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1081:. De Lacy, however, then constructed a stone castle in its place, which enclosed over three acres within its walls, and this could not be burned down by the Irish. The years between 1177 and 1310 saw the construction of some of the greatest of the Norman castles in Ireland. The Normans settled mostly in an area in the east of Ireland, later known as
388:
in
Romanesque style (now all replaced by later rebuildings), its construction predates the Norman Conquest: it is still believed to have been the earliest major Romanesque building in England. No other significant remaining Romanesque architecture in Britain can clearly be shown to predate the Norman
1590:
in style. Architectural historians and scholars consider that a style must be assessed as an integral whole rather than an aggregate of features, and while some include these developments within the Norman or
Romanesque styles, others describe them as transitional or "Norman–Gothic Transitional". A
1130:(peninsular southern Italy) experienced a series of civil wars and fell under the control of increasingly weaker princes. Revolts characterised the region until well into the twelfth century and minor lords sought to resist ducal or royal power from within their own castles. In the
405:
and are very commonly seen as the entrance to large religious buildings such as cathedrals. Norman arches are semicircular in form. Early examples have plain, square edges; later ones are often enriched with the zig-zag and roll mouldings. The arches are supported on massive
474:. The Normans were among the most travelled peoples of Europe, exposing them to a wide variety of cultural influences which became incorporated in their art and architecture. They elaborated on the early Christian basilica plan. Originally longitudinal with side
1140:
technique to Italy. Their clever use of the local stone artisans, together with the vast riches amassed from their enslaved population, made such tremendous feats possible, some as majestic as those of the ancient Roman structures they tried to emulate.
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at the back of the head of the arch, which may feature sculpture representing a
Biblical scene. Norman windows are mostly small and narrow, generally of a single round-headed light; but sometimes, especially in a
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and became widespread in northwestern Europe, particularly in
England, which contributed considerable development and where the largest number of examples survived. At about the same time,
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After its Norman conquest in 1091, Malta saw the construction of several Norman pieces of architecture. Many have been demolished and rebuilt over the years (especially after the
1680:
Romanesque
Revival versions focus on the arch and capitals, and decorated doorways. There are two examples in Manchester: the former Stock Exchange building and a synagogue in
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are found. Main doorways have a succession of receding semicircular arches, often decorated with mouldings, typically of chevron or zig-zag design; sometimes there is a
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based on Norman
Romanesque architecture. There is sometimes confusion, especially in North America, between this style and revivalist versions of vernacular or later
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is of a later date and should not be confused with the early Gothic built during the Norman period; which featured pointed arches and windows rather than the
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Conquest. However, historians believe that many surviving "Norman" elements in buildings–nearly all churches–may well in fact be Anglo-Saxon elements.
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in the various lands under their dominion or influence in the 11th and 12th centuries. In particular the term is traditionally used for
English
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few websites use the term "Norman Gothic", but it is unclear whether they refer to the transitional style or to the Norman style as a whole.
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Crummy, Philip (1997) City of
Victory; the story of Colchester – Britain's first Roman town. Published by Colchester Archaeological Trust (
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The buildings show massive proportions in simple geometries using small bands of sculpture. Paying attention to the concentrated spaces of
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781:. (1909) Norman Architecture in Cornwall: a handbook to old ecclesiastical architecture. With over 160 plates. London: Ward & Co.
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and
Frankish lords were building castles. Over the next century the population of the territory ceded to the Vikings now called
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of the countryside, the
Normans erected several religious buildings which still survive. They edified the shrine at
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369:. In this work he used the labels "Norman, Early English, Decorated, and Perpendicular". The more inclusive term
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under an arch. The "Norman arch" is the rounded, often with mouldings carved or incised onto it for decoration.
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who built "motte" castles as a defence against the Welsh. Following the invasion, Normans rapidly constructed
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at Caen, in 1067. This would eventually form a model for the larger English cathedrals some 20 years later.
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brought in the English Gothic style, and Norman became increasingly a modest style of provincial building.
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was brought up in Normandy and in 1042 brought masons to work on the first Romanesque building in England,
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The Normans began constructing castles, their trademark architectural piece, in Italy from an early date.
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were springing up, and in a further five, work was beginning on some of the earliest of the great stone
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in English by 1715, and was applied to architecture of the eleventh and twelfth centuries from 1819.
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This article is about Romanesque architecture, primarily English. For other buildings in Normandy, see
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ceilings, they introduced features such as the pointed arch that were later characterised as being
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595:. Hundreds of parish churches were built and the great English cathedrals were founded from 1083.
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An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of English Architecture from the Conquest to the Reformation
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which destroyed many old Norman buildings), however some fortresses and houses still exist in
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During Sicily's later Norman era early Gothic influences can be detected such as those in the
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developed the style and experimented with ways of overcoming the geometric difficulties of
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1503:, Ruins of the Norman Church of St Saviour (S. Salvatore) and ruins of the Norman castle
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in Nately Scures, Hampshire (1175), an example of a Norman single-cell apsidal church.
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influences–also known as Norman architecture (or alternatively Sicilian Romanesque).
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466:. Norman barons built timber castles on earthen mounds, beginning the development of
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Wagner-Rieger, Renate (1953), "Studien zur mittelalterlichen Architektur Englands",
318:, churches and cathedrals, in a style characterised by the usual Romanesque rounded
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Castles in Ireland Feudal Power in a Gaelic World. by Tom McNeill. (London, 1997)
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Bell, Edward (December 1888). "On the Distinction Between Romanesque and Gothic".
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1164:. They also built many new Latin monasteries, including the famous foundation of
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also came under early Norman influence with Norman nobles at the court of King
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1459:, Church of San Nicolò la Latina and Church of Santa Maria della Raccomandata
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The Invention of Norman Visual Culture: Art, Politics, and Dynastic Ambition
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built in 1130 is perhaps the strongest example of this. The interior of the
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The Normans first landed in Ireland in 1169. Within five years earthwork
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1077:, County Meath, which was attacked and burned in 1173 by the Irish king
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Essaie sur l'architecture du moyen âge, particulièrement en Normandie,
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The oldest Norman cathedral in Sicily (1094), the cathedral of Catania
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Webb, Geoffrey (1956), "Architecture in Britain: The Middle Ages",
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Denney, Patrick (2004) Colchester. Published by Tempus Publishing (
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church tower, an example of English small-town Norman architecture
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The Norman arch is a defining point of Norman architecture. Grand
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Here is a list of Norman architecture in the Mezzogiorno :
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overthrew him with English and Norman assistance, and his queen,
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A Norman arch with zig-zag mouldings above the church doorway at
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at Messina consecrated in 1197. However, here the high Gothic
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In England, Norman nobles and bishops had influence before the
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361:, but its usage in a sequence of styles has been attributed to
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1983:
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2272:(1929), "Durham Cathedral and the Chronology of Its Vaults",
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1918:
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The term Norman may have originated with eighteenth-century
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the Venus Castle and the main church ("Duomo dell'Assunta")
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1168:. Other examples of great importance are the portal of the
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1778:, the archbishop of Palermo and King William II's minister
16:
Styles of Romanesque architecture developed by the Normans
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The Corpus of ROMANESQUE SCULPTURE in Britain and Ireland
2051:
402:
2399:
Pevsner, Nikolaus; Fleming, John; Honour, Hugh (1971) ,
460:, adopted these customs as well as Christianity and the
809:, the largest Norman castle built and the first stone
302:. The Normans introduced large numbers of castles and
1246:
until about 1200. The architecture was decorated in
2398:
2091:
The Principles of Gothic Ecclesiastical Architecture
1979:
1118:
built one at an unidentified location (Stridula) in
1447:, the Arabic Norman Church of Saints Peter and Paul
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2286:English Romanesque Architecture after the Conquest
1262:, (itself a Byzantine feature), is decorated in a
1085:, and among other buildings they constructed were
579:", were a frequent signature of the Normans. The
3801:
1417:Church of the Santissima Annunziata dei Catalani
1289:later to manifest themselves in the Gothic era.
1266:depicting Christ Pantocrator accompanied by his
1172:and the ambulatory and radiating chapels of the
917:
2067:OED same entry; in French by Gerville's friend
626:1074: church tower doubles as a place of refuge
346:produced a distinctive variation–incorporating
2306:
1808:, an example of Norman architecture in England
617:
2857:
2484:
2421:
2056:Charles-Alexis-Adrien Duhérissier de Gerville
750:Church of St Peter and St Paul, Trottiscliffe
528:of 1066, and Norman influences affected late
2332:The English Cathedrals through the Centuries
2094:. Oxford: John Henry Parker. pp. 52–57.
2054:"Romanesque": in French a letter of 1818 by
1048:Parish Church, Edinburgh (late 12th century)
2871:
2498:
1633:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1432:, Church of the Santissima TrinitĂ di Delia
1413:Church of Chiesa di Santa Maria della Valle
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2864:
2850:
2491:
2477:
2413:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2390:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2367:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2344:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2321:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2298:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2263:
2031:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1653:Learn how and when to remove this message
1250:mosaics such as that at the cathedral at
906:. Her sixth and youngest son, who became
602:in 1174 Norman masons introduced the new
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
1225:
1214:
1206:
833:
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591:which has remained a feature of English
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493:
274:
262:
250:
175:This article includes a list of general
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2204:"Abbazia Benedettina di Sant' Eufemia"
2084:
2026:
1073:castle on the site of the present day
645:(from 1093) was the first to employ a
427:, divided by a shaft into two lights.
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2472:
2429:
1665:Neo-Norman architecture is a type of
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444:invaders arrived at the mouth of the
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2329:
2104:
1631:adding citations to reliable sources
1598:
1534:Ponte dei Saraceni (Norman bridge),
161:
88:adding citations to reliable sources
59:
18:
1864:Arches in the southern nave of the
13:
3835:Romanesque architecture in England
2378:The Architecture of Norman England
1483:(old Abbey of St. Mary in Maniace)
1353:Church of the Holy Spirit (Sicily)
914:at the start of the 12th century.
567:and round doorways as well as the
401:are designed to evoke feelings of
181:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3851:
3840:Romanesque architecture in France
2448:
1546:Ponte di Cerami (Norman bridge),
1540:Ponte Calatrasi (Norman bridge),
478:and an apse they began to add in
34:This article has multiple issues.
2602:
2424:Wiener Kunstwiss. Blätter, Jg. 2
2284:Clapham, Alfred William (1934),
2225:"Gothic Architecture in England"
1982:
1967:Archway in St Leonard's church,
1960:
1931:
1903:
1880:
1857:
1834:
1813:
1798:
1783:
1763:
1743:
1727:
1708:
1694:
1603:
1190:Basilica of St. Peter Alli Marmi
980:parish church (from about 1130)
290:is used to categorise styles of
282:in Hampshire, from the southwest
166:
64:
23:
2464:The Normans, a European People.
2238:
2217:
2196:
1667:Romanesque Revival architecture
1492:Nicosia (Sicily), Norman castle
1170:Shrine of Mary Queen of Anglona
540:. In 1051 he brought in Norman
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
2432:Norman Architecture in England
2180:
2159:
2142:
2125:
2098:
2078:
2061:
2045:
2020:
1109:
548:castles along with churches,
392:
1:
3124:Anatolian Seljuk architecture
2307:Clifton-Taylor, Alec (1967),
2013:
1949:
1921:
1892:
1869:
1846:
1824:
1677:" popular for larger houses.
1594:
1240:
1239:'s Norman period lasted from
1203:Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture
1186:Castle Monforte (Campobasso).
994:, Kirkwall (from about 1137)
902:order founded a monastery at
898:, encouraged the church. The
868:
792:White Tower (Tower of London)
756:St Peter's Church, Tickencote
734:
575:, frequently termed "zig-zag
499:
1866:Church of St Lawrence, Alton
1465:, Abbey of the Santo Spirito
1122:in 1045. After the death of
695:, Iffley, Oxfordshire (1170)
7:
2401:Lexikon der Weltarchitektur
2330:Cook, George Henry (1957),
2003:English Gothic architecture
1998:Norman Revival architecture
1975:
1440:Santi Pietro e Paolo d'Agrò
1339:Santa Maria dell'Ammiraglio
918:Ecclesiastical architecture
890:around 1050. His successor
878:
726:St John's Abbey, Colchester
618:Ecclesiastical architecture
593:ecclesiastical architecture
430:
280:St Swithun's, Nately Scures
10:
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1687:
1334:San Giovanni degli Eremiti
1254:. The Palatine Chapel in
1200:
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649:system with pointed arches
489:
434:
325:
243:
3820:12th-century architecture
3815:11th-century architecture
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2979:
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2683:National Trust properties
2611:
2600:
2506:
2430:Short, Ernest H. (2005),
2309:The Cathedrals of England
2107:The Archaeological Review
1520:, Norman tower (Dongione)
1471:, Shrine of the Tre Santi
1380:("Ponte dell'Ammiraglio")
1329:San Giovanni dei Lebbrosi
1196:
746:, Cornwall (12th Century)
2817:English landscape garden
2086:Bloxam, Matthew Holbeche
2008:Renaissance architecture
1702:Greencastle, County Down
1671:architecture of Normandy
1553:
1104:
530:Anglo-Saxon architecture
468:motte-and-bailey castles
437:Architecture of Normandy
246:Architecture of Normandy
2889:History of construction
2873:History of architecture
2500:Architecture of England
2353:Escher, Konrad (1929),
1887:St Michael's church at
1841:Archway, Norman Tower,
1774:was erected in 1185 by
1719:: redoubt of the rebel
1093:(North County Dublin),
1012:(founded about 1138 by
930:(founded about 1070 by
484:Church of Saint-Étienne
448:in 911, at a time when
310:, and at the same time
300:Romanesque architecture
292:Romanesque architecture
196:more precise citations.
2884:Architectural timeline
2569:Strawberry Hill Gothic
2440:Pelican History of Art
2274:Archaeological Journal
2264:Sources and literature
1823:, Cumbria, west door,
1675:Norman farmhouse style
1560:1693 Sicily earthquake
1233:
1223:
1212:
829:are reasonably intact.
665:Peterborough Cathedral
521:
509:
410:, generally plain and
283:
272:
260:
3825:Architectural history
3426:America and Australia
3046:Medieval Scandinavian
2376:Fernie, Eric (2000),
2355:Englische Kathedralen
2167:"Moyse's Hall museum"
2058:seems to be the first
2027:Reilly, Lisa (2020).
1229:
1218:
1210:
1201:Further information:
1079:RuaidrĂ Ua Conchobair
966:(early 12th century)
960:St. Margaret's Chapel
912:St. Margaret's Chapel
863:Moyse's Hall Museum,
849:Boothby Pagnell Manor
834:Domestic architecture
786:Military architecture
598:After a fire damaged
556:such as Norman stone
552:, and more elaborate
515:
497:
435:Further information:
334:styles originated in
278:
266:
254:
99:"Norman architecture"
3668:Critical regionalism
2663:Renaissance theatres
2643:Round-tower churches
2227:. Britainexpress.com
1806:Winchester Cathedral
1772:Cathedral of Palermo
1736:Palazzo dei Normanni
1721:Andrew of Rupecanina
1627:improve this section
1518:Motta Sant'Anastasia
1477:, Norman bridge and
1378:The Admiral's Bridge
1373:Chiesa della Magione
1324:Cathedral of Palermo
1166:Sant'Eufemia Lamezia
1099:Carrickfergus Castle
823:Carrickfergus Castle
676:St Nicholas Church,
653:Winchester Cathedral
600:Canterbury Cathedral
534:Edward the Confessor
382:Edward the Confessor
84:improve this article
3810:Norman architecture
3607:Stripped Classicism
3582:International style
3565:Rationalist-Fascist
3214:Portuguese Colonial
2964:Pre-Islamic Persian
2633:Medieval cathedrals
2628:Abbeys and priories
1990:Architecture portal
1939:Palazzo Santa Sofia
1756:Cathedral of CefalĂą
1754:in the apse of the
1501:San Marco d'Alunzio
1436:Casalvecchio Siculo
1319:Castle of Maredolce
1231:Cathedral of Cefalu
1221:Cathedral of Cefalu
1183:Castle of Circello.
1028:St Athernase Church
992:St Magnus Cathedral
946:St Andrew Cathedral
717:St Botolph's Priory
604:Gothic architecture
384:built the original
288:Norman architecture
3612:Postconstructivism
3555:Streamline Moderne
2792:Dartmoor longhouse
2787:Wealden hall house
2069:Arcisse de Caumont
1574:Transitional style
1451:Montalbano Elicona
1386:Monreale Cathedral
1362:Santissima TrinitĂ
1234:
1224:
1213:
1101:in County Antrim.
948:(from about 1070)
713:(eleventh century)
711:St Edward's Church
693:St Mary the Virgin
581:cruciform churches
522:
510:
507:Andover, Hampshire
284:
273:
269:Monreale Cathedral
261:
3830:Duchy of Normandy
3797:
3796:
2839:
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2749:Brighton and Hove
2638:Former cathedrals
2589:Bristol Byzantine
2192:978-0-415-22853-4
2154:978-0-7524-3214-4
1663:
1662:
1655:
1530:Catania Cathedral
1496:Castle of Milazzo
1453:, Palatine Chapel
1409:Messina Cathedral
1357:Chiesa del Vespro
1283:flying buttresses
1158:Hauteville family
1150:Monte Sant'Angelo
924:Dunfermline Abbey
807:Colchester Castle
779:Sedding, Edmund H
744:St Germans Priory
705:Norwich Cathedral
688:Southwell Minster
612:Lincoln Cathedral
538:Westminster Abbey
520:, Gloucestershire
452:were fighting on
386:Westminster Abbey
375:Romance languages
365:in his 1817 work
306:including Norman
294:developed by the
240:
239:
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3689:Deconstructivism
3448:Spanish Colonial
3209:Spanish Colonial
3109:Western Chalukya
2917:Ancient Egyptian
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2678:Church monuments
2668:Listed buildings
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1480:Castle of Nelson
1398:CefalĂą Cathedral
1370:
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1219:Interior of the
1174:Aversa Cathedral
1116:William Iron Arm
1071:Motte-and-bailey
1042:
1024:
1002:
988:
974:
964:Edinburgh Castle
956:
942:
873:
870:
817:Hedingham Castle
797:Rochester Castle
766:Dunstable Priory
762:– Norman chancel
739:
736:
731:Tewkesbury Abbey
643:Durham Cathedral
630:St John's Chapel
573:chevron patterns
546:motte-and-bailey
504:
501:
373:was used of the
340:a Norman dynasty
271:in Sicily, Italy
257:Durham Cathedral
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3560:Totalitarianism
3550:New Objectivity
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3344:Serbo-Byzantine
3339:Russo-Byzantine
3228:
3187:
3062:
3039:Islamic Persian
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2754:Hammerbeam roof
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1526:, Norman castle
1509:, Norman castle
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1065:. For example,
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673:, Herefordshire
638:Tower of London
620:
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583:often had deep
526:Norman Conquest
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2248:. Racine.ra.it
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1006:Jedburgh Abbey
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589:crossing tower
554:fortifications
498:A Norman arch
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342:that ruled in
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3587:Functionalism
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3406:
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3381:Monumentalism
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3151:Romano-Gothic
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2952:Ancient Roman
2950:
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2947:Ancient Greek
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2696:
2694:
2693:Hindu temples
2691:
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2613:Buildings and
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2310:
2305:
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2295:
2287:
2282:
2281:
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2275:
2271:
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2241:
2226:
2220:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2168:
2162:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2138:
2137:1 897719 04 3
2134:
2128:
2120:
2116:
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2108:
2101:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2040:
2038:9781108488167
2034:
2030:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1991:
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1980:
1970:
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1958:
1955:(first floor)
1948:
1944:
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1632:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1612:This section
1610:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1584:groin vaulted
1581:
1580:master masons
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1533:
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1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1463:Caltanissetta
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1430:Castelvetrano
1428:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
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1387:
1384:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1368:
1363:
1360:
1358:
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1349:
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1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1300:Norman palace
1298:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1238:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1217:
1209:
1204:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1137:opus gallicum
1133:
1129:
1126:in 1085, the
1125:
1121:
1117:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1095:Dublin Castle
1092:
1088:
1087:Swords Castle
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1001:
997:
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987:
983:
979:
976:
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965:
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951:
947:
944:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
922:
921:
915:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
866:
862:
860:
856:
855:Oakham Castle
853:
850:
847:
845:
841:
838:
837:
828:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
789:
780:
777:
776:
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767:
764:
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748:
745:
742:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
689:
686:
683:
679:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
659:Ely Cathedral
657:
654:
651:
648:
644:
641:
639:
635:
631:
628:
625:
624:Oxford Castle
622:
621:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
596:
594:
590:
587:and a square
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
519:
518:Guiting Power
514:
508:
496:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
464:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
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258:
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216:
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143:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101: –
100:
96:
95:Find sources:
89:
85:
79:
78:
73:This article
71:
67:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
3757:Mesoamerican
3704:Contemporary
3682:2000–present
3673:Neo-futurism
3653:Blobitecture
3480:Modern Style
3396:Neoclassical
3144:Indo-Islamic
3119:Great Seljuk
3104:Vijayanagara
3088:
2998:East Slavic
2912:Mesopotamian
2769:Bastle house
2648:Roman villas
2523:
2456:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2400:
2377:
2354:
2331:
2308:
2285:
2277:
2273:
2270:Bilson, John
2250:. Retrieved
2240:
2229:. Retrieved
2219:
2207:. Retrieved
2198:
2182:
2171:. Retrieved
2161:
2144:
2127:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2090:
2080:
2072:
2063:
2047:
2028:
2022:
1679:
1664:
1649:
1640:
1625:Please help
1613:
1577:
1557:
1513:Aci Castello
1478:
1469:San Fratello
1438:, Church of
1402:Edifices in
1293:Edifices in
1272:
1235:
1178:
1152:and built a
1144:Besides the
1143:
1135:
1113:
1067:Hugh de Lacy
1056:
882:
773:Bibliography
772:
770:
699:St Swithun's
681:
647:ribbed vault
633:
597:
562:
523:
482:, as at the
463:langue d'oĂŻl
461:
440:
396:
379:
370:
366:
359:antiquarians
356:
329:
287:
285:
267:Interior of
255:The nave of
241:
226:
208:
199:
180:
146:
137:
127:
120:
113:
106:
94:
82:Please help
77:verification
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
3617:PWA Moderne
3503:Rationalism
3465:Art Nouveau
3453:Territorial
3433:Renaissance
3417:Queen Anne
3290:Elizabethan
3183:Plateresque
3178:Renaissance
3161:Sondergotik
3056:Carolingian
3002:Kievan Rus'
2703:Lighthouses
2658:Hall houses
2539:Elizabethan
2519:Saxo-Norman
2514:Anglo-Saxon
1969:Hythe, Kent
1953: 1233
1925: 1494
1891:in Surrey,
1873: 1070
1850: 1120
1845:, Suffolk,
1828: 1160
1752:Pantocrator
1717:Raviscanina
1682:Fallowfield
1390:Benedictine
1365: [
1348:San Cataldo
1244: 1061
1128:Mezzogiorno
1110:Mezzogiorno
1075:Trim Castle
932:St Margaret
928:Dunfermline
904:Dunfermline
900:Benedictine
872: 1180
867:, Suffolk (
840:Jew's House
738: 1102
707:(1096–1145)
667:(from 1118)
661:(1083–1109)
655:(from 1079)
503: 1150
446:river Seine
412:cylindrical
393:Norman arch
312:monasteries
202:August 2024
194:introducing
140:August 2024
3804:Categories
3774:Portuguese
3648:Postmodern
3597:Organicism
3485:Modernisme
3470:Jugendstil
3329:Revivalism
3317:Industrial
3300:Portuguese
3074:Romanesque
2969:Achaemenid
2802:Bath stone
2779:Oast house
2734:Manchester
2724:Birmingham
2615:structures
2579:Jacobethan
2559:Queen Anne
2252:2011-06-11
2231:2011-06-11
2173:2011-06-11
2014:References
1896: 950
1791:New Romney
1738:in Palermo
1715:Castle at
1595:Neo-Norman
1568:Vittoriosa
1046:Kirkliston
908:King David
813:in England
721:Colchester
680:, Surrey (
425:bell tower
371:romanesque
332:Romanesque
259:in England
177:references
110:newspapers
39:improve it
3735:Dravidian
3694:Neomodern
3658:High-tech
3638:Brutalism
3631:1950–2000
3575:Stalinist
3508:Mycenaean
3496:1900–1950
3334:Byzantine
3310:Ukrainian
3295:Naryshkin
3260:Edwardian
3233:1750–1900
3204:Palladian
3199:Manueline
3192:1500–1750
3067:1000–1500
3007:Muscovite
2994:Byzantine
2942:Classical
2930:Mycenaean
2907:Neolithic
2812:Flushwork
2764:Almshouse
2759:Fan vault
2729:Liverpool
2688:Windmills
2594:Brutalist
2584:Edwardian
2574:Victorian
2459:) website
2403:, MĂĽnchen
1889:Mickleham
1758:in Sicily
1643:June 2018
1614:does not
1542:Roccamena
1371:known as
1343:Martorana
1302:with its
1287:pinnacles
1279:campanile
1275:cathedral
1192:(Salerno)
1154:mausoleum
827:gatehouse
577:mouldings
454:horseback
380:Although
348:Byzantine
286:The term
45:talk page
3747:Japanese
3725:Colonial
3713:Regional
3663:Arcology
3602:Art Deco
3592:Futurism
3535:De Stijl
3438:Romanian
3356:Egyptian
3351:Colonial
3305:Siberian
3115:Islamic
3084:Ottonian
3079:Galician
2989:Sasanian
2957:Herodian
2937:Etruscan
2833:Category
2698:Stadiums
2564:Georgian
2549:Carolean
2544:Jacobean
2442:, London
2409:citation
2386:citation
2380:, Oxford
2363:citation
2357:, ZĂĽrich
2340:citation
2334:, London
2317:citation
2311:, London
2294:citation
2288:, Oxford
2209:10 April
2119:44245200
2088:(1841).
1976:See also
1487:Syracuse
1393:cloister
1252:Monreale
1120:Calabria
1083:the Pale
1069:built a
1040:NO455215
1032:Leuchars
1022:NT650204
1010:Jedburgh
1000:HY449112
986:NT144775
972:NT252735
954:NO516166
940:NT089872
910:, built
896:Margaret
884:Scotland
879:Scotland
585:chancels
569:tympanum
565:capitals
431:Normandy
420:tympanum
399:archways
336:Normandy
3784:Spanish
3779:Russian
3720:Chinese
3540:Bauhaus
3443:Russian
3421:Britain
3403:Moorish
3386:Baroque
3376:Mission
3322:British
3285:Petrine
3280:Maltese
3275:Italian
3265:English
3240:Baroque
3139:Ottoman
3134:Timurid
3099:Hoysala
3095:Indian
3034:Fatimid
3029:Abbasid
3024:Moorish
3019:Umayyad
3014:Islamic
2921:Aegean
2744:Bristol
2673:Museums
2623:Castles
2455:CRSBI (
2071:in his
1688:Gallery
1635:removed
1620:sources
1524:Caronia
1475:Maniace
1457:Sciacca
1404:Messina
1295:Palermo
1256:Palermo
1156:to the
1063:castles
1059:castles
1053:Ireland
1014:David I
978:Dalmeny
888:Macbeth
859:Rutland
844:Lincoln
819:, Essex
760:Rutland
678:Pyrford
636:1078),
542:knights
490:England
458:Normans
408:columns
352:Saracen
326:Origins
296:Normans
190:improve
124:scholar
3789:Somali
3769:Newari
3752:Korean
3730:Indian
3622:Googie
3528:Cubism
3513:Modern
3413:Pueblo
3391:Rococo
3361:Gothic
3270:French
3245:Andean
3219:Mughal
3156:Gothic
3129:Mamluk
3089:Norman
2925:Minoan
2782:(cowl)
2719:London
2524:Norman
2507:Styles
2190:
2152:
2135:
2117:
2035:
1588:Gothic
1548:Cerami
1536:Adrano
1507:Adrano
1268:angels
1264:mosaic
1248:gilded
1237:Sicily
1197:Sicily
1162:Venosa
1132:Molise
1091:Fingal
752:, Kent
550:abbeys
480:towers
476:aisles
450:Franks
442:Viking
344:Sicily
330:These
320:arches
316:abbeys
179:, but
126:
119:
112:
105:
97:
3740:Hindu
3458:Tudor
3366:Mayan
3255:Dutch
3250:Czech
3173:Aztec
3168:Incan
2712:Other
2534:Tudor
2115:JSTOR
2075:1824.
1947:Malta
1943:Mdina
1919:Malta
1915:Mdina
1898:-1180
1875:–1100
1852:–1148
1564:Mdina
1554:Malta
1445:Itala
1424:Erice
1369:]
1105:Italy
684:1140)
558:keeps
472:keeps
416:piers
308:keeps
131:JSTOR
117:books
3762:Maya
3570:Nazi
3224:Sikh
2739:Bath
2415:link
2392:link
2369:link
2346:link
2323:link
2300:link
2211:2017
2188:ISBN
2150:ISBN
2133:ISBN
2033:ISBN
1770:The
1750:The
1734:The
1618:any
1616:cite
1566:and
1388:and
1314:Cuba
1309:Zisa
1285:and
1260:dome
1097:and
811:Keep
610:and
350:and
103:news
2899:BCE
2052:OED
1629:by
1578:As
1160:at
1089:in
505:in
403:awe
86:by
3806::
2411:}}
2407:{{
2388:}}
2384:{{
2365:}}
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1945:,
1941:,
1922:c.
1917:,
1913:,
1893:c.
1870:c.
1847:c.
1825:c.
1684:.
1570:.
1367:it
1270:.
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1176:.
1030:,
1016:)
1008:,
962:,
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926:,
869:c.
857:,
842:,
758:,
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634:c.
560:.
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2234:.
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215:)
209:(
204:)
200:(
186:.
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142:)
138:(
128:·
121:·
114:·
107:·
80:.
55:)
51:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
