174:
154:
138:
198:
213:
The build-up of calc-sinter material in the Eifel
Aqueduct was commercially exploited in the 11th and 12th centuries. With deposits up to 30 centimetres (12 in) thick, the material was cut into vertical columns of polished brown rock with impressive layered patterns, which made it much in demand
82:
Pedley (1990) suggests the term be abandoned in favour of tufa for ambient temperature deposits. This avoids any potential confusion with siliceous sinter and prevents deposits formed in different environmental conditions (hot spring deposits, cold spring deposits and speleothems are all lumped
230:
were unaware of its origins in the aqueduct until 2011. Such large-scale use as the cloisters around a cathedral quadrangle needed many hundreds of columns, which must have been supplied by a well-organised extraction and transport operation. The Eifel deposits, have also been identified at
54:
Calcareous sinter is characterised by laminations of prismatic crystals growing perpendicular to the substrate; laminations are separated by thin layers of microcrystalline carbonate. Calcareous sinter is porous due to the calcareous crystals enclosing many small cavities.
46:, which the term sinter more frequently refers to. It has been suggested that the term "sinter" should be restricted to siliceous spring deposits and be dropped for calcareous deposits entirely.
173:
214:
by cathedral builders across large parts of central Europe and beyond. In
England it was used to provide polychromy, contrasting with the pale limestone favoured by
153:
137:
366:
325:
335:
280:
243:
as well as the
Infirmary Cloister, Chapter House windows, Anselm Chapel door and the Treasury gateway at Canterbury.
351:
C. Wilson (2015). "Canterbury
Cathedral's Mystery "Marble": A Double Imposture Unmasked'". In P. Fergusson (ed.).
307:
218:
English
Cathedrals. The stone was for many years known as 'Onyx Marble' despite being very obviously neither
489:
484:
494:
59:
are absent, consequently porosity is very low. Exclusion of species is due either to high temperature (
479:
455:
144:
184:
227:
31:
8:
236:
232:
215:
206:
436:
401:
360:
323:
440:
405:
331:
305:
Pedley, H.M. 1990. Classification and environmental models of cool freshwater tufas.
276:
240:
160:
23:
397:
428:
419:
R.B. Harris (2019). "Reconstructing the
Romanesque Cloister of Norwich Cathedral".
393:
43:
35:
252:
202:
164:
68:
432:
473:
292:
104:
180:
83:
together under the term sinter) from being amalgamated into one group.
76:
60:
56:
39:
122:
116:
96:
381:
327:
Calcium
Carbonate: From the Cretaceous Period Into the 21st Century
324:
Tegethoff, F. Wolfgang; Rohleder, Johannes; Kroker, Evelyn (2001).
92:
197:
30:. Deposits are characterised by low porosity and well-developed
223:
462:. Canterbury Historical & Archaeological Society (CHAS).
103:, which decreases the solubility of calcite/aragonite. (See
219:
72:
64:
179:
Deposits of several thousand years of calc sinter (
99:. Precipitation is brought about by degassing of CO
386:Journal of the British Archaeological Association
471:
353:Canterbury Cathedral Priory in the Age of Becket
192:
453:
379:
418:
365:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
350:
355:. New Haven and London. pp. 156–60.
196:
427:. Cambridge University Press: 133–159.
472:
382:"The Romanesque Cloister in England"
16:Freshwater calcium carbonate deposit
110:
42:sinter should not be confused with
13:
226:. Those studying the stonework at
147:and all kinds of water facilities.
119:, Turkey – terraces of travertine.
14:
506:
172:
152:
136:
91:Deposits are formed from either
398:10.1179/0068128815Z.00000000038
201:Column of calc-sinter from the
86:
447:
412:
373:
344:
317:
299:
285:
273:Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks
265:
143:Pure calc sinter, typical for
125:, California - towers of tufa.
1:
460:canterbury-archaeology.org.uk
258:
456:"calc-sinter or Onyx Marble"
7:
246:
193:Medieval extraction and use
49:
10:
511:
275:. Germany: Spring-Verlag.
129:
34:, often forming crusts or
433:10.1017/S0003581519000118
167:, clogged by fine sinter.
421:The Antiquaries Journal
293:"Sinter | mineral"
75:) or absence of light (
26:deposit, also known as
210:
185:Bridgeport, California
454:Geoff Downer (2019).
380:John McNeill (2015).
200:
235:and in the now lost
228:Canterbury Cathedral
490:Inorganic chemistry
308:Sedimentary Geology
485:Carbonate minerals
211:
159:Roman aqueduct in
495:Sedimentary rocks
271:FlĂĽgel, E. 2004.
209:church in Germany
161:Germania Inferior
105:tufa/geochemistry
24:calcium carbonate
20:Calcareous sinter
502:
480:Calcium minerals
464:
463:
451:
445:
444:
416:
410:
409:
377:
371:
370:
364:
356:
348:
342:
341:
321:
315:
303:
297:
296:
289:
283:
269:
207:Bad MĂĽnstereifel
176:
156:
140:
111:Notable deposits
44:siliceous sinter
36:sedimentary rock
22:is a freshwater
510:
509:
505:
504:
503:
501:
500:
499:
470:
469:
468:
467:
452:
448:
417:
413:
378:
374:
358:
357:
349:
345:
338:
322:
318:
304:
300:
291:
290:
286:
270:
266:
261:
253:Petrifying well
249:
195:
188:
177:
168:
157:
148:
141:
132:
113:
102:
89:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
508:
498:
497:
492:
487:
482:
466:
465:
446:
411:
372:
343:
336:
330:. Birkhäuser.
316:
314:, pp. 143-154.
298:
284:
263:
262:
260:
257:
256:
255:
248:
245:
203:Eifel Aqueduct
194:
191:
190:
189:
178:
171:
169:
165:Eifel Aqueduct
158:
151:
149:
142:
135:
131:
128:
127:
126:
120:
112:
109:
100:
88:
85:
69:ionic strength
51:
48:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
507:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
477:
475:
461:
457:
450:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
415:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
376:
368:
362:
354:
347:
339:
337:3-7643-6425-4
333:
329:
328:
320:
313:
312:
309:
302:
294:
288:
282:
281:3-540-22016-X
278:
274:
268:
264:
254:
251:
250:
244:
242:
238:
234:
229:
225:
221:
217:
208:
204:
199:
186:
182:
175:
170:
166:
162:
155:
150:
146:
139:
134:
133:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
108:
106:
98:
94:
84:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
47:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
459:
449:
424:
420:
414:
389:
385:
375:
352:
346:
326:
319:
310:
306:
301:
287:
272:
267:
239:cloister at
212:
90:
87:Geochemistry
81:
53:
27:
19:
18:
187:Hot Springs
77:speleothems
57:Macrophytes
28:calc-sinter
474:Categories
259:References
237:Romanesque
181:travertine
61:travertine
40:Calcareous
32:lamination
441:203298501
406:194154048
392:: 34–76.
361:cite book
233:Rochester
183:) in the
145:aqueducts
123:Mono Lake
117:Pamukkale
97:aragonite
247:See also
63:), high
50:Features
38:layers.
241:Norwich
130:Gallery
93:calcite
439:
404:
334:
279:
224:marble
216:Norman
437:S2CID
402:S2CID
367:link
332:ISBN
277:ISBN
222:nor
220:onyx
79:).
73:tufa
429:doi
394:doi
390:168
205:in
95:or
476::
458:.
435:.
425:99
423:.
400:.
388:.
384:.
363:}}
359:{{
311:68
163:.
107:)
65:pH
443:.
431::
408:.
396::
369:)
340:.
295:.
101:2
71:(
67:/
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
