1193:
1191:
1023:
317:The Spirit of Cobra (Fort Lauderdale, 2013)
240:The first major exhibition was held at the
4368:
4354:
1270:
1256:
1188:
1133:
755:
753:
706:
4375:
813:
115:, the artists also shared an interest in
977:
29:
1091:Fondation Constant / Stichting Constant
944:
911:
750:
741:
14:
5172:European artist groups and collectives
5154:
3951:Contemporary Indigenous Australian art
284:The last CoBrA exhibit was located in
279:
4349:
1971:Art of the late 16th century in Milan
1251:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
914:Cobra: The Last Avant-Garde Movement
898:
896:
227:
24:
3306:Vienna School of Fantastic Realism
2157:Neoclassical architecture in Milan
920:
700:
513:
251:The museum's director and curator
27:Artist collective and art movement
25:
5203:
3380:American Figurative Expressionism
1716:International Gothic art in Italy
1231:
1134:Kurczynski, Karen (August 2014).
893:
814:Smalligan, Laura M (2010-03-01).
4330:
4329:
2889:Neue KĂĽnstlervereinigung MĂĽnchen
1160:
1140:. Ashgate Publishing Unlimited.
883:Lund Humphries 2004, 349 pages,
707:Rietbergen, P. J. A. N. (2000).
3811:Tunisian collaborative painting
3284:International Typographic Style
1218:
1206:
1154:
1127:
1105:
1051:
998:
971:
962:
953:
938:
905:
324:
3564:The Caribbean Artists Movement
873:
854:
807:
785:
765:
746:. Hatje Cantz. pp. 59–60.
744:Klee and Cobra: A Child's Play
735:
674:painting (6.4 million DKK for
299:
13:
1:
1920:Dutch and Flemish Renaissance
4035:Modern European ink painting
3407:Bay Area Figurative Movement
916:. Aldershot: Lund Humphries.
628:
190:
18:COBRA (avant-garde movement)
7:
3696:Artificial intelligence art
1034:"cobra & the stedelijk"
912:Stokvis, Willemijn (2004).
681:
236:Stedelijk Museum exhibition
10:
5208:
5114:Situationist International
3609:Post-painterly abstraction
3432:Situationist International
2806:Pennsylvania Impressionism
1213:Cobra Museum of Modern Art
242:Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam
195:The manifesto, entitled, "
76:
5162:Art Informel and Tachisme
5010:
4932:
4771:
4711:
4702:
4584:
4384:
4325:
4129:
3894:
3704:
3484:
3276:
3260:
3192:California Scene Painting
3071:California Scene Painting
3027:Figurative Constructivism
2939:
2744:
2523:
2512:
2342:
2279:
2172:
2088:
2078:Poussinists and Rubenists
1979:
1783:
1516:
1316:
1307:
1294:
1166:"Dana Schutz (Interview)"
832:10.1080/09528821003722264
793:"La cause etait entendue"
647:
308:Paris-Paris (Paris, 1981)
305:WestKunst (Cologne, 1981)
202:
4290:Prehistoric European art
3939:Contemporary African art
3422:Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai
3350:GeneraciĂłn de la Ruptura
2977:Universal Constructivism
2769:California Impressionism
2724:American Barbizon school
693:
665:Fort Lauderdale, Florida
311:Aftermath (London, 1981)
4624:Experimental literature
4117:Walking Artists Network
3454:Letterist International
3294:Washington Color School
2208:Arts in the Philippines
980:The Burlington Magazine
209:Abstract expressionists
197:La cause Ă©tait entendue
4890:Second Viennese School
4521:Neue Slowenische Kunst
4392:Abstract expressionism
4228:Illuminated manuscript
3876:The Designers Republic
3826:Neue Slowenische Kunst
3749:Pattern and Decoration
3649:Institutional critique
3289:Abstract expressionism
2269:Latin American Baroque
2225:Colonial Asian Baroque
1243:Museum Jorn, Silkeborg
1202:. Retrieved 2015-09-22
947:Encyklopedia Guinnessa
742:Baumgartner, Michael.
663:The NSU Art Museum in
554:Freddy Flores Knistoff
320:CoBrA (Mannheim, 2023)
181:abstract expressionism
133:
119:as well as modernism.
39:
4997:Theatre of the Absurd
4920:Twelve-tone technique
4799:Electroacoustic music
3866:Artist-run initiative
3841:Young British Artists
3806:New European Painting
3742:Moscow Conceptualists
3664:Feminist art movement
3442:Ukrainian underground
3417:Gutai Art Association
2816:Ten American Painters
2320:Western influence in
1297:List of art movements
945:Crofton, Ian (1991).
773:La cause est entendue
494:Carl-Henning Pedersen
163:, who was married to
150:Palais des Beaux-Arts
121:
33:
4982:Postdramatic theatre
4967:Experimental theatre
4504:Multidimensional art
3676:Saqqakhaneh movement
3569:Chicano art movement
3437:Soviet Nonconformist
3243:Boston Expressionism
3226:Abstraction-Création
3044:Arbeitsrat fĂĽr Kunst
3037:Cologne Progressives
2757:Art Nouveau in Milan
2560:Anglo-Japanese style
2536:National romanticism
1966:Fontainebleau School
1876:Northern Renaissance
1711:International Gothic
470:Sonja Ferlov Mancoba
165:Sonja Ferlov Mancoba
49:, often stylized as
4484:Lyrical Abstraction
4211:Hierarchy of genres
3776:Saint Soleil School
3712:Post-conceptual art
3681:The Stars Art Group
3559:Black Arts Movement
3522:Neo-Dada Organizers
3323:Lyrical abstraction
3056:Australian tonalism
2729:California Tonalism
2401:Hudson River School
2204:Colonial Asian art
1944:English Renaissance
1893:Ghent–Bruges school
1881:Early Netherlandish
1793:Italian Renaissance
1706:Gothic art in Milan
1238:Didrichsenmuseum.fi
1200:The Huffington Post
1063:www.eyemagazine.com
398:Christian Dotremont
280:Exhibition in Liège
100:Christian Dotremont
59:Christian Dotremont
5097:Postmodernist film
5002:Theatre of Cruelty
4885:Rock in Opposition
4826:Free improvisation
4469:Post-Impressionism
4402:Art & Language
4253:Landscape painting
3861:New Leipzig School
3801:Neo-conceptual art
3549:Art & Language
3544:Capitalist realism
3466:Florida Highwaymen
3402:Hard-edge painting
3216:Streamline Moderne
3177:Harlem Renaissance
3020:Novecento Italiano
2848:Deutscher Werkbund
2675:Post-Impressionism
2237:Latin American art
2041:Guild of Romanists
1903:German Renaissance
1898:Northern Mannerism
1176:on 13 October 2017
778:2011-07-18 at the
635:Alison M. Gingeras
544:Jacqueline de Jong
410:Lotti van der Gaag
40:
5149:
5148:
5139:Russian symbolism
5124:Socialist realism
4962:Experimental film
4928:
4927:
4634:Hungry generation
4609:Conceptual poetry
4464:Neo-Impressionism
4343:
4342:
4125:
4124:
3981:Corporate Memphis
3934:Classical Realism
3904:Amazonian pop art
3796:Appropriation art
3764:Neo-expressionism
3634:Environmental art
3539:Nouvelle tendance
3256:
3255:
3204:Socialist realism
3061:Dresden Secession
2680:Neo-Impressionism
2643:Decadent movement
2614:Heidelberg School
2508:
2507:
2406:American luminism
2391:DĂĽsseldorf School
2386:Shoreham Ancients
2376:Nazarene movement
2366:Danish Golden Age
2247:Indochristian art
1925:Antwerp Mannerism
1814:Pittura infamante
1808:Florentine School
1803:Proto-Renaissance
1087:"Cobra 1948-1951"
676:Tristesse Blanche
350:Jean-Michel Atlan
338:Pierre Alechinsky
290:Pierre Alechinsky
228:CoBrA exhibitions
53:, was a European
16:(Redirected from
5199:
5187:1940s neologisms
5043:Russian Futurism
4987:Remodernist film
4905:Stochastic music
4860:Musique concrète
4838:Microtonal music
4816:Experimental pop
4809:Industrial music
4804:Electronic music
4709:
4708:
4531:Nouveau réalisme
4439:Grosvenor School
4370:
4363:
4356:
4347:
4346:
4333:
4332:
4317:Western painting
4263:Modern sculpture
4221:History painting
3924:Art intervention
3717:Installation art
3534:Nouveau réalisme
3274:
3273:
3248:Leningrad School
3140:Mexican muralism
3113:Grosvenor School
2853:American Realism
2836:Der Blaue Reiter
2794:Berlin Secession
2789:Vienna Secession
2784:Munich Secession
2702:Pont-Aven School
2521:
2520:
2371:Troubadour style
2349:(c. 1770 – 1862)
2316:Qing handicrafts
2282:Western elements
2213:Letras y figuras
2186:African-American
2181:African diaspora
2152:Directoire style
2063:Heptanese school
2046:Dutch Golden Age
2031:Stroganov School
2024:Lutheran Baroque
2019:Louis XIII style
1992:Baroque in Milan
1854:Bolognese School
1849:High Renaissance
1832:Forlivese School
1827:Ferrarese School
1550:Migration Period
1314:
1313:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1249:
1248:
1225:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1195:
1186:
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1183:
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1172:. Archived from
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1038:www.stedelijk.nl
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986:(760): 389–388.
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761:collections page
757:
748:
747:
739:
733:
732:
704:
615:Maurice Wyckaert
600:Shinkichi Tajiri
534:James E. Brewton
434:Carl-Otto Hultén
146:Stedelijk Museum
21:
5207:
5206:
5202:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5197:
5196:
5182:School of Paris
5152:
5151:
5150:
5145:
5006:
4992:Structural film
4934:
4924:
4779:Aleatoric music
4767:
4698:
4586:
4580:
4541:Performance art
4380:
4374:
4344:
4339:
4321:
4238:Interactive art
4121:
4095:SoFlo Superflat
4020:Kitsch movement
3944:Africanfuturism
3896:
3890:
3769:Transavantgarde
3700:
3654:Light and Space
3639:Performance art
3619:Psychedelic art
3502:Nueva Presencia
3492:Otra FiguraciĂłn
3480:
3412:Les Plasticiens
3397:New York School
3375:Action painting
3360:Metcalf Chateau
3269:
3264:
3252:
3172:Cercle et Carré
3108:New Objectivity
3015:Return to order
2957:School of Paris
2935:
2779:School of Paris
2740:
2626:Arts and Crafts
2531:Neo-romanticism
2516:
2504:
2500:Etching revival
2452:Barbizon school
2396:Pre-Raphaelites
2348:
2345:
2338:
2281:
2275:
2168:
2142:Louis XVI style
2084:
2073:Louis XIV style
2036:Animal painting
1997:Flemish Baroque
1975:
1886:World landscape
1837:Venetian School
1779:
1766:Majorcan school
1733:Novgorod School
1723:Lucchese School
1695:Opus Anglicanum
1687:Norman-Sicilian
1631:Italo-Byzantine
1531:Early Christian
1512:
1496:Pompeian Styles
1309:
1303:
1290:
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786:
780:Wayback Machine
770:
766:
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736:
721:
705:
701:
696:
688:School of Paris
684:
650:
631:
626:
621:Valeriu Pantazi
605:Alasdair Taylor
569:Bengt Lindström
564:Robert Jacobsen
516:
514:Related artists
511:
506:Serge Vandercam
476:Jan Nieuwenhuys
428:Svavar GuĂ°nason
422:Stephen Gilbert
327:
302:
282:
253:Willem Sandberg
238:
230:
205:
193:
173:action painting
79:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5205:
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5169:
5164:
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5143:
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5131:
5126:
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5119:Social realism
5116:
5111:
5106:
5104:Late modernism
5101:
5100:
5099:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5077:Neo-minimalism
5074:
5072:Postminimalism
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5050:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5018:Constructivism
5014:
5012:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4977:Poetic realism
4974:
4972:Modernist film
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4938:
4936:
4930:
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4926:
4925:
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4910:Textural music
4907:
4902:
4900:Spectral music
4897:
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4887:
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4865:New Complexity
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4666:
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4656:
4654:Neoavanguardia
4651:
4649:Language poets
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4604:Asemic writing
4601:
4599:Angry Penguins
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4456:
4451:
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4441:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4412:Constructivism
4409:
4407:Conceptual art
4404:
4399:
4394:
4388:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4373:
4372:
4365:
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4350:
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4314:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4268:Late modernism
4265:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4216:Genre painting
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4166:
4164:Ballets Russes
4161:
4156:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4147:Asemic writing
4139:
4137:History of art
4133:
4131:
4130:Related topics
4127:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4065:Relational art
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3988:Hypermodernism
3985:
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3968:
3963:
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3773:
3772:
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3756:
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3744:
3734:
3729:
3727:Postminimalism
3724:
3719:
3714:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
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3646:
3641:
3636:
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3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3604:Generative art
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3574:Conceptual art
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
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3531:
3526:
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3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3471:Cybernetic art
3468:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3459:Ultra-Lettrist
3456:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
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3387:
3377:
3372:
3367:
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3357:
3352:
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3340:
3335:
3333:Arte Informale
3330:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3298:
3297:
3296:
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3280:
3278:
3271:
3270:(1945–present)
3258:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3218:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3199:Heroic realism
3196:
3195:
3194:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3133:Latin American
3130:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3103:Group of Seven
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3073:
3068:
3066:Social realism
3063:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3049:November Group
3041:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3012:
3007:
3006:
3005:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2972:Latin American
2967:Constructivism
2964:
2962:Crystal Cubism
2959:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2937:
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2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
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2688:
2687:
2672:
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2665:Volcano School
2662:
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2660:
2655:
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2640:
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2471:
2470:
2469:
2459:
2454:
2444:
2439:
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2427:
2422:
2420:Norwich School
2417:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2361:Fairy painting
2352:
2350:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2329:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
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2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2252:Chilote School
2244:
2242:Casta painting
2234:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2218:Tipos del PaĂs
2215:
2202:
2201:
2200:
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2198:
2188:
2176:
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2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2127:
2126:
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2118:
2113:
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2106:Louis XV style
2103:
2092:
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2055:
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2014:
2009:
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1994:
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1981:
1977:
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1958:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1908:Cologne School
1900:
1895:
1890:
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1888:
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1743:Sienese School
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1653:Pre-Romanesque
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1582:Donor portrait
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1491:Julio-Claudian
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1440:Greco-Buddhist
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1380:Protogeometric
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1232:External links
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1146:
1126:
1115:. Mar 27, 2013
1104:
1093:. Jun 29, 2013
1075:
1050:
1022:
1012:. 11 June 2019
997:
970:
961:
952:
937:
919:
904:
892:
872:
868:on 2008-06-21.
862:"Cobra Museum"
853:
826:(2): 263–276.
806:
784:
764:
749:
734:
719:
698:
697:
695:
692:
691:
690:
683:
680:
649:
646:
645:
644:
641:Ernest Mancoba
638:
630:
627:
625:
624:
618:
612:
610:Louis Van Lint
607:
602:
597:
592:
586:
581:
576:
574:Jean Messagier
571:
566:
561:
559:Herbert Gentry
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
520:
515:
512:
510:
509:
503:
500:Anton Rooskens
497:
491:
485:
479:
473:
467:
464:Ernest Mancoba
461:
455:
449:
446:Edouard Jaguer
443:
437:
431:
425:
419:
413:
407:
404:Jacques Doucet
401:
395:
389:
383:
377:
371:
365:
359:
353:
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341:
335:
328:
326:
323:
322:
321:
318:
315:
312:
309:
306:
301:
298:
281:
278:
269:Het Vrije Volk
259:The architect
237:
234:
229:
226:
204:
201:
192:
189:
161:Ernest Mancoba
78:
75:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5204:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5177:Art movements
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5140:
5137:
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5135:
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5127:
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5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5093:
5092:Postmodernism
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5049:
5048:Cubo-Futurism
5046:
5045:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5028:Expressionism
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
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4908:
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4898:
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4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4855:Music theatre
4853:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4843:Minimal music
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4827:
4824:
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4817:
4814:
4810:
4807:
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4805:
4802:
4800:
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4790:
4789:Ars subtilior
4787:
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4777:
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4717:
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4710:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4689:Visual poetry
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4664:Nouveau roman
4662:
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4571:Temporary art
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4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
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4534:
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4529:
4527:
4526:Nonconformism
4524:
4522:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4509:Neoplasticism
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4499:Mir iskusstva
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4459:Impressionism
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4427:Functionalism
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4378:
4371:
4366:
4364:
4359:
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4352:
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4348:
4336:
4328:
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4318:
4315:
4313:
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4308:
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4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
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4269:
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4264:
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4229:
4226:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4201:Fantastic art
4199:
4197:
4194:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4169:Christian art
4167:
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4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4148:
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4143:
4140:
4138:
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4132:
4128:
4118:
4115:
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4096:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4070:Skeuomorphism
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4030:Massurrealism
4028:
4026:
4025:Lightpainting
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4008:Post-Internet
4006:
4005:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
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3912:
3910:
3907:
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3901:
3899:
3893:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3881:Grunge design
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3836:Retrofuturism
3834:
3832:
3831:Scratch video
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3816:Memphis Group
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3791:Telematic art
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3781:Guerrilla art
3779:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3732:Endurance art
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3703:
3697:
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3523:
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3508:
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3498:
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3477:
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3435:
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3428:
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3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3392:New media art
3390:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3370:Nanyang Style
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3301:Visionary art
3299:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3167:Scuola Romana
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3093:Anthropophagy
3091:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3076:Functionalism
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2996:Neoplasticism
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
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2948:
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2944:
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2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2899:Cubo-Futurism
2897:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2858:Ashcan School
2856:
2855:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2826:Expressionism
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2811:Mir iskusstva
2809:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
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2792:
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2787:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2780:
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2627:
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2612:
2610:
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2605:
2602:
2598:
2597:Boston School
2595:
2593:
2592:Hoosier Group
2590:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2582:Impressionism
2580:
2578:
2577:Peredvizhniki
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2567:Beuron School
2565:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2555:
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2546:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2534:
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2519:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2481:Munich School
2479:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2468:
2465:
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2455:
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2280:Art borrowing
2278:
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2255:
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2250:
2249:
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2240:
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2230:Company style
2228:
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2209:
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2153:
2150:
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2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2133:
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2130:Neoclassicism
2128:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
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2034:
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2029:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1956:Cretan School
1954:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1913:Danube school
1911:
1909:
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1390:Orientalizing
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1170:BOMB Magazine
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1147:9781409431978
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879:W. Stokvis –
876:
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795:. Nov 8, 1948
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549:Koos de Bruin
547:
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482:Joseph Noiret
480:
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368:Eugene Brands
366:
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261:Aldo van Eyck
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179:and European
178:
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147:
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142:Peintures-Mot
139:
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126:
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118:
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109:
108:Joseph Noiret
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
34:CoBra member
32:
19:
4957:Epic theatre
4794:Atonal music
4629:Flarf poetry
4619:Ego-Futurism
4417:Proto-Cubism
4311:Trompe-l'Ĺ“il
4309:
4280:Outsider art
4233:Illustration
4189:Lutheran art
4179:Catholic art
4142:Abstract art
4112:Unilalianism
4075:Software art
4050:Neosymbolism
4040:Neo-futurism
4003:Internet art
3993:Hyperrealism
3846:Superfiction
3629:Photorealism
3497:Afrofuturism
3337:
3262:Contemporary
3238:Dimensionism
3221:Concrete art
3154:
3150:Precisionism
3000:
2947:Sosaku-hanga
2921:Productivism
2911:Metaphysical
2881:
2870:Proto-Cubism
2774:Secessionism
2736:Costumbrismo
2621:Aestheticism
2572:Hague School
2552:
2476:Academic art
2457:Costumbrismo
2425:Empire style
2262:Quito School
2257:Cusco School
2173:Colonial art
2134:
2122:FĂŞte galante
2120:
2089:18th century
2051:Delft School
2002:Caravaggisti
1980:17th century
1865:
1822:Quattrocento
1812:
1770:
1693:
1596:
1526:Late antique
1410:Severe style
1400:Black-figure
1287:Contemporary
1220:
1215:, Amstelveen
1208:
1199:
1178:. Retrieved
1174:the original
1169:
1156:
1136:
1129:
1117:. Retrieved
1107:
1095:. Retrieved
1090:
1066:. Retrieved
1062:
1053:
1041:. Retrieved
1037:
1014:. Retrieved
1009:
1000:
983:
979:
973:
964:
955:
946:
940:
913:
907:
875:
866:the original
856:
823:
819:
809:
797:. Retrieved
787:
767:
759:MOMA online
743:
737:
709:
702:
675:
669:
662:
654:Cobra Museum
651:
539:Jan Cobbaert
517:
440:Henry Heerup
416:William Gear
356:Mogens Balle
325:Participants
294:
283:
267:
265:
258:
250:
239:
231:
206:
196:
194:
185:
169:
158:
141:
137:
134:
122:
80:
50:
46:
42:
41:
5109:Primitivism
4935:and theatre
4875:Noise music
4848:Drone music
4679:Slam poetry
4566:Suprematism
4551:Process art
4479:Incoherents
4474:Color Field
4449:Divisionism
4397:Art Nouveau
4377:Avant-garde
4196:Digital art
4159:Avant-garde
4100:Superstroke
3976:Flat design
3971:Fictive art
3966:Excessivism
3914:Art for art
3909:Altermodern
3851:Taring Padi
3786:Lowbrow art
3754:Pliontanism
3691:Yoru no Kai
3644:Process art
3584:Systems art
3554:Arte Povera
3476:Antipodeans
3385:in New York
3355:Jikken KĹŤbĹŤ
3318:Color field
3187:Regionalism
3156:Aeropittura
3145:Neo-Fauvism
3118:Neues Sehen
3088:Kinetic art
2952:Suprematism
2926:Synchromism
2843:Noucentisme
2764:Primitivism
2752:Art Nouveau
2707:Cloisonnism
2697:Pointillism
2692:Divisionism
2670:Incoherents
2631:Art pottery
2517:(1863–1944)
2467:Macchiaioli
2442:Biedermeier
2430:Historicism
2415:Orientalism
2356:Romanticism
2327:Akita ranga
2179:Art of the
2164:Picturesque
2116:Chinoiserie
2111:Frederician
1949:Tudor court
1844:Cinquecento
1785:Renaissance
1772:Mappa mundi
1756:cartography
1648:Carolingian
1643:Merovingian
1626:Palaeologan
1598:RepoblaciĂłn
1555:Anglo-Saxon
1486:Gallo-Roman
1425:Hellenistic
1420:Kerch style
1358:Minyan ware
652:There is a
623:(1940-2015)
617:(1923–1996)
595:Dana Schutz
591:(1926–2014)
589:Gina PellĂłn
529:Jerome Bech
508:(1924–2005)
502:(1906-1976)
496:(1913–2007)
490:(1917–2008)
488:Erik Ortvad
484:(1927–2012)
478:(1922–1986)
472:(1911–1984)
466:(1904–2002)
460:(1924–1994)
454:(1914–1973)
448:(1924–2006)
442:(1907–1993)
436:(1916-2015)
430:(1909–1988)
424:(1910–2007)
418:(1915–1997)
412:(1923–1999)
406:(1924–1994)
400:(1922–1979)
394:(1922–2010)
388:(1920–2005)
382:(1929–2008)
376:(1922–2005)
370:(1913-2002)
364:(1910–2004)
362:Ejler Bille
358:(1921-1988)
352:(1913–1960)
346:(1910–1974)
344:Else Alfelt
340:(born 1927)
334:(1921–2006)
332:Karel Appel
300:Group shows
274:con artists
246:Else Alfelt
217:Abstraction
88:Karel Appel
84:abstraction
55:avant-garde
36:Karel Appel
5167:Modern art
5156:Categories
5129:Surrealism
5067:Minimalism
4942:Cinéma pur
4587:and poetry
4585:Literature
4494:Minimalism
4385:Visual art
4243:Jewish art
4055:Passionism
4015:iPhone art
3961:Cyborg art
3956:Crypto art
3929:Brandalism
3821:Cyberdelic
3686:Tropicália
3659:Street art
3614:Intermedia
3594:Minimalism
3313:Spatialism
3267:Postmodern
3123:Surrealism
2991:Shin-hanga
2831:Die BrĂĽcke
2799:Sonderbund
2712:Synthetism
2435:Revivalism
2344:Transition
2301:Manichaean
2147:Adam style
2068:Classicism
2007:in Utrecht
1935:Still life
1665:Romanesque
1621:Macedonian
1616:Iconoclast
1575:Visigothic
1481:Republican
1435:Indo-Greek
1405:Red-figure
1180:23 January
1016:2022-02-26
889:0853318980
820:Third Text
672:Asger Jorn
658:Amstelveen
584:John Olsen
579:Vali Myers
524:Enrico Baj
452:Asger Jorn
380:Hugo Claus
221:Surrealist
113:Surrealism
104:Asger Jorn
63:Copenhagen
5134:Symbolism
5062:Modernism
4895:Serialism
4880:Post-rock
4821:Free jazz
4729:Free funk
4684:UltraĂsmo
4639:Imaginism
4614:Cyberpunk
4576:Vorticism
4379:movements
4305:Shock art
4295:Queer art
4275:NaĂŻve art
4258:Modernism
4090:Superflat
4080:Sound art
4060:Post-YBAs
4045:Neomodern
3886:Verdadism
3856:Superflat
3705:1970–1999
3669:in the US
3589:Video art
3512:Happening
3485:1960–1969
3277:1945–1959
2940:1915–1944
2931:Vorticism
2883:A Nyolcak
2745:1900–1914
2717:Les Nabis
2648:Symbolism
2604:Amsterdam
2554:Japonisme
2524:1863–1899
2486:in Greece
2346:to modern
2191:Caribbean
2136:Goût grec
2058:Capriccio
2012:Tenebrism
1961:Turquerie
1859:Mannerism
1754:Medieval
1611:Byzantine
1592:Mozarabic
1543:Ethiopian
1447:Neo-Attic
1430:"Baroque"
1415:Classical
1385:Geometric
1363:Mycenaean
1310:(Western)
1308:Premodern
1279:Premodern
1162:Chin, Mei
848:145581720
840:0952-8822
629:Criticism
392:Corneille
191:Manifesto
156:in 1951.
129:Joan MirĂł
125:Paul Klee
96:Corneille
71:Amsterdam
5192:Acronyms
5082:Neo-Dada
5057:Lettrism
5038:Futurism
4952:Drop Art
4947:Dogme 95
4915:Totalism
4833:Futurism
4784:Ars nova
4712:By style
4659:Neoteric
4561:Rayonism
4514:De Stijl
4489:Mail art
4444:Devětsil
4335:Category
4285:Portrait
4206:Folk art
4154:Anti-art
4085:Stuckism
3998:Idea art
3919:Art game
3871:Artivism
3759:Punk art
3737:Sots Art
3722:Artscene
3579:Land art
3517:Neo-Dada
3449:Lettrism
3343:Nuagisme
3328:Tachisme
3209:Nazi art
3002:De Stijl
2916:Rayonism
2906:Art Deco
2894:Futurism
2685:Luminism
2653:Romanian
2638:Tonalism
2609:Canadian
2587:American
2493:Neo-Grec
2101:Rocaille
1930:Romanism
1864:Counter-
1798:Trecento
1738:Duecento
1728:Crusades
1660:Ottonian
1638:Frankish
1518:Medieval
1501:Trajanic
1461:Scythian
1456:Etruscan
1348:Cycladic
1326:Thracian
776:Archived
729:52849131
682:See also
458:Lucebert
386:Constant
374:Pol Bury
213:graffiti
177:Tachisme
92:Constant
67:Brussels
5011:General
4870:No wave
4644:Imagism
4594:Acmeism
4546:Pop art
4536:Orphism
4454:Fauvism
4432:Bauhaus
4300:Realism
3897:present
3624:Nut Art
3427:Pop art
3365:Mono-ha
3233:The Ten
3182:Kapists
3128:Iranian
3081:Bauhaus
2875:Orphism
2821:Fauvism
2658:Russian
2548:Nihonga
2462:Verismo
2447:Realism
2381:Purismo
2294:Moorish
2289:Islamic
2196:Haitian
1987:Baroque
1866:Maniera
1750:Mudéjar
1675:Spanish
1587:Pictish
1570:Lombard
1565:Insular
1506:Severan
1471:Gaulish
1466:Iberian
1395:Archaic
1338:Nuragic
1318:Ancient
1301:periods
1119:Jul 23,
1097:Jul 23,
1068:Jul 23,
1043:Jul 23,
1010:Twitter
799:Jul 23,
117:Marxism
77:History
5087:Neoism
5033:Fluxus
4933:Cinema
4772:Others
4674:Oulipo
4669:Oberiu
4556:Purism
4422:Cubism
4248:Kitsch
4107:Toyism
3599:Fluxus
3529:Op art
3098:Mingei
3032:Stupid
3010:Purism
2865:Cubism
2514:Modern
2306:Mughal
2096:Rococo
1701:Gothic
1682:Norman
1606:Viking
1560:Hunnic
1538:Coptic
1353:Minoan
1343:Aegean
1331:Dacian
1283:Modern
1144:
992:875035
990:
887:
846:
838:
727:
717:
648:Legacy
203:Method
106:, and
69:(Br),
65:(Co),
4761:Metal
4704:Music
3895:2000–
3338:COBRA
2332:Uki-e
2322:Japan
2311:Qajar
1670:Mosan
1476:Roman
1370:Greek
988:JSTOR
844:S2CID
694:Notes
286:Liège
154:Liège
138:Cobra
73:(A).
51:CoBrA
47:Cobra
43:COBRA
5023:Dada
4756:Punk
4751:Prog
4746:Rock
4734:Yass
4724:Jazz
4719:Funk
4694:Zaum
4184:Icon
3507:ZERO
3265:and
3162:Asso
2986:Dada
2543:YĹŤga
1285:and
1182:2017
1142:ISBN
1121:2019
1099:2019
1070:2019
1045:2019
885:ISBN
836:ISSN
801:2019
725:OCLC
715:ISBN
127:and
4741:Pop
984:108
828:doi
656:in
152:in
45:or
5158::
1281:,
1190:^
1168:.
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1078:^
1061:.
1036:.
1025:^
1008:.
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1184:.
1150:.
1123:.
1101:.
1072:.
1047:.
1019:.
994:.
870:.
850:.
830::
803:.
731:.
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20:)
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