530:(PG&E) were buying from a spot market at very high prices but were unable to raise retail rates. For a product that the IOU's used to produce for about three cents per kilowatt hour of electricity, they were paying eleven to fifty cents, or occasionally even more, but they were capped at 6.7 cents per kilowatt hour when charging their retail customers. As a result, PG&E filed bankruptcy, and Southern California Edison worked diligently on a workout plan with the State of California to save their company from the same fate.
424:
743:
757:
267:, to create artificial shortages. Energy traders took power plants offline for maintenance during days of peak demand to increase the price. Traders were thus able to sell power at premium prices, sometimes up to a factor of twenty times its normal value. Because the state government had a cap on retail electricity charges, this market manipulation squeezed the industry's revenue margins, causing the bankruptcy of
353:
582:"Enron stood for secrecy and a lack of responsibility. In electric power, we must have openness and companies that are responsible for keeping the lights on. We need to go back to companies that own power plants with clear responsibilities for selling real power under long-term contracts. There is no place for companies like Enron that own the equivalent of an electronic telephone book and
621:(Davis eventually signed overpriced ones, as noted above), while Davis supported price caps, denounced the other solutions as too politically risky, and allegedly acted rudely. The contracts Davis signed locked Californians into high electric costs for the next decade. As of October 2011 electric rates in California had yet to return to pre-contract levels.
610:
Meanwhile, conservatives argued that Davis signed overpriced energy contracts, employed incompetent negotiators, and refused to allow prices to rise for residences statewide much like they did in San Diego, which they argue could have given Davis more leverage against the energy traders and encouraged more conservation. More criticism is given in the book
364:
did not encourage new producers to create more power and drive down prices. Instead, with increasing demand for electricity, the producers of energy charged more for electricity. The producers used moments of spike energy production to inflate the price of energy. In
January 2001, energy producers began shutting down plants to increase prices.
572:"There is one fundamental lesson we must learn from this experience: electricity is really different from everything else. It cannot be stored, it cannot be seen, and we cannot do without it, which makes opportunities to take advantage of a deregulated market endless. It is a public good that must be protected from private abuse. If
514:) were exempt from the deregulation legislation and sold their excess power to private utilities in the state (mostly to Southern California Edison) during the crises. That enabled much of the greater Los Angeles area to suffer only rolling brown-outs rather than long term black outs suffered in other parts of the state.
567:
S. David
Freeman, who was appointed Chair of the California Power Authority in the midst of the crisis, made the following statements about Enron's involvement in testimony submitted before the Subcommittee on Consumer Affairs, Foreign Commerce and Tourism of the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science
372:
By keeping the consumer price of electricity artificially low, the
California government discouraged citizens from practicing conservation. In February 2001, California governor Gray Davis stated, "Believe me, if I wanted to raise rates I could have solved this problem in 20 minutes." However, in San
363:
Energy deregulation put the three companies that distribute electricity into a tough situation. Energy deregulation policy froze or capped the existing price of energy that the three energy distributors could charge. Deregulating the producers of energy did not lower the cost of energy. Deregulation
380:
manipulated the market to force utility companies into daily spot markets for short term gain. For example, in a market technique known as megawatt laundering, wholesalers bought up electricity in
California at below cap price to sell out of state, creating shortages. In some instances, wholesalers
502:
Rolling blackouts affecting 97,000 customers hit the San
Francisco Bay area on June 14, 2000, and San Diego Gas & Electric Company filed a complaint alleging market manipulation by some energy producers in August 2000. On December 7, 2000, suffering from low supply and idled power plants, the
620:
Treasury officials; and energy executives, including market manipulators such as Enron, where Gray Davis disagreed with the treasury officials and energy executives. They advised suspending environmental studies to build power plants and a small rate hike to prepare for long-term power contracts
609:
from energy producers. In addition, the
California State Legislature would sometimes push Davis to act decisively by taking over power plants which were known to have been gamed and place them back under control of the utilities, ensuring a more steady supply and punished the worst manipulators.
559:
mocked the efforts by the
California state government to thwart the practices of the energy wholesalers, insisting that "no matter what we 'crazy people in California' did that he had people working for him at Enron that could figure out a way to make money". The original statement was made in a
419:
was the
Chairman of the Senate Committee on Energy at the time and is often credited as "the father of deregulation". The author of the bill was Senator Jim Brulte, a Republican from Rancho Cucamonga. Wilson admitted publicly that defects in the deregulation system would need fixing by "the next
576:
were written for a market approach to electricity, then the law would state 'any system that can be gamed, will be gamed, and at the worst possible time.' And a market approach for electricity is inherently gameable. Never again can we allow private interests to create artificial or even real
392:"...supply-demand imbalance, flawed market design and inconsistent rules made possible significant market manipulation as delineated in final investigation report. Without underlying market dysfunction, attempts to manipulate the market would not be successful."
507:(ISO), which manages the California power grid, declared the first statewide Stage 3 power alert, meaning power reserves were below 3 percent. Rolling blackouts were avoided when the state halted two large state and federal water pumps to conserve electricity.
325:"There is a single connection between northern and southern California's power grids. I heard that Enron traders purposely overbooked that line, then caused others to need it. Next, by California's free-market rules, Enron was allowed to price-gouge at will."
440:
California's population increased by 13% during the 1990s. The State did not build any new major power plants during that time, and
California's generation capability decreased 2 percent from 1990 through 1999, while retail sales increased by 11 percent.
373:
Diego, where San Diego Gas & Electric had paid off its debt, market rates were charged beginning in July 1999. Prices doubled in two months due to a hot summer, and people protested by not paying their full bills and calling the power company.
586:
to extract an unnecessary middleman’s profits. Companies with power plants can compete for contracts to provide the bulk of our power at reasonable prices that reflect costs. People say that
Governor Davis has been vindicated by the Enron
725:
In December 2005, the Commission filed a report to the U. S. Congress on its response to the California Electricity Crisis, which states that "To date, the Commission staff has facilitated settlements resulting in over $ 6.3 billion".
463:
In the summer of 2001 a drought in the northwest states reduced the amount of hydroelectric power available to California. Moreover, wholesale prices of natural gas spiked nationwide, rising from around $ 2 per one million
691:
President and CEO Terry Winter and Central Valley farmers. During the hearings, the state and federal representatives cast blame on each other, but there was consensus that warning signals to the crisis were missed repeatedly.
564:(Chairman of the California Power Authority) and Kenneth Lay in 2000, according to the statements made by Freeman to the Senate Subcommittee on Consumer Affairs, Foreign Commerce and Tourism in April and May 2002.
657:. The meeting was convened for Enron to present its "Comprehensive Solution for California," which called for an end to federal and state investigations into Enron's role in the California energy crisis.
314:
was only possible as a result of the complex market design produced by the process of partial deregulation. Manipulation strategies were known to energy traders under names such as "Fat Boy", "
345:
process, which was promoted as a means of increasing competition, was also influenced by lobbying from Enron, and began in 1996 when California became the first state to deregulate its
1043:
1244:
248:
Drought, and delays in approval of new power plants, also decreased supply. This caused an 800% increase in wholesale prices from April 2000 to December 2000. In addition,
376:
When the electricity demand in California rose, utilities had no financial incentive to expand production, as long term prices were capped. Instead, wholesalers such as
729:
On August 17, 2013, the British Columbia company Powerex agreed to a $ 750 million refund as a settlement over charges of manipulating electricity prices during 2000.
2088:
by McCullough Research – page includes many downloadable reports, some of which were presented as evidence during investigations into the causes of the crisis.
1189:
490:
estimates that a 5% lowering of demand would result in a 50% price reduction during the peak hours of the California electricity crisis in 2000/2001. With better
402:"Electricity prices in California’s spot markets were affected by economic withholding and inflated price bidding, in violation of tariff anti-gaming provisions."
537:
data by Power in the Public Interest, retail electricity prices rose much more from 1999 to 2007 in states that adopted deregulation than in those that did not.
2064:
1132:
2023:
1307:
2238:
1281:"The Energy Crunch / A Year Later / State's deregulation folly is no laughing matter / Consumers face inflated bills for years for failed electricity plan"
2073:
704:(FERC) was intimately involved with the handling of the crisis from the summer of 2000. There were in fact at least four separate FERC investigations.
2095:" (December 9, 2002) (Opposes the McCullough research and supports the view that the crisis was an outcome of genuine problems with supply and demand)
1024:... volatile commodity market, but it had fixed sales prices for the investor-owned utilities at the retail level, a potentially untenable combination
810:
1788:
1011:
2177:
479:, had not been improved for many years and became a major bottleneck point which limited the amount of power that could be sent south to 3,900
1053:
290:
took advantage of this partial deregulation and was involved in economic withholding and inflated price bidding in California's spot markets.
17:
318:", "Forney Perpetual Loop", "Wheel Out", "Ricochet", "Ping Pong", "Black Widow", "Big Foot", "Red Congo", "Cong Catcher" and "Get Shorty".
2253:
2248:
2203:
338:, for which Enron had lobbied, opened electrical transmission grids to competition, unbundling generation and transmission of electricity.
1627:
510:
Most notably, the city of Los Angeles was unaffected by the crisis because government-owned public utilities in California (including the
2208:
2159:
1766:
511:
1881:
1920:
1720:
1685:
877:
2243:
2122:
2110:
1390:
1370:
1325:
929:
688:
684:
504:
282:(FERC), the crisis was possible because of legislation instituted in 1996 by the California Legislature (AB 1890) and Governor
252:
adversely affected many businesses dependent upon a reliable supply of electricity, and inconvenienced many retail consumers.
1513:
1488:
1463:
1438:
1094:
2134:
2055:
1757:"Gov. Davis and the failure of power: California's energy crisis is another lesson in the need for campaign finance reform"
1572:
701:
385:
279:
981:
1854:
1208:
534:
1252:
1996:
Investigation of Anomalous Bidding Behavior and Practices in the Western Markets, 103 FERC ¶ 61,347 at 62,360 (2003).
1838:
1102:
664:
551:
One of the energy wholesalers that became notorious for "gaming the market" and reaping huge speculative profits was
2146:
2061:
1947:
1897:
1139:
855:
2135:"Defying Corporations, Defining Democracy": As Internal Memos Reveal That Enron Drove Up Power Prices in California
828:
268:
2031:
1344:
711:
The Enron Western Markets Investigation, FERC Docket Number PA02-2, specifically investigating the involvement of
2228:
1632:
1304:
47:
California begins to modify controls on its energy market and takes measures ostensibly to increase competition.
2092:
2213:
1371:"Newsmaker Profile: Steve Peace / Davis' finance chief skilled at raising hell / Brash ex-senator a bold pick"
718:
The Refund Case, involving wide-ranging recovery of illegal profits made by some companies during the crisis.
2198:
679:
In the Spring of 2001, House Government Affairs Energy Policy and Regulatory Affairs Subcommittee Chairman
1598:
1280:
955:
903:
814:
460:. During that time, California relied upon out-of-state generators to supply 7 to 11 gigawatts of power.
2263:
2258:
1796:
1558:
487:
397:"...many trading strategies employed by Enron and other companies violated the anti-gaming provisions..."
2007:
The Commission's Response to the California Electricity Crisis and Timeline for Distribution of Refunds
523:
272:
1326:"Deregulation Doubling Electric Bills / San Diego jolt a preview of what Northern California may face"
259:, or billions-of-watts). At the time of the blackouts, demand was 28 GW. A demand-supply gap was
2006:
1637:
1554:
796:
527:
428:
335:
2181:
238:, one of the state's largest energy companies collapsed, and the economic fall-out greatly harmed
2223:
708:
The Gaming Case, investigating general allegations of manipulation of the Western energy markets.
494:
the market also becomes more resilient to intentional withdrawal of offers from the supply side.
2233:
617:
239:
174:
Following the bankruptcy of Enron, it is alleged that energy prices were manipulated by Enron.
2166:
1830:
1660:
249:
2178:"California Department of Water Resources 50th Anniversary Article on the 2001 Energy Crisis"
2098:
2078:
1975:
777:
630:
606:
315:
104:
San Diego Gas & Electric Company files a complaint alleging manipulation of the markets.
1226:
1879:
650:
465:
294:
60:
signs Electric Utility Industry Restructuring Act (Assembly Bill 1890) and it becomes law.
1924:
8:
2160:"The Trouble with Electricity Markets: Understanding California's Restructuring Disaster"
2127:
1190:"A most favored corporation: Enron prevailed in federal, state lobbying efforts 49 times"
612:
311:
260:
231:
1727:
1692:
660:
On October 7, 2003, Schwarzenegger was elected Governor of California to replace Davis.
1898:"Schwarzenegger Accused of Involvement in $ 9B California Swindle with Enron's Ken Lay"
1752:
1555:
The Power to Choose – Enhancing Demand Response in Liberalised Electricity Markets
1081:
1048:
602:
457:
346:
227:
1387:
2147:
Schwarzenegger Accused of Involvement in $ 9B California Swindle with Enron’s Ken Lay
2115:
1834:
1823:
1410:
1098:
748:
449:
472:) at the beginning of 1999 to over $ 10 per million BTU in the winter of 2000-2001.
2103:
683:
held a series of field hearings in California and Nevada, receiving testimony from
561:
445:
234:
and capped retail electricity prices. The state suffered from multiple large-scale
1858:
321:
In a letter sent from David Fabian to Senator Boxer in 2002, it was alleged that:
184:
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission begins investigation of Enron's involvement.
2068:
1885:
1818:
1761:
1394:
1311:
638:
583:
573:
491:
1117:
2218:
2151:
2139:
616:, which gives the details of a meeting between the governor and his officials;
475:
The main line which allowed electricity to travel from the north to the south,
423:
415:, California began changing the electricity industry. Democratic State Senator
2058:(FERC) Final Report on Price Manipulation in Western Markets (March 23, 2003)
2192:
1976:
Summary of FERC documentation relating to the Western Energy Crisis 2000–2001
1397:
1175:
Letter from David Fabian to Senator Boxer, February 13, 2002, p.1, quoted in
1090:
772:
654:
517:
469:
357:
219:
1756:
1538:
1039:
762:
342:
235:
1623:
646:
634:
556:
416:
412:
283:
57:
2085:
1176:
1163:
381:
scheduled power transmission to create congestion and drive up prices.
242:
223:
444:
California's utilities came to depend in part on the import of excess
256:
91:
90:
Blackouts affect 97,000 customers in San Francisco Bay area during a
667:(WAPA) 500 kV line remedying the aforementioned power bottleneck on
680:
663:
Over a year later, he attended the commissioning ceremony of a new
480:
2101: – Gloating about manipulating California's energy market. (
668:
476:
453:
255:
California had an installed generating capacity of 45 GW (
956:"PG&E; Declares Bankruptcy; State's Crisis Plans Collapse"
904:"Second Day of Blackouts Disrupts 500000 Homes and Businesses"
352:
1388:
How California's Consumers Lost With Electricity Deregulation
712:
642:
552:
546:
377:
287:
264:
1083:
The California Electricity Crisis: Causes and Policy Options
2093:
California Electricity Price Spikes: An Update on the Facts
1661:"Competitively Priced Electricity Costs More, Studies Show"
1012:"The California Electricity Crisis: Lessons for the Future"
856:"California Electric Energy Crisis - Provisions of AB 1890"
518:
Consequences of wholesale price rises on the retail market
2024:"Canadian province settles California energy crisis case"
1014:. National Academy of Engineering of the Nation Academies
833:
687:
Chair Loretta Lynch, FERC General Counsel Kevin Madden,
1411:"Population Change and Distribution: Census 2000 Brief"
878:"California Orders Blackouts For a Second Straight Day"
715:
and other companies in manipulating the energy markets.
695:
674:
522:
As a result of the actions of electricity wholesalers,
1596:
286:
that deregulated some aspects of the energy industry.
1227:"Editorial: Don't let ghosts of Enron haunt us again"
811:"ERisk.com's The California Energy Crisis 2063-20100"
144:
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. files for bankruptcy.
114:
Blackouts affect several hundred thousand customers.
738:
721:
The Economic Withholding and Anomalous Bidding Case.
1829:(1st ed.). New York: Broadway Books. pp.
930:"California's Largest Utility Files for Bankruptcy"
1822:
1539:"Natural Gas: Analysis of Changes in Market Price"
1298:
1207:Fogarty, Thomas A.; Iwata, Edward (May 15, 2002).
329:
2086:Reports on Enron and the California Energy Crisis
1715:
1713:
797:"Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Chronology"
2190:
2123:Papers Show That Enron Manipulated Calif. Crisis
1548:
1918:
1573:"California's Water Supply, A 700 Mile Journey"
1127:
1125:
1005:
1003:
605:, alleged that Davis was lulled to inaction by
218:of 2000 and 2001, was a situation in which the
154:Blackouts affect upwards of 167,000 customers.
2111:Enron Tapes Hint Chiefs Knew About Power Ploys
1710:
1514:"Subsequent Events-California's Energy Crisis"
1489:"Subsequent Events-California's Energy Crisis"
1464:"Subsequent Events-California's Energy Crisis"
1439:"Subsequent Events-California's Energy Crisis"
1305:Energy crisis cited as turning point for Davis
1118:Tapes: Enron plotted to shut down power plant.
858:. U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
124:Governor Davis declares a state of emergency.
1209:"Energy deregulation: Is it friend or enemy?"
1075:
1073:
1071:
2079:Further documents, including detailed report
1314:, San Diego Union-Tribune, September 2, 2003
1278:
1206:
1179:, McCullough Research (June 5, 2002) at p.4.
1122:
1034:
1032:
1000:
629:On May 17, 2001, future Republican governor
411:In the mid-1990s, under Republican Governor
204:Governor Davis ends the state of emergency.
2239:George W. Bush administration controversies
2137: – A talk to Author Richard Grossman (
1999:
1970:
1968:
1923:. Closed Circuit newsletter. Archived from
512:Los Angeles Department of Water & Power
194:The Enron Tapes scandal begins to surface.
1817:
1751:
1628:"The Energy Crisis: Keeping The Lights On"
1597:Seema Mehta; Nancy Vogel (June 29, 2002).
1561:Demand Response Project, Presentation 2003
1274:
1272:
1270:
1068:
1044:"Tapes Show Enron Arranged Plant Shutdown"
1245:"Energy Crisis Overview: How we got here"
1111:
1029:
591:
341:On the state level, part of California's
70:Spot market for energy begins operation.
1965:
1658:
982:"Rolling blackouts ordered across state"
829:"FrontLine's California Crisis Timeline"
624:
422:
367:
351:
134:Blackouts affect 1.5 million customers.
1789:"Ten good reasons to recall Gray Davis"
1408:
1323:
1267:
1009:
540:
212:2000–2001 California electricity crisis
14:
2191:
1855:"Governor Davis and the Energy Crisis"
1622:
1599:"Hahn Orders DWP to Probe Power Deals"
1518:U.S. Energy Information Administration
1493:U.S. Energy Information Administration
1468:U.S. Energy Information Administration
1443:U.S. Energy Information Administration
1368:
1345:"Enron linked to California blackouts"
596:
505:California Independent System Operator
305:
27:Energy crisis in 2000–01 in California
1095:Public Policy Institute of California
1079:
388:(FERC) substantially agreed in 2003:
2056:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
1945:
1919:Carolyn Hinkley (January 14, 2005).
1659:Johnston, David (November 6, 2007).
1166:, McCullough Research (June 5, 2002)
1038:
848:
702:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
696:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
675:Congressional Response to the Crisis
568:and Transportation on May 15, 2002:
435:
386:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
280:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
2254:2001 disasters in the United States
2249:2000 disasters in the United States
2204:Electric power in the United States
1921:"Western Area Power Administration"
1570:
1342:
1177:Congestion Manipulation "DeathStar"
1164:Congestion Manipulation "DeathStar"
384:After extensive investigation, the
80:Significant rise in energy prices.
24:
2209:Power outages in the United States
1769:from the original on July 26, 2008
1369:Martin, Mark (December 22, 2002).
1279:Carolyn Said (December 24, 2001).
497:
406:
271:(PG&E) and near bankruptcy of
25:
2275:
2049:
2030:. August 16, 2013. Archived from
1795:. August 18, 2003. Archived from
1544:. U.S. General Accounting Office.
1010:Sweeney, James L. (Summer 2002).
665:Western Area Power Administration
1691:. April 11, 2002. Archived from
1324:Lazarus, David (July 27, 2000).
755:
741:
269:Pacific Gas and Electric Company
2016:
1990:
1939:
1912:
1890:
1873:
1847:
1811:
1781:
1745:
1721:"Testimony of S. David Freeman"
1686:"Testimony of S. David Freeman"
1678:
1652:
1633:Commonwealth Club of California
1616:
1590:
1564:
1531:
1506:
1481:
1456:
1431:
1402:
1381:
1362:
1336:
1317:
1237:
1219:
1200:
1182:
1169:
1157:
577:shortages and to be in control.
330:Effects of partial deregulation
2244:Economic history of California
1726:. May 15, 2002. Archived from
974:
948:
922:
896:
870:
821:
803:
789:
310:As the FERC report concluded,
13:
1:
1251:. May 8, 2001. Archived from
783:
651:Peninsula Beverly Hills Hotel
533:According to a 2007 study of
18:California electricity crisis
2099:Enron Traders Caught On Tape
263:by energy companies, mainly
7:
1418:United States Census Bureau
1409:Perry, Marc; Mackun, Paul.
1285:The San Francisco Chronicle
1249:The San Francisco Chronicle
1194:Center for Public Integrity
1080:Weare, Christopher (2003).
732:
685:Public Utilities Commission
560:phone conversation between
488:International Energy Agency
427:PG&E electric meter on
10:
2280:
2067:February 21, 2006, at the
1537:
1310:February 21, 2009, at the
1133:"FERC Summary of findings"
544:
528:Pacific Gas & Electric
524:Southern California Edison
273:Southern California Edison
216:Western U.S. energy crisis
336:Energy Policy Act of 1992
300:
164:Energy prices normalize.
41:
34:
1884:August 14, 2006, at the
1512:
1487:
1462:
1437:
334:On a federal level, the
293:The crisis cost between
1375:San Francisco Chronicle
1330:San Francisco Chronicle
986:San Diego Union-Tribune
2229:Scandals in California
1948:"House launches probe"
1393:June 28, 2012, at the
618:Clinton Administration
607:campaign contributions
601:Some critics, such as
592:Handling of the crisis
432:
360:
2214:Electricity economics
2172:on September 5, 2006.
1927:on September 24, 2006
1233:. September 24, 2016.
778:List of power outages
631:Arnold Schwarzenegger
625:Arnold Schwarzenegger
466:British thermal units
426:
368:Government price caps
355:
297:40 and $ 45 billion.
2074:Chronology in detail
2062:Findings at a glance
1755:(January 27, 2001).
1056:on September 5, 2012
1042:(February 4, 2005).
817:on January 18, 2006.
541:Involvement of Enron
535:Department of Energy
232:market manipulations
214:, also known as the
2199:2000s energy crisis
2128:The Washington Post
1952:The Stockton Record
1861:on October 16, 2011
1825:Conspiracy of Fools
1753:Huffington, Arianna
1640:on October 20, 2002
1255:on February 6, 2008
613:Conspiracy of Fools
597:Governor Gray Davis
312:market manipulation
306:Market manipulation
110:January 17–18, 2001
2264:2001 in California
2259:2000 in California
2034:on January 5, 2016
1900:. Democracynow.org
1665:The New York Times
1196:. January 6, 2003.
1049:The New York Times
934:The New York Times
882:The New York Times
603:Arianna Huffington
433:
361:
347:electricity market
228:electricity supply
226:had a shortage of
53:September 23, 1996
2184:on April 3, 2007.
2116:Los Angeles Times
1799:on March 24, 2007
1626:(March 8, 2001).
1603:Los Angeles Times
960:Los Angeles Times
908:Los Angeles Times
749:California portal
637:Mayor Republican
553:Enron Corporation
450:Pacific Northwest
436:Supply and demand
356:PG&E yard in
278:According to the
250:rolling blackouts
208:
207:
200:November 13, 2003
130:March 19–20, 2001
16:(Redirected from
2271:
2185:
2180:. Archived from
2173:
2171:
2165:. Archived from
2164:
2104:CBS Evening News
2091:Susan L. Pope, "
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1972:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1894:
1888:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1857:. Archived from
1851:
1845:
1844:
1828:
1819:Eichenwald, Kurt
1815:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1733:on March 1, 2006
1732:
1725:
1717:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1698:on March 1, 2006
1697:
1690:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1636:. Archived from
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1568:
1562:
1552:
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1343:Leopold, Jason.
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1150:
1144:
1138:. Archived from
1137:
1129:
1120:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1088:
1077:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1052:. Archived from
1036:
1027:
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1021:
1019:
1007:
998:
997:
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978:
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910:. March 21, 2001
900:
894:
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884:. March 21, 2001
874:
868:
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865:
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852:
846:
845:
843:
841:
825:
819:
818:
813:. Archived from
807:
801:
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793:
765:
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759:
758:
751:
746:
745:
744:
562:S. David Freeman
446:hydroelectricity
120:January 17, 2001
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2069:Wayback Machine
2052:
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2017:
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1946:Thompson, Don.
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1901:
1896:
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1395:Wayback Machine
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1145:on May 27, 2010
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962:. April 7, 2001
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936:. April 7, 2001
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747:
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735:
698:
677:
639:Richard Riordan
627:
599:
594:
584:game the system
549:
543:
520:
500:
498:Some key events
492:demand response
438:
409:
407:New regulations
370:
332:
308:
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275:in early 2001.
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2224:Market failure
2221:
2216:
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2201:
2187:
2186:
2174:
2156:
2152:Democracy Now!
2144:
2140:Democracy Now!
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2050:External links
2048:
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2015:
1998:
1989:
1964:
1938:
1911:
1889:
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1839:
1821:(2005). "15".
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1571:Quinton, Amy.
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1040:Egan, Timothy
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988:. May 8, 2001
987:
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773:Energy crisis
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86:June 14, 2000
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2032:the original
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1951:
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1859:the original
1849:
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1793:Human Events
1792:
1783:
1773:September 2,
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1760:
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1638:the original
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1618:
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1602:
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1582:February 25,
1580:. Retrieved
1577:Capradio.org
1576:
1566:
1557:Findings of
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574:Murphy's Law
566:
555:. Enron CEO
550:
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429:Angel Island
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1865:October 10,
1349:MarketWatch
647:Kenneth Lay
635:Los Angeles
633:and former
557:Kenneth Lay
420:governor".
417:Steve Peace
413:Pete Wilson
284:Pete Wilson
190:Winter 2002
100:August 2000
58:Pete Wilson
2193:Categories
2038:August 17,
1982:August 17,
1931:August 17,
1904:August 14,
1803:August 17,
1737:August 17,
1702:August 17,
1670:August 17,
1644:August 18,
1290:August 17,
1259:August 17,
1018:January 9,
840:August 17,
784:References
526:(SCE) and
458:Washington
452:states of
316:Death Star
243:Gray Davis
230:caused by
224:California
140:April 2001
66:April 1998
36:Chronology
2149: – (
2125: – (
2113: – (
2012:(Report).
1149:March 17,
641:met with
448:from the
257:gigawatts
236:blackouts
222:state of
92:heat wave
2065:Archived
1978:(Report)
1882:Archived
1767:Archived
1608:April 3,
1391:Archived
1308:Archived
1213:USAToday
733:See also
681:Doug Ose
240:Governor
76:May 2000
2028:Reuters
1957:June 2,
1523:June 7,
1498:June 7,
1473:June 7,
1448:June 7,
1423:June 7,
1354:May 27,
992:July 3,
966:July 3,
940:July 3,
914:July 3,
888:July 3,
669:Path 15
649:at the
477:Path 15
261:created
1837:
1101:
862:May 1,
454:Oregon
301:Causes
2219:Enron
2170:(PDF)
2163:(PDF)
2010:(PDF)
1833:–12.
1762:Salon
1731:(PDF)
1724:(PDF)
1696:(PDF)
1689:(PDF)
1542:(PDF)
1414:(PDF)
1143:(PDF)
1136:(PDF)
1087:(PDF)
713:Enron
643:Enron
547:Enron
468:(290
378:Enron
288:Enron
265:Enron
2040:2013
1984:2008
1959:2022
1933:2008
1906:2010
1867:2011
1835:ISBN
1805:2008
1775:2020
1739:2008
1704:2008
1672:2008
1646:2020
1610:2013
1584:2020
1525:2021
1500:2021
1475:2021
1450:2021
1425:2021
1356:2021
1292:2008
1261:2008
1151:2010
1099:ISBN
1062:2020
1020:2012
994:2024
968:2024
942:2024
916:2024
890:2024
864:2019
842:2008
700:The
645:CEO
486:The
456:and
295:US$
220:U.S.
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1559:IEA
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