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night. Yet in this hour Earth also and the plains of Ocean, ill-boding dogs and birds that spell mischief, sent signs which heralded disaster. How oft before our eyes did Etna deluge the fields of the
Cyclopes with a torrent from her burst furnaces, hurling thereon balls of fire and molten rocks. Germany heard the noise of battle sweep across the sky and, even without precedent, the Alps rocked with earthquakes. A voice boomed through the silent groves for all to hear, a deafening voice, and phantoms of unearthly pallor were seen in the falling darkness. Horror beyond words, beasts uttered human speech; rivers stood still, the earth gaped upon; in the temples ivory images wept for grief, and beads of sweat covered bronze statues. King of waterways, the Po swept forests along in the swirl of his frenzied current, carrying with him over the plain cattle and stalls alike. Nor in that same hour did sinister filaments cease to appear in ominous entrails or blood to flow from wells or our hillside towns to echo all night with the howl of wolves. Never fell more lightning from a cloudless sky; never was comet's alarming glare so often seen.
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783:": "You too, child?" in English). Plutarch also reports that Caesar said nothing, pulling his toga over his head when he saw Brutus among the conspirators. According to Plutarch, after the assassination, Brutus stepped forward as if to say something to his fellow senators not involved in the plot; they, however, fled the building. Brutus and his companions then marched through the city, announcing, "People of Rome, we are once again free!" They were met with silence, as the citizens of Rome had locked themselves inside their houses as soon as the rumours of what had taken place began to spread. According to Suetonius, after the murder all the conspirators fled; Caesar's body lay untouched for some time afterwards, until finally three slaves put him on a litter and carried him home, with one arm hanging down.
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strike a balance: they aimed to recruit enough men to surround Caesar and fight his supporters, but not so many that they would risk being discovered. They preferred friends to acquaintances and recruited neither reckless youths nor feeble elders. In the end, the conspirators recruited senators near the age of forty, as were they. The men assessed each potential recruit with innocent-sounding questions. The ancient sources report that in the end, around sixty to eighty conspirators joined the plot, although the latter number may be a scribal error.
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537:, the famous orator, was trusted by both Cassius and Brutus, and had made it no secret that he considered Caesar's rule oppressive. He also had great popularity among the common people and a large network of friends, which would help attract others to join their cause. However, the conspirators considered Cicero too cautious; at that time, Cicero was over sixty, and the conspirators thought he would be too likely to put safety over speed when planning the assassination. Next, the conspirators considered
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571:, the "Sacred Street". Another idea was to wait to attack him during the elections for new consuls. The conspirators would wait for Caesar to begin crossing the bridge that all voters crossed as part of the election procedures, and then topple him over the rail and into the water. There would be conspirators waiting in the water for Caesar, with daggers drawn. Another plan was to attack at a gladiatorial game, which had the benefit that nobody would be suspicious of armed men.
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viewed as the killing of a tyrant, killing his supporters would be seen only as a politicized purge and the work of Pompey's former supporters. By keeping Caesar's reforms intact, they would both keep the support of the Roman people, who Brutus believed opposed Caesar the king, not Caesar the reformer, and the support of Caesar's soldiers and other supporters. His argument convinced the other conspirators. They began making plans for Caesar's assassination.
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afraid that they would interfere with the assassination. Here, this would not be an issue, since only senators were allowed in the Senate House. Some also said that the murder of a tyrant in full view of the Senate would not be seen as a political plot, but as a noble act, done on behalf of their country. The conspirators ultimately settled on this as the chosen plan. Caesar would be leaving the city on 18 March to embark on a military campaign against the
437:("king"), to which Caesar replied, "I am not Rex, but Caesar" ("Non sum Rex, sed Caesar"). This was wordplay; "Rex" was a family name as well as a Latin title. Marullus and Flavus, the aforementioned tribunes, were not amused, and ordered the man who first cried "rex" arrested. In a later senate meeting, Caesar accused the tribunes of attempting to create opposition to him, and had them removed from office and membership in the Senate. The Roman
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667:, Caesar's wife, was awoken from a nightmare. She had dreamt that she was holding a murdered Caesar in her arms and mourning him. Other versions have Calpurnia dream that the front pediment of their house had collapsed and that Caesar had died; yet another shows Caesar's body streaming with blood. Calpurnia had no doubt heard Spurinna's warnings of great peril to Caesar's life, which helps explain her visions. Around 5
559:, the "Best Men" of Rome, among the conspirators wanted to go back to the way things were before Caesar. This would entail killing both Caesar and all the men around him, including Antony, and reverting Caesar's reforms. The former supporters of Caesar among the conspirators did not agree to this. They liked Caesar's reforms, and did not want a purge of Caesar's supporters. However, even they agreed to kill Antony.
660:, also located in the Theatre of Pompey. The gladiators could be useful to the conspirators: if a fight broke out to protect Caesar, the gladiators could intervene; if Caesar was killed but the conspirators came under attack, the gladiators could protect them; and since it was impossible to enter the Senate House without going through the Portico, the gladiators could block entrance to both if necessary.
452:, who had been elected co-consul with Caesar, climbed onto the Rostra and placed a diadem on Caesar's head, saying "The People give this to you through me." While a few members of the crowd applauded, most responded with silence. Caesar removed the diadem from his head; Antony again placed it on him, only to get the same response from the crowd. Finally, Caesar put it aside to use as a sacrifice to
463:, Caesar's assassination ultimately occurred primarily due to concerns that he wished to crown himself the king of Rome. These concerns were exacerbated by the "three last straws" of 45 and 44 BC. In just a few months, Caesar had disrespected the Senate, removed People's Tribunes, and toyed with monarchy. By February, the conspiracy that caused his assassination was being born.
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the goals of the conspirators. The result unforeseen by the assassins was that Caesar's death precipitated the end of the Roman
Republic. The Roman lower classes, with whom Caesar was popular, became enraged that a small group of aristocrats had sacrificed Caesar. Antony capitalized on the grief of the Roman mob and threatened to unleash them on the
526:, the conspirators included Caesar's soldiers, officers, and civilian associates, and while some joined the conspiracy due to concerns over Caesar's authoritarianism, many had self-interested motives such as jealousy: feeling that Caesar had not rewarded them enough or that he had given too much money towards
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and managed to work out a compromise in which the assassins would not be punished for their acts, but all of Caesar's appointments would remain valid. By doing this, Antony most likely hoped to avoid large cracks in government forming as a result of Caesar's death. Simultaneously, Antony diminished
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The conspirators believed that how and where they assassinated Caesar would make a difference. An ambush in a secluded area would have a different impact on public opinion than an assassination in the heart of Rome. The conspirators came up with multiple ideas for the assassination. They considered
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The two men then began to recruit others. While it took only one man to murder another, Brutus believed that for the assassination of Caesar to be considered a legitimate removal of a tyrant, done for the sake of their country, it must include a large number of Rome's leading men. They attempted to
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Finally, somebody brought up the idea to assassinate Caesar at one of the senate meetings. All other plans had one detriment: while Caesar had no official bodyguards, he asked his friends to protect him in public. Most of these friends were imposing and dangerous-looking and the conspirators were
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Who dare say the Sun is false? He and no other warns us when dark uprising threaten, when treachery and hidden wars are gathering strength. He and no other was moved to pity Rome on the day that Caesar died, when he veiled his radiance in gloom and darkness, and a godless age feared everlasting
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Brutus disagreed with both. He argued that killing Caesar, and doing nothing else, was the option they should choose. The conspirators claimed to be acting based on the principles of law and justice, he told them, and it would be unjust to kill Antony. While the assassination of Caesar would be
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Caesar was walking to the senate house when he caught sight of
Spurinna. "Well, the Ides of March have come!" Caesar called out playfully. "Aye, the Ides have come," said Spurinna, "but they are not yet gone." Mark Antony started to enter with Caesar, but was intercepted by one of the plotters
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stabbing at the back and
Decimus slicing his thigh. Caesar attempted to fight back, but tripped and fell; the men continued stabbing him as he lay defenseless on the lower steps of the portico. Caesar was stabbed 23 times. Suetonius relates that a physician who performed an autopsy on Caesar
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in the first round of the new civil wars, Octavian consolidated his tenuous position. Antony did not initially consider
Octavius a true political threat due to his young age and inexperience, but Octavius quickly gained the support and admiration of Caesar's friends and supporters.
652:, for the senate meeting. Usually, the senators would be meeting at the Roman Forum, but Caesar was financing a reconstruction of the forum and so the senators met in other venues throughout Rome, this being one of them. There were gladiatorial games underway at the Theatre, and
456:. "Jupiter alone of the Romans is king", Caesar said, which received an enthusiastic response from the crowd. At the time, many believed that Caesar's rejection of the diadem was a way for him to see if there was enough support for him to become king, and despised him for it.
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spoke. He revealed that he had personally approached Antony the summer before and asked him to join a different conspiracy to end Caesar's life, and Antony had turned him down. This rejection to the old conspiracy caused the conspirators to decide against recruiting Antony.
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or that he balked at the suggestion he should rise. Regardless of the reasoning, by practically rejecting a senatorial gift and not acknowledging the delegation's presence with proper etiquette, Caesar gave the strong impression that he no longer cared about the Senate.
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and royalty. Nobody knew who had placed the diadem, but Caesar suspected that the tribunes had arranged for it to appear so that they could have the honour of removing it. Matters escalated shortly after on the 26th, when Caesar was riding on horseback to Rome on the
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The Second
Triumvirate was ultimately unstable and could not withstand internal jealousies and ambitions. Antony detested Octavian and spent most of his time in the East, while Lepidus favoured Antony but felt himself obscured by both his colleagues. Following the
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a.m., Calpurnia begged Caesar not to go to the senate meeting that day. After some hesitation, Caesar acquiesced. Although not superstitious, he knew that
Spurinna and Calpurnia were involved in Roman politics, and decided to be cautious. Caesar sent
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or
Octavian, the son of the great Caesar, and consequently also inherited the loyalty of much of the Roman populace. Octavian, aged only 18 at the time of Caesar's death, proved to have considerable political skills, and while Antony dealt with
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went to Caesar's home to try to talk him into coming to the Senate meeting. "What do you say, Caesar?" Decimus said. "Will someone of your stature pay attention to a woman's dreams and the omens of foolish men?" Caesar eventually decided to go.
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To combat Brutus and
Cassius, who were massing an enormous army in Greece, Antony needed soldiers, the money from Caesar's war chests, and the legitimacy that Caesar's name would provide for any action he took against them. With passage of the
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established that only one wound (the second one to his ribs) had been fatal. This autopsy report (the earliest known post-mortem report in history) describes that Caesar's death was mostly attributable to blood loss from his stab wounds.
386:. When they arrived, etiquette called for Caesar to stand up to greet the senators, but he did not rise. He also joked about their news, saying that his honours needed to be cut back instead of increased. Roman historian
958:, a dispute between Lepidus and Octavian regarding the allocation of lands broke out. Octavian accused Lepidus of usurping power in Sicily and of attempted rebellion and, in 36 BC, Lepidus was forced into exile in
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his sole heir, bequeathing him the immensely potent Caesar name as well as making him one of the wealthiest citizens in the
Republic. Upon hearing of his adoptive father's death, Octavius abandoned his studies in
942:. It engaged in the legally sanctioned murder of a large number of its opponents in order to fund its forty-five legions in the second civil war against Brutus and Cassius. Antony and Octavian defeated them at
553:. If Antony was not to join them, then they must assassinate Antony as well, lest he interfere with the conspiracy. Eventually, this idea was expanded upon and split the conspirators into two factions. The
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are a contested subject among scholars and historians. Both Cassius Dio and Suetonius state that he said nothing, nevertheless, both mention that others have written that Caesar's last words were the
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named Spurinna. In addition, on 1 March, Caesar watched Cassius speaking with Brutus at the senate house and said to an aide, "What do you think Cassius is up to? I don't like him, he looks pale."
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Out of all the conspirators, only about twenty of their names are known. Nothing is known about some of those whose names have survived. The known members are (leaders are highlighted in bold):
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Servilius Casca, former Caesarian, brother of Publius Casca, the third assassin to strike Caesar, and the only one of the assassins to inflict a fatal wound on Caesar (a stab between the ribs)
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where the senators stabbed Caesar 23 times. They claimed to be acting over fears that Caesar's unprecedented concentration of power during his dictatorship was undermining the
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describes three incidents that occurred from 45 to 44 BC as the final causes of Caesar's assassination – the "three last straws" as far as some Romans were concerned.
382:, after the Senate had voted to bestow a large number of honours upon Caesar, they decided to present them to him formally, and marched as a senatorial delegation to the
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Two days before the assassination, Cassius met with the conspirators and told them that, should anyone discover the plan, they were to turn their knives on themselves.
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in the evening of 22 February 44 BC, when after some discussion the two agreed that something had to be done to prevent Caesar from becoming king of the Romans.
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498:, who answered affirmatively on 2 March when Brutus asked him whether it was wise for a man to put himself into danger if it meant overcoming evil or foolish men;
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530:'s former supporters. The conspirators did not meet openly but instead secretly assembled at each other's homes and in small groups in order to work out a plan.
2066:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1927, Reissued with new introduction, bibliography, and additional notes by G. B. Townsend, Bristol: Bristol Classical Press, 1982.
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took their tribunes seriously as the representatives of the common people; Caesar's actions against the tribunes put him on the wrong side of public opinion.
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268:. Despite the death of Caesar, the conspirators were unable to restore the institutions of the Republic. The ramifications of the assassination led to his
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A wax statue of Caesar was erected at the Forum displaying the 23 stab wounds. A crowd who had amassed there expressed their anger at the assassins by
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583:. The last senate meeting before that date was on the 15th, the Ides of March, and so the conspirators chose this as the day of the assassination.
990:", a name that raised him to the status of a deity, in 27 BC, remained as the sole master of the Roman world and proceeded to establish the
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Geschichte Roms in seinem Uebergange von der republikanischen zur monarchischen Verfassung, oder: Pompeius, Caesar, Cicero und ihre Zeitgenossen
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produced his dagger and made a glancing thrust at the dictator's neck. Caesar turned around quickly and caught Casca by the arm. According to
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subsequently broke out between Octavian on one hand and Antony and Cleopatra on the other. This final civil war culminated in the latter's
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presented him with a petition to recall his exiled brother. The other conspirators crowded round to offer their support. Both Plutarch and
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In the days leading up to the Ides, Caesar was not completely oblivious to what was being planned. According to the ancient historian
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720:, he said in Latin, "Casca, you villain, what are you doing?" Casca, frightened, shouted simultaneously "Brother! Help me!" (
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Now, however, a new idea took place. Antony was strong because of his familiarity with the soldiers, and powerful due to his
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that he wished he had been "invited to that superb banquet" and believed that the conspirators should also have killed
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stabbed him in the side. Within moments, Caesar was attacked from all directions, with Cassius slashing Caesar's face,
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in 30 BC. With the complete defeat of Antony and the marginalisation of Lepidus, Octavian, having been restyled "
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or Decimus Brutus) and detained outside. He remained there until after the assassination, at which point he fled.
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wrote (almost 150 years later) that Caesar failed to rise in the temple, either because he was restrained by the
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The first incident took place in December 45 BC or possibly early 44 BC. According to Roman historian
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that several unusual events took place preceding Caesar's assassination. This should be read in the context of
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The senators waited for Caesar's arrival, but he did not come. The reason for this is that early that morning,
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of 44 BC, conspirators and non-conspirators met at the Senate House of Pompey, located in the
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say that Caesar waved him away, but Cimber grabbed Caesar's shoulders and pulled down Caesar's
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was not a member of the conspiracy and was surprised by it. He later wrote to the conspirator
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demanded that Caesar disband his army and return home as a civilian, he refused, crossing the
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2053:. Translated by Bernadotte Perrin. London: W. Heinemann, New York: Macmillan, 1914–1926.
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First, the conspirators discussed the addition of two other men to the conspiracy.
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2850:(in German). Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Leipzig: Berlin, Gebr£uder Borntraeger.
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in 49 BC. After defeating the last of the opposition, Caesar was appointed
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30:"Death of Caesar" and "Murder of Caesar" redirect here. For other uses, see
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The assassination of Julius Caesar : a people's history of Ancient Rome
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Epstein, David F. (1987). "Caesar's Personal Enemies on the Ides of March".
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Epstein, David F. (1987). "Caesar's Personal Enemies on the Ides of March".
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The death of Caesar : the story of history's most famous assassination
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http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/2*.html
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in 31 BC; Octavian's forces would then chase Antony and Cleopatra to
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and another whose name is unknown), all men from Caesar's own ranks; and
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The conspiracy to assassinate Julius Caesar began with a meeting between
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Possible bust of Julius Caesar, posthumous portrait in marble, 44–30 BC,
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Aftermath of the attack with Caesar's body abandoned in the foreground,
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to dismiss the Senate. When the conspirators heard of this dismissal,
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outside the Theatre of Pompey while Caesar was being stabbed instead.
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The second incident occurred in 44 BC. One day in January, the
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Horsfall, Nicholas (1974). "The Ides of March: Some New Problems".
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was officially formed, composed of Antony, Octavian, and Caesar's
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and sailed across the Adriatic Sea to Brundisium. Octavius became
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256:. At least 60 to 70 senators were party to the conspiracy, led by
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The Assassination of Julius Caesar (The Ides of March, 44 B.C.E.)
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Caesar's Legacy: Civil War and the Emergence of the Roman Empire
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had resulted in his murder, the Second Triumvirate brought back
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Et Tu Brute? – The Murder of Caesar and Political Assassination
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List of assassinated and executed heads of state and government
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2389:"Virgil, Georgics Books 1–2 – Theoi Classical Texts Library"
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The version best known in the English-speaking world is the
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Smith, R.E. (1957). "The Conspiracy and the Conspirators".
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708:. Caesar then cried to Cimber, "Why, this is violence!" ("
322:– on the Ides of March), commemorating the assassination.
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341:
Caesar had served the Republic for eight years in the
3090:
Kill Caesar!: Assassination in the Early Roman Empire
1836:
1824:
1800:
1785:
1773:
1761:
1746:
1734:
1662:
1599:
1571:
1556:
1544:
1263:
Mark Antony with the dead body of Caesar, painted by
1021:, illustrating Act IV, Scene III, from Shakespeare's
926:
in 42 BC, and Caesar Octavian henceforth became
444:
The third incident took place at the festival of the
1514:
1462:
1432:
1356:(1599), where it actually forms the first half of a
2561:
2924:
2514:
2341:The Pocket Oxford Latin Dictionary (Latin-English)
2338:
2222:"Spot Where Julius Caesar Was Stabbed Discovered"
3818:
2809:', Volume IX, The Last Age of the Roman Republic
871:. Two days after the assassination, Mark Antony
567:an attack on Caesar while he was walking on the
2148:[The Parallel Lives – Life of Caesar].
962:and stripped of all his offices except that of
32:Assassination of Julius Caesar (disambiguation)
3109:. Section 114 contains a list of conspirators.
3064:The Ides: Caesar's Murder and the War for Rome
2512:
318:between two daggers, with the legend EID MAR (
3150:
3061:
2062:Butler, M. Cary, ed., C. Suetoni Tranquilli,
1926:
1728:
1716:
1704:
1692:
1680:
1644:
1632:
1617:
2601:
2345:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
2308:The Routledge Dictionary of Latin Quotations
2086:
2084:
1403:"6 Civil Wars that Transformed Ancient Rome"
930:("Son of the Divine"). Seeing that Caesar's
433:. A few members of the crowd greeted him as
2566:. Cambridge University Press. p. 110.
1391:, Cambridge University Press, 1974, p. 518.
416:on the head of the statue of Caesar on the
312:), minted in 43–42 BC. The reverse shows a
3157:
3143:
2453:
1346:" ("You too, Brutus?"); this derives from
2821:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
2423:
2081:
3105:of the assassination from the historian
2172:Julius Caesar's Stabbing Site Identified
1889:
1001:
817:
610:
470:
325:
291:
3401:Planned invasion of the Parthian Empire
2992:
2922:
2840:
2770:
2742:
2717:
2673:
2336:
2037:
2025:
2013:
2001:
1989:
1977:
1965:
1953:
1883:
1871:
1859:
1842:
1830:
1818:
1806:
1794:
1779:
1767:
1755:
1740:
1668:
1656:
1605:
1580:
1565:
1550:
1529:
1523:
1501:
1499:
1475:
1438:
1426:
1119:, former Pompeian, brother of Caecilius
997:
14:
3819:
3082:
3034:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology
1429:, p. 58 ; Liv. perioch. 116.
3138:
2754:Broughton, p. 315; Holmes III, p. 343
2605:Ancient Rome: An Introductory History
2449:
2447:
2445:
2303:
2108:
1128:Publius Sextius Naso, former Pompeian
752:Caesar was killed at the base of the
361:with his army and plunging Rome into
3837:1st century BC in the Roman Republic
3718:Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar
2123:from the original on 30 January 2022
1496:
2811:, Cambridge University Press, 1992.
1400:
802:the ancient Romans' belief in omens
786:
27:44 BCE murder of the Roman dictator
24:
3092:. Rowman & Littlefield, 2018.
2456:The Romans: From Village to Empire
2442:
2043:
1241:The Assassination of Julius Caesar
349:(roughly equivalent to modern-day
25:
3883:
3520:Ut est rerum omnium magister usus
3164:
3121:, includes an account of the plot
3096:
2078:. The brother was Publius Cimber.
420:in the Roman Forum. According to
345:, fully conquering the region of
3798:
3797:
1256:
1232:
1208:
1186:
1165:
604:
75:
36:Death of Caesar (disambiguation)
3062:Dando-Collins, Stephen (2010).
2789:
2776:
2748:
2667:
2652:
2630:
2595:
2580:
2555:
2533:
2506:
2491:
2476:
2417:
2399:
2381:
2372:
2359:
2330:
2297:
2282:
2269:
2254:
2239:
2214:
2197:
2177:
2164:
2138:
2102:
2069:
2056:
1932:
1907:
1586:
1330:
1303:, a play by William Shakespeare
1125:Marcus Spurius, former Pompeian
907:on 27 November 43 BC, the
232:was assassinated by a group of
3842:Assassination of Julius Caesar
2092:"Internet History Sourcebooks"
1481:
1444:
1394:
1378:
1076:Publius Servilius Casca Longus
1007:Brutus and the Ghost of Caesar
994:as the first Roman "Emperor".
891:Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus
494:Notable conspirators included
62:Assassination of Julius Caesar
13:
1:
2818:(1958). "The Ides of March".
2807:The Cambridge Ancient History
2312:. London: Routledge. p.
2208:
2170:Cohen, J. (11 October 2012).
1371:
1122:Rubrius Ruga, former Pompeian
1051:Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus
637:
466:
448:, on 15 February 44 BC.
266:Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus
3867:Crisis of the Roman Republic
3675:Gaius Julius Caesar (father)
3476:Commentarii de Bello Gallico
2610:University of Oklahoma Press
2562:Warrior, Valerie M. (2006).
2174:. Retrieved from History.com
1311:, a novel by Thornton Wilder
1289:Death of Alexander the Great
824:Deification of Julius Caesar
813:
736:
475:The city of Rome, 44 BC
69:Crisis of the Roman Republic
7:
3469:Commentarii de Bello Civili
2146:"Plutarch • Life of Caesar"
1272:
696:, as Caesar took his seat,
18:Caesar's assassination
10:
3888:
3872:Stabbing attacks in Europe
3031:, and the Ides of March".
2993:Strauss, Barry S. (2015).
2523:Cambridge University Press
2454:Boatwright, Susan (2012).
2426:Enemies of the Roman Order
2424:MacMullen, Ramsay (1975).
1319:, a novel by Steven Saylor
1158:
1113:Caecilius, former Pompeian
852:
772:
725:
594:identifies this seer as a
514:, and the brothers Casca (
83:The Death of Julius Caesar
29:
3792:
3751:
3702:
3667:
3641:
3610:
3601:
3570:
3534:
3497:
3446:
3409:
3316:
3233:
3215:
3172:
2970:10.1017/S0017383500015734
2923:Parenti, Michael (2004).
2900:10.1017/S0017383500022397
2844:(1906). P. Groebe (ed.).
2076:Plutarch – Life of Brutus
1250:Royal Shakespeare Theatre
1226:Lower Saxony State Museum
287:
223:
201:
197:60 or more Roman senators
193:
177:
167:
152:
113:
95:
74:
66:
61:
3557:Temple of Venus Genetrix
3131:channel Historia Civilis
2997:. Simon & Schuster.
1389:Roman Republican Coinage
1323:
982:, where they would both
869:burning the Senate House
384:Temple of Venus Genetrix
156:15 March 44 BC
3832:1st century BC in Italy
2513:Osgood, Josiah (2006).
2460:Oxford University Press
2337:Morwood, James (1994).
2111:"Caesar: Chapter LXVII"
2096:sourcebooks.fordham.edu
1452:"Cassius Dio – Book 44"
1246:William Holmes Sullivan
1109:Gaius Cassius Parmensis
1103:Lucius Minucius Basilus
1082:Servius Sulpicius Galba
483:and his brother-in-law
454:Jupiter Optimus Maximus
410:Lucius Caesetius Flavus
395:Lucius Cornelius Balbus
49:Infobox civilian attack
42:
3738:Julio-Claudian dynasty
3562:Caesar's Rhine bridges
3489:Poems by Julius Caesar
3455:Laudatio Iuliae amitae
3431:Constitutional reforms
3418:Lex Julia de maiestate
2304:Stone, Jon R. (2005).
2116:Loeb Classical Library
1179:Victor Honoré Janssens
1043:Gaius Cassius Longinus
1025:
850:
811:
779:" (transliterated as "
712:"). At the same time,
641:
476:
406:Gaius Epidius Marullus
338:
323:
276:and ultimately to the
262:Gaius Cassius Longinus
214:Decimus Brutus Albinus
210:Gaius Cassius Longinus
54:considered for merging
3180:Early life and career
3118:Life of Julius Caesar
2602:Zoch, Paul A. (200).
2410:Bellum Civile 2.147,
2150:penelope.uchicago.edu
1594:Life of Julius Caesar
1456:penelope.uchicago.edu
1145:Marcus Tullius Cicero
1070:Lucius Tillius Cimber
1005:
855:Liberators' civil war
821:
806:
742:Gaius Servilius Casca
698:Lucius Tillius Cimber
614:
474:
329:
295:
274:Liberators' civil war
137:41.89528°N 12.47694°E
3862:Legislative violence
3779:Marcus Junius Brutus
3690:Julia Minor (sister)
3685:Julia Major (sister)
3283:Invasions of Britain
3200:Crossing the Rubicon
3088:Sheldon, Rose Mary.
2119:(in Ancient Greek).
2109:Henderson, Jeffrey.
1316:The Throne of Caesar
1217:The Murder of Caesar
1035:Marcus Junius Brutus
998:List of conspirators
710:Ista quidem vis est!
524:Nicolaus of Damascus
332:Museo Pio-Clementino
258:Marcus Junius Brutus
206:Marcus Junius Brutus
3618:Cossutia (disputed)
3083:Relevant literature
2773:, pp. 640–642.
2745:, pp. 627–632.
2720:, pp. 632–640.
2183:Woolf Greg (2006),
2028:, pp. 120–121.
1364:Then fall, Caesar."
1348:William Shakespeare
1174:The death of Caesar
1017:from a painting by
913:Master of the Horse
873:summoned the senate
764:Caesar's last words
133: /
3659:Augustus (adopted)
3583:Chiaramonti Caesar
3361:Battle of the Nile
3217:Military campaigns
3195:Caesar's civil war
2414:recovered 12-23-14
2277:The Twelve Caesars
1927:Dando-Collins 2010
1729:Dando-Collins 2010
1717:Dando-Collins 2010
1705:Dando-Collins 2010
1693:Dando-Collins 2010
1681:Dando-Collins 2010
1645:Dando-Collins 2010
1633:Dando-Collins 2010
1618:Dando-Collins 2010
1294:Death of Cleopatra
1105:, former Caesarian
1084:, former Caesarian
1026:
938:, abandoned since
909:Second Triumvirate
859:Second Triumvirate
851:
839:'s passage on the
642:
477:
363:Caesar's Civil War
339:
324:
298:Ides of March coin
142:41.89528; 12.47694
88:Vincenzo Camuccini
3814:
3813:
3698:
3697:
3578:Tusculum portrait
3437:Dictator perpetuo
3396:
3395:
3288:Ambiorix's revolt
3185:First Triumvirate
3173:Major life events
3004:978-1-4516-6881-0
2957:Greece & Rome
2887:Greece & Rome
2816:Balsdon, J.P.V.D.
2469:978-0-19-973057-5
1821:, pp. 97–98.
1707:, pp. 48–49.
1683:, pp. 42–43.
1659:, pp. 87–88.
1308:The Ides of March
1265:Bela Čikoš Sesija
1134:Publius Turullius
1099:, former Pompeian
1093:, former Pompeian
827:, a 16th-century
758:Theatre of Pompey
734:
658:Portico of Pompey
650:Theatre of Pompey
368:dictator perpetuo
246:Theatre of Pompey
227:
226:
104:Theatre of Pompey
16:(Redirected from
3879:
3801:
3800:
3723:Temple of Caesar
3680:Aurelia (mother)
3608:
3607:
3513:Veni, vidi, vici
3231:
3230:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3136:
3135:
3077:
3058:
3016:
2989:
2950:
2930:
2919:
2880:
2851:
2837:
2802:Elizabeth Rawson
2783:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2755:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2721:
2715:
2692:
2691:
2671:
2665:
2656:
2650:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2599:
2593:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2559:
2553:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2520:
2510:
2504:
2495:
2489:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2451:
2440:
2439:
2421:
2415:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2370:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2344:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2311:
2301:
2295:
2286:
2280:
2273:
2267:
2258:
2252:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2201:
2195:
2181:
2175:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2088:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2060:
2054:
2051:Plutarch's Lives
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1911:
1905:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1569:
1563:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1512:
1503:
1494:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1460:
1459:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1398:
1392:
1385:Michael Crawford
1382:
1365:
1334:
1260:
1236:
1212:
1201:Jean-Léon Gérôme
1196:La Mort de César
1190:
1169:
1097:Quintus Ligarius
976:defeat at Actium
964:Pontifex Maximus
787:Preceding events
778:
777:
739:
737:adelphe, boethei
729:
727:
670:
639:
635:
625:illustration by
512:Minucius Basilus
481:Cassius Longinus
163:
161:
148:
147:
145:
144:
143:
138:
134:
131:
130:
129:
126:
79:
59:
58:
21:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3788:
3784:Curia of Pompey
3747:
3694:
3663:
3637:
3597:
3566:
3542:Forum of Caesar
3530:
3493:
3442:
3405:
3392:
3351:Alexandrian war
3312:
3229:
3211:
3168:
3163:
3099:
3085:
3080:
3074:
3019:
3005:
2953:
2939:
2883:
2854:
2814:
2792:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2769:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2741:
2724:
2716:
2695:
2672:
2668:
2657:
2653:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2600:
2596:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2560:
2556:
2538:
2534:
2511:
2507:
2496:
2492:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2462:. p. 260.
2452:
2443:
2436:
2422:
2418:
2404:
2400:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2302:
2298:
2287:
2283:
2274:
2270:
2262:History of Rome
2259:
2255:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2228:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2202:
2198:
2182:
2178:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2126:
2124:
2107:
2103:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2061:
2057:
2048:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1912:
1908:
1894:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1858:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1829:
1825:
1817:
1813:
1805:
1801:
1793:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1754:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1631:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1572:
1564:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1515:
1504:
1497:
1486:
1482:
1474:
1463:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1401:Andrews, Evan.
1399:
1395:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1252:
1237:
1228:
1222:Karl von Piloty
1213:
1204:
1191:
1182:
1170:
1161:
1142:
1059:Gaius Trebonius
1019:Richard Westall
1000:
972:third civil war
952:Sicilian revolt
865:
853:Main articles:
816:
789:
781:Kai su, teknon?
754:Curia of Pompey
668:
629:
627:Johannes Zainer
607:
543:Gaius Trebonius
504:Gaius Trebonius
469:
336:Vatican Museums
320:Eidibus Martiis
290:
242:Curia of Pompey
218:Gaius Trebonius
216:
212:
208:
180:
159:
157:
141:
139:
135:
132:
127:
124:
122:
120:
119:
100:Curia of Pompey
91:
57:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3885:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3857:Murder in Rome
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3743:Caesar (title)
3740:
3735:
3730:
3728:Caesar's Comet
3725:
3720:
3715:
3711:Life of Caesar
3706:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3552:Basilica Julia
3549:
3544:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3506:Alea iacta est
3501:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3433:
3428:
3421:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3322:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3239:
3237:
3228:
3227:
3221:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3162:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3122:
3110:
3098:
3097:External links
3095:
3094:
3093:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:978-0470425237
3072:
3059:
3047:10.2307/311200
3017:
3003:
2990:
2951:
2937:
2920:
2894:(2): 191–199.
2881:
2863:(3): 566–570.
2852:
2838:
2812:
2798:Andrew Lintott
2793:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:Ad Att. XIV 12
2775:
2756:
2747:
2722:
2693:
2682:(3): 566–570.
2666:
2651:
2645:The Civil Wars
2629:
2622:
2594:
2579:
2572:
2564:Roman Religion
2554:
2532:
2505:
2490:
2475:
2468:
2441:
2434:
2416:
2398:
2380:
2371:
2358:
2351:
2329:
2322:
2296:
2281:
2268:
2253:
2238:
2213:
2196:
2187:, 199 pages –
2176:
2163:
2137:
2101:
2080:
2068:
2055:
2042:
2040:, p. 122.
2030:
2018:
2016:, p. 111.
2006:
2004:, p. 109.
1994:
1992:, p. 107.
1982:
1980:, p. 118.
1970:
1968:, p. 116.
1958:
1956:, p. 114.
1946:
1931:
1919:
1906:
1901:Parallel Lives
1888:
1886:, p. 115.
1876:
1874:, p. 104.
1864:
1862:, p. 169.
1847:
1835:
1823:
1811:
1799:
1784:
1772:
1760:
1745:
1733:
1721:
1709:
1697:
1685:
1673:
1661:
1649:
1637:
1622:
1610:
1598:
1585:
1570:
1555:
1543:
1528:
1513:
1495:
1480:
1461:
1443:
1431:
1419:
1393:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1312:
1304:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1253:
1238:
1231:
1229:
1214:
1207:
1205:
1203:, c. 1859–1867
1192:
1185:
1183:
1171:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1141:
1140:
1138:Pacuvius Labeo
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1091:Pontius Aquila
1088:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1055:
1047:
1039:
1030:
1015:Edward Scriven
999:
996:
984:commit suicide
918:. It formally
896:Decimus Brutus
882:Gaius Octavius
815:
812:
788:
785:
774:καὶ σύ, τέκνον
726:ἀδελφέ, βοήθει
654:Decimus Brutus
606:
603:
520:Pontius Aquila
508:Tillius Cimber
500:Decimus Brutus
496:Pacuvius Labeo
468:
465:
289:
286:
280:period of the
254:Roman Republic
225:
224:
221:
220:
203:
199:
198:
195:
191:
190:
181:
178:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
154:
150:
149:
117:
111:
110:
97:
93:
92:
80:
72:
71:
64:
63:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3884:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3852:Julius Caesar
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
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3712:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
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3644:
3640:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3589:
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3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
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3540:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3207:Assassination
3205:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3166:Julius Caesar
3160:
3155:
3153:
3148:
3146:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3075:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2938:1-56584-942-6
2934:
2931:. New Press.
2929:
2928:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2796:J. A. Crook,
2795:
2794:
2779:
2772:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2751:
2744:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2719:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2664:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2633:
2625:
2623:0-8061-3287-6
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2583:
2575:
2573:0-521-82511-3
2569:
2565:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2536:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2479:
2471:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2437:
2435:9780674864948
2431:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2402:
2394:
2393:www.theoi.com
2390:
2384:
2375:
2368:
2362:
2354:
2352:0-19-860283-9
2348:
2343:
2342:
2333:
2325:
2323:0-415-96909-3
2319:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2285:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2260:Cassius Dio,
2257:
2251:
2248:
2242:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2193:1-86197-741-7
2190:
2186:
2180:
2173:
2167:
2152:. p. 597
2151:
2147:
2141:
2134:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2105:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2077:
2072:
2065:
2059:
2052:
2046:
2039:
2034:
2027:
2022:
2015:
2010:
2003:
1998:
1991:
1986:
1979:
1974:
1967:
1962:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1935:
1929:, p. 34.
1928:
1923:
1916:
1910:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1885:
1880:
1873:
1868:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1845:, p. 99.
1844:
1839:
1833:, p. 98.
1832:
1827:
1820:
1815:
1809:, p. 17.
1808:
1803:
1797:, p. 96.
1796:
1791:
1789:
1782:, p. 15.
1781:
1776:
1770:, p. 95.
1769:
1764:
1758:, p. 97.
1757:
1752:
1750:
1743:, p. 88.
1742:
1737:
1731:, p. 43.
1730:
1725:
1719:, p. 71.
1718:
1713:
1706:
1701:
1695:, p. 46.
1694:
1689:
1682:
1677:
1671:, p. 93.
1670:
1665:
1658:
1653:
1647:, p. 42.
1646:
1641:
1635:, p. 26.
1634:
1629:
1627:
1620:, p. 24.
1619:
1614:
1608:, p. 67.
1607:
1602:
1595:
1589:
1583:, p. 63.
1582:
1577:
1575:
1568:, p. 62.
1567:
1562:
1560:
1553:, p. 61.
1552:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1532:
1526:, p. 60.
1525:
1520:
1518:
1511:
1508:
1502:
1500:
1493:
1490:
1484:
1478:, p. 59.
1477:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1441:, p. 58.
1440:
1435:
1428:
1423:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1363:
1362:Et tu, Brute?
1359:
1355:
1354:
1353:Julius Caesar
1349:
1345:
1344:
1343:Et tu, Brute?
1339:
1333:
1329:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1300:Julius Caesar
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1284:Acta Caesaris
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1267:, before 1920
1266:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1235:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1023:Julius Caesar
1020:
1016:
1013:engraving by
1012:
1008:
1004:
995:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
956:Sextus Pompey
953:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
914:
910:
906:
900:
897:
892:
888:
883:
879:
874:
870:
864:
863:War of Actium
860:
856:
848:
847:
846:Metamorphoses
842:
838:
835:illustrating
834:
830:
826:
825:
820:
810:
805:
803:
799:
798:
794:wrote in the
793:
784:
782:
775:
769:
765:
761:
759:
755:
750:
747:
743:
738:
732:
723:
722:Ancient Greek
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
692:According to
690:
688:
682:
679:
675:
666:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
646:Ides of March
633:
628:
624:
621:
618:
617:anachronistic
613:
609:
605:Ides of March
602:
599:
597:
593:
589:
584:
582:
578:
572:
570:
564:
560:
558:
557:
552:
547:
544:
540:
536:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
492:
488:
486:
485:Marcus Brutus
482:
473:
464:
462:
459:According to
457:
455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
436:
432:
427:
423:
419:
415:
412:discovered a
411:
407:
404:
399:
396:
393:
389:
385:
381:
376:
374:
370:
369:
364:
360:
356:
353:). After the
352:
348:
344:
337:
333:
328:
321:
317:
316:
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
238:Ides of March
235:
231:
230:Julius Caesar
222:
219:
215:
211:
207:
204:
200:
196:
192:
189:
185:
184:Assassination
182:
176:
173:
172:Julius Caesar
170:
166:
155:
151:
146:
118:
116:
112:
109:
105:
101:
98:
94:
89:
85:
84:
78:
73:
70:
65:
60:
55:
51:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3847:Conspiracies
3803:
3796:
3710:
3588:Green Caesar
3518:
3511:
3504:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3435:
3423:
3416:
3206:
3117:
3089:
3063:
3038:
3032:
3028:
3024:
2994:
2964:(1): 58–70.
2961:
2955:
2926:
2891:
2885:
2860:
2856:
2846:
2828:(1): 80–94.
2825:
2819:
2805:
2790:Bibliography
2778:
2771:Drumann 1906
2750:
2743:Drumann 1906
2718:Drumann 1906
2679:
2675:
2669:
2659:
2654:
2644:
2637:
2632:
2604:
2597:
2587:
2582:
2563:
2557:
2547:
2540:
2535:
2516:
2508:
2498:
2493:
2483:
2478:
2458:. New York:
2455:
2425:
2419:
2405:
2401:
2392:
2383:
2374:
2366:
2361:
2340:
2332:
2307:
2299:
2289:
2284:
2276:
2271:
2261:
2256:
2246:
2241:
2229:. Retrieved
2226:Live Science
2225:
2216:
2204:
2199:
2184:
2179:
2166:
2154:. Retrieved
2149:
2140:
2132:
2125:. Retrieved
2114:
2104:
2095:
2071:
2064:Divus Iulius
2063:
2058:
2050:
2045:
2038:Strauss 2015
2033:
2026:Strauss 2015
2021:
2014:Strauss 2015
2009:
2002:Strauss 2015
1997:
1990:Strauss 2015
1985:
1978:Strauss 2015
1973:
1966:Strauss 2015
1961:
1954:Strauss 2015
1949:
1939:
1934:
1922:
1915:Divus Julius
1914:
1909:
1899:
1891:
1884:Strauss 2015
1879:
1872:Strauss 2015
1867:
1860:Parenti 2004
1843:Strauss 2015
1838:
1831:Strauss 2015
1826:
1819:Strauss 2015
1814:
1807:Strauss 2015
1802:
1795:Strauss 2015
1780:Strauss 2015
1775:
1768:Strauss 2015
1763:
1756:Strauss 2015
1741:Strauss 2015
1736:
1724:
1712:
1700:
1688:
1676:
1669:Strauss 2015
1664:
1657:Strauss 2015
1652:
1640:
1613:
1606:Strauss 2015
1601:
1593:
1588:
1581:Strauss 2015
1566:Strauss 2015
1551:Strauss 2015
1546:
1536:
1531:
1524:Strauss 2015
1506:
1488:
1483:
1476:Strauss 2015
1455:
1446:
1439:Strauss 2015
1434:
1427:Strauss 2015
1422:
1410:. Retrieved
1406:
1396:
1388:
1380:
1361:
1351:
1341:
1332:
1314:
1307:
1299:
1239:
1215:
1194:
1172:
1143:
1057:
1049:
1041:
1033:
1027:
1022:
1006:
948:
936:proscription
927:
924:Divus Iulius
901:
890:
866:
844:
833:Virgil Solis
822:
807:
795:
790:
780:
762:
751:
709:
691:
683:
662:
643:
608:
600:
585:
573:
565:
561:
554:
548:
532:
493:
489:
478:
458:
453:
443:
434:
400:
377:
373:Titus Livius
366:
355:Roman Senate
340:
319:
313:
282:Roman Empire
228:
194:Perpetrators
81:
67:Part of the
47:
40:
3764:Mark Antony
3713:by Plutarch
3547:Curia Julia
3483:De analogia
3410:Legislation
3341:Dyrrhachium
3308:Uxellodunum
3235:Gallic Wars
3190:Gallic wars
3127:– video by
3025:Existimatio
3021:Yavetz, Zvi
2842:Drumann, W.
2804:(editors),
2612:. pp.
2539:Suetonius,
2497:Suetonius,
2275:Suetonius,
2245:Suetonius,
2231:19 February
2203:Suetonius,
1913:Suetonius,
1904:, Caesar 63
1592:Suetonius,
1535:Suetonius,
1487:Suetonius,
1248:, c. 1888,
1153:Mark Antony
1064:Mark Antony
1011:copperplate
928:Divi filius
849:15.745–850)
843:of Caesar (
674:Mark Antony
630: [
539:Mark Antony
450:Mark Antony
380:Cassius Dio
343:Gallic Wars
304:portraying
202:Ringleaders
179:Attack type
160:44 BC-03-15
140: /
115:Coordinates
43:‹ The
3821:Categories
3759:Julia gens
3593:Arles bust
3526:Last words
3425:Lex Roscia
3331:Brundisium
2643:; Appian,
2546:; Florus,
2525:. p.
2365:Plutarch,
2288:Plutarch,
2156:30 January
2127:30 January
2049:Plutarch.
1938:Plutarch,
1505:Plutarch,
1372:References
1181:, c. 1690s
1117:Bucilianus
992:Principate
980:Alexandria
922:Caesar as
841:apotheosis
746:Bucilianus
623:manuscript
551:consulship
467:Conspiracy
446:Lupercalia
431:Appian Way
278:Principate
128:12°28′37″E
125:41°53′43″N
3769:Cleopatra
3733:Caesarism
3654:Caesarion
3633:Calpurnia
3571:Portraits
3535:Buildings
3346:Pharsalus
3326:Corfinium
3318:Civil War
3273:Octodurus
3113:Suetonius
3066:. Wiley.
3041:: 35–65.
3023:(1974). "
3013:913303337
2986:159706303
2978:0017-3835
2916:161450088
2908:0017-3835
2869:0023-8856
2641:2.7.11–14
1358:macaronic
1149:Trebonius
1131:Petronius
968:Cleopatra
954:, led by
905:Lex Titia
887:Apollonia
878:Optimates
829:engraving
814:Aftermath
731:romanized
702:Suetonius
687:Trebonius
665:Calpurnia
592:Suetonius
581:Parthians
569:Via Sacra
556:optimates
461:Suetonius
422:Suetonius
388:Suetonius
270:martyrdom
52:is being
3805:Category
3774:Servilia
3642:Children
3623:Cornelia
3462:Anticato
3298:Gergovia
3293:Avaricum
3278:Morbihan
3268:Atuatuci
3248:Bibracte
3225:Mytilene
2947:56643456
2877:41540686
2688:41540686
2658:Florus,
2636:Florus,
2586:Florus,
2541:Augustus
2482:Florus,
2121:Archived
1896:Plutarch
1340:phrase "
1273:See also
1224:, 1865,
1009:(1802),
988:Augustus
944:Philippi
932:clemency
797:Georgics
770:phrase "
718:Plutarch
694:Plutarch
685:(either
596:haruspex
588:Plutarch
579:and the
403:tribunes
302:Denarius
234:senators
188:stabbing
96:Location
56:. ›
45:template
3752:Related
3628:Pompeia
3383:Thapsus
3378:Corduba
3373:Ruspina
3129:YouTube
3103:Account
2857:Latomus
2834:4434559
2676:Latomus
2663:2.34.66
2660:Epitome
2638:Epitome
2614:217–218
2588:Epitome
2548:Epitome
2484:Epitome
1407:HISTORY
1360:line: "
1159:Gallery
960:Circeii
920:deified
916:Lepidus
756:in the
733::
678:Decimus
644:On the
620:woodcut
516:Publius
426:Jupiter
359:Rubicon
310:obverse
244:of the
236:on the
158: (
102:of the
3703:Legacy
3603:Family
3498:Quotes
3336:Ilerda
3303:Alesia
3253:Vosges
3107:Appian
3070:
3055:311200
3053:
3011:
3001:
2984:
2976:
2945:
2935:
2914:
2906:
2875:
2867:
2832:
2686:
2620:
2570:
2499:Julius
2466:
2432:
2407:Appian
2367:Caesar
2349:
2320:
2290:Caesar
2247:Julius
2205:Julius
2191:
1940:Caesar
1537:Julius
1507:Caesar
1489:Julius
1412:28 May
861:, and
792:Virgil
669:
535:Cicero
528:Pompey
418:Rostra
414:diadem
392:consul
351:France
315:pileus
306:Brutus
288:Causes
272:, the
264:, and
168:Target
90:, 1806
3827:44 BC
3668:Other
3649:Julia
3611:Wives
3447:Works
3388:Munda
3356:Siege
3263:Sabis
3258:Axona
3051:JSTOR
2982:S2CID
2912:S2CID
2873:JSTOR
2830:JSTOR
2684:JSTOR
2591:2.6.3
2487:2.7.1
2265:44.19
1338:Latin
1324:Notes
940:Sulla
768:Greek
714:Casca
634:]
577:Getae
439:plebs
3368:Zela
3243:Arar
3068:ISBN
3029:Fama
3009:OCLC
2999:ISBN
2974:ISSN
2943:OCLC
2933:ISBN
2904:ISSN
2865:ISSN
2618:ISBN
2568:ISBN
2544:13.1
2502:83.2
2464:ISBN
2430:ISBN
2369:, 67
2347:ISBN
2318:ISBN
2293:66.9
2250:82.2
2233:2017
2189:ISBN
2158:2022
2129:2022
1943:58.6
1596:xxxi
1540:79.2
1414:2020
837:Ovid
706:toga
640:1474
408:and
347:Gaul
300:, a
296:The
250:Rome
153:Date
108:Rome
34:and
3043:doi
2966:doi
2896:doi
2648:5.3
2551:2.6
2314:250
2211:82.
1917:81.
1350:'s
1244:by
1220:by
1199:by
1177:by
831:by
615:An
435:rex
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