1263:
2595:
2349:
215:
197:
275:. It is critically endangered, with no exclusively Caddo-speaking community and as of 2023 only two speakers who had acquired the language as children outside school instruction, down from 25 speakers in 1997. Caddo has several mutually intelligible dialects. The most commonly used dialects are Hasinai and Hainai; others include Kadohadacho, Natchitoches and Yatasi.
318:
The Caddo Nation is making a concentrated effort to save the Caddo language. The Kiwat Hasí꞉nay ('Caddo Home') foundation, located at the tribal home of Binger, Oklahoma, offers regular Caddo language classes, in addition to creating dictionaries, phrase books, and other Caddo language resources.
986:
emerge that are then simplified by way of phonological process. At the present stage of research, the processes seem to be unrelated, but they represent a phonetic reduction in consonant clusters; therefore, they are listed below without much further explanation.
332:
In August 2022 the Caddo Nation
Language Preservation Program was launched. The program's goals are to archive resources in the language, share their resources through community events and programs, and develop a curriculum to teach the language.
857:: a low tone (e.g. /ù/), unmarked in the orthography ⟨u⟩; a high tone (e.g. /ú/), marked by an acute accent over the vowel ⟨ú⟩; and falling tone, which always occurs on long vowels (e.g. /ûː/) and is marked by a grave accent over the vowel ⟨ù꞉⟩.
310:, is postulated to have been a Caddoan language while it was extant, but because of scarce resources and the language's extinct status, this connection is not conclusive, and Adai is generally considered a language isolate.
953:
processes in Caddo, which both involve the loss of a low-tone vowel in certain environments. The first syncope process was described above as low tone-deletion. The second syncope process is described below:
794:, which can be written a number of different ways; the transcription below shows the typical Caddo Nation orthography (a vowel paired with a glide) and the IPA version, represented with vowels and offglides.
1166:
When the second-to-last syllable in a word has a nucleus consisting of a high tone vowel (and, optionally, a resonant), and the last syllable has the form CVC, the high tone nucleus is then lengthened.
1144:(Melnar includes a third palatization process, /tj/ → . However, /ts/ is not a palatal affricate so it has not been included here. Nevertheless, the third process probably occurs.)
2414:
2656:
2641:
319:
They have also made a long-term project of trying to record and digitally archive
Caddoan oral traditions, which are an important part of Caddo culture.
326:
phones. As of 2012, the Caddo Nation teaches weekly language classes; language CDs, a coloring book, and an online learning website are also available.
787:
In general, the long vowels do not feature this kind of variation but are simply lengthened versions of the phonemes that are represented in the chart.
1063:(morphemes that behave like an affix and are phonologically dependent on the morpheme to which they are attached). An example is the English articles.
2074:
1518:
1457:
860:
Tone occurs both lexically (as a property of the word), non-lexically (as a result of tonological processes), and also as a marker of certain
2387:
1984:
225:
2646:
1428:
1315:
1018:
Similar to the consonant cluster simplification process, there are four processes by which a syllable-final consonant is altered:
1683:
The Caddo
Language: A Grammar, Texts, and Dictionary Based on Materials Collected by the Author in Oklahoma Between 1960 and 1970
1487:
The Caddo language: a grammar, texts and dictionary based on materials collected by the author in
Oklahoma between 1960 and 1970
2651:
2626:
2636:
1494:
268:
2067:
1375:
628:
303:
language. Kitsai and
Wichita are now extinct, and Pawnee and Arikara each have fewer surviving speakers than Caddo does.
247:
567:
1655:
876:. See the section below for an explanation of other phonological changes which may occur in the following examples.
2380:
594:
538:
329:
There is a Caddo grammar, published August 2018, and an in-depth examination of the Caddo verb, published in 2004.
1977:
1748:
355:
237:
1186:
In any syllable before the penultimate, a glottal stop coda is deleted, and the remaining nucleus is lengthened.
2353:
2060:
1541:
1404:
1281:
2188:
1931:
187:
2578:
2296:
587:
531:
169:
128:
1123:
process that affects certain consonants when they are followed by /j/, with simultaneous loss of the /j/.
838:
826:
813:
801:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
664:
660:
656:
2599:
2373:
2303:
704:
698:
603:
560:
2631:
1970:
1120:
741:
735:
621:
440:
433:
323:
2517:
2505:
205:
1563:
1461:
1262:
1105:
A voiceless stop or affricate (except p) becomes an ejective when it is followed by a glottal stop.
861:
776:
when it is followed by any consonant except a semivowel or a laryngeal consonant, as a low central
719:
713:
181:
643:
of consonants, which is generally indicated in orthography by a double letter: /nɑ́ttih/ "woman."
968:
A low-tone vowel in between a vowel-consonant sequence and a consonant-vowel sequence is deleted.
479:
472:
449:
1282:"Only 2 people alive can speak the Caddo language fluently. They hope a new program can save it"
2573:
2522:
2444:
2291:
2221:
1936:
752:
However, there is a great deal of phonetic variation in the short vowels. The high front vowel
501:
2099:
indicate extinct languages * indicates extinct language in
Oklahoma but still spoken elsewhere
2083:
406:
399:
2537:
2227:
1846:
1715:
8:
2557:
2334:
2233:
1869:
1856:
1741:
950:
510:
2476:
2396:
2142:
1551:
1512:
1436:
1323:
1084:
551:
492:
371:
366:
161:
2483:
2432:
2427:
2198:
2171:
2159:
2137:
2132:
1993:
1661:
1651:
1537:
1500:
1490:
1040:
There are three word-boundary processes in Caddo, all of which occur word-initially:
983:
465:
386:
376:
284:
99:
972:(Shown with intermediary form): /kak#(ʔi)t'us-jaʔah/ → kahʔit'uʃaʔah → "foam, suds"
243:
2552:
2547:
2500:
2470:
2464:
2457:
2329:
2319:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2249:
2183:
2154:
2148:
2117:
2111:
2028:
2010:
1693:
873:
351:
300:
288:
1577:
1250:
1152:
Caddo has three processes by which a syllable nucleus (vowel) may be lengthened:
2542:
2450:
2324:
2244:
2239:
2214:
2208:
2127:
2023:
2017:
780:
at the end of an open syllable or when followed by a laryngeal consonant, and as
393:
381:
296:
292:
91:
1721:
1601:
888:
An /h/ before two consonants is deleted and the preceding vowel gains high tone:
174:
2621:
2532:
2438:
2275:
2203:
2177:
2165:
2043:
1900:
1734:
1072:
20:
1504:
350:, a normal-sized consonant inventory. It is somewhat unusual in that it lacks
2615:
2510:
1665:
854:
680:
426:
46:
1705:
1351:
864:
features. For instance, the past tense marker is associated with high tone.
196:
2527:
2193:
1951:
1946:
1383:
1352:"Caddo Language and the Caddo Indian Tribe (Kadohidacho, Hasinai, Hasinay)"
1088:
910:(sonorant consonant) is deleted, and the preceding vowel gains a high tone.
456:
71:
56:
1710:
145:
1885:
1831:
1823:
1813:
872:
There are three processes that can create non-lexical high tone within a
675:
307:
2052:
1682:
1905:
1788:
1255:
1227:, meaning "ally" or "friend," is the ultimate origin of the place name
692:
685:
640:
1699:
2365:
1864:
1836:
1778:
1645:
1080:
1060:
791:
727:
611:
579:
518:
347:
154:
138:
120:
1962:
1726:
214:
2087:
1941:
1890:
1223:
928:
A vowel preceding a resonant and a high tone vowel gains high tone.
907:
255:
202:
60:
1808:
1765:
1688:
1076:
420:
251:
1209:
Any syllable nucleus with ij or uw must convert to a long vowel.
1910:
1895:
1841:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1783:
1773:
222:
982:
As a result of the syncope processes described above, several
772:
has a wider range of variation, pronounced (most commonly) as
1757:
1228:
1182:
V(Resonant)ʔ → V(Resonant) ː / in any prepenultimate syllable
652:
287:; this family includes the Pawnee-Kitsai (Keechi) languages (
272:
1059:
Such processes are generally not applicable in the case of
313:
254:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1718:, created by Michael Sheyahshe (replaces Caddo WebLEX)
667:, and two contrastive vowel lengths, long and short.
1685:, Dr. Wallace Chafe, Mundart Press (October 6, 2018).
764:
is similarly often realized as its lower counterpart
358:
symbols for the consonants of Caddo are given below:
2657:
Indigenous languages of the North
American Southeast
1405:"Caddo Language App Now Available on Android Market"
221:
Caddo is classified as
Critically Endangered by the
977:
1190:/hɑ́k#ci-(ʔi)bíhn-saʔ/ → " I have it on my back"
2613:
1716:Search-able Caddo Language Dictionary on Socrata
2642:Endangered indigenous languages of the Americas
1013:
756:is generally realized as its lower counterpart
1722:OLAC resources in and about the Caddo language
2381:
2068:
1978:
1742:
1480:
1478:
34:
2388:
2374:
2075:
2061:
1985:
1971:
1749:
1735:
1517:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1475:
1035:
271:language, the traditional language of the
213:
195:
2082:
1028:k → h / syllable final (but not before k)
939:
322:As of 2010, a Caddo app is available for
278:
1009:ʔ+Resonant → Resonant+ʔ / syllable final
867:
226:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
914:/sa-baka-nah-hah/ → "does he mean it?"
314:Use and language revitalization efforts
248:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2614:
2395:
1643:
1531:
1222:
16:Endangered language of the southern US
2369:
2056:
1992:
1966:
1756:
1730:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1484:
1246:
1244:
1650:. Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press.
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1276:
1274:
1272:
2194:Mesquakie (Fox, Kickapoo, and Sauk)
1140:/kak#ʔa-k'as-jaʔah/ → " one's leg"
13:
1618:
1458:"The Caddo Language Learning Tool"
1241:
1196:Syllable Lengthening Process Three
1162:V(Resonant)CVC# → V(Resonant)ːCVC#
14:
2668:
1676:
1337:
1269:
1114:
1066:
1055:ni-huhn-id-ah/ → "she returned"
892:/kiʃwɑhn-t-ʔuh/ → "parched corn"
740:
734:
718:
712:
703:
697:
627:
620:
602:
593:
586:
566:
559:
537:
530:
509:
500:
478:
471:
455:
448:
439:
432:
405:
398:
2647:Indigenous languages of Oklahoma
2594:
2593:
2348:
2347:
1706:Caddo Indian Language (Hatsinai)
1536:. University of Nebraska Press.
1261:
1177:Syllable Lengthening Process Two
1157:Syllable Lengthening Process One
978:Consonant cluster simplification
944:
829:– like the English interjection
816:– somewhat like British English
639:Caddo also features contrastive
201:Map showing the distribution of
1594:
1570:
1525:
1602:"WALS Online - Language Caddo"
1450:
1421:
1397:
1368:
1308:
1299:
1170:/bak-'ʔawɑ́waʔ/ → "they said"
1147:
1:
2652:Indigenous languages of Texas
2627:Caddoan Mississippian culture
1932:Caddoan Mississippian culture
1702:- How to say "hello" in Caddo
906:A low tone vowel following a
341:
2637:Endangered Caddoan languages
2579:Black American Sign Language
2297:Black American Sign Language
1234:
1213:
1014:Syllable coda simplification
932:/nanɑ́/ → "that, that one"'
651:Caddo has three contrastive
336:
7:
2189:Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache
1644:Melnar, Lynette R. (2004).
1532:Melnar, Lynette R. (2004).
10:
2673:
2408:indicate extinct languages
1485:Chafe, Wallace L. (2018).
1376:"Kiwat Hasinay Foundation"
760:, and the high back vowel
18:
2589:
2566:
2506:Southern American English
2493:
2413:
2403:
2343:
2312:
2284:
2104:
2094:
2037:
2000:
1919:
1878:
1855:
1822:
1764:
1429:"Caddo Nation - Language"
1316:"Caddo Nation - Language"
1087:when it is followed by a
841:– somewhat like English b
646:
610:
578:
517:
454:
419:
392:
363:
346:Caddo has 19 contrastive
283:Caddo is a member of the
234:
212:
194:
180:
168:
152:
136:
118:
113:
88:
78:
66:
52:
42:
33:
28:
1689:Kiwat Hasinay Foundation
1356:www.native-languages.org
959:Interconsonantal syncope
768:. The low central vowel
19:Not to be confused with
2149:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)
1578:"Language Preservation"
1036:Word boundary processes
1031:tʃ → ʃ / syllable final
920:Backwards assimilation
848:
285:Caddoan language family
35:
2574:American Sign Language
2292:American Sign Language
1937:Caddoan village bundle
1083:(except p) becomes an
1025:d → t / syllable final
1022:b → w / syllable final
940:Phonological processes
279:Linguistic connections
236:This article contains
1647:Caddo Verb Morphology
1534:Caddo Verb Morphology
1075:process by which any
868:Tonological processes
2538:Afro-Seminole Creole
2415:Indigenous languages
1870:Natchitoches (Lower)
1847:Natchitoches (Upper)
949:There are two vowel
790:Caddo also has four
784:before a semivowel.
2494:Immigrant languages
1700:Kúhaʔahat Oklahoma!
1109:/sik-ʔuh/ → "rock"
2397:Languages of Texas
1711:Erdal Can Alkoçlar
1386:on 25 October 2005
1224:[tə́jːʃaʔ]
984:consonant clusters
898:Low tone-deletion
306:Another language,
2632:Caddoan languages
2609:
2608:
2363:
2362:
2172:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
2050:
2049:
2044:extinct languages
1994:Caddoan languages
1960:
1959:
1758:Caddo Confederacy
1496:978-0-9903344-1-5
1409:alterNative Media
1305:The Linguist List
1259:(16th ed., 2009)
750:
749:
637:
636:
554:
525:
495:
468:
429:
352:liquid consonants
262:
261:
244:rendering support
240:phonetic symbols.
2664:
2597:
2596:
2501:American English
2390:
2383:
2376:
2367:
2366:
2351:
2350:
2304:Plains Sign Talk
2077:
2070:
2063:
2054:
2053:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1964:
1963:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1728:
1727:
1670:
1669:
1641:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1561:
1557:
1555:
1547:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1516:
1508:
1489:. Petoskey, MI.
1482:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1460:. Archived from
1454:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1435:. Archived from
1433:The Caddo nation
1425:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1382:. Archived from
1380:www.ahalenia.com
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1348:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1322:. Archived from
1312:
1306:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1278:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1248:
1226:
874:syllable nucleus
853:Caddo has three
840:
828:
815:
803:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
744:
738:
722:
716:
707:
701:
670:
669:
666:
662:
658:
631:
624:
606:
597:
590:
570:
563:
550:
541:
534:
523:
513:
504:
491:
482:
475:
464:
459:
452:
443:
436:
425:
409:
402:
361:
360:
228:
217:
206:Indian Languages
199:
190:
164:
148:
141:
132:
131:
123:
94:
38:
26:
25:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2585:
2562:
2489:
2409:
2399:
2394:
2364:
2359:
2339:
2308:
2280:
2100:
2090:
2081:
2051:
2046:
2033:
1996:
1991:
1961:
1956:
1915:
1874:
1851:
1818:
1760:
1755:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1658:
1642:
1619:
1610:
1608:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1586:
1584:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1559:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1530:
1526:
1510:
1509:
1497:
1483:
1476:
1467:
1465:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1442:
1440:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1413:
1411:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1389:
1387:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1360:
1358:
1350:
1349:
1338:
1329:
1327:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1291:
1289:
1280:
1279:
1270:
1260:
1249:
1242:
1237:
1218:The Caddo word
1216:
1150:
1117:
1069:
1038:
1016:
980:
947:
942:
870:
851:
804:– like English
649:
344:
339:
316:
281:
269:Native American
242:Without proper
230:
229:
220:
208:
186:
160:
144:
137:
127:
126:
119:
109:
95:
92:Language family
90:
81:
80:Native speakers
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2670:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2570:
2568:
2567:Sign languages
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2533:Texas Silesian
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2442:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2370:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2314:
2313:Non-Indigenous
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2288:
2286:
2285:Sign languages
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2230:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2174:
2169:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2057:
2048:
2047:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2014:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1927:Caddo language
1924:
1923:Related topics
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1842:Nasoni (Upper)
1839:
1834:
1828:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1804:Nasoni (Lower)
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1754:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1694:Caddo Alphabet
1691:
1686:
1678:
1677:External links
1675:
1672:
1671:
1656:
1617:
1593:
1569:
1542:
1524:
1495:
1474:
1449:
1420:
1396:
1367:
1336:
1307:
1298:
1268:
1251:Caddo language
1239:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1127:Palatalization
1121:palatalization
1116:
1115:Palatalization
1113:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1096:Glottalization
1077:voiceless stop
1073:glottalization
1068:
1067:Glottalization
1065:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
979:
976:
975:
974:
969:
966:
961:
946:
943:
941:
938:
937:
936:
935:
934:
929:
926:
918:
917:
916:
911:
904:
896:
895:
894:
889:
886:
869:
866:
850:
847:
846:
845:
833:
821:
808:
748:
747:
745:
732:
730:
724:
723:
710:
708:
695:
689:
688:
683:
678:
673:
648:
645:
635:
634:
632:
625:
618:
616:
614:
608:
607:
600:
598:
591:
584:
582:
576:
575:
573:
571:
564:
557:
555:
547:
546:
544:
542:
535:
528:
526:
521:
515:
514:
507:
505:
498:
496:
488:
487:
485:
483:
476:
469:
461:
460:
453:
446:
444:
437:
430:
423:
417:
416:
414:
412:
410:
403:
396:
390:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
343:
340:
338:
335:
315:
312:
280:
277:
260:
259:
246:, you may see
232:
231:
219:
218:
210:
209:
200:
192:
191:
184:
178:
177:
172:
166:
165:
158:
150:
149:
142:
134:
133:
124:
116:
115:
114:Language codes
111:
110:
108:
107:
98:
96:
89:
86:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
68:
64:
63:
54:
50:
49:
44:
43:Native to
40:
39:
31:
30:
21:Cahto language
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2669:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2602:
2601:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2511:Texan English
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2446:
2445:Southern Tiwa
2443:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2379:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2356:
2355:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2222:Plains Apache
2219:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1657:0-8032-3220-9
1653:
1649:
1648:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1565:
1553:
1545:
1539:
1535:
1528:
1520:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1479:
1464:on 2012-05-15
1463:
1459:
1453:
1439:on 2012-11-14
1438:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1326:on 2008-05-15
1325:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1302:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1240:
1232:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1062:
1054:
1053:
1050:y → d / # __
1049:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
989:
988:
985:
973:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
956:
955:
952:
945:Vowel syncope
933:
930:
927:
925:
922:
921:
919:
915:
912:
909:
905:
903:
900:
899:
897:
893:
890:
887:
885:
882:
881:
879:
878:
877:
875:
865:
863:
862:morphological
858:
856:
855:lexical tones
844:
837:
834:
832:
825:
822:
819:
812:
809:
807:
800:
797:
796:
795:
793:
788:
785:
746:
743:
737:
733:
731:
729:
726:
725:
721:
715:
711:
709:
706:
700:
696:
694:
691:
690:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
671:
668:
654:
644:
642:
633:
630:
626:
623:
619:
617:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
599:
596:
592:
589:
585:
583:
581:
577:
574:
572:
569:
565:
562:
558:
556:
553:
549:
548:
545:
543:
540:
536:
533:
529:
527:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
506:
503:
499:
497:
494:
490:
489:
486:
484:
481:
477:
474:
470:
467:
463:
462:
458:
451:
447:
445:
442:
438:
435:
431:
428:
424:
422:
418:
415:
413:
411:
408:
404:
401:
397:
395:
391:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
362:
359:
357:
353:
349:
334:
330:
327:
325:
320:
311:
309:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
276:
274:
270:
266:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
239:
233:
227:
224:
216:
211:
207:
204:
198:
193:
189:
185:
183:
179:
176:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
157:
156:
151:
147:
143:
140:
135:
130:
125:
122:
117:
112:
106:
103:
102:
101:
97:
93:
87:
84:2 (2023)
83:
77:
74:(2000 census)
73:
69:
65:
62:
58:
55:
51:
48:
47:United States
45:
41:
37:
32:
27:
22:
2598:
2528:Texas German
2482:
2475:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2439:Lipan Apache
2437:
2422:
2405:
2352:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2232:
2220:
2213:
2176:
2164:
2147:
2122:
2096:
2039:
2016:
2009:
2004:
1952:Turkey dance
1947:Spiro Mounds
1926:
1879:Other groups
1857:Natchitoches
1646:
1609:. Retrieved
1605:
1596:
1585:. Retrieved
1582:Caddo Nation
1581:
1572:
1533:
1527:
1486:
1466:. Retrieved
1462:the original
1452:
1441:. Retrieved
1437:the original
1432:
1423:
1412:. Retrieved
1408:
1399:
1388:. Retrieved
1384:the original
1379:
1370:
1359:. Retrieved
1355:
1328:. Retrieved
1324:the original
1320:Caddo Nation
1319:
1310:
1301:
1290:. Retrieved
1288:. 2023-03-15
1285:
1254:
1219:
1217:
1189:
1181:
1176:
1169:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1143:
1119:Caddo has a
1118:
1108:
1100:
1095:
1089:glottal stop
1071:Caddo has a
1070:
1058:
1047:w → p / # __
1044:n → t / # __
1039:
1017:
981:
971:
964:VCVCV → VCCV
963:
958:
948:
931:
923:
913:
901:
891:
883:
871:
859:
852:
842:
835:
830:
823:
817:
810:
805:
798:
789:
786:
751:
650:
638:
345:
331:
328:
321:
317:
305:
282:
273:Caddo Nation
264:
263:
235:
182:Linguasphere
153:
104:
72:Caddo people
57:Caddo County
2523:Texas Czech
1832:Kadohadacho
1824:Kadohadacho
1560:|work=
1148:Lengthening
1000:n → m / __
880:H-deletion
655:qualities:
250:instead of
59:in western
2616:Categories
2558:Vietnamese
2335:Vietnamese
2234:Potawatomi
2105:Indigenous
1789:Nacogdoche
1611:2023-03-16
1587:2023-03-16
1543:080322088X
1505:1050714007
1468:2012-10-30
1443:2012-10-30
1414:2012-10-30
1390:2023-03-16
1361:2023-03-16
1330:2023-03-16
1292:2023-03-16
1256:Ethnologue
1061:proclitics
902:VRVC → VRC
884:VhCC → VCC
792:diphthongs
641:gemination
348:consonants
342:Consonants
299:) and the
2477:Karankawa
2143:Chickasaw
2084:Languages
2042:indicate
1865:Doustioni
1837:Nanatsoho
1779:Nabedache
1666:834704554
1606:wals.info
1562:ignored (
1552:cite book
1513:cite book
1286:KERA News
1235:Citations
1214:Influence
1101:→ / ___
1081:affricate
924:VRV → VRV
580:Fricative
519:Affricate
427:voiceless
337:Phonology
155:Glottolog
139:ISO 639-3
121:ISO 639-2
67:Ethnicity
2600:Category
2484:Cotoname
2433:Kickapoo
2428:Comanche
2354:Category
2199:Muscogee
2166:Delaware
2160:Comanche
2138:Cheyenne
2133:Cherokee
2088:Oklahoma
1942:Dush-toh
1901:Ouachita
1891:Cahinnio
1220:táy:sha’
1085:ejective
908:resonant
552:ejective
493:ejective
372:Alveolar
367:Bilabial
256:Help:IPA
203:Oklahoma
188:64-BBA-a
162:cadd1256
61:Oklahoma
36:Hasí꞉nay
2553:Tagalog
2548:Chinese
2518:Spanish
2471:Koasati
2465:Atakapa
2458:Tonkawa
2406:Italics
2330:Spanish
2320:English
2270:Wyandot
2263:Wichita
2256:Tonkawa
2250:Shawnee
2184:Koasati
2155:Choctaw
2118:Arapaho
2112:Alabama
2097:Italics
2040:Italics
2029:Arikara
2011:Wichita
1809:Nechaui
1766:Hasinai
1201:ij → iː
1135:/sj/ →
1132:/kj/ →
997:tk → kk
994:tw → pp
991:nw → mm
951:syncope
739:
717:
702:
681:Central
421:Plosive
387:Glottal
377:Palatal
324:Android
301:Wichita
289:Arikara
252:Unicode
100:Caddoan
2543:French
2451:Solano
2325:German
2245:Seneca
2240:Quapaw
2215:Pawnee
2209:Ottawa
2128:Cayuga
2024:Pawnee
2018:Kitsai
1911:Yatasi
1896:Eyeish
1799:Nadaco
1794:Nacono
1784:Nabiti
1774:Hainai
1664:
1654:
1540:
1503:
1493:
1204:uw →uː
1006:hh → h
1003:ʔʔ → ʔ
647:Vowels
466:voiced
354:. The
297:Pawnee
295:, and
293:Kitsai
223:UNESCO
53:Region
2622:Caddo
2423:Caddo
2276:Yuchi
2228:Ponca
2204:Osage
2178:Kansa
2123:Caddo
2005:Caddo
1814:Neche
1696:(PDF)
1229:Texas
676:Front
653:vowel
612:Glide
524:plain
394:Nasal
382:Velar
267:is a
265:Caddo
175:Caddo
105:Caddo
29:Caddo
1906:Tula
1886:Adai
1662:OCLC
1652:ISBN
1564:help
1538:ISBN
1519:link
1501:OCLC
1491:ISBN
849:Tone
839:/uj/
827:/iw/
814:/aw/
802:/aj/
693:High
686:Back
663:and
308:Adai
2086:of
1253:at
1079:or
831:ew!
806:eye
782:/ə/
778:/ä/
774:/ɐ/
770:/ä/
766:/ʊ/
762:/u/
758:/ɪ/
754:/i/
728:Low
665:/u/
661:/a/
657:/i/
568:tʃʼ
561:tsʼ
356:IPA
238:IPA
170:ELP
146:cad
129:cad
70:45
2618::
1660:.
1620:^
1604:.
1580:.
1556::
1554:}}
1550:{{
1515:}}
1511:{{
1499:.
1477:^
1431:.
1407:.
1378:.
1354:.
1339:^
1318:.
1284:.
1271:^
1243:^
1231:.
1091:.
843:oy
836:uy
824:iw
818:ou
811:aw
799:ay
742:aː
720:uː
705:iː
659:,
539:tʃ
532:ts
511:kʼ
502:tʼ
291:,
2389:e
2382:t
2375:v
2114:*
2076:e
2069:t
2062:v
1986:e
1979:t
1972:v
1750:e
1743:t
1736:v
1668:.
1614:.
1590:.
1566:)
1546:.
1521:)
1507:.
1471:.
1446:.
1417:.
1393:.
1364:.
1333:.
1295:.
820:t
736:a
714:u
699:i
629:w
622:j
604:h
595:ʃ
588:s
480:d
473:b
457:ʔ
450:k
441:t
434:p
407:n
400:m
258:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
