1135:
programs. He goes further to write that the official recognition, appreciation by parents, and inclusion of French in schools reflects growing regard of the language. Ultimately the survival of French in
Louisiana can only be guaranteed by Louisianan parents and politicians, but that there is still hope. Similarly, the state legislature passed the Louisiana French Language Services Act in 2011 with particular mention to cultural tourism, local culture, and heritage. The bill sets forth that each branch of the state government shall take necessary action to identify employees who are proficient in French. Each branch of the state government is to take necessary steps in producing services in the French language for both locals and visitors. This bill is, however, an unfunded state mandate. The legislative act was drafted and presented by francophone and
1042:
994:
1018:
1030:
819:
require judicial process to be issued in any other than the
English language". However, French was still the most spoken language in many parishes of Louisiana, and the constitution of 1879 adjusted the previous restrictions to require that laws "be promulgated and preserved in the English language; but the General Assembly may provide for the publication of the laws in the French Language, and prescribe that judicial advertisements in certain designated cities and parishes…be made in that language." It also allowed primary school to teach in French, a provision that was extended in the 1898 and 1913 constitutions to include secondary schools.
932:(CODOFIL) was established in 1968 to promote the preservation of French language and culture in Louisiana. The Louisiana state legislature has greatly shifted its stance on the status of French. Since the passage of Legislative Act No. 409 in 1968, the Louisiana governor is granted the authorization "to establish the Council for the Development of Louisiana-French" and that the agency is to consist of no more than fifty members, including a chairman. The name was soon changed to CODOFIL and was granted the power to "do anything possible and necessary to encourage the development, usage and preservation of French as it exists in Louisiana".
979:
3053:
3041:
2628:
2533:
2558:
2603:
2582:
2505:
2652:
1006:
861:
in the 20th century since, in turn, people who could not speak
English were perceived as uneducated. Therefore, parents became hesitant to teach French to their children, hoping that the children would have a better life in an English-speaking nation. As of 2011, there were an estimated 150,000 to 200,000 people in Louisiana who spoke French. By comparison, there were an estimated one million native French-speakers in Louisiana in about 1968. While French is now taught in schools, the local dialect is now at risk of extinction as children are no longer taught it.
722:
4504:
1102:
779:, along with the difficult process of resettlement in Louisiana and the ensuing poverty made it difficult to establish schools in the early stages of the community's development. Eventually schools were established, as private academies whose faculty had recently arrived in Louisiana from France or who had been educated in France. Children were usually able to attend the schools only long enough to learn counting and reading. At the time, a standard part of a child's education in the Cajun community was also the
1063:
889:
participated in promoted feelings of national unity, and drew the Cajuns closer to
Mainstream America. During this time period, emphasis on the 'American way of life' had a massive impact on Cajun children: census data shows that the use of Cajun French as a first language dropped 17 percent for Cajuns born during US involvement in WW2, the single largest decrease since the beginning of the 20th century, and also resulted in the practice of punishing Cajun students for speaking French at school.
5360:
905:, and evaluated what was then its current status. She pointed out that the gradual decline of French made it "relatively common" to find "grand-parents who speak only French, parents who speak both French and English, children who speak English and understand French, and grand-children who speak and understand only English." The decision to teach French to children was well-received since grandparents hoped for better opportunities for communicating with their grandchildren.
909:
702:) eventually giving way to greater French colonial aspirations with the turn of the century. French immigration was at its peak during the 17th and 18th centuries which firmly established the Creole culture and language there. One important distinction to make is that the term "créole" at the time was consistently used to signify native, or "locally-born" in contrast to "foreign-born". In general the core of the population was rather diverse, coming from all over the
58:
368:
290:
1161:), young Louisianians may speak a more standardized French than their forebears, having learned French both at school and via the greater community. Among such youths, the influence of vernacular Louisiana French on their speech patterns varies from speaker to speaker, depending on such factors as ethnic background, socioeconomic class, exposure to francophones of the elder generation, educational level, political beliefs and personal preference.
3074:
4135:
972:, as well as several other cities. Locals continue to refer to the place names in English and for postal services, English is generally preferred. To meet the demands of a growing francophone tourist market, tourism bureaus and commissions throughout the state, particularly in southern Louisiana, have information on tourist sites in both French and English as well as in other major languages spoken by tourists.
832:
services of
Louisiana eventually fell prey to English, and the eventual consequence of speaking French was that speaking French became a sign of cultural illegitimacy. Parents viewed the practice of teaching their children English as the intrusion of a foreign culture, and many refused to send their children to school. When the government required them to do so, they selected private French
2810:(CODOFIL), whose mission was to oversee the promotion, visibility, and expansion of French language usage in Louisiana. His mission was clear: (re)create a European French bastion in Louisiana by making all Louisianans bilingual in International French and English. To accomplish his goals, he teamed up with political leaders in Canada and France, including former French President
2814:. He found Louisiana French too limiting, so he imported francophone teachers from Europe, Canada and the Caribbean to teach normative French in Louisiana schools. His penchant for International French caused him to lose support in Louisiana: most Louisianans, if they were going to have French in Louisiana schools, wanted Louisiana French, not "Parisian French."
1105:
1104:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1110:
485:—were written in standard French. It is a misconception that no one in Louisiana spoke or wrote Standard French. The resemblance that Louisiana French bears to Standard French varies depending on the dialect and register, with formal and urban variants in Louisiana more closely resembling Standard French.
1107:
3017:
The phonology of formal
Louisiana French shares much in common with Standard French to various degrees depending upon the speaker. As an example, speakers can be heard pronouncing "r" as a uvular constant as opposed to an alveolar. Furthermore, the pronunciation and the intonation of that variety can
2840:
Due to present ethnic movements and internal subdivisions among the population, some of the state's inhabitants insist on ancestral varieties. As a result, it is not odd to hear the language referred to as
Canadian French, Acadian French, Broken French, Old French, Creole French, Cajun French, and so
1134:
According to
Jacques Henry, former executive director of CODOFIL, much progress has been made for francophones and that the future of French in Louisiana is not merely a symbolic one. According to statistics gathered by CODOFIL, the past twenty years has seen widespread acceptance of French-immersion
506:
roughly estimated that there were 120,000 French speakers in
Louisiana, including about 20,000 Cajun French, but noted that their ability to provide an accurate assessment was very limited. These numbers were down from roughly a million speakers in the 1960s. Distribution of these speakers is uneven,
3001:
This variety is known for its use in all administrative and ecclesiastic documents, speeches, and literary publications. Also known as "Urban
Louisiana French," "Colonial French," or "Plantation Society French," it is spoken primarily in the urban business centers of the state. Because those regions
2194:
occurs frequently in Louisiana French but this is typical for many language contact situations. Code-switching was once viewed as a sign of poor education, but it is now understood to be an indication of proficiency in the two different languages that a speaker uses. Fluent Louisiana French speakers
951:
Beginning in the 1990s, various signage, packaging, and documentation in French became present throughout the state. State and local tourism bureau commissions were influential in convincing city, parish and state officials to produce bilingual signage and documentation. French and English bilingual
888:
Back on the home front, many Cajun civilians united with other Anglo-Americans to support the war effort by volunteering as air raid wardens, plane spotters, firefighters, auxiliary policemen, nursing aides, as well as participating in bond, stamp, and scrap drives. These activities which the Cajuns
860:
The punishment system (which was not dissimilar to the manner in which children attempting to speak both immigrant and indigenous languages other than English were dealt with in schools elsewhere in North America) seems to have been responsible for much of the decay that Louisiana French experienced
5843:
Dargo, George; de Laussat, Pierre Clement; Pastwa, Agnes-Josephine; Bush, Robert D. (November 1978). "Memoirs of My Life to My Son During the Years 1803 and After, Which I Spent in Public Service in Louisiana as Commissioner of the French Government for the Retrocession to France of That Colony and
2858:
cattle grazers as well as rice and cotton farmers. Along the bayous and the Louisiana littoral, sugar cane cultivation dominated and in many parishes today, sugar cultivation remains an important source of economy. Informal Louisiana French can at least be divided further into three core varieties:
2722:
One time he was driving, he was working eight days on and six days off. And he was driving, y'know, six days off. It would take him twenty-four hours straight through. And he would stay here four days and then go back. So when the second time came, well, he said, "If you don't come," he said, "I'm
1221:
are also Louisiana French speakers. With this in mind, a marked decline in the number of French speakers in Texas has been noticed in the last half of the twentieth century. For example, at one point the French-speaking population of Jefferson County was 24,049 as compared to the mere 1,922 today.
3515:
Louisiana French consonants do not show severe differences from Metropolitan French consonants, except that unlike most of French spoken varieties, which use uvular varieties of r ; Louisiana French uses the Classic alveolar trill or flap , just like in Spanish, Italian, and several other Romance
831:
reversed the previous language rights and banned the teaching of French in all public schools. The constitution established English as the official language of Louisiana, which pushed French out of New Orleans to its current location in southwestern parts of the state. The education and religious
818:
The 1864 Louisiana constitution abandoned the dual language requirement and directed public instruction to be conducted in English, although Article 128 prohibited the state from barring French speakers from public office. The post-Civil War constitution of 1868 further stated that "no laws shall
2790:
Francophones and creolophones have worked side-by-side, lived among one another, and have enjoyed local festivities together throughout the history of the state. As a result, in regions where both Louisiana French and Louisiana Creole are or used to be spoken, the inhabitants of the region often
2857:
Probably the widely used variety of the language, informal Louisiana French has its roots in agrarian Louisiana, but it is now also found in urban centers because of urbanization beginning in the 20th century. Historically, along the prairies of southwest Louisiana, francophone Louisianans were
1126:
argues that the state of Louisiana's shift, from an anti-French stance to one of soft promotion has been of great importance to the survival of the language. The article states that it is advantageous to invigorate the revival of the language, to better cherish the state's rich heritage, and to
943:
the first dictionary devoted to "Cajun French". Once considered an authority on the language, it is however not exhaustive; it omits alternate spellings and synonyms that Father Daigle deemed "perversions" of the language but are nonetheless popular among so-called Louisiana French speakers and
884:
The war compelled many Cajun people to leave their home state of Louisiana for the first time and serve in the military. Cajun GIs most of whom could neither speak nor understand English encountered solely English-speaking Americans, but learned it in order to serve and survive in the military.
1149:
Grassroots initiatives remain popular among francophone subsections of Louisianian society, often organized through online platforms such as Facebook. French-language initiatives founded in the late 2010s and early 2020s include Télé-Louisiane, a multimedia platform; Charrer-Veiller, a podcast
5062:
The Consortium of Louisiana Universities and Colleges unites representatives of French programs in Louisiana universities and colleges, and organizes post-secondary level francophone scholastic exchanges and provide support for university students studying French language and linguistics in
1992:
Such contraction avoidance is a purely oral phenomenon, and written registers in Louisiana do not highly differ from Standard French. In novels, newspapers, government documents, plays, letters, etc., written from the colonial era to the early twentieth century, it would be unusual to see
1233:
Despite ample time for Louisiana French to diverge, the basic grammatical core of the language remains similar or the same as Standard French. Even so, it can be expected that the language would begin to diverge due to the various influences of neighboring languages, changing francophone
732:
Eventually, with the consistent relations built between the Native American tribes and francophones, new vocabulary was adopted into the colonial language. For example, something of a "French-Choctaw patois" is said to have developed primarily among Louisiana's Afro-French population and
4212:, and Louisiana French rock. As of today, Old French music, Creole stomp, and Louisiana French rock remain the only three genres of music in Louisiana using French instead of English. Most "Cajun" artists have expressions and phrases in French in songs, predominantly sung in English.
1183:
In Texas, as of 2010, the French-speaking population was 55,773, though many of these were likely to be immigrants from France or other French-speaking countries who moved to cities and suburbs all over the state. Nevertheless, in the rural eastern-southeastern Texas counties of
4200:), are still found throughout the state. During their rituals for healing, they use secret French prayers to God or saints for a speedy recovery. These healers are mostly Catholic and do not expect compensation or even thanks, as it is said that then, the cure will not work.
1093:
Many young adults are learning enough French to understand French music lyrics. Also, there is now a trend to use French-language websites to learn the dialect. Culinary words and terms of endearment such as "cher" (dear) and "nonc" (uncle) are still heard among otherwise
6467:"Le problème de la démarcation des variétés de langues en Louisiane: étiquettes et usages linguistiques." Le français en Amérique du nord: état présent. Ed. Albert Valdman, Julie Auger, and Deborah Piston-Hatlen. Québec: Les Presses de l'Université de Laval, 2005. 349-367.
2832:
In 2009, Iberia Parish native and activist Christophe Landry introduced three terms representing lexical differences based on Louisiana topography: Provincial Louisiana French (PLF), Fluvial Louisiana French (FLF), and Urban Louisiana French (ULF). That same year, the
437:
origin, sometimes giving it linguistic features found only in Louisiana. Louisiana French differs to varying extents from French dialects spoken in other regions, but Louisiana French is mutually intelligible with other dialects and is most closely related to those of
2825:, introduced using the term "Cajun French" for Acadian-Creoles and French Creoles who identified as Cajun, for which he created a curriculum guide for institutionalizing the language in schools in 1977. Roman Catholic Priest Jules O. Daigle, who in 1984 published his
1886:, namely of the plural first and second person conjugations which are inflected identically to the third person singular. Not only this, but the inflection of the third person plural verb form has diverged between the form identical to Standard French and the use of
772:, permitted the Acadians to continue to speak their language as well as observe their other cultural practices. The original Acadian community was composed mainly of farmers and fishermen who were able to provide their children with a reasonable amount of schooling.
2203:
From a lexical perspective, Louisiana French differs little from other varieties of French spoken in the world. However, due to the unique history and development of the language, Louisiana French has many words that are unique to it or to select French varieties.
1131:; the only political stance the state of Louisiana makes is that of noninterference. All of this culminates in the fact that outside the extremely southern portions of the state, French remains a secondary language that retains heavy cultural and identity values.
836:
in which class was conducted in French. Derogatory terms and phrases were used by English speakers to put social pressure on French speakers ("Don't speak Cajun. Speak White!"), a sentiment later criticized by the Québécois poet Michèle Lalonde's in her 1974 poem
1176:
Reliable counts of speakers of Louisiana French are difficult to obtain as distinct from other varieties of French. However, the vast majority of native residents of Louisiana and east and southeast Texas who speak French are likely speakers of Louisiana French.
5821:
Travels through that part of North America formerly called Louisiana. / By Mr. Bossu, Captain in the French Marines. Translated from the French by John Reinhold Forster, F.A.S. Illustrated with notes relative chiefly to natural history. To which is added by the
2837:, was published. It was edited by a coalition of linguists and other activists. The title clearly suggests that the ethno-racial identities are mapped onto the languages, but the language, at least linguistically, remains shared across those ethno-racial lines.
2948:
Some activists and linguists attribute the feature to an inheritance of Acadian French spoken in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, a theory based entirely on observation of shared vocal features, rather than the communities being linked by
756:
relatives, the family began conversing in "French and Choctaw." Additional witness to this variety of French comes from J.F.H. Claiborne, a cousin of Louisiana's first American Governor, who also noted the "unusual patois of provincial French and Choctaw."
1216:
alone—areas where it can be reasonably presumed that almost all French speakers are Louisiana French speakers—the total French-speaking population was composed of 3,400 individuals. It is likely a substantial portion of the 14,493 speakers in Houston's
597:
indigenous to Louisiana and spoken across racial lines. In Louisiana, language labels are often conflated with ethnic labels, and Cajun-identified speakers might therefore call their language "Cajun French" even when linguists would identify it as
2873:
The phonology of these varieties, apart from some minor distinctions, are rather similar and distinct in comparison to the international francophone community. A key feature of the dialect would likely be the pronunciation of the letter "r" as an
814:
to produce what we know as Louisiana French. The 1845 Louisiana constitution permitted any legislator to address the body in either English or French, and the 1845 and 1852 constitutions required all laws to be written in both English and French.
2988:
often hews closer to French from Canada and France, due to its relatively recent settlement by French immigrants and low settlement by Acadian refugees compared to other parts of Acadiana. Distinct features include optional affrication of
6652:
Albert Valdman. "Recherches lexicographiques sur le français régional de Louisiane." Le français des Dictionnaires. L'autre versant de la lexicographie française. Claudine Bavoux. Brussels: Champs linguistiques Université de Boeck, 2008:
4256:
Today one can find many local groups dedicated to practicing Louisiana French regularly, usually over a meal with other interested parties. Many of said groups can be found through the online Cajun French Virtual Table Française:
6524:
Constantino Ghini et al. Statewide CODOFIL Program of French Instruction in the Elementary Grades, 1974-75, Evaluation Report. Baton Rouge and New Orleans: Ghini & Associates and Louisiana State Department of Education,
1106:
6452:
Sylvie Dubois, William Gautreau, Howard Margot, Megan Melançon, Tracy Veler. "The Quality of French Spoken in Louisiana: Linguistic Attitudes toward the Varieties of French in Cajun Communities." SECOL Review 19, 1995:
853:, to teach in English, new teachers, who could not speak French, were hired. Children could not understand their teachers and generally ignored them by continuing to speak French. Eventually, children were subjected to
6633:
Sylvie Dubois, William Gautreau, Howard Margot, Megan Melançon, Tracy Veler. "The Quality of French Spoken in Louisiana: Linguistic Attitudes toward the Varieties of French in Cajun Communities."SECOL Review 19, 1995:
3002:
have historically been centers of trade and commerce with contact with French-speakers from Europe, it is regarded as a more conservative variety of the language. Areas in which the formal variety can be heard include
6573:
Cécyle Trépanier and Dean Louder. "Fieldwork in French Louisiana. A Quebec perspective." Field Accounts from French Louisiana. Ed. Jacques Henry and Sara Le Ménéstrel. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2009:
1127:
protect a francophone minority that has suffered greatly from negligence by political and religious leaders. Furthermore, the university's article claims that it is CODOFIL rather than the state itself which sets
2763:
Saturday afternoon we would go ... wring the chicken's neck. And on Sunday, well, Sunday, that was our best day for eating well. My mother would freeze some chicken and we would have some poutine of croquettes.
2629:
6439:
Albert Valdman, Kevin James Rottet, Margaret M. Marshall et al. The Dictionary of Louisiana French: As spoken in Cajun, Creole and American Indian communities. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi,
2534:
2559:
2604:
752:
speaking this "common language." This unusual blend of French was also noticed by Pierre-Clement de Laussat during a lunch visit with the Creole-French Canterelle family. Upon the arrival of their
5569:
2583:
2506:
6497:
Marie-Ginette Baillargeon. "A marriage of convenience: Quebec's influence on the rise of the Council for the Development of French in Louisiana. Diss. University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2008.
2653:
6643:"French dialects of Louisiana: A revised typology. Paper read at the Colloquium on French in the United States/Colloque sur le français aux Etats-Unis." Indiana University, April 22–24, 2003.
2056:. In informal Louisiana French, most US states and countries are pronounced as in English and therefore require no article but in formal Louisiana French, prefixed articles are absent:
6624:
Sylvie Dubois and Megan Melançon. "Creole is. Creole ain't. Diachronic and Synchronic attitudes toward Creole identity in southern Louisiana. Language in Society 29(2), 2000: 237-258.
511:. Some of the Acadiana parishes register francophone populations of 10% or more of the total, with a select few (such as Vermilion, Evangeline and St. Martin Parishes) exceeding 15%.
1168:, it is likely Louisiana French will continue to evolve in this manner, with some traditionally Louisianian words and linguistic features being retained while others slowly fade.
7509:
6887:
Dana David. "A Vernacular Healing System: Reinventing the Circle with Cadien Treaters." Science and Religion: Global Perspectives. Philadelphia, PA: Metanexis Institute, 2005.
2913:." The nasality and pitch of the language is akin to that associated with provincial speech in Québec. In terms of nasality, Louisiana French is similar to French spoken in
1505:
Immediately some distinct characteristics of Louisiana French can be gleaned from its personal pronouns. For example, the traditional third-person singular feminine pronoun
6238:
1180:
In Louisiana, as of 2010, the population of French speakers was approximately 115,183. These populations were concentrated most heavily in the southern, coastal parishes.
2829:, followed him. "Cajun French" is intended to imply the French spoken in Louisiana by descendants of Acadians, an ethnic qualifier rather than a linguistic relationship.
1154:, a web gazette. Poetry remains the most popular medium of literary expression, with poets such as Kirby Jambon and Ashlee Michot receiving international attention.
764:
Acadians began to arrive en masse along the Mississippi River as well as eventually arriving all the way to south to the modern-day state of Louisiana following the
5809:
II, John LaFleur (2014-07-02). Louisiana's Creole French People: Our Language, Food & Culture: 500 Years Of Culture (Kindle Locations 359-363). Kindle Edition.
5373:
1041:
6869:
Elizabeth Brandon. Folk Medicine in French Louisiana. In American Folk Medicine, ed. Wayland D. Hand, 213-234. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1976.
1017:
6698:
Robert A. Papen. Louisiana "Cajun" French: A grammatical sketch of the French dialect spoken on Bayou Lafourche (Lafourche Parish). Unpublished manuscript, 1972.
7169:
2937:, who speak a linguistic feature that is absent everywhere else in Louisiana. Some francophones along Bayou Lafourche pronounce the letters "g" and "j" as a
912:
All varieties of French in Louisiana according to the 2015 American Community Survey, including Louisiana French. Parishes marked in yellow are those where
6543:
Michael Hebert. "CODOFIL et l'enseignement du français en Louisiane (CODOFIL and the teaching of French in Louisiana)." Louisiana Review 3(1), 1974: 93-95.
2841:
on. Still other Louisiana francophones will simply refer to their language as French, without qualifiers. Internally, two broad distinctions will be made:
6583:"Language labels and language use among Cajuns and Creoles in Louisiana." Ed. T. Sanchez and U. Horesh. Working papers in linguistics, 9(2), 2003. 77–90.
6427:
Peter A. Machonis. "The Origins and Evolution of French and Creole in Louisiana." The African Diaspora and Creolization. Broward County, FL, 2006: 23-28.
6710:
7502:
5428:
5408:
4563:
2807:
929:
7099:
Parker, J. L. (2019). Second language learning and cultural identity: Reconceptualizing the French curriculum in Louisiana colleges and universities.
3040:
4145:
1225:
Louisiana French-speaking populations can also be found in southern Mississippi and Alabama, as well as pockets in other parts of the United States.
5707:
5550:
3052:
1521:
as it is used to refer to both masculine and feminine subjects. Similarly, all of the other third-person plural pronouns are neutral. The usage of
978:
6662:
John Guilbeau." A Glossary of Variants From Standard French in La Fourche Parish," Master's thesis, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 1936.
6595:
3014:, and other once important francophone business centers in the state. Generally, formal Louisiana French is maintained along strict class lines.
1239:
993:
8130:
6680:
Oukada Larbi. "A Linguistic Study with Descriptive Analysis of Lafourche Parish Dialect," diss., Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 1977.
1146:. Since Louisiana joined the Francophonie, new organizations have launched to help revitalize Louisiana French, including the Nous Foundation.
1143:
8179:
8159:
7495:
728:
by Francois Bernard, 1869, Peabody Museum – Harvard University. The Choctaw people had a great impact on the development of Louisiana French.
2976:
contains the letters "g" and "j," but they are voiced as they are in all other varieties of Louisiana and French that are spoken elsewhere.
6479:
Michael D. Picone. "Enclave Dialect Contradiction: an external overview of Louisiana French." American Speech 72(2), Summer 1997. 117-153.
5954:
901:, which has been regarded as "probably the first complete study of a Louisiana French dialect". Conwell focused on the French spoken in
7162:
6506:
Becky Brown. "The Development of a Louisiana French Norm." French and Creole in Louisiana. Ed. Albert Valdman. Springer, 1997: 215-220.
2921:. The pitch of Provincial Louisiana French and Provincial Quebec French share a predominantly agricultural history, close contact with
1029:
768:. In 1762, France relinquished their territorial claims to Spain just as Acadians had begun to arrive; despite this, Spanish Governor
6878:
Ellen M. Daigle. Traiteurs and Their Power of Healing: The Story of Doris Bergeron. Louisiana Folklore Miscellany 6 (4), 1991: 43-48.
1234:
demographics, and unstable opportunities for education. Furthermore, Louisiana French lacks any official regulating body unlike the
1142:
In October 2018, through an initiative launched by Scott Tilton and Rudy Bazenet, Louisiana became the first U.S. state to join the
5174:
4063:
The four nasal vowels have evolved according to their own pattern, similarly, but not the same way, to French spoken by Haitians:
1005:
6246:
3634:'kitchen, cuisine'. This may apply more to Evangeline parish and nearby areas, but has also been cited as a widespread feature.
897:
Marilyn J. Conwell of Pennsylvania State University conducted a study of Louisiana French in 1959 and published in 1963 the book
846:
864:
As of 2007, there were questions whether the Louisiana French language would survive into another generation. Some residents of
8169:
6534:
Joe L. Green. "The Louisiana Cajuns: the Quest for Identity through Education." Theory Into Practice 20(1), Winter 1981: 63-69.
3575:
In Evangeline parish and nearby areas, dental stops may be affricated before high front vowels and semivowels: in other words,
6071:
8164:
7155:
7093:
6394:
6369:
6039:
5787:
3738:
3462:
786:, which was taught in French by an older member of the community. The educational system did not allow for much contact with
430:
7121:
4511:
As of autumn 2011, Louisiana had French-language total immersion or bilingual French and English immersion in ten parishes:
3999:
is also either weakened or dropped in word-final positions after a vowel, leaving behind a lengthened vowel (e.g., → → ).
3539:
Like in several colloquial varieties of French, some consonant clusters are reduced, especially the ones having the liquids
806:, bringing large numbers of francophones speaking something more similar to today's Metropolitan French. Over time, through
7376:
6342:
5403:
5147:
841:" ("Speak white... be civilized"). The French schools worked to emphasize Standard French, which they considered to be the
6561:
Anne L. Simon. "CODOFIL: A case study of an ethnic interest group." MA Thesis, University of Southwestern Louisiana, 1977.
6418:
Thomas A. Klingler. If I could turn my tongue like that: the Creole of Pointe-Coupée Parish. Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 2003.
1928:
Unlike Standard French, vernacular Louisiana French may avoid article-preposition contractions involving the prepositions
3469:
3431:
749:
6856:
466:
6936:
5683:
5658:
5534:
5137:
5132:
4540:
4006:
distinction seldom exists in Louisiana French. However, a is usually pronounced when making up the diphthong , before
3747:
2922:
5244:
670:
7079:
7065:
7051:
7037:
7023:
7009:
5737:
5152:
5127:
4174:
3121:
3095:
2777:
2737:
1513:
which is chosen by some authors since it more closely approximates speakers' pronunciation. Also, use of the pronoun
642:
6689:
Nathalie Dajko. Ethnic and Geographic Variation in the French of the Lafourche Basin. Diss. Tulane University, 2009.
5649:
Klingler, Thomas A. (2009). "How much Acadian is there in Cajun?". In Mathis-Mosen, Ursula; Beschof, Günter (eds.).
3103:
7130:
6409:
Ingrid Neumann. Le Créole de Breaux Bridge, Louisiane. Etude morphosyntaxique, textes, vocabulaire. H. Buske, 1985.
3369:
3306:
2817:
Simultaneously, an ethnic movement took root in southern Louisiana led by Acadian-Creoles like James Donald Faulk,
373:
8184:
3802:
3761:
3355:
5162:
5122:
5067:
3796:
3099:
1533:
In order to demonstrate the use of some of the indicative verb tenses in Louisiana French, take the example of
984:
358:
6269:
7736:
7455:
7139:
6896:
Marcia Gaudet and James C. McDonald, ed. Mardi Gras, Gumbo and Zydeco. University Press of Mississippi, 2003.
6718:
6552:
Jacques Henry. "Le CODOFIL dans le mouvement francophone en Louisiane." Présence francophone 43, 1993: 25-46.
5117:
5102:
4442:
3816:
3768:
3408:
3330:
1912:
The present progressive tense of Louisiana French initially appears alien as compared to Standard French but
594:
415:
6671:"The French Spoken in La Fourche Parish, Louisiana," diss., University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1950.
6515:
James Harvey Domengeaux. "Native-Born Acadians and the Equal Ideal."Louisiana Law Review 46(151), 1985-1986.
7954:
4536:
4524:
4520:
3809:
3782:
3394:
3362:
2985:
666:
658:
654:
634:
622:
340:
220:
17:
8046:
7907:
7661:
4118:
4087:
4083:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4007:
4003:
3996:
3992:
3985:
3645:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3540:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3509:
2990:
2878:
2016:
Place names in Louisiana French may differ from those in Standard French. For instance, locales named for
1139:
senators and representatives as it asserts that the French language is vital to the economy of the state.
872:
though, having learned French at home and English in school. Currently, Louisiana French is considered an
794:
has had a large impact on the development of Louisiana French but this has generally been over-estimated.
7706:
7656:
7224:
4544:
4532:
4512:
3822:
3708:
3378:
2938:
1222:
Likewise, in Harris County the French-speaking population has shifted from 26,796 to 14,493 individuals.
674:
650:
646:
626:
618:
7716:
5554:
570:) is generally regarded as more accurate and inclusive than "Cajun French" and is the preferred term by
7800:
7244:
7239:
7203:
6927:
Gess, Randall; Lyche, Chantal; Meisenburg, Trudel (2012). "'Cajun' French in a non-Acadian Community".
6603:
5092:
5082:
3836:
3438:
3229:
3011:
2195:
frequently alternate between French, English, and Creole, but less proficient speakers usually do not.
965:
662:
7785:
7435:
6929:
Phonological Variation in French: Illustrations from Three Continents (Studies in Language Variation)
5890:
Mississippi: the Province, the Territory and the State, with Biographical Notices of Eminent Citizens
5157:
5112:
5097:
5072:
3845:
3715:
3401:
2952:
On the other hand, it has been suggested that there may be a linguistic link to the Spanish-speaking
630:
606:
of various backgrounds (including Cajuns) do not speak Louisiana Creole but rather Louisiana French.
493:
391:
168:
153:
7948:
6964:
Picone, Michael D. (1997). "Enclave Dialect Contraction: An External Overview of Louisiana French".
6488:
Michael D. Picone. "Anglophone slaves in Francophone Louisiana." American Speech 2003 78(4):404-433.
6326:
5436:
8174:
5107:
4528:
4516:
3724:
3236:
3084:
969:
638:
610:
501:
352:
7748:
7566:
7561:
7518:
7234:
5676:
If I could turn my tongue like that : the Creole language of Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana
4570:
is the parent-teacher organization for students in French immersion in the state which organizes
3263:
3245:
3088:
1235:
1189:
1164:
Given increased levels of education in Standard French and greater exposure to the international
614:
603:
519:
472:
245:
173:
163:
143:
115:
107:
5551:"Percentage Speaking a Language Other Than English at Home by English-Speaking Ability by State"
7937:
6948:
Speaking In Tongues, Louisiana's Colonial French, Creole & Cajun Languages Tell Their Story
6321:
6143:
5922:
5254:
4208:
Louisiana French has been the traditional language for singing music now referred to as Cajun,
3007:
2897:." Likewise, the letter "é" preceding "o" frequently erodes in the spoken informal varieties: "
2885:
like in Standard French. Vowels are commonly omitted from the beginning and end of for words: "
2045:
2017:
1193:
828:
703:
691:
240:
8012:
7104:
6219:
6204:
3607:
are then pronounced , , , , , , , . The degree of palatalization depends on the speaker; e.g.
2953:
8136:
8023:
7912:
7819:
4156:
3512:
is rarely used in practice, and is typically reduced to with the preceding vowel nasalized.
3487:
3418:
3270:
3192:
3185:
1209:
961:
936:
225:
6823:
1905:
often omitted regardless of the presence of a following vowel as well as the regular use of
769:
8033:
7902:
7643:
5527:
Dictionary of Louisiana French: As Spoken in Cajun, Creole, and American Indian Communities
5365:
5335:
5184:
3279:
3199:
2835:
Dictionary of Louisiana French: As Spoken in Cajun, Creole, and American Indian Communities
2049:
1218:
1213:
1201:
1197:
1185:
957:
902:
690:
Starting in the second half of the 17th century, several trading posts were established in
489:
8103:
8006:
7086:
Dictionary of Louisiana French as Spoken in Cajun, Creole, and American Indian Communities
6995:
Dictionary of Louisiana French: As spoken in Cajun, Creole and American Indian communities
5469:
Thomas A. Klingler, Michael Picone and Albert Valdman. "The Lexicon of Louisiana French."
4152:
1118:, a Lafayette musician discussing changing attitudes toward the language and culture, 2013
8:
7922:
7780:
7742:
7571:
7356:
7277:
7178:
5730:
New Perspectives on Language Variety in the South: Historical and Contemporary Approaches
5224:
4556:
3342:
3289:
2973:
1898:
1205:
1115:
873:
854:
707:
497:
403:
399:
31:
8092:
7544:
5593:
1123:
1076:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
178:
8065:
7721:
7683:
7614:
7581:
7487:
7414:
7389:
6981:
6136:
6012:
6004:
5915:
5869:
5701:
5393:
5320:
5179:
5077:
4552:
3206:
3157:
2969:
2965:
2875:
2822:
944:
writers. Though remaining useful today, Daigle's dictionary has been superseded by the
803:
715:
447:
7731:
7384:
4503:
2755:, dimanche ça c'était notre meilleure journée qu'on avait plus de bon manger. Ma mère
721:
331:
8057:
7892:
7760:
7711:
7594:
7267:
7089:
7075:
7061:
7047:
7033:
7019:
7005:
6932:
6390:
6365:
6075:
6035:
6016:
5861:
5783:
5733:
5689:
5679:
5654:
5530:
5219:
5194:
5142:
5087:
3775:
3387:
3319:
3256:
3172:
3162:
2818:
2773:
2733:
1897:
that is common in many aspects of French is accelerated in Louisiana French with the
1561:
811:
737:
Creoles with a large portion of its vocabulary said to be of Native American origin.
158:
7604:
4056:
Front rounded vowels are sometimes unrounded, with becoming , which notably causes
8098:
8052:
8028:
7972:
7960:
7837:
7765:
7609:
7599:
7553:
7262:
7147:
6973:
6079:
6032:
Les Aspects littéraires du biculturalisme aux États-Unis: actes du colloque de 1985
5996:
5853:
5825:
5824:. London: Printed for T. Davies in Russel-Street, Covent Garden. pp. 254–255.
5651:
Acadians and Cajuns: The politics and culture of French minorities in North America
5624:
5378:
5295:
3732:
3638:
3479:
3152:
3147:
2961:
2914:
2882:
2811:
2803:
1894:
850:
842:
599:
590:
148:
85:
63:
4106:), are pronounced and respectively, rather than and as in Modern French; e.g.
3018:
vary from European to the North American varieties of French. Use of the pronouns
2791:
code-switch, beginning the sentence in one language and completing it in another.
8086:
8018:
7988:
7887:
7810:
7790:
7770:
7624:
7533:
7404:
7314:
7305:
7254:
7187:
6055:
5777:
5503:
5398:
5388:
5327:
5239:
5204:
4559:
program follows the same standards as all other schools in the parish and state.
4193:
3755:
3637:
In some mesolects, just like in Haitian Creole, general pronunciation may become
3179:
3167:
2941:, but others pronounce the two letters in the manner of most other francophones.
2934:
2714:, il dit, "Moi, si tu viens pas," il dit, "je vas pas." Ça fait que là j'ai été.
2520:
2478:
1128:
952:
signage is, therefore, usually confined to the old districts of cities, like the
869:
833:
807:
787:
745:
695:
563:
451:
443:
439:
407:
345:
183:
135:
7678:
7399:
7361:
5754:
1882:
Some minor simplification of tenses is exhibited in the conjugation of the verb
8123:
7942:
7932:
7775:
7726:
7673:
7650:
7633:
7589:
7430:
7409:
7366:
7344:
7272:
7208:
7195:
5888:
5383:
5305:
5290:
5249:
5229:
4548:
3790:
3216:
2918:
2191:
1158:
953:
791:
765:
761:
551:
539:
457:
Historically, most works of media and literature produced in Louisiana—such as
434:
426:
7847:
6000:
5629:
5612:
4574:, fundraisers and outreach for teachers, parents and students in the program.
2723:
not going." So I went. Boy! His poor mother. "Don't go!" she said. "Don't go!"
514:
French is spoken across ethnic and racial lines by people who may identify as
8153:
7927:
7754:
7688:
7668:
7476:
7322:
7295:
7229:
6312:
Louder, Dean; LeBlanc, Michael (September 1979). "The Cajuns of East Texas".
5865:
5693:
5300:
5234:
5214:
5199:
3991:
In Louisiana French, is frequently lowered to either or , especially after
3674:
3451:
3348:
3295:
3222:
1095:
535:
531:
255:
93:
75:
5829:
5057:
7917:
7795:
7290:
6905:
Rick Olivier and Ben Samdel. Zydeco! University Press of Mississippi, 1999.
6270:"Louisiana Joins International Organization of French-speaking Governments"
5775:
5345:
5315:
5280:
5267:
5189:
4238:
Louisiana Creole Families/Bastille Day Celebration, Ville Platte, Louisiana
2044:) is used with such locations. This trend seems to vary by region since in
753:
575:
550:
among others. For these reasons, as well as the relatively small influence
527:
422:
235:
5455:
Louisiana Studies: Literature, Customs and Dialects, History and Education
4566:(CODOFIL) recruits teachers locally and globally each year. Additionally,
4049:
Like in Quebec French, may become laxed , depending on the speaker; e.g.
3988:
when followed by a nasal consonant, or if a following was nasalized to .
744:
people in Louisiana, the French of Louisiana had already begun to undergo
586:
discourse by speakers of the language and other inhabitants of Louisiana.
315:
8040:
7842:
6740:
6738:
6736:
5285:
5272:
5209:
4571:
4244:
Louisiana State University Night of French Cinema, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
3954:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3912:
3905:
3898:
3892:
3884:
3877:
3864:
3702:
3694:
3687:
3669:
3003:
2481:, with "un soulier" used formally and other expressions used informally.
1136:
838:
776:
571:
507:
however, with the majority residing in the south-central region known as
89:
7852:
6060:(in French). University of Southwestern Louisiana. 1986. pp. 10–12.
5755:"Language labels and language use among Cajuns and Creoles in Louisiana"
948:(2010), edited by Albert Valdman and other authorities on the language.
908:
802:
French immigration continued in the 19th century until the start of the
367:
8000:
7871:
7865:
7858:
7282:
6008:
5984:
5873:
5819:
Bossu; Forster, Johann Reinhold; Linné, Carl von; Löfling, Per (1771).
5726:"Beyond Cajun: Toward an Expanded View of Regional French in Louisiana"
5570:"Curious Louisiana: 'How many people speak Cajun French' in our state?"
5340:
5310:
5259:
3948:
3869:
3830:
3679:
748:
as noted by Captain Jean-Bernard Bossu who traveled with and witnessed
523:
496:
estimated that 3.5% of Louisianans over the age of 5 spoke French or a
250:
57:
6985:
6733:
5728:. In Picone, Michael D.; Evans Davies, Catherine Evans Davies (eds.).
5504:
Language labels and language use among Cajuns and Creoles in Louisiana
7831:
7016:
Tonnerre mes chiens! A glossary of Louisiana French figures of speech
4412:
3920:
783:
411:
324:
308:
295:
230:
6825:
A Phonological Analysis of the French of the Swords, Louisiana, Area
6757:
6755:
6753:
5857:
3073:
6977:
4461:
1509:
of Standard French is present but also there is the alternative of
865:
780:
741:
508:
6914:
Michael Tisserand. The Kingdom of Zydeco. Arcade Publishers, 1998.
6788:
5725:
4303:
Paul and Lulu Hilliard University Art Museum, Lafayette, Louisiana
4232:
Association louisianaise des clubs français des écoles secondaires
547:
7825:
6750:
5732:. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press. pp. 627–640.
4567:
4448:
4436:
4418:
3630:
are optionally affricated , , , , depending on the speaker; e.g.
2799:
Taxonomies for classing Louisiana French have changed over time.
543:
410:. As of today Louisiana French is primarily used in the state of
6290:
5168:
4241:
Bastille Day Fête, New Orleans Art Museum, New Orleans Louisiana
421:
Over the centuries, the language has incorporated some words of
7994:
7982:
7965:
7699:
7460:
7339:
7332:
6945:
4330:
Ascension Parish Library Galvez Branch, Prairieville, Louisiana
4209:
711:
515:
111:
6173:"CODOFIL - Council for the Development of French in Louisiana"
5776:
Ammon, Ulrich; International Sociological Association (1989).
4360:
7897:
7694:
7638:
7349:
7327:
6839:
6837:
6835:
5482:
Christophe Landry. "Francophone Louisiana: more than Cajun."
4273:
LSU Community Education Building Room C117, Eunice, Louisiana
2956:
living at the Mississippi River and Bayou Lafourche junction.
583:
97:
7117:
Council for the Development of French in Louisiana (CODOFIL)
6311:
6205:"Louisiane: La politique linguistique actuelle en Louisiane"
2759:
ait de la volaille et on avait de la poutine aux craquettes.
7105:
https://curriculumstudies.org/index.php/CS/article/view/7/3
6800:
6778:
6776:
6774:
6772:
6770:
4498:
4406:
4400:
4394:
2477:† The Louisiana French expression is also used at times in
7116:
6832:
5653:. Innsbruck: Innsbruck University Press. pp. 91–103.
4247:
Rendez-vous des Cajuns, Liberty Theater, Eunice, Louisiana
6475:
6473:
6172:
5842:
5465:
5463:
5058:
CODOFIL Consortium of Louisiana Universities and Colleges
4282:
Acadiana PoBoys & Cajun Cuisine, Lafayette, Louisiana
2933:
Particular mention should be made to the francophones of
7517:
6767:
5818:
5759:
University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics
5374:
List of Louisiana parishes by French-speaking population
1485:
1. the formal second-person singular form is rarely used
1157:
As with other cases of language revitalization (such as
6161:(Master of Arts). University of Southwestern Louisiana.
5937:
Acadian to Cajun: transformation of a people, 1803-1877
5779:
Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties
4351:
French Quarter Cajun Seafood Restaurant, Houston, Texas
4342:
Begnaud House Heritage Visitor Center, Scott, Louisiana
2024:
instead of the masculine or feminine singular articles
6470:
6435:
6433:
5939:. Jackson and London: University Press of Mississippi.
5604:
5460:
4348:
Wetlands Acadian Cultural Center, Thibodaux, Louisiana
3524:
may be pronounced as . This can occasionally apply to
2706:. Et là il restait quatre jours ici et il retournait.
810:
between different ethnic groups, the various dialects
6100:. University Press of Mississippi/Jackson. p. 4.
5985:"The Social Consequences of Writing Louisiana French"
5908:
5906:
5904:
5902:
5900:
1501:
is confined to the southeastern parishes of Louisiana
1150:(defunct as of 2022); LaCréole, another podcast; and
609:
Parishes in which the dialect is still found include
589:
Louisiana French should further not be confused with
7177:
5355:
4300:
Lafayette Public Library South, Lafayette, Louisiana
3046:
19th century Notarial document from St. Martinville.
1525:
with plural pronouns is widespread in the language.
822:
6926:
6794:
6744:
6430:
4551:. The curriculum in both the total French-language
4507:
Parishes offering French immersion programs in 2011
2925:and relative isolation from urbanized populations.
7058:Language Shift in the Coastal Marshes of Louisiana
6220:"Le Français en Louisiane: Le Doubt puis L'Espoir"
6135:
6129:
6127:
5959:Council for the Development of French in Louisiana
5914:
5897:
5409:Council for the Development of French in Louisiana
4564:Council for the Development of French in Louisiana
4318:Carrollton Table Francaise, New Orleans, Louisiana
2808:Council for the Development of French in Louisiana
2052:elderly francophones have often been heard to say
930:Council for the Development of French in Louisiana
464:
47:
6463:
6461:
6459:
6159:CODOFIL: A Case Study of an Ethnic Interest Group
5678:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
5610:
4421:92.5 FM: Ville Platte; “Acadiana's Greatest Hits”
4345:La Lafourche Parish Library, Thibodaux, Louisiana
4333:The Lafourche Central Market, Raceland, Louisiana
1909:as opposed to such avoidance in Standard French.
1517:has supplanted the third-person feminine pronoun
1023:Lafayette Parish Courthouse, Lafayette, Louisiana
27:French variety spoken in Louisiana, United States
8151:
6954:
6817:
6815:
5644:
5642:
5640:
5451:French, Houma: A Primer on Francophone Louisiana
4270:City Cafe on O'Neal Lane, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
3520:'French'. In Terrebonne and Lafourche parishes,
3026:is far more prevalent in this register, whereas
2821:and Jules O. Daigle. Faulk, a French teacher in
7096:Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2010.
6992:
6124:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5492:
5453:. Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 2005. Alcée Fortier.
3058:19th century Newspaper clipping from Thibodaux.
775:However, the hardships after being exiled from
6828:(Master's thesis). Louisiana State University.
6577:
6456:
5473:. Albert Valdman, ed. Springer, 1997. 145-170.
4261:Vermilion Parish Library, Abbeville, Louisiana
1144:Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie
7503:
7163:
6812:
6569:
6567:
6448:
6446:
6378:
6353:
6285:
6283:
6239:"Act 106: Louisiana French Language Services"
6120:. University Press of Mississippi. p. 5.
5637:
5169:Notable French-speaking people from Louisiana
4294:Chez Bi Bi's Patisserie, Lafayette, Louisiana
4235:Francophone Open Microphone, Houma, Louisiana
2484:
7046:by Rev. Msgr. Jules O. Daigle, M.A., S.T.L.
7032:by Rev. Msgr. Jules O. Daigle, M.A., S.T.L.
6389:. New York, N.Y.: Plenum Press. p. 41.
6364:. New York, N.Y.: Plenum Press. p. 40.
6188:
5706:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5489:
4010:and when being the last open syllable; e.g.
2852:
1242:to take part in standardizing the language.
677:, and other parishes of southern Louisiana.
480:
463:, a poetry anthology compiled by a group of
458:
128:77,000 (1.6% of the population). (2022)
8131:varieties with more than 5 million speakers
7122:Allons! An Introduction to Louisiana French
6343:"Les pronoms personnels en français cadien"
5803:
4361:Periodicals, newspapers, & publications
4276:Ascension Parish Library, Galvez, Louisiana
3967:
3102:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2944:Two theories exist to explain the feature:
2058:Californie, Texas, Floride, Belgique, Liban
760:Starting in 1755, large populations of the
398:) is an umbrella term for the dialects and
7510:
7496:
7170:
7156:
6946:LaFleur II, John; Costello, Brian (2013).
6564:
6443:
6280:
5887:Claiborne, John Francis Hamtramck (1880).
4403:1600 AM: Golden Meadow; “The Rajun' Cajun”
4297:Johnston Street Java, Lafayette, Louisiana
3974:Only occurs in words with English origin.
2996:
2806:, a former US Representative, created the
2751:er le cou de la volaille. Et le dimanche,
879:
366:
56:
6325:
5886:
5628:
5595:Three Local Tribes Await Federal Decision
5426:
4315:Victor's Cafeteria, New Iberia, Louisiana
4312:Marrero Senior Center, Marrero, Louisiana
4309:Nanny's Restaurant, Marksville, Louisiana
4306:Restaurant Pamplona, Lafayette, Louisiana
4220:
4175:Learn how and when to remove this message
3122:Learn how and when to remove this message
2964:spoken in Lafourche Parish in and around
1916:possesses the same function signified by
376:where French was commonly spoken in 2011.
7074:by Harry Jannise and Randall P. Whatley
6821:
6267:
6029:
5844:for Its Transfer to the United States".
5752:
5723:
5648:
5567:
5175:Micaela Almonester, Baroness de Pontalba
4930:International High School of New Orleans
4502:
4499:French-language Public School Curriculum
4336:Frog City Travel Plaza, Rayne, Louisiana
4215:
4082:Words pronounced in Classical French as
2747:Le samedi après-midi on allait puis ...
1100:
907:
720:
6843:
6806:
6782:
6761:
6709:Landry, Christophe (October 24, 2010).
6594:Landry, Christophe (October 24, 2010).
6340:
6193:. Ann Arbor, MI: Edwards Brothers, Inc.
6133:
6118:Cajuns: The Americanization of a People
6115:
6098:The Cajuns: Americanization of a People
6095:
6072:"Language Labels (French in Louisiana)"
5921:. The Hague: Mouton & Co. pp.
5912:
5782:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 306–308.
5524:
5457:. New Orleans: Tulane University, 1894.
4480:
4146:not related to the topic of the article
3977:
3969:
3140:Consonant phonemes in Louisiana French
2772:. New York, N.Y.: Plenum Press. p. 41.
2732:. New York, N.Y.: Plenum Press. p. 40.
1240:Office québécois de la langue française
924:of the population speak French at home.
892:
857:for speaking French on school grounds.
14:
8152:
7101:Journal of Curriculum Studies Research
7002:Cajun French Dictionary and Phrasebook
6963:
6957:Living Creole and Speaking It Fluently
6708:
6593:
6236:
6142:. The Hague: Mouton & Co. p.
6091:
6089:
6064:
6034:. Presses Paris Sorbonne. p. 50.
5429:"Louisiana French: L'heritage at Risk"
4327:Java Square Cafe, Opelousas, Louisiana
4324:Le Vieux Village, Opelousas, Louisiana
4321:Keller Library, New Orleans, Louisiana
4288:Blue Moon Saloon, Lafayette, Louisiana
4267:La Madeleine's, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
2702:. Ça le prendrait vingt-quatre heures
1052:
7491:
7151:
7140:Cajun French - Le français cajun, LSU
6993:Valdman, Albert; et al. (2009).
6384:
6359:
6184:
6182:
6156:
6111:
6109:
6107:
5982:
5978:
5976:
5949:
5947:
5945:
5769:
5719:
5717:
5520:
5518:
5516:
4958:Lycée Français de la Nouvelle-Orleans
4902:Ecole Bilingue de la Nouvelle-Orléans
4279:St. James Parish, Gramercy, Louisiana
4251:
2675:
685:
8180:French-American culture in Louisiana
8160:French language in the United States
6268:Hasselle, Della (October 13, 2018).
6225:(in French). regionamerique-apf.org.
5955:"French's Legal Status in Louisiana"
5404:French language in the United States
5148:University of Louisiana at Lafayette
4187:
4128:
4039:can be omitted in fast speech, e.g.
3100:adding citations to reliable sources
3067:
2979:
2785:
1056:
7004:by Clint Bruce and Jennifer Gipson
6715:Latin Louisiana: A Bit of Lagniappe
6600:Latin Louisiana: A Bit of Lagniappe
6243:Latin Louisiana: A Bit of Lagniappe
6237:Landry, Christophe (July 4, 2011).
6217:
6086:
5568:Stickney, Ken (February 19, 2023).
5529:. University Press of Mississippi.
4415:1050 AM: Ville Platte; “The Legend”
4339:The Bernard House, Rayne, Louisiana
4226:Festival International de Louisiane
3979:
2054:la Californie, le Texas, la Floride
1940:"I learned from the grandparents."
726:Choctaw Village near the Chefuncte,
24:
8135:Languages between parentheses are
7030:A Dictionary of the Cajun Language
6997:. University Press of Mississippi.
6920:
6191:A Dictionary of the Cajun Language
6179:
6104:
5973:
5942:
5746:
5714:
5673:
5611:Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid (2014).
5513:
5138:Southern University at New Orleans
5133:Southern University at Baton Rouge
4455:
4397:101.1 FM: Mamou; “Louisiana Proud”
4285:Dwyer's Café, Lafayette, Louisiana
2928:
2090:(le/au bayou) Carencro; St-Pierre
1493:is only present in formal language
1367:il (i'); elle (e') / alle (a'); ça
941:A Dictionary of the Cajun Language
25:
8196:
7110:
6795:Gess, Lyche & Meisenburg 2012
6745:Gess, Lyche & Meisenburg 2012
6207:. Université Laval. May 16, 2008.
5506:." Ed. T. Sanchez and U. Horesh.
5153:University of Louisiana at Monroe
5128:Southeastern Louisiana University
4944:International School of Louisiana
3953:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3911:
3904:
3897:
3844:
3835:
3821:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3795:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3746:
3737:
3723:
3714:
3707:
3486:
3468:
3461:
3437:
3430:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3377:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3329:
3305:
3278:
3269:
3262:
3244:
3235:
3228:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3184:
2283:un tribunal, un palais de justice
2270:un biscuit, un petit gâteau (sec)
2186:
1122:An article written online by the
1011:Mel's Diner, Lafayette, Louisiana
823:Decline in the early 20th century
740:Prior to the late arrival of the
554:has had on the region, the label
7179:Varieties of the French language
7088:, senior editor Albert Valdman.
5427:Cockerham, Sean (July 9, 2022).
5358:
4291:Carpe Diem, Lafayette, Louisiana
4133:
3072:
3051:
3039:
2868:Bayou Lafourche Louisiana French
2827:Dictionary of the Cajun Language
2710:quand la seconde fois ç'a venu,
1061:
1040:
1028:
1016:
1004:
992:
977:
400:varieties of the French language
288:
6908:
6899:
6890:
6881:
6872:
6863:
6849:
6701:
6692:
6683:
6674:
6665:
6656:
6646:
6637:
6627:
6618:
6586:
6555:
6546:
6537:
6528:
6518:
6509:
6500:
6491:
6482:
6421:
6412:
6403:
6334:
6314:Cahiers de Geographie du Quebec
6305:
6261:
6229:
6211:
6197:
6165:
6150:
6048:
6023:
5929:
5880:
5846:The Journal of Southern History
5836:
5812:
5667:
5245:Virginie Amélie Avegno Gautreau
4430:
4409:88.7: Lafayette; “Radio Acadie”
3502:
2686:ait, il travaillait huit jours
2020:usually use the plural article
2011:
1923:
797:
414:, specifically in its southern
8139:of the language on their left.
6387:French and Creole in Louisiana
6362:French and Creole in Louisiana
6293:. MLA Language Map Data Center
5587:
5561:
5543:
5476:
5471:French and Creole in Louisiana
5443:
5420:
5163:Xavier University of Louisiana
5123:Our Lady of Holy Cross College
5068:Centenary College of Louisiana
4264:NuNu's, Arnaudville, Louisiana
2770:French and Creole in Louisiana
2730:French and Creole in Louisiana
2290:dollar (U.S. dollar), currency
946:Dictionary of Louisiana French
790:. It has often been said that
13:
1:
8170:Endangered diaspora languages
7456:French-based creole languages
7072:Conversational Cajun French I
7068:. Peter Lang Publishing, Inc.
5674:A., Klingler, Thomas (2003).
5508:Working papers in linguistics
5414:
5118:Northwestern State University
4776:North Lewis Street Elementary
4568:Les Amis de l'Immersion, Inc.
4443:Louisiana Public Broadcasting
4425:
4229:Festivals Acadiens Et Créoles
4155:or discuss this issue on the
4035:Like other French varieties,
3984:Only used as substitutes for
3134:
2198:
1907:t'es (tu es) and t'as (tu as)
1171:
1096:English-speaking Louisianians
954:French Quarter in New Orleans
568:français régional louisianais
8165:Endangered Romance languages
7285:(England, Wales and Ireland)
7054:. Swallow Publications, Inc.
7040:. Swallow Publications, Inc.
6950:. BookRix GmbH & Co. KG.
6057:Louisiana francophone review
5753:Klingler, Thomas A. (2003).
5724:Klingler, Thomas A. (2015).
4493:
4124:
4032:distinction does not exist.
3063:
2794:
2665:
2662:
2649:
2641:
2638:
2625:
2616:
2613:
2600:
2595:
2592:
2579:
2571:
2568:
2555:
2546:
2543:
2530:
2518:
2515:
2502:
2360:drette-là, asteur, asteur-là
2032:. Likewise, the contraction
1800:vous-autres est après manger
1442:vous / vous-autres / se / s'
1047:Louisiana state welcome sign
935:In 1984, Jules O. Daigle, a
595:French-based creole language
7:
6857:"French language: Spelling"
6822:Sullivan, Margaret (1977).
5983:Brown, Becky (March 1993).
5617:Journal of Language Contact
5351:
4790:S. J. Montgomery Elementary
4467:
3504:
3034:in the informal varieties.
2939:voiceless glottal fricative
1245:
964:(trilingual with Spanish),
10:
8201:
6764:, pp. xxxvii–xxxviii.
6347:Louisiana State University
5486:21(2), Summer 2010: 50-55.
5093:Louisiana State University
5083:Grambling State University
4377:Le Bourdon de la Louisiane
4121:'to fall in love (with)'.
3854:
2802:In 1968, Lafayette native
2718:Sa pauvre mère. "Vas pas!"
2485:Native American influences
1802:vous-autres est apé manger
1457:ils; eux-autres; ça; eusse
1372:le (l'); la (l') / lé (l')
1228:
1152:Le Bourdon de la Louisiane
1035:St. Martinville, Louisiana
680:
29:
8114:
8079:
7880:
7809:
7623:
7580:
7552:
7543:
7526:
7469:
7448:
7423:
7375:
7313:
7304:
7253:
7217:
7194:
7185:
6955:Malveaux, Vivian (2009).
6157:Simon, Anne (1977). "1".
6134:Conwell, Marilyn (1963).
6001:10.1017/S0047404500016924
5935:Brasseaux, Carl A. 1992.
5913:Conwell, Marilyn (1963).
5630:10.1163/19552629-00701006
5484:Louisiana Cultural Vistas
5158:University of New Orleans
5113:Nicholls State University
5098:Louisiana Tech University
5073:Delgado Community College
4588:
4585:
4582:
4579:
3952:
3868:
3863:
3861:
3843:
3773:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3665:
3651:
3478:
3417:
3341:
3288:
3215:
3178:
3144:
2853:Informal Louisiana French
2843:informal Louisiana French
2363:maintenant, tout de suite
2073:
2070:
2067:
1832:
1790:
1748:
1706:
1664:
1622:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1452:
1422:
1392:
1362:
1332:
1302:
1272:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1070:This section needs to be
985:Paul Breaux Middle School
560:Louisiana Regional French
494:American Community Survey
475:-authored novels such as
454:and northwestern France.
372:Blue indicates Louisiana
365:
351:
339:
322:
306:
301:
283:Official language in
281:
276:
213:
132:
122:
103:
81:
71:
55:
46:
41:
7131:Cane River Valley French
6711:"Bayou Lafourche French"
6341:LaFleur, Amanda (2002).
6189:O'Daigle, James (1984).
6138:Louisiana French Grammar
6030:Santraud, J. M. (1986).
5917:Louisiana French Grammar
5525:Valdman, Albert (2009).
5108:McNeese State University
4678:Henry Heights Elementary
4388:
4382:La revue de la Louisiane
4355:
4203:
2698:ait, tu sais, six jours
2596:Algonquian via Mobilian
2310:un gars, un mec, un type
1582:je / j'suis après manger
1528:
899:Louisiana French Grammar
849:all schools, public and
402:spoken traditionally by
388:français de la Louisiane
7519:Gallo-Romance languages
7026:. Renouveau Publishing.
7012:. Hippocrene Books Inc.
6116:Bernard, Shane (2002).
6096:Bernard, Shane (2002).
5830:10.5962/bhl.title.42853
4804:Myrtle Place Elementary
4594:Church Point Elementary
4367:Les éditions Tintamarre
3030:has been supplanted by
2997:Formal Louisiana French
2847:formal Louisiana French
2682:Il y avait une fois il
2642:Illinois via Mobilian:
2121:(les/aux) Natchitoches
2118:(les/aux) Natchitoches
880:Decline in World War II
465:
395:
48:
8185:Languages of Louisiana
5553:. 2007. Archived from
5255:Sidonie de la Houssaye
4508:
4221:French-language events
4197:
2783:
2743:
2018:American Indian tribes
1674:vous êtes après manger
1623:2nd singular informal
1584:je / j'suis apé manger
1303:2nd singular informal
1119:
987:, Lafayette, Louisiana
925:
845:. When the government
829:Louisiana constitution
750:Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne
729:
704:French colonial empire
699:
567:
481:
467:gens de couleur libres
459:
444:Upper Louisiana French
8129:A star (*) indicates
8024:Poitevin-Saintongeais
7955:Labrador Inuit Pidgin
6082:on December 23, 2007.
5613:"Carrefour Louisiane"
5502:Thomas A. Klingler. "
4972:Park Vista Elementary
4832:Evangeline Elementary
4706:Prien Lake Elementary
4506:
4216:Cultural Institutions
4144:may contain material
3561:→ 'possible', astre
2819:Dudley Joseph Leblanc
2744:
2679:
2230:une voiture, une auto
1844:ils sont après manger
1822:vous-autres va manger
1817:vous-autres mangerait
1477:eux-autres; ça; eusse
1113:
999:New Iberia, Louisiana
937:Roman Catholic priest
911:
724:
500:at home. As of 2023,
482:Pouponne et Balthazar
477:L'Habitation St-Ybars
6385:Blyth, Carl (1997).
6360:Blyth, Carl (1997).
5598:, December 8, 2007,
5557:on October 20, 2012.
5366:United States portal
5336:Mabel Sonnier Savoie
4846:Vermilion Elementary
4748:Alfred M. Barbe High
4664:Winbourne Elementary
4481:Multimedia platforms
4153:improve this section
4060:to be rendered as .
4014:'time' (frequence),
3096:improve this section
2466:quoi faire, pourquoi
2177:(le/au) Lac-Charles
2174:(le/au) Lac-Charles
2138:la Nouvelle-Orléans
2135:la Nouvelle-Orléans
2093:Carencro; St-Pierre
1812:vous-autres mangeait
1676:vous êtes apé manger
1665:2nd singular formal
1549:Present Progressive
1537:, meaning "to eat":
1333:2nd singular formal
1268:Disjunctive Pronoun
903:Lafayette, Louisiana
893:Preservation efforts
582:is commonly used in
490:United States Census
49:français louisianais
30:For the people, see
7582:Bourbonnais Creoles
7082:. The Chicot Press.
7060:by Kevin J. Rottet
6846:, pp. xxxviii.
6809:, p. xxxix-xl.
5989:Language in Society
5449:Carl A. Brasseaux,
5225:James R. Domengeaux
5042:Cecilia High School
5028:Cecilia Junior High
4860:Edgar Martin Middle
4608:Pierre Part Primary
3858:
3662:
3141:
2424:tail (of an animal)
2317:eggplant, aubergine
2163:(les/aux) Illinois
2160:(les/aux) Illinois
2110:la Nouvelle-Ibérie
2107:la Nouvelle-Ibérie
2064:
1846:ils sont apé manger
1827:vous-autres mangera
1807:vous-autres a mangé
1758:on est après manger
1716:il est après manger
1053:Recent developments
874:endangered language
855:corporal punishment
498:French-based creole
404:French Louisianians
386:(Louisiana French:
335: Cajun French
221:Proto-Indo-European
32:French Louisianians
7018:by Amanda LaFleur
6747:, p. 282-283.
6596:"Louisiana French"
6019:– via JSTOR.
5510:9(2), 2003. 77–90.
5394:New England French
5321:Plessy v. Ferguson
5180:Barry Jean Ancelet
5078:Dillard University
4888:Audubon Montessori
4874:Paul Breaux Middle
4818:Prairie Elementary
4636:Belle Rose Primary
4622:Pierre Part Middle
4555:as well as in the
4509:
4252:La table française
4198:traiteur/traiteuse
3856:
3660:
3611:'small, little'.
3139:
2876:alveolar consonant
2823:Crowley, Louisiana
2676:English influences
2666:Possibly Atakapa:
2280:une maison de cour
2063:
1969:Louisiana French:
1943:Louisiana French:
1890:in for all verbs.
1467:leur / y'eux / eux
1447:vous-autres (même)
1417:nous-autres (même)
1236:Académie française
1120:
926:
804:American Civil War
770:Bernardo de Gálvez
730:
716:French West Indies
686:Colonial Louisiana
8147:
8146:
8124:extinct languages
8080:Francoprovencalic
8075:
8074:
8058:Wisconsin Walloon
7485:
7484:
7444:
7443:
7286:
7094:978-1-60473-403-4
7044:Cajun Self-Taught
6721:on March 31, 2012
6606:on March 31, 2012
6396:978-0-306-45464-6
6371:978-0-306-45464-6
6249:on March 31, 2012
6076:Tulane University
6041:978-2-904315-30-5
5789:978-0-89925-356-5
5433:The Seattle Times
5277:Christophe Landry
5220:Rodolphe Desdunes
5195:P.G.T. Beauregard
5143:Tulane University
5103:Loyola University
5088:Louisiana College
5055:
5054:
4762:Daspit Elementary
4734:S.J. Welsh Middle
4720:Moss Bluff Middle
4692:Gillis Elementary
4673:East Baton Rouge
4188:Healing practices
4185:
4184:
4177:
3965:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3852:
3851:
3500:
3499:
3132:
3131:
3124:
2986:Evangeline Parish
2980:Evangeline Parish
2923:Amerindian groups
2786:Creole influences
2673:
2672:
2475:
2474:
2453:àyoù, etyoù, éyoù
2184:
2183:
2071:Louisiana French
1997:used in place of
1979:Standard French:
1953:Standard French:
1880:
1879:
1795:vous-autres mange
1760:on est apé manger
1718:il est apé manger
1696:vous allez manger
1632:t'es après manger
1502:
1494:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1111:
1091:
1090:
827:In 1921, the new
602:. Likewise, many
396:françé la lwizyàn
381:
380:
246:Old Gallo-Romance
16:(Redirected from
8192:
8093:Franco-Provençal
8089:/Faetar-Cigliàje
7978:Louisiana French
7973:Louisiana Creole
7786:Saint-Barthélemy
7554:Antillean Creole
7550:
7549:
7512:
7505:
7498:
7489:
7488:
7436:Saint-Barthélemy
7311:
7310:
7284:
7172:
7165:
7158:
7149:
7148:
6998:
6989:
6960:
6951:
6942:
6915:
6912:
6906:
6903:
6897:
6894:
6888:
6885:
6879:
6876:
6870:
6867:
6861:
6860:
6853:
6847:
6841:
6830:
6829:
6819:
6810:
6804:
6798:
6792:
6786:
6785:, p. xxxix.
6780:
6765:
6759:
6748:
6742:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6726:
6717:. Archived from
6705:
6699:
6696:
6690:
6687:
6681:
6678:
6672:
6669:
6663:
6660:
6654:
6650:
6644:
6641:
6635:
6631:
6625:
6622:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6611:
6602:. Archived from
6590:
6584:
6581:
6575:
6571:
6562:
6559:
6553:
6550:
6544:
6541:
6535:
6532:
6526:
6522:
6516:
6513:
6507:
6504:
6498:
6495:
6489:
6486:
6480:
6477:
6468:
6465:
6454:
6450:
6441:
6437:
6428:
6425:
6419:
6416:
6410:
6407:
6401:
6400:
6382:
6376:
6375:
6357:
6351:
6350:
6338:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6309:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6298:
6287:
6278:
6277:
6265:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6254:
6245:. Archived from
6233:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6218:Jacques, Henry.
6215:
6209:
6208:
6201:
6195:
6194:
6186:
6177:
6176:
6169:
6163:
6162:
6154:
6148:
6147:
6141:
6131:
6122:
6121:
6113:
6102:
6101:
6093:
6084:
6083:
6078:. Archived from
6068:
6062:
6061:
6052:
6046:
6045:
6027:
6021:
6020:
5980:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5966:
5951:
5940:
5933:
5927:
5926:
5920:
5910:
5895:
5894:
5884:
5878:
5877:
5840:
5834:
5833:
5816:
5810:
5807:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5796:
5773:
5767:
5766:
5750:
5744:
5743:
5721:
5712:
5711:
5705:
5697:
5671:
5665:
5664:
5646:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5608:
5602:
5591:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5580:
5565:
5559:
5558:
5547:
5541:
5540:
5522:
5511:
5500:
5487:
5480:
5474:
5467:
5458:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5439:on July 9, 2022.
5435:. Archived from
5424:
5379:Louisiana Creole
5368:
5363:
5362:
5361:
5296:Alexandre Mouton
5014:Teche Elementary
4916:Hynes Elementary
4577:
4576:
4541:East Baton Rouge
4180:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4160:
4137:
4136:
4129:
4120:
4116:s'enamourer (de)
4089:
4085:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4009:
4005:
3998:
3994:
3987:
3983:
3973:
3957:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3887:
3880:
3859:
3855:
3848:
3839:
3825:
3819:
3812:
3805:
3799:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3750:
3741:
3727:
3718:
3711:
3697:
3690:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3647:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3614:The velar stops
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3516:languages; e.g.
3511:
3508:
3490:
3472:
3465:
3454:
3441:
3434:
3425:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3381:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3333:
3322:
3309:
3298:
3282:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3248:
3239:
3232:
3225:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3188:
3142:
3138:
3127:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3107:
3076:
3068:
3055:
3043:
2992:
2962:Louisiana Creole
2895:espérer → spérer
2883:uvular consonant
2880:
2812:Georges Pompidou
2804:James Domengeaux
2781:
2741:
2704:straight through
2660:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2489:
2488:
2213:Louisiana French
2207:
2206:
2074:Standard French
2065:
2062:
1540:
1539:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1262:Indirect Object
1256:Subject Pronoun
1250:
1249:
1124:Université Laval
1112:
1086:
1083:
1077:
1065:
1064:
1057:
1044:
1032:
1020:
1008:
996:
981:
923:
919:
915:
843:prestige dialect
834:Catholic schools
600:Louisiana Creole
591:Louisiana Creole
556:Louisiana French
484:
470:
462:
392:Louisiana Creole
384:Louisiana French
370:
361:
334:
318:
311:
294:
292:
291:
189:Louisiana French
138:
108:Louisiana French
96:), southeastern
86:French Louisiana
64:French Louisiana
60:
51:
42:Louisiana French
39:
38:
21:
8200:
8199:
8195:
8194:
8193:
8191:
8190:
8189:
8175:French dialects
8150:
8149:
8148:
8143:
8142:
8110:
8071:
7989:Moselle Romance
7949:Karipúna Creole
7876:
7805:
7717:Franco-Ontarian
7619:
7576:
7539:
7534:Canadian French
7522:
7516:
7486:
7481:
7465:
7440:
7419:
7371:
7300:
7249:
7213:
7190:
7188:Standard French
7181:
7176:
7145:
7113:
7103:, 1(1), 33-42.
6966:American Speech
6939:
6923:
6921:Further reading
6918:
6913:
6909:
6904:
6900:
6895:
6891:
6886:
6882:
6877:
6873:
6868:
6864:
6855:
6854:
6850:
6842:
6833:
6820:
6813:
6805:
6801:
6793:
6789:
6781:
6768:
6760:
6751:
6743:
6734:
6724:
6722:
6706:
6702:
6697:
6693:
6688:
6684:
6679:
6675:
6670:
6666:
6661:
6657:
6651:
6647:
6642:
6638:
6632:
6628:
6623:
6619:
6609:
6607:
6591:
6587:
6582:
6578:
6572:
6565:
6560:
6556:
6551:
6547:
6542:
6538:
6533:
6529:
6523:
6519:
6514:
6510:
6505:
6501:
6496:
6492:
6487:
6483:
6478:
6471:
6466:
6457:
6451:
6444:
6438:
6431:
6426:
6422:
6417:
6413:
6408:
6404:
6397:
6383:
6379:
6372:
6358:
6354:
6339:
6335:
6327:10.1.1.549.2871
6310:
6306:
6296:
6294:
6289:
6288:
6281:
6266:
6262:
6252:
6250:
6234:
6230:
6222:
6216:
6212:
6203:
6202:
6198:
6187:
6180:
6171:
6170:
6166:
6155:
6151:
6132:
6125:
6114:
6105:
6094:
6087:
6070:
6069:
6065:
6054:
6053:
6049:
6042:
6028:
6024:
5981:
5974:
5964:
5962:
5961:. March 6, 2015
5953:
5952:
5943:
5934:
5930:
5911:
5898:
5885:
5881:
5858:10.2307/2207622
5841:
5837:
5817:
5813:
5808:
5804:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5774:
5770:
5751:
5747:
5740:
5722:
5715:
5699:
5698:
5686:
5672:
5668:
5661:
5647:
5638:
5609:
5605:
5592:
5588:
5578:
5576:
5566:
5562:
5549:
5548:
5544:
5537:
5523:
5514:
5501:
5490:
5481:
5477:
5468:
5461:
5448:
5444:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5399:American French
5389:Missouri French
5364:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5328:Zachary Richard
5264:John LaFleur II
5240:Canray Fontenot
5205:Clifton Chenier
5185:Étienne de Boré
5171:
5060:
5000:Cecilia Primary
4650:Assumption High
4501:
4496:
4483:
4473:Charrer-Veiller
4470:
4458:
4456:Cable/satellite
4433:
4428:
4391:
4363:
4358:
4254:
4223:
4218:
4206:
4190:
4181:
4170:
4164:
4161:
4150:
4138:
4134:
4127:
4119:/sɑ̃namure(də)/
4046:→ → 'I can'.
4027:maître - mettre
3883:
3876:
3693:
3686:
3654:
3648:→ 'to speak'.
3450:
3423:
3386:
3347:
3318:
3294:
3255:
3221:
3156:
3137:
3128:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3093:
3077:
3066:
3059:
3056:
3047:
3044:
3012:St. Martinville
2999:
2982:
2935:Bayou Lafourche
2931:
2929:Bayou Lafourche
2855:
2797:
2788:
2782:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2742:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2678:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2487:
2479:Canadian French
2450:where, where to
2440:guetter, garder
2390:un raton-laveur
2371:possum, opossum
2357:now (right now)
2257:un poisson-chat
2216:Standard French
2201:
2189:
2149:(les/aux) Arcs
2146:(les/aux) Arcs
2014:
1966:"the skylight"
1949:grand-parents."
1926:
1870:ils vont manger
1864:
1863:ils mangeraient
1857:
1845:
1838:
1801:
1759:
1717:
1681:vous avez mangé
1675:
1634:t'es apé manger
1633:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1583:
1576:
1531:
1495:
1487:
1248:
1231:
1174:
1129:language policy
1114:Interview with
1101:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1045:
1036:
1033:
1024:
1021:
1012:
1009:
1000:
997:
988:
982:
966:St. Martinville
921:
917:
913:
895:
882:
825:
800:
788:Standard French
762:French-speaking
700:Basse-Louisiane
692:Lower Louisiana
688:
683:
643:Jefferson Davis
576:anthropologists
431:Native American
408:Lower Louisiana
377:
357:
330:
314:
307:
289:
287:
284:
277:Official status
272:
216:
209:
154:Latino-Faliscan
139:
136:Language family
134:
125:
124:Native speakers
67:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8198:
8188:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8145:
8144:
8141:
8140:
8133:
8127:
8116:
8115:
8112:
8111:
8109:
8108:
8107:
8106:
8101:
8090:
8083:
8081:
8077:
8076:
8073:
8072:
8070:
8069:
8062:
8061:
8060:
8050:
8043:
8038:
8037:
8036:
8031:
8021:
8016:
8009:
8004:
7997:
7992:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7969:
7968:
7958:
7951:
7946:
7943:Haitian Creole
7940:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7915:
7913:Burundi Pidgin
7910:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7884:
7882:
7878:
7877:
7875:
7874:
7869:
7862:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7828:
7823:
7815:
7813:
7807:
7806:
7804:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7751:
7746:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7703:
7702:
7697:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7665:
7664:
7659:
7648:
7647:
7646:
7641:
7630:
7628:
7621:
7620:
7618:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7586:
7584:
7578:
7577:
7575:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7558:
7556:
7547:
7541:
7540:
7538:
7537:
7530:
7528:
7524:
7523:
7515:
7514:
7507:
7500:
7492:
7483:
7482:
7480:
7479:
7477:Français signé
7473:
7471:
7467:
7466:
7464:
7463:
7458:
7452:
7450:
7446:
7445:
7442:
7441:
7439:
7438:
7433:
7427:
7425:
7421:
7420:
7418:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7381:
7379:
7373:
7372:
7370:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7353:
7352:
7342:
7337:
7336:
7335:
7330:
7319:
7317:
7308:
7306:North American
7302:
7301:
7299:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7259:
7257:
7251:
7250:
7248:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7221:
7219:
7215:
7214:
7212:
7211:
7206:
7200:
7198:
7192:
7191:
7186:
7183:
7182:
7175:
7174:
7167:
7160:
7152:
7143:
7142:
7136:
7135:
7134:
7133:
7125:
7124:
7119:
7112:
7111:External links
7109:
7108:
7107:
7097:
7083:
7069:
7055:
7041:
7027:
7013:
6999:
6990:
6978:10.2307/455786
6972:(2): 117–153.
6961:
6959:. AuthorHouse.
6952:
6943:
6938:978-9027234919
6937:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6916:
6907:
6898:
6889:
6880:
6871:
6862:
6848:
6831:
6811:
6799:
6797:, p. 282.
6787:
6766:
6749:
6732:
6700:
6691:
6682:
6673:
6664:
6655:
6645:
6636:
6626:
6617:
6585:
6576:
6563:
6554:
6545:
6536:
6527:
6517:
6508:
6499:
6490:
6481:
6469:
6455:
6442:
6429:
6420:
6411:
6402:
6395:
6377:
6370:
6352:
6333:
6304:
6279:
6260:
6228:
6210:
6196:
6178:
6164:
6149:
6123:
6103:
6085:
6063:
6047:
6040:
6022:
5972:
5941:
5928:
5896:
5879:
5835:
5811:
5802:
5788:
5768:
5745:
5738:
5713:
5685:978-0807127797
5684:
5666:
5660:978-3902571939
5659:
5636:
5623:(1): 124–153.
5603:
5586:
5560:
5542:
5536:978-1604734034
5535:
5512:
5488:
5475:
5459:
5442:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5384:Acadian French
5381:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5330:
5325:
5313:
5308:
5306:Stephen Ortego
5303:
5298:
5293:
5291:Alfred Mercier
5288:
5283:
5278:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5250:Richard Guidry
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5230:Michael Doucet
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5059:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5049:
5046:
5043:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5025:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5011:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5001:
4997:
4996:
4993:
4990:
4987:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4969:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4959:
4955:
4954:
4951:
4948:
4945:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4934:
4931:
4927:
4926:
4923:
4920:
4917:
4913:
4912:
4909:
4906:
4903:
4899:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4889:
4885:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4875:
4871:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4857:
4856:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4843:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4829:
4828:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4815:
4814:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4801:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4791:
4787:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4777:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4763:
4759:
4758:
4755:
4752:
4749:
4745:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4731:
4730:
4727:
4724:
4721:
4717:
4716:
4713:
4710:
4707:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4693:
4689:
4688:
4685:
4682:
4679:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4665:
4661:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4647:
4646:
4643:
4640:
4637:
4633:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4623:
4619:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4489:Télé-Louisiane
4487:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4477:
4474:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4446:
4440:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4416:
4410:
4404:
4398:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4307:
4304:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4205:
4202:
4192:Folk healers (
4189:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4141:
4139:
4132:
4126:
4123:
3963:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3881:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3842:
3840:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3813:
3806:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3744:
3742:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3721:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3691:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3653:
3650:
3572:'fair, just'.
3565:→ → 'star',
3498:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3484:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3435:
3428:
3426:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3383:
3382:
3375:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3276:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3242:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3150:
3145:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3080:
3078:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3038:
2998:
2995:
2981:
2978:
2958:
2957:
2950:
2930:
2927:
2919:Dakar, Senegal
2881:rather than a
2854:
2851:
2796:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2765:
2725:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2664:
2661:
2647:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2623:
2622:
2615:
2612:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2577:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2553:
2552:
2545:
2542:
2528:
2527:
2517:
2514:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2486:
2483:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:un rat de bois
2372:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2200:
2197:
2192:Code-switching
2188:
2187:Code-switching
2185:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2013:
2010:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1977:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1951:
1925:
1922:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1865:ils mangeriont
1860:
1856:ils mangeaient
1853:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1691:vous mangeriez
1688:
1686:vous mangeâtes
1683:
1678:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1552:Passé Composé
1550:
1547:
1544:
1530:
1527:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1259:Direct Object
1257:
1254:
1247:
1244:
1230:
1227:
1173:
1170:
1089:
1088:
1069:
1067:
1060:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1003:
1001:
998:
991:
989:
983:
976:
894:
891:
881:
878:
824:
821:
799:
796:
792:Acadian French
766:Great Upheaval
687:
684:
682:
679:
580:"Cajun French"
552:Acadian French
548:French Indians
379:
378:
371:
363:
362:
355:
349:
348:
343:
337:
336:
328:
320:
319:
312:
304:
303:
302:Language codes
299:
298:
285:
282:
279:
278:
274:
273:
271:
270:
269:
268:
267:
266:
265:
264:
263:
262:
261:
260:
259:
258:
219:
217:
214:
211:
210:
208:
207:
206:
205:
204:
203:
202:
201:
200:
199:
198:
197:
196:
195:
194:
193:
192:
191:
142:
140:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
105:
101:
100:
83:
79:
78:
73:
72:Native to
69:
68:
61:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8197:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8157:
8155:
8138:
8134:
8132:
8128:
8125:
8121:
8118:
8117:
8113:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8088:
8085:
8084:
8082:
8078:
8068:
8067:
8063:
8059:
8056:
8055:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8048:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8026:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8014:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8002:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7990:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7967:
7964:
7963:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7956:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7928:Frainc-Comtou
7926:
7924:
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7885:
7883:
7879:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7867:
7863:
7861:
7860:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7833:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7821:
7817:
7816:
7814:
7812:
7808:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7756:
7755:Middle French
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7744:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7645:
7644:St. Marys Bay
7642:
7640:
7637:
7636:
7635:
7632:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7622:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7587:
7585:
7583:
7579:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7559:
7557:
7555:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7545:Langues d'oïl
7542:
7535:
7532:
7531:
7529:
7525:
7520:
7513:
7508:
7506:
7501:
7499:
7494:
7493:
7490:
7478:
7475:
7474:
7472:
7468:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7453:
7451:
7447:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7428:
7426:
7422:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7382:
7380:
7378:
7377:United States
7374:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7351:
7348:
7347:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7325:
7324:
7321:
7320:
7318:
7316:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7303:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7260:
7258:
7256:
7252:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7222:
7220:
7216:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7201:
7199:
7197:
7193:
7189:
7184:
7180:
7173:
7168:
7166:
7161:
7159:
7154:
7153:
7150:
7146:
7141:
7138:
7137:
7132:
7129:
7128:
7127:
7126:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7114:
7106:
7102:
7098:
7095:
7091:
7087:
7084:
7081:
7080:0-88289-316-5
7077:
7073:
7070:
7067:
7066:0-8204-4980-6
7063:
7059:
7056:
7053:
7052:0-9614245-4-0
7049:
7045:
7042:
7039:
7038:0-9614245-3-2
7035:
7031:
7028:
7025:
7024:0-9670838-9-3
7021:
7017:
7014:
7011:
7010:0-7818-0915-0
7007:
7003:
7000:
6996:
6991:
6987:
6983:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6967:
6962:
6958:
6953:
6949:
6944:
6940:
6934:
6930:
6925:
6924:
6911:
6902:
6893:
6884:
6875:
6866:
6858:
6852:
6845:
6840:
6838:
6836:
6827:
6826:
6818:
6816:
6808:
6803:
6796:
6791:
6784:
6779:
6777:
6775:
6773:
6771:
6763:
6758:
6756:
6754:
6746:
6741:
6739:
6737:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6704:
6695:
6686:
6677:
6668:
6659:
6649:
6640:
6630:
6621:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6589:
6580:
6570:
6568:
6558:
6549:
6540:
6531:
6521:
6512:
6503:
6494:
6485:
6476:
6474:
6464:
6462:
6460:
6449:
6447:
6436:
6434:
6424:
6415:
6406:
6398:
6392:
6388:
6381:
6373:
6367:
6363:
6356:
6348:
6344:
6337:
6328:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6308:
6292:
6286:
6284:
6275:
6271:
6264:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6232:
6221:
6214:
6206:
6200:
6192:
6185:
6183:
6174:
6168:
6160:
6153:
6145:
6140:
6139:
6130:
6128:
6119:
6112:
6110:
6108:
6099:
6092:
6090:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6067:
6059:
6058:
6051:
6043:
6037:
6033:
6026:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5995:(1): 67–101.
5994:
5990:
5986:
5979:
5977:
5960:
5956:
5950:
5948:
5946:
5938:
5932:
5924:
5919:
5918:
5909:
5907:
5905:
5903:
5901:
5892:
5891:
5883:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5839:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5815:
5806:
5795:September 13,
5791:
5785:
5781:
5780:
5772:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5749:
5741:
5739:9783110196351
5735:
5731:
5727:
5720:
5718:
5709:
5703:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5681:
5677:
5670:
5662:
5656:
5652:
5645:
5643:
5641:
5631:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5607:
5601:
5597:
5596:
5590:
5575:
5571:
5564:
5556:
5552:
5546:
5538:
5532:
5528:
5521:
5519:
5517:
5509:
5505:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5493:
5485:
5479:
5472:
5466:
5464:
5456:
5452:
5446:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5423:
5419:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5367:
5356:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5317:
5316:Homère Plessy
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5301:Alfred Mouton
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5235:Edwin Edwards
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5215:John Delafose
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5200:Boozoo Chavis
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5050:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5022:
5020:Breaux Bridge
5019:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5008:
5005:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4980:
4977:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4966:
4963:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4952:
4949:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4935:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4910:
4907:
4904:
4901:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4865:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4837:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4812:
4809:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4739:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4728:
4725:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4714:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4683:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4658:
4656:Napoleonville
4655:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4630:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4613:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4505:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4476:LACréole Show
4475:
4472:
4471:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4411:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4213:
4211:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4179:
4176:
4168:
4158:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4142:This section
4140:
4131:
4130:
4122:
4117:
4114:'solemnity',
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4080:
4061:
4059:
4054:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4000:
3989:
3982:
3981:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3956:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3866:
3860:
3847:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3798:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3777:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3649:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3633:
3612:
3610:
3573:
3568:
3557:
3550:
3537:
3519:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3429:
3427:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3126:
3123:
3115:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3081:This section
3079:
3075:
3070:
3069:
3054:
3049:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2994:
2987:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2792:
2779:
2778:0-306-45464-5
2775:
2771:
2764:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2739:
2738:0-306-45464-5
2735:
2731:
2724:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2690:et six jours
2689:
2685:
2669:
2657:
2648:
2645:
2633:
2624:
2620:
2608:
2599:
2587:
2578:
2575:
2563:
2554:
2550:
2538:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2510:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2482:
2480:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2414:une chevrette
2413:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2403:une chaussure
2402:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2323:une aubergine
2322:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2196:
2193:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2171:Lake Charles
2170:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2124:Natchitoches
2123:
2120:
2117:
2115:Natchitoches
2114:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2066:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1986:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1960:
1959:grand-parents
1958:
1955:"J'ai appris
1952:
1950:
1948:
1945:"J'ai appris
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1876:
1875:ils mangeront
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1851:ils ont mangé
1849:
1847:
1842:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:3rd singular
1705:
1702:
1701:vous mangerez
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1654:tu vas manger
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1608:je vas manger
1606:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1573:
1571:1st singular
1569:
1563:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1500:
1492:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1387:lui; elle; ça
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:3rd singular
1361:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:1st singular
1271:
1251:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1219:Harris County
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1169:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1147:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1132:
1130:
1125:
1117:
1099:
1097:
1085:
1073:
1068:
1059:
1058:
1043:
1038:
1031:
1026:
1019:
1014:
1007:
1002:
995:
990:
986:
980:
975:
974:
973:
971:
970:Breaux Bridge
967:
963:
959:
955:
949:
947:
942:
938:
933:
931:
910:
906:
904:
900:
890:
886:
877:
875:
871:
867:
862:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
835:
830:
820:
816:
813:
809:
805:
795:
793:
789:
785:
782:
778:
773:
771:
767:
763:
758:
755:
751:
747:
743:
738:
736:
727:
723:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
678:
676:
672:
671:Pointe Coupée
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
605:
601:
596:
593:, a distinct
592:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
512:
510:
505:
504:
499:
495:
491:
486:
483:
478:
474:
469:
468:
461:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
432:
428:
424:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
375:
369:
364:
360:
356:
354:
350:
347:
344:
342:
338:
333:
329:
327:
326:
321:
317:
313:
310:
305:
300:
297:
286:
280:
275:
257:
256:Middle French
254:
253:
252:
249:
248:
247:
244:
243:
242:
241:Proto-Romance
239:
238:
237:
234:
233:
232:
229:
228:
227:
224:
223:
222:
218:
212:
190:
187:
186:
185:
182:
181:
180:
177:
176:
175:
174:Gallo-Romance
172:
171:
170:
167:
166:
165:
164:Italo-Western
162:
161:
160:
157:
156:
155:
152:
151:
150:
147:
146:
145:
144:Indo-European
141:
137:
131:
127:
121:
117:
113:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
94:Cajun Country
91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
76:United States
74:
70:
65:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
8119:
8064:
8045:
8034:Saintongeais
8011:
7999:
7987:
7977:
7953:
7918:Camfranglais
7864:
7857:
7830:
7820:Anglo-Norman
7818:
7781:Newfoundland
7766:Metropolitan
7753:
7743:Jersey Legal
7741:
7732:Houma French
7572:Saint Lucian
7527:Areal groups
7521:and dialects
7394:
7357:Newfoundland
7278:Jersey Legal
7144:
7100:
7085:
7071:
7057:
7043:
7029:
7015:
7001:
6994:
6969:
6965:
6956:
6947:
6928:
6910:
6901:
6892:
6883:
6874:
6865:
6851:
6844:Valdman 2009
6824:
6807:Valdman 2009
6802:
6790:
6783:Valdman 2009
6762:Valdman 2009
6723:. Retrieved
6719:the original
6714:
6703:
6694:
6685:
6676:
6667:
6658:
6648:
6639:
6629:
6620:
6608:. Retrieved
6604:the original
6599:
6588:
6579:
6557:
6548:
6539:
6530:
6520:
6511:
6502:
6493:
6484:
6423:
6414:
6405:
6386:
6380:
6361:
6355:
6346:
6336:
6317:
6313:
6307:
6295:. Retrieved
6273:
6263:
6251:. Retrieved
6247:the original
6242:
6231:
6213:
6199:
6190:
6167:
6158:
6152:
6137:
6117:
6097:
6080:the original
6066:
6056:
6050:
6031:
6025:
5992:
5988:
5963:. Retrieved
5958:
5936:
5931:
5916:
5889:
5882:
5849:
5845:
5838:
5820:
5814:
5805:
5793:. Retrieved
5778:
5771:
5762:
5758:
5748:
5729:
5675:
5669:
5650:
5620:
5616:
5606:
5600:Houma Today.
5599:
5594:
5589:
5577:. Retrieved
5574:The Advocate
5573:
5563:
5555:the original
5545:
5526:
5507:
5483:
5478:
5470:
5454:
5450:
5445:
5437:the original
5432:
5422:
5346:Doug Kershaw
5319:
5281:Marie Laveau
5268:Jean Lafitte
5190:Calvin Borel
5061:
4986:South Street
4754:Lake Charles
4740:Lake Charles
4726:Lake Charles
4712:Lake Charles
4698:Lake Charles
4684:Lake Charles
4600:Church Point
4572:summer camps
4561:
4510:
4431:Over-the-air
4381:
4376:
4372:La Louisiane
4371:
4366:
4255:
4207:
4191:
4171:
4162:
4151:Please help
4143:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4081:
4062:
4057:
4055:
4050:
4048:
4040:
4034:
4026:
4024:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4001:
3990:
3978:
3976:
3968:
3966:
3642:
3636:
3631:
3613:
3608:
3574:
3566:
3555:
3548:
3538:
3517:
3514:
3503:
3501:
3118:
3109:
3094:Please help
3082:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3000:
2983:
2959:
2943:
2932:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2834:
2831:
2826:
2816:
2801:
2798:
2789:
2769:
2768:Carl Blyth,
2756:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2729:
2728:Carl Blyth,
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2667:
2643:
2618:
2573:
2548:
2524:
2476:
2417:une crevette
2202:
2190:
2180:Lac-Charles
2129:New Orleans
2057:
2053:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2012:Proper names
2006:
2005:in place of
2002:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1982:
1981:"la lumière
1980:
1972:
1971:"la lumière
1970:
1956:
1954:
1946:
1944:
1933:
1929:
1927:
1924:Contractions
1917:
1913:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1881:
1874:
1869:
1862:
1858:ils mangiont
1855:
1850:
1843:
1839:ils mangeont
1836:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1799:
1794:
1784:
1780:on va manger
1779:
1775:on mangerait
1774:
1769:
1764:
1757:
1752:
1742:
1738:il va manger
1737:
1733:il mangerait
1732:
1727:
1722:
1715:
1710:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1673:
1668:
1658:
1653:
1649:tu mangerais
1648:
1643:
1638:
1631:
1626:
1614:
1610:j'vas manger
1607:
1601:je mangerais
1600:
1593:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1558:Conditional
1534:
1532:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1498:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1232:
1224:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1166:francophonie
1165:
1163:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1141:
1133:
1121:
1116:Louis Michot
1092:
1082:January 2024
1079:
1071:
950:
945:
940:
939:, published
934:
927:
898:
896:
887:
883:
863:
859:
826:
817:
801:
798:19th century
774:
759:
739:
734:
731:
725:
689:
608:
588:
579:
559:
555:
513:
503:The Advocate
502:
487:
476:
460:Les Cenelles
456:
420:
406:in colonial
387:
383:
382:
353:Linguasphere
346:Cajun French
323:
236:Vulgar Latin
226:Proto-Italic
188:
62:The flag of
36:
18:Cajun French
8126:or dialects
8013:Petit nègre
7903:Bourbonnais
7848:Guernésiais
7843:Cotentinais
7722:Frenchville
7684:New England
7615:Seychellois
7415:New England
7390:Frenchville
5579:January 18,
5332:Ambrose Sam
5286:Rosie Ledet
5273:Iry LeJeune
5210:Kate Chopin
5063:Louisiana:
5051:St. Martin
5037:St. Martin
5023:St. Martin
5009:St. Martin
4995:St. Landry
4981:St. Landry
4964:New Orleans
4950:New Orleans
4936:New Orleans
4922:New Orleans
4908:New Orleans
4894:New Orleans
4670:Baton Rouge
4659:Assumption
4645:Assumption
4631:Assumption
4628:Pierre Part
4617:Assumption
4614:Pierre Part
4165:August 2024
4018:'Tuesday',
3554:→ 'tree',
3419:Approximant
3112:August 2024
3008:Baton Rouge
3004:New Orleans
2519:Choctaw or
2267:une galette
2166:l'Illinois
2152:l'Arkansas
2101:New Iberia
2046:Pierre Part
1918:en train de
1837:ils mangent
1833:3rd plural
1791:2nd plural
1770:on mangeait
1749:1st plural
1728:il mangeait
1669:vous mangez
1659:tu mangeras
1644:tu mangeais
1615:je mangeras
1603:j'mangerais
1594:je mangeais
1562:Near Future
1453:3rd plural
1427:vous-autres
1423:2nd plural
1393:1st plural
1137:francophile
956:, downtown
839:Speak White
777:Nova Scotia
578:. However,
522:as well as
448:New England
215:Early forms
90:New Orleans
8154:Categories
8001:Old French
7923:Champenois
7908:Burgundian
7872:Sercquiais
7866:Old Norman
7859:Law French
7801:Vietnamese
7761:Meridional
7595:Chagossian
7268:Meridional
7240:Vietnamese
6725:August 20,
6610:August 20,
6253:August 20,
5965:January 7,
5852:(4): 633.
5822:translator
5415:References
5341:Ed Orgeron
5311:Glen Pitre
5260:Sybil Kein
4883:Lafayette
4869:Lafayette
4855:Lafayette
4841:Lafayette
4827:Lafayette
4813:Lafayette
4799:Lafayette
4782:New Iberia
4768:New Iberia
4757:Calcasieu
4743:Calcasieu
4729:Calcasieu
4715:Calcasieu
4701:Calcasieu
4687:Calcasieu
4642:Belle Rose
4537:Assumption
4525:St. Martin
4521:St. Landry
4486:New Niveau
4426:Television
3733:Near-close
3639:non-rhotic
3536:as well.
3135:Consonants
2984:French in
2949:migration.
2864:Provincial
2663:blackbird
2639:persimmon
2631:plaquemine
2551:"mudfish"
2437:to look at
2400:un soulier
2377:un opossum
2336:une chèvre
2293:un piastre
2277:courthouse
2254:une barbue
2241:une pelote
2199:Vocabulary
1785:on mangera
1765:on a mangé
1743:il mangera
1723:il a mangé
1639:t'as mangé
1617:j'mangeras
1596:j'mangeais
1589:j'ai mangé
1555:Imperfect
1499:eusse/euse
1265:Reflexive
1172:Population
962:New Iberia
920:, and red
714:, and the
667:Terrebonne
659:St. Martin
655:St. Landry
635:Evangeline
623:Assumption
524:Chitimacha
359:51-AAA-iie
251:Old French
8137:varieties
8122:indicate
8104:Valdôtain
8095:/Arpitan
8066:Zarphatic
8007:Orléanais
7893:Berrichon
7832:Auregnais
7707:Cambodian
7689:Québécois
7610:Rodriguan
7600:Mauritian
7567:Grenadian
7562:Dominican
7424:Caribbean
7395:Louisiana
7225:Cambodian
6322:CiteSeerX
6297:March 30,
6017:145535212
5866:0022-4642
5702:cite book
5694:846496076
4992:Opelousas
4978:Opelousas
4905:Nursery-6
4880:Lafayette
4866:Lafayette
4852:Lafayette
4838:Lafayette
4824:Lafayette
4810:Lafayette
4796:Lafayette
4557:bilingual
4553:immersion
4545:Jefferson
4533:Lafayette
4513:Calcasieu
4494:Education
4384:(defunct)
4157:talk page
4125:Community
4112:solennité
4110:'woman',
4053:'music'.
3878:unrounded
3756:Close-mid
3688:unrounded
3349:voiceless
3343:Fricative
3296:voiceless
3223:voiceless
3083:does not
3064:Phonology
2887:américain
2795:Varieties
2619:: patàssa
2547:Choctaw:
2536:choupique
2430:une queue
2427:une tcheu
2387:un chaoui
2320:une brème
2307:un bougre
2296:un dollar
2244:un ballon
2157:Illinois
2143:Arkansas
2132:en ville
2096:Carencro
2087:Carencro
2079:Informal
2050:Lafayette
1914:après/apé
1627:tu manges
1190:Jefferson
958:Lafayette
916:, orange
870:bilingual
851:parochial
812:converged
784:catechism
675:Vermilion
651:Lafourche
647:Lafayette
627:Avoyelles
619:Ascension
572:linguists
412:Louisiana
325:Glottolog
309:ISO 639-3
296:Louisiana
231:Old Latin
104:Ethnicity
8099:Savoyard
8029:Poitevin
7938:Guianese
7853:Jèrriais
7838:Cauchois
7791:Standard
7771:Missouri
7712:Francien
7662:Kinshasa
7405:Missouri
7315:Canadian
7255:European
7245:Lebanese
7204:Maghrebi
6653:127-139.
6634:126-150.
6574:141-168.
6453:126-150.
6291:"French"
6274:NOLA.com
5352:See also
4967:Orleans
4953:Orleans
4939:Orleans
4925:Orleans
4911:Orleans
4897:Orleans
4468:Podcasts
4462:TV5Monde
3791:Open-mid
3559:/pɔsibl/
3556:possible
3518:français
3290:Afficate
3158:Alveolar
2974:Chackbay
2915:Brussels
2907:cléophas
2891:méricain
2766:—
2726:—
2694:. Et il
2644:piakimin
2614:sunfish
2574:allatani
2569:palmetto
2561:latanier
2521:Mobilian
2516:raccoon
2469:pourquoi
2443:regarder
2349:du bruit
2346:du train
2333:un cabri
2068:English
1753:on mange
1711:il mange
1575:je mange
1546:Present
1397:on; nous
1246:Pronouns
1194:Chambers
866:Acadiana
847:required
781:Catholic
663:St. Mary
544:Acadians
509:Acadiana
440:Missouri
416:parishes
374:parishes
332:caju1236
8120:Italics
8053:Walloon
8047:Tây Bồi
7961:Lorrain
7888:Angevin
7826:Augeron
7776:Muskrat
7749:Laotian
7727:Haitian
7674:Belgian
7657:Abidjan
7651:African
7634:Acadian
7605:Réunion
7590:Agalega
7449:Related
7431:Haitian
7410:Muskrat
7367:Ontario
7345:Acadian
7273:Belgian
7235:Laotian
7209:African
7196:African
6009:4168410
5874:2207622
5048:Cecilia
5034:Cecilia
5006:Cecilia
4785:Iberia
4771:Iberia
4603:Acadia
4589:Parish
4583:Grades
4580:School
4549:Orleans
4449:KNOE-TV
4437:KLFY-TV
4419:KVPI-FM
4090:(using
4051:musique
4041:je peux
4022:'rat'.
3986:/i,y,u/
3885:rounded
3695:rounded
3675:Central
3666:
3646:/pɑrle/
3641:; e.g.
3632:cuisine
3570:/ʒyst/→
3547:. E.g.
3173:Glottal
3163:Palatal
3104:removed
3089:sources
2970:Choctaw
2966:Kraemer
2954:Isleños
2911:clophas
2899:léonide
2860:Fluvial
2621:"flat"
2617:Choctaw
2606:patassa
2572:Carib:
2544:bowfin
2498:Origin
2384:raccoon
2251:catfish
2227:un char
2210:English
2104:Ibérie
2082:Formal
2060:, etc.
1895:elision
1577:j'mange
1566:Future
1543:Person
1523:-autres
1472:se / s'
1412:se / s'
1382:se / s'
1377:lui / y
1322:te / t'
1317:te / t'
1312:te / t'
1307:tu / t'
1292:me / m'
1287:me / m'
1282:me / m'
1277:je / j'
1253:Person
1229:Grammar
1210:Liberty
1072:updated
808:contact
746:changes
742:Acadian
706:namely
681:History
631:Cameron
604:Creoles
540:Choctaw
520:Creoles
492:' 2007
435:English
427:Spanish
423:African
169:Western
159:Romance
8087:Faetar
8019:Picard
7995:Nouchi
7983:Michif
7966:Welche
7881:Others
7811:Norman
7737:Indian
7700:Magoua
7669:Aostan
7625:French
7470:Signed
7461:Michif
7340:Brayon
7333:Magoua
7323:Quebec
7296:Aostan
7263:French
7230:Indian
7092:
7078:
7064:
7050:
7036:
7022:
7008:
6986:455786
6984:
6935:
6393:
6368:
6324:
6320:(59).
6038:
6015:
6007:
5872:
5864:
5786:
5736:
5692:
5682:
5657:
5533:
4529:Iberia
4517:Acadia
4210:zydeco
4194:French
4044:/ʒəpø/
4030:/ɛː,ɛ/
3857:Nasal
3652:Vowels
3643:parler
3563:/astr/
3552:/ɑrbr/
3532:, and
3480:Rhotic
3452:labial
3388:voiced
3320:voiced
3257:voiced
3153:Dental
3148:Labial
2972:, and
2905:" or "
2903:lonide
2893:" or "
2866:, and
2776:
2736:
2593:pecan
2585:pacane
2549:shupik
2508:chaoui
2495:Gloss
2411:shrimp
2264:cookie
2219:Notes
2003:de les
1947:de les
1884:manger
1535:manger
1214:Hardin
1212:, and
1202:Jasper
1198:Newton
1186:Orange
922:15–20%
918:10–15%
712:France
708:Canada
696:French
639:Iberia
611:Acadia
564:French
546:, and
536:Tunica
532:Biloxi
516:Cajuns
473:Creole
471:, and
452:Canada
293:
184:French
149:Italic
116:Creole
82:Region
7933:Gallo
7898:Bolze
7796:Swiss
7695:Joual
7679:Métis
7639:Chiac
7400:Métis
7385:Houma
7362:Métis
7350:Chiac
7328:Joual
7291:Swiss
7218:Asian
6982:JSTOR
6525:1975.
6440:2010.
6223:(PDF)
6013:S2CID
6005:JSTOR
5923:18–19
5870:JSTOR
4961:PK-10
4586:City
4445:(LPB)
4389:Radio
4356:Media
4204:Music
4108:femme
4088:/ɑ̃n/
4084:/ɑ̃m/
4016:mardi
4004:/a-ɑ/
3893:Close
3865:Front
3703:Close
3670:Front
3661:Oral
3609:petit
3567:juste
3549:arbre
3424:plain
3180:Nasal
3168:Velar
2991:/t,d/
2757:freez
2749:wring
2668:t'sak
2655:tchoc
2525:shaui
2492:Term
2343:noise
2001:, or
1995:de le
1985:ciel"
1975:ciel"
1973:de le
1899:schwa
1529:Verbs
1519:elles
1206:Tyler
1159:Irish
914:4–10%
754:Houma
735:métis
615:Allen
528:Houma
112:Cajun
98:Texas
8041:Tayo
7283:Law
7090:ISBN
7076:ISBN
7062:ISBN
7048:ISBN
7034:ISBN
7020:ISBN
7006:ISBN
6933:ISBN
6727:2011
6707:See
6612:2011
6592:See
6391:ISBN
6366:ISBN
6299:2017
6255:2011
6235:See
6036:ISBN
5967:2020
5862:ISSN
5797:2010
5784:ISBN
5765:(2).
5734:ISBN
5708:link
5690:OCLC
5680:ISBN
5655:ISBN
5581:2024
5531:ISBN
5318:(of
5045:9-12
4933:9-10
4751:9-12
4562:The
4547:and
4413:KVPI
4407:KRVS
4401:KLEB
4395:KBON
4104:enn-
4100:emm-
4096:ann-
4092:amm-
4086:and
4079:→ .
4077:/ɔ̃/
4075:→ ,
4073:/œ̃/
4071:→ ,
4069:/ɛ̃/
4067:→ ,
4065:/ɑ̃/
4025:The
4012:fois
4002:The
3949:Open
3870:Back
3831:Open
3680:Back
3628:/kj/
3624:/kɥ/
3620:/ki/
3616:/ky/
3605:/dj/
3601:/dɥ/
3597:/di/
3593:/dy/
3589:/tj/
3585:/tɥ/
3581:/ti/
3577:/ty/
3543:and
3217:Stop
3087:any
3085:cite
3028:nous
3024:vous
3022:and
3020:nous
2960:The
2917:and
2845:and
2774:ISBN
2753:well
2734:ISBN
2716:Boy!
2712:well
2696:driv
2684:driv
2397:shoe
2330:goat
2304:dude
2238:ball
2048:and
2040:and
2007:des.
1893:The
1888:-ont
1511:alle
1507:elle
1491:nous
1437:vous
1432:vous
1407:nous
1402:nous
1357:vous
1352:vous
1347:vous
1342:vous
1337:vous
960:and
928:The
868:are
574:and
488:The
433:and
6974:doi
5997:doi
5854:doi
5826:doi
5625:doi
5031:7-8
5017:4-6
5003:K-3
4989:K-3
4975:K-2
4947:K-8
4919:K-3
4891:K-8
4877:6-8
4863:6-7
4849:K-1
4835:K-2
4821:K-5
4807:K-3
4793:K-3
4779:K-6
4765:K-6
4737:6-8
4723:6-8
4709:K-5
4695:K-5
4681:K-5
4639:K-2
4625:5-8
4611:K-4
4597:K-4
4439:/10
4037:/ə/
4020:rat
4008:/r/
3997:/r/
3993:/r/
3921:Mid
3545:/l/
3541:/r/
3534:/z/
3530:/s/
3526:/ʃ/
3522:/ʒ/
3510:/ɲ/
3098:by
2889:→ "
2879:/ɾ/
2700:off
2692:off
2463:why
2224:car
2042:les
2034:aux
2028:or
2022:les
1957:des
1934:des
1932:or
1901:in
1515:ils
1497:3.
1489:2.
1462:les
1327:toi
1297:moi
1238:or
584:lay
558:or
479:or
446:),
341:ELP
316:frc
179:Oïl
8156::
7691:*
7653:*
6980:.
6970:72
6968:.
6931:.
6834:^
6814:^
6769:^
6752:^
6735:^
6713:.
6598:.
6566:^
6472:^
6458:^
6445:^
6432:^
6345:.
6318:23
6316:.
6282:^
6272:.
6241:.
6181:^
6144:19
6126:^
6106:^
6088:^
6074:.
6011:.
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5993:22
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5987:.
5975:^
5957:.
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5899:^
5868:.
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5761:.
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5704:}}
5700:{{
5688:.
5639:^
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5572:.
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5491:^
5462:^
5431:.
4543:,
4539:,
4535:,
4531:,
4527:,
4523:,
4519:,
4515:,
4451:/8
4196::
4102:,
4098:,
4094:,
4058:tu
3995:.
3980:^2
3970:^1
3955:ɑ̃
3941:ɔ̃
3934:œ̃
3927:ɛ̃
3820:,
3800:~
3626:,
3622:,
3618:,
3603:,
3599:,
3595:,
3591:,
3587:,
3583:,
3579:,
3528:,
3505:^1
3331:dʒ
3307:tʃ
3032:on
3010:,
3006:,
2993:.
2968:,
2909:→
2901:→
2870:.
2862:,
2849:.
2708:So
2688:on
2523::
2456:où
2406:†
2366:†
2352:†
2299:†
2233:†
2030:la
2026:le
1999:du
1983:du
1961:."
1936::
1930:de
1920:.
1903:je
1208:,
1204:,
1200:,
1196:,
1192:,
1188:,
1098:.
968:,
876:.
710:,
698::
673:,
669:,
665:,
661:,
657:,
653:,
649:,
645:,
641:,
637:,
633:,
629:,
625:,
621:,
617:,
613:,
566::
542:,
538:,
534:,
530:,
526:,
518:,
450:,
429:,
425:,
418:.
394::
390:;
114:,
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7536:*
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5856::
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5627::
5621:7
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4149:.
3913:ũ
3906:ỹ
3899:ĩ
3846:ɑ
3837:a
3823:ɔ
3817:ʌ
3810:œ
3803:æ
3797:ɛ
3783:o
3776:ə
3769:ø
3762:e
3748:ʊ
3739:ɪ
3725:u
3716:y
3709:i
3488:r
3470:w
3463:ɥ
3439:j
3432:l
3409:ʒ
3402:z
3395:v
3379:h
3370:ʃ
3363:s
3356:f
3280:ɡ
3271:d
3264:b
3246:k
3237:t
3230:p
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3119:(
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