4028:. In parts of Africa, a diagnosis is commonly made so late that cure is not possible, and treatment, if available at all, would quickly bankrupt the family. As a result of these factors, African healthcare providers tend to let family members decide whether, when and how to disclose the diagnosis, and they tend to do so slowly and circuitously, as the person shows interest and an ability to cope with the grim news. People from Asian and South American countries also tend to prefer a slower, less candid approach to disclosure than is idealized in the United States and Western Europe, and they believe that sometimes it would be preferable not to be told about a cancer diagnosis. In general, disclosure of the diagnosis is more common than it was in the 20th century, but full disclosure of the prognosis is not offered to many patients around the world.
2626:
2638:
2600:
2509:
2170:
2585:
997:
910:
3600:
1944:
161:
2273:
641:
2525:
898:
69:
2545:
2565:
1584:), may produce skin cancer, especially if carcinogenic chemicals are also present. Frequent consumption of scalding hot tea may produce esophageal cancer. Generally, it is believed that cancer arises, or a pre-existing cancer is encouraged, during the process of healing, rather than directly by the trauma. However, repeated injuries to the same tissues might promote excessive cell proliferation, which could then increase the odds of a cancerous mutation.
3577:
complementary and alternative medicines for cancer have not been studied or tested using conventional techniques such as clinical trials. Some alternative treatments have been investigated and shown to be ineffective but still continue to be marketed and promoted. Cancer researcher Andrew J. Vickers stated, "The label 'unproven' is inappropriate for such therapies; it is time to assert that many alternative cancer therapies have been 'disproven'."
3841:
4144:
3697:
4310:, concentrating mainly on cats and dogs, is a growing specialty in wealthy countries and the major forms of human treatment such as surgery and radiotherapy may be offered. The most common types of cancer differ, but the cancer burden seems at least as high in pets as in humans. Animals, typically rodents, are often used in cancer research and studies of natural cancers in larger animals may benefit research into human cancer.
4239:
target and eliminate cancer cells with unprecedented precision. These nanodrones are designed to harness the power of natural killer (NK) cells, which play a crucial role in the body's immune response against tumors. By directing these NK cells specifically to the sites of tumors, the nanodrones can effectively concentrate the immune system's attack on the cancer cells, potentially leading to better outcomes for patients.
530:
4044:, based on the idea that cancer was caused by a bad attitude. People with a "cancer personality"—depressed, repressed, self-loathing and afraid to express their emotions—were believed to have manifested cancer through subconscious desire. Some psychotherapists claimed that treatment to change the patient's outlook on life would cure the cancer. Among other effects, this belief allowed society to
12515:
3287:, which has an advantage in the statistics of survival and response to the tumor and in the progress of the disease. A Cochrane review concluded that combined therapy was more effective to treat metastasized breast cancer. However, generally it is not certain whether combination chemotherapy leads to better health outcomes, when both survival and toxicity are considered.
1388:. Radiation is a more potent source of cancer when combined with other cancer-causing agents, such as radon plus tobacco smoke. Radiation can cause cancer in most parts of the body, in all animals and at any age. Children are twice as likely to develop radiation-induced leukemia as adults; radiation exposure before birth has ten times the effect.
4075:, is that blaming cancer on the patient's actions or attitudes allows the blamers to regain a sense of control. This is based upon the blamers' belief that the world is fundamentally just and so any dangerous illness, like cancer, must be a type of punishment for bad choices, because in a just world, bad things would not happen to good people.
2047:
metal-induced carcinogenesis show that such heavy metals cause a reduction in expression of DNA repair enzymes, some through epigenetic mechanisms. DNA repair inhibition is proposed to be a predominant mechanism in heavy metal-induced carcinogenicity. In addition, frequent epigenetic alterations of the DNA sequences code for small RNAs called
3565:, uses lasers to treat some cancers using hyperthermia, which uses heat to shrink tumors by damaging or killing cancer cells. Laser are more precise than surgery and cause less damage, pain, bleeding, swelling, and scarring. A disadvantage is surgeons must have specialized training. It may be more expensive than other treatments.
4088:, cancer causes indirect costs in the form of productivity losses due to sick days, permanent incapacity and disability as well as premature death during working age. Cancer causes also costs for informal care. Indirect costs and informal care costs are typically estimated to exceed or equal the health care costs of cancer.
3372:. The effectiveness of chemotherapy is often limited by its toxicity to other tissues in the body. Even when chemotherapy does not provide a permanent cure, it may be useful to reduce symptoms such as pain or to reduce the size of an inoperable tumor in the hope that surgery will become possible in the future.
3826:(12%). In the United States cancer affects about 1 in 285 children. Rates of childhood cancer increased by 0.6% per year between 1975 and 2002 in the United States and by 1.1% per year between 1978 and 1997 in Europe. Death from childhood cancer decreased by half between 1975 and 2010 in the United States.
4242:
The key innovation here lies in the use of protein cage nanoparticle-based systems. These systems are engineered to carry signals that attract NK cells directly to the tumor, overcoming one of the major challenges in cancer immunotherapy: ensuring that the immune cells find and attack only the cancer
4048:
for having caused the cancer (by "wanting" it) or having prevented its cure (by not becoming a sufficiently happy, fearless and loving person). It also increased patients' anxiety, as they incorrectly believed that natural emotions of sadness, anger or fear shorten their lives. The idea was ridiculed
3488:
recommend early palliative care for patients whose cancer has produced distressing symptoms or who need help coping with their illness. In patients first diagnosed with metastatic disease, palliative care may be immediately indicated. Palliative care is indicated for patients with a prognosis of less
3431:
is treatment that attempts to help the patient feel better and may be combined with an attempt to treat the cancer. Palliative care includes action to reduce physical, emotional, spiritual and psycho-social distress. Unlike treatment that is aimed at directly killing cancer cells, the primary goal of
1047:
In
Western Europe, 10% of cancers in males and 3% of cancers in females are attributed to alcohol exposure, especially liver and digestive tract cancers. Cancer from work-related substance exposures may cause between 2 and 20% of cases, causing at least 200,000 deaths. Cancers such as lung cancer and
5981:
refers not only to air, water, and soil but also to substances and conditions at home and at the workplace, including diet, smoking, alcohol, drugs, exposure to chemicals, sunlight, ionizing radiation, electromagnetic fields, infectious agents, etc. Lifestyle, economic and behavioral factors are all
4035:
was declared in the US. Military metaphors are particularly common in descriptions of cancer's human effects, and they emphasize both the state of the patient's health and the need to take immediate, decisive actions himself rather than to delay, to ignore or to rely entirely on others. The military
4008:
uses the term to try to lessen the fear around the disease. In
Nigeria, one local name for cancer translates into English as "the disease that cannot be cured". This deep belief that cancer is necessarily a difficult and usually deadly disease is reflected in the systems chosen by society to compile
2729:
and alcohol consumption. Diets low in fruits and vegetables and high in red meat have been implicated but reviews and meta-analyses do not come to a consistent conclusion. A 2014 meta-analysis found no relationship between fruits and vegetables and cancer. Coffee is associated with a reduced risk of
2019:
Reduced expression of DNA repair genes disrupts DNA repair. This is shown in the figure at the 4th level from the top. (In the figure, red wording indicates the central role of DNA damage and defects in DNA repair in progression to cancer.) When DNA repair is deficient DNA damage remains in cells at
4217:
Competition for financial resources appears to have suppressed the creativity, cooperation, risk-taking and original thinking required to make fundamental discoveries, unduly favoring low-risk research into small incremental advancements over riskier, more innovative research. Other consequences of
3556:
therapy uses high-intensity light to treat cancer by shrinking or destroying tumors or precancerous growths. Lasers are most commonly used to treat superficial cancers that are on the surface of the body or the lining of internal organs. It is used to treat basal cell skin cancer and the very early
1928:
Characteristic abilities developed by cancers are divided into categories, specifically evasion of apoptosis, self-sufficiency in growth signals, insensitivity to anti-growth signals, sustained angiogenesis, limitless replicative potential, metastasis, reprogramming of energy metabolism and evasion
1758:
are genes that inhibit cell division and survival. Malignant transformation can occur through the formation of novel oncogenes, the inappropriate over-expression of normal oncogenes, or by the under-expression or disabling of tumor suppressor genes. Typically, changes in multiple genes are required
13200:
A certain irreducible background incidence of cancer is to be expected regardless of circumstances: mutations can never be absolutely avoided, because they are an inescapable consequence of fundamental limitations on the accuracy of DNA replication, as discussed in
Chapter 5. If a human could live
4313:
Across wild animals, there is still limited data on cancer. Nonetheless, a study published in 2022, explored cancer risk in (non-domesticated) zoo mammals, belonging to 191 species, 110,148 individual, demonstrated that cancer is a ubiquitous disease of mammals and it can emerge anywhere along the
4275:
Treatment is generally the same as for non-pregnant women. However, radiation and radioactive drugs are normally avoided during pregnancy, especially if the fetal dose might exceed 100 cGy. In some cases, some or all treatments are postponed until after birth if the cancer is diagnosed late in the
2649:
Cancer prevention is defined as active measures to decrease cancer risk. The vast majority of cancer cases are due to environmental risk factors. Many of these environmental factors are controllable lifestyle choices. Thus, cancer is generally preventable. Between 70% and 90% of common cancers are
3391:
resulting in the death of the cancer cells. To spare normal tissues (such as skin or organs, which radiation must pass through to treat the tumor), shaped radiation beams are aimed from multiple exposure angles to intersect at the tumor, providing a much larger dose there than in the surrounding,
2253:
Cancer diagnosis can cause psychological distress and psychosocial interventions, such as talking therapy, may help people with this. Some people choose to disclose the diagnosis widely; others prefer to keep the information private, especially shortly after the diagnosis, or to disclose it only
4251:
Cancer affects approximately 1 in 1,000 pregnant women. The most common cancers found during pregnancy are the same as the most common cancers found in non-pregnant women during childbearing ages: breast cancer, cervical cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, melanoma, ovarian cancer and colorectal cancer.
4287:
Elective abortions are not required and, for the most common forms and stages of cancer, do not improve the mother's survival. In a few instances, such as advanced uterine cancer, the pregnancy cannot be continued and in others, the patient may end the pregnancy so that she can begin aggressive
4238:
published a groundbreaking discovery involving "NK cell-engaging nanodrones" for targeted cancer treatment. The development of "NK cell-engaging nanodrones" represents a significant leap forward in cancer treatment, showcasing how cutting-edge nanotechnology and immunotherapy can be combined to
2046:
In sporadic cancers, deficiencies in DNA repair are occasionally caused by a mutation in a DNA repair gene but are much more frequently caused by epigenetic alterations that reduce or silence expression of DNA repair genes. This is indicated in the figure at the 3rd level. Many studies of heavy
4083:
The total health care expenditure on cancer in the US was estimated to be $ 80.2 billion in 2015. Even though cancer-related health care expenditure have increased in absolute terms during recent decades, the share of health expenditure devoted to cancer treatment has remained close to 5%
3629:
Those who survive cancer develop a second primary cancer at about twice the rate of those never diagnosed. The increased risk is believed to be due to the random chance of developing any cancer, the likelihood of surviving the first cancer, the same risk factors that produced the first cancer,
946:
Environmental or lifestyle factors that caused cancer to develop in an individual can be identified by analyzing mutational signatures from genomic sequencing of tumor DNA. For example, this can reveal if lung cancer was caused by tobacco smoke, if skin cancer was caused by UV radiation, or if
3415:
Surgery is the primary method of treatment for most isolated, solid cancers and may play a role in palliation and prolongation of survival. It is typically an important part of definitive diagnosis and staging of tumors, as biopsies are usually required. In localized cancer, surgery typically
3607:
Survival rates vary by cancer type and by the stage at which it is diagnosed, ranging from majority survival to complete mortality five years after diagnosis. Once a cancer has metastasized, prognosis normally becomes much worse. About half of patients receiving treatment for invasive cancer
1575:
Physical trauma resulting in cancer is relatively rare. Claims that breaking bones resulted in bone cancer, for example, have not been proven. Similarly, physical trauma is not accepted as a cause for cervical cancer, breast cancer or brain cancer. One accepted source is frequent, long-term
3576:
are a diverse group of therapies, practices and products that are not part of conventional medicine. "Complementary medicine" refers to methods and substances used along with conventional medicine, while "alternative medicine" refers to compounds used instead of conventional medicine. Most
2058:). Mutations, however, may not be as frequent in cancers as epigenetic alterations. An average cancer of the breast or colon can have about 60 to 70 protein-altering mutations, of which about three or four may be "driver" mutations and the remaining ones may be "passenger" mutations.
4104:
than other employees. Employers may also make hiring or firing decisions based on misconceptions about cancer disabilities, if present. The EEOC provides interview guidelines for employers, as well as lists of possible solutions for assessing and accommodating employees with cancer.
535:
534:
531:
1690:, which seems to have a protective role against development of malignancy in people with celiac disease. However, the delay in diagnosis and initiation of a gluten-free diet seems to increase the risk of malignancies. Rates of gastrointestinal cancers are increased in people with
4179:
to compare the proposed treatment to the best existing treatment. Treatments that succeeded in one cancer type can be tested against other types. Diagnostic tests are under development to better target the right therapies to the right patients, based on their individual biology.
3399:) or external sources. The radiation is most commonly low energy X-rays for treating skin cancers, while higher energy X-rays are used for cancers within the body. Radiation is typically used in addition to surgery and or chemotherapy. For certain types of cancer, such as early
4255:
Diagnosing a new cancer in a pregnant woman is difficult, in part because any symptoms are commonly assumed to be a normal discomfort associated with pregnancy. As a result, cancer is typically discovered at a somewhat later stage than average. Some imaging procedures, such as
4885:
536:
2011:
While epigenetic alterations are found in cancers, the epigenetic alterations in DNA repair genes, causing reduced expression of DNA repair proteins, may be of particular importance. Such alterations may occur early in progression to cancer and are a possible cause of the
402:
of a cell. Typically, many genetic changes are required before cancer develops. Approximately 5–10% of cancers are due to inherited genetic defects. Cancer can be detected by certain signs and symptoms or screening tests. It is then typically further investigated by
2862:
are correlated with increased cancer risk, whether this relationship is causal and vitamin D supplementation is protective is not determined. One 2014 review found that supplements had no significant effect on cancer risk. Another 2014 review concluded that vitamin
537:
4214:" in 1971. Since then, the country has spent over $ 200 billion on cancer research, including resources from public and private sectors. The cancer death rate (adjusting for size and age of the population) declined by five percent between 1950 and 2005.
3645:
and other complications and/or disease progression that both impairs quality and quantity of life. Additionally, patients with worse prognoses may be depressed or report poorer quality of life because they perceive that their condition is likely to be fatal.
1134:
to be related to at least 10 types of cancer and responsible for around 12,000 cases each year in that country. Physical inactivity is believed to contribute to cancer risk, not only through its effect on body weight but also through negative effects on the
4100:(EEOC), mainly due to the potential for cancer having discriminating effects on workers. Discrimination in the workplace could occur if an employer holds a false belief that a person with cancer is not capable of doing a job properly, and may ask for more
1129:
are related to up to 30–35% of cancer deaths. In the United States, excess body weight is associated with the development of many types of cancer and is a factor in 14–20% of cancer deaths. A UK study including data on over 5 million people showed higher
2075:
is the spread of cancer to other locations in the body. The dispersed tumors are called metastatic tumors, while the original is called the primary tumor. Almost all cancers can metastasize. Most cancer deaths are due to cancer that has metastasized.
826:
is the spread of cancer to other locations in the body. The dispersed tumors are called metastatic tumors, while the original is called the primary tumor. Almost all cancers can metastasize. Most cancer deaths are due to cancer that has metastasized.
4059:
while recovering from treatment for breast cancer in 1978. Although the original idea is now generally regarded as nonsense, the idea partly persists in a reduced form with a widespread, but incorrect, belief that deliberately cultivating a habit of
735:
Systemic symptoms may occur due to the body's response to the cancer. This may include fatigue, unintentional weight loss, or skin changes. Some cancers can cause a systemic inflammatory state that leads to ongoing muscle loss and weakness, known as
533:
2007:
in association with colon cancer. These included 147 hypermethylated and 27 hypomethylated genes. Of the hypermethylated genes, 10 were hypermethylated in 100% of colon cancers and many others were hypermethylated in more than 50% of colon cancers.
4276:
pregnancy. Early deliveries are often used to advance the start of treatment. Surgery is generally safe, but pelvic surgeries during the first trimester may cause miscarriage. Some treatments, especially certain chemotherapy drugs given during the
2031:
Higher levels of DNA damage cause increased mutation (right side of figure) and increased epimutation. During repair of DNA double strand breaks, or repair of other DNA damage, incompletely cleared repair sites can cause epigenetic gene silencing.
469:
In 2015, about 90.5 million people worldwide had cancer. In 2019, annual cancer cases grew by 23.6 million people, and there were 10 million deaths worldwide, representing over the previous decade increases of 26% and 21%, respectively.
1854:
result in some errors (mutations). Complex error correction and prevention are built into the process and safeguard the cell against cancer. If a significant error occurs, the damaged cell can self-destruct through programmed cell death, termed
1649:
than the daughters of women without breast cancer. These higher hormone levels may explain their higher risk of breast cancer, even in the absence of a breast-cancer gene. Similarly, men of
African ancestry have significantly higher levels of
1391:
Medical use of ionizing radiation is a small but growing source of radiation-induced cancers. Ionizing radiation may be used to treat other cancers, but this may, in some cases, induce a second form of cancer. It is also used in some kinds of
3732:
Estimates are that in 2018, 18.1 million new cases of cancer and 9.6 million deaths occur globally. About 20% of males and 17% of females will get cancer at some point in time while 13% of males and 9% of females will die from it.
517:
occurs more often. In 2012, about 165,000 children under 15 years of age were diagnosed with cancer. The risk of cancer increases significantly with age, and many cancers occur more commonly in developed countries. Rates are increasing as
4218:
competition appear to be many studies with dramatic claims whose results cannot be replicated and perverse incentives that encourage grantee institutions to grow without making sufficient investments in their own faculty and facilities.
4877:
4013:, accounting for about one-third of cancer cases worldwide, but very few deaths—are excluded from cancer statistics specifically because they are easily treated and almost always cured, often in a single, short, outpatient procedure.
14211:
2970:
identifies people who are at higher risk, such as people with a family history. Several factors are considered to determine whether the benefits of screening outweigh the risks and the costs of screening. These factors include:
3202:
for individuals at high-risk of certain cancers is recommended by unofficial groups. Carriers of these mutations may then undergo enhanced surveillance, chemoprevention, or preventative surgery to reduce their subsequent risk.
2508:
6078:
the strongest conclusion derived from decades of research on stressors and cancer is that stressful events may be associated with decreased cancer survival but are probably not associated with disease incidence (Chida et al.
1043:
patterns, with increases in smoking followed by dramatic increases in lung cancer death rates and, more recently, decreases in smoking rates since the 1950s followed by decreases in lung cancer death rates in men since 1990.
3481:. Like hospice care, palliative care attempts to help the patient cope with their immediate needs and to increase comfort. Unlike hospice care, palliative care does not require people to stop treatment aimed at the cancer.
4643:"Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years for 29 Cancer Groups From 2010 to 2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019"
1460:
are primarily caused by an inherited genetic defect. Less than 0.3% of the population are carriers of a genetic mutation that has a large effect on cancer risk and these cause less than 3–10% of cancer. Some of these
4193:
The consequences of those genetic changes on the biology of the cell, both in generating the defining properties of a cancer cell and in facilitating additional genetic events that lead to further progression of the
770:, is a common symptom of cancer and its treatment. The causes of cancer-related dyspnea can include tumors in or around the lung, blocked airways, fluid in the lungs, pneumonia, or treatment reactions including an
15554:
15539:
1732:
1511:
Taller people have an increased risk of cancer because they have more cells than shorter people. Since height is genetically determined to a large extent, taller people have a heritable increase of cancer risk.
12320:
Peppercorn JM, Smith TJ, Helft PR, Debono DJ, Berry SR, Wollins DS, et al. (February 2011). "American society of clinical oncology statement: toward individualized care for patients with advanced cancer".
10323:
Rothwell PM, Fowkes FG, Belch JF, Ogawa H, Warlow CP, Meade TW (January 2011). "Effect of daily aspirin on long-term risk of death due to cancer: analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials".
1898:
caused by initial errors, which compound into more severe errors, each progressively allowing the cell to escape more controls that limit normal tissue growth. This rebellion-like scenario is an undesirable
1685:
and an increased risk of all cancers. People with untreated celiac disease have a higher risk, but this risk decreases with time after diagnosis and strict treatment. This may be due to the adoption of a
1508:. For breast cancer, the relative risk is 1.8 with a first-degree relative having developed it at 50 years of age or older, and 3.3 when the relative developed it when being younger than 50 years of age.
3744:
and other non-invasive cancers) and in 2010 nearly 7.98 million people died. Cancers account for approximately 16% of deaths. The most common as of 2018 are lung cancer (1.76 million deaths),
162:
4243:
cells without harming healthy tissue. This targeted approach not only increases the efficacy of the treatment but also minimizes side effects, a common concern with broader-acting cancer therapies.
2912:
prevents infection with hepatitis B virus and thus decreases the risk of liver cancer. The administration of human papillomavirus and hepatitis B vaccinations is recommended where resources allow.
1665:
have a higher risk of developing cancers associated with those hormones. On the other hand, people who exercise far more than average have lower levels of these hormones and lower risk of cancer.
5130:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
4084:
between the 1960s and 2004. A similar pattern has been observed in Europe where about 6% of all health care expenditure are spent on cancer treatment. In addition to health care expenditure and
3348:
The efficacy of chemotherapy depends on the type of cancer and the stage. In combination with surgery, chemotherapy has proven useful in cancer types including breast cancer, colorectal cancer,
2039:) have increased cancer risk, with some defects ensuring a 100% lifetime chance of cancer (e.g. p53 mutations). Germ line DNA repair mutations are noted on the figure's left side. However, such
14464:
Glantz MJ, Chamberlain MC, Liu Q, Hsieh CC, Edwards KR, Van Horn A, et al. (November 2009). "Gender disparity in the rate of partner abandonment in patients with serious medical illness".
3641:
are unlikely to survive for five years even if treatment is successful. People who report a higher quality of life tend to survive longer. People with lower quality of life may be affected by
3892:). This name comes from the appearance of the cut surface of a solid malignant tumor, with "the veins stretched on all sides as the animal the crab has its feet, whence it derives its name".
532:
14499:
Stephens C, Westmaas JL, Kim J, Cannady R, Stein K (October 2016). "Gender differences in associations between cancer-related problems and relationship dissolution among cancer survivors".
723:(endometrial or cervical cancer). Although localized pain may occur in advanced cancer, the initial tumor is usually painless. Some cancers can cause a buildup of fluid within the chest or
10522:
Giovannucci E, Liu Y, Rimm EB, Hollis BW, Fuchs CS, Stampfer MJ, et al. (April 2006). "Prospective study of predictors of vitamin D status and cancer incidence and mortality in men".
10284:"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors for primary prevention of colorectal cancer: a systematic review prepared for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force"
15515:
3557:
stages of others like cervical, penile, vaginal, vulvar, and non-small cell lung cancer. It is often combined with other treatments, such as surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy.
14203:
883:
While some cancers can be cured if detected early, metastatic cancer is more difficult to treat and control. Nevertheless, some recent treatments are demonstrating encouraging results.
10251:
2035:
Deficient expression of DNA repair proteins due to an inherited mutation can increase cancer risks. Individuals with an inherited impairment in any of 34 DNA repair genes (see article
2630:
6808:
10029:"Fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies"
3768:
Deaths from cancer were 5.8 million in 1990. Deaths have been increasing primarily due to longer lifespans and lifestyle changes in the developing world. The most significant
931:, such as lifestyle, economic, and behavioral factors and not merely pollution. Common environmental factors that contribute to cancer death include tobacco use (25–30%), diet and
3980:. With the widespread use of the microscope in the 18th century, it was discovered that the 'cancer poison' spread from the primary tumor through the lymph nodes to other sites ("
10567:
6597:
Irigaray P, Newby JA, Clapp R, Hardell L, Howard V, Montagnier L, et al. (December 2007). "Lifestyle-related factors and environmental agents causing cancer: an overview".
5878:
2725:
While many dietary recommendations have been proposed to reduce cancer risks, the evidence to support them is not definitive. The primary dietary factors that increase risk are
2673:
and air pollution. Further, poverty could be considered as an indirect risk factor in human cancers. Not all environmental causes are controllable, such as naturally occurring
16039:
7569:
Bruner DW, Moore D, Parlanti A, Dorgan J, Engstrom P (December 2003). "Relative risk of prostate cancer for men with affected relatives: systematic review and meta-analysis".
3896:
stated that "cancer of the breast is so called because of the fancied resemblance to a crab given by the lateral prolongations of the tumor and the adjacent distended veins".
3403:, it may be used alone. Radiation therapy after surgery for brain metastases has been shown to not improve overall survival in patients compared to surgery alone. For painful
2020:
a higher than usual level (5th level) and causes increased frequencies of mutation and/or epimutation (6th level). Mutation rates increase substantially in cells defective in
1039:
Tobacco is responsible for about one in five cancer deaths worldwide and about one in three in the developed world. Lung cancer death rates in the United States have mirrored
4024:
in a way that respects the person's own values. In other cultures, other rights and values are preferred. For example, most
African cultures value whole families rather than
3788:. Aging's effect on cancer is complicated by factors such as DNA damage and inflammation promoting it and factors such as vascular aging and endocrine changes inhibiting it.
383:(HIV) does not directly cause cancer but it causes immune deficiency that can magnify the risk due to other infections, sometimes up to several thousand fold (in the case of
12097:
12056:
3661:
decrease the risk of blood clots but have not been shown to increase survival in people with cancer. People who take blood thinners also have an increased risk of bleeding.
10672:
Bolland MJ, Grey A, Gamble GD, Reid IR (April 2014). "The effect of vitamin D supplementation on skeletal, vascular, or cancer outcomes: a trial sequential meta-analysis".
5720:
Fearon K, Strasser F, Anker SD, Bosaeus I, Bruera E, Fainsinger RL, et al. (May 2011). "Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: an international consensus".
2599:
6706:"American Cancer Society Guidelines on Nutrition and Physical Activity for cancer prevention: reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity"
4914:"American Cancer Society Guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention: reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity"
4169:" treatment applicable to many types of cancer. Angiogenesis inhibitors and other cancer therapeutics are used in combination to reduce cancer morbidity and mortality.
1591:
has been hypothesized to directly cause mutation. Inflammation can contribute to proliferation, survival, angiogenesis and migration of cancer cells by influencing the
12591:
1532:) usually the serous membrane surrounding the lungs. Other substances in this category, including both naturally occurring and synthetic asbestos-like fibers, such as
3772:
for developing cancer is age. Although it is possible for cancer to strike at any age, most patients with invasive cancer are over 65. According to cancer researcher
414:
The risk of developing certain cancers can be reduced by not smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, limiting alcohol intake, eating plenty of vegetables, fruits, and
4731:
2877:
supplementation is not effective in preventing colon cancer and may increase colon polyps. Selenium supplementation has not been shown to reduce the risk of cancer.
1654:
than men of
European ancestry and have a correspondingly higher level of prostate cancer. Men of Asian ancestry, with the lowest levels of testosterone-activating
943:, and pollution. Psychological stress does not appear to be a risk factor for the onset of cancer, though it may worsen outcomes in those who already have cancer.
6987:
Pagano JS, Blaser M, Buendia MA, Damania B, Khalili K, Raab-Traub N, et al. (December 2004). "Infectious agents and cancer: criteria for a causal relation".
2584:
15059:
4000:
of "a long illness" to describe cancers leading to death is still commonly used in obituaries, rather than naming the disease explicitly, reflecting an apparent
10508:
3633:
Predicting short- or long-term survival depends on many factors. The most important are the cancer type and the patient's age and overall health. Those who are
13019:"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010"
12130:"2011 Focused Update of 2009 American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline Update on Chemotherapy for Stage IV Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer"
3996:
Although many diseases (such as heart failure) may have a worse prognosis than most cases of cancer, cancer is the subject of widespread fear and taboos. The
1442:. Evidence, however, has not supported a concern. This includes that studies have not found a consistent link between mobile phone radiation and cancer risk.
15496:
9455:
4855:
2999:
Whether the test is acceptable to the people: If a screening test is too burdensome (for example, extremely painful), then people will refuse to participate.
1188:. This proportion ranges from a high of 25% in Africa to less than 10% in the developed world. Viruses are the usual infectious agents that cause cancer but
568:, among others, noted the similarity of crabs to some tumors with swollen veins. The word was introduced in English in the modern medical sense around 1600.
345:
with specific viruses, bacteria and parasites is an environmental factor causing approximately 16-18% of cancers worldwide. These infectious agents include
1976:
alterations are functionally relevant modifications to the genome that do not change the nucleotide sequence. Examples of such modifications are changes in
12408:
Levy MH, Back A, Bazargan S, Benedetti C, Billings JA, Block S, et al. (September 2006). "Palliative care. Clinical practice guidelines in oncology".
4345:
have also been described, wherein the cancer spreads between animals by transmission of the tumor cells themselves. This phenomenon is seen in dogs with
3590:
2289:
1785:
occurs when a cell gains copies (often 20 or more) of a small chromosomal locus, usually containing one or more oncogenes and adjacent genetic material.
1673:. Some treatments and prevention approaches leverage this cause by artificially reducing hormone levels and thus discouraging hormone-sensitive cancers.
2544:
15039:
2867:
may decrease the risk of death from cancer (one fewer death in 150 people treated over 5 years), but concerns with the quality of the data were noted.
1661:
Other factors are relevant: obese people have higher levels of some hormones associated with cancer and a higher rate of those cancers. Women who take
579:. A neoplasm or tumor is a group of cells that have undergone unregulated growth and will often form a mass or lump, but may be distributed diffusely.
13927:
12733:
7663:"Height and cancer incidence in the Million Women Study: prospective cohort, and meta-analysis of prospective studies of height and total cancer risk"
5415:
5095:
5013:
4817:
14451:
U.S. Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission. "Questions & Answers about Cancer in the Workplace and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)."
1703:
917:
The majority of cancers, some 90–95% of cases, are due to genetic mutations from environmental and lifestyle factors. The remaining 5–10% are due to
13201:
long enough, it is inevitable that at least one of his or her cells would eventually accumulate a set of mutations sufficient for cancer to develop.
7522:"Increased risk of lung cancer in individuals with a family history of the disease: a pooled analysis from the International Lung Cancer Consortium"
4314:
mammalian phylogeny. This research also highlighted that cancer risk is not uniformly distributed along mammals. For instance, species in the order
13877:
10951:, Plummer M, Jee SH, et al. (November 2013). "Cancer prevention in Asia: resource-stratified guidelines from the Asian Oncology Summit 2013".
1520:
Some substances cause cancer primarily through their physical, rather than chemical, effects. A prominent example of this is prolonged exposure to
7088:
14414:
Luengo-Fernandez R, Leal J, Gray A, Sullivan R (2013). "Economic burden of cancer across the
European Union: a population-based cost analysis".
3293:
is a form of chemotherapy that targets specific molecular differences between cancer and normal cells. The first targeted therapies blocked the
9943:
Cappellani A, Di Vita M, Zanghi A, Cavallaro A, Piccolo G, Veroux M, et al. (January 2012). "Diet, obesity and breast cancer: an update".
6635:
2524:
2003:
Epigenetic alterations occur frequently in cancers. As an example, one study listed protein coding genes that were frequently altered in their
11410:
11333:
11301:
11237:
11205:
11173:
11141:
11109:
11077:
11045:
10241:
3615:
and non-melanoma skin cancers) die from that cancer or its treatment. A majority of cancer deaths are due to metastases of the primary tumor.
1789:
occurs when two separate chromosomal regions become abnormally fused, often at a characteristic location. A well-known example of this is the
14960:
1866:
Some environments make errors more likely to arise and propagate. Such environments can include the presence of disruptive substances called
626:
The progression from normal cells to cells that can form a detectable mass to cancer involves multiple steps known as malignant progression.
11269:
14863:
11378:
8457:"Negative regulation of BRCA1 gene expression by HMGA1 proteins accounts for the reduced BRCA1 protein levels in sporadic breast carcinoma"
6828:
13565:
Referenced from
Michael Shimkin, Contrary to Nature, Washington, DC: Superintendent of Document, DHEW Publication No. (NIH) 79–720, p. 35.
4117:
soon after a diagnosis of cancer compared to men. Rate of separation for cancer-survivors showed correlations with race, age, income, and
2099:. Different types of cancers tend to metastasize to particular organs, but overall the most common places for metastases to occur are the
2054:
Cancers usually arise from an assemblage of mutations and epimutations that confer a selective advantage leading to clonal expansion (see
1162:
chewing can cause oral cancer. National differences in dietary practices may partly explain differences in cancer incidence. For example,
15479:
12370:
10215:
10210:
7340:
7323:
2755:
1439:
9700:
4755:"Long-Term Alcohol Consumption and Breast, Upper Aero-Digestive Tract and Colorectal Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
3776:, "If we lived long enough, sooner or later we all would get cancer." Some of the association between aging and cancer is attributed to
1572:). Usually, physical carcinogens must get inside the body (such as through inhalation) and require years of exposure to produce cancer.
11641:
10571:
6661:
4581:
4291:
Some treatments can interfere with the mother's ability to give birth vaginally or to breastfeed. Cervical cancer may require birth by
4031:
In the United States and some other cultures, cancer is regarded as a disease that must be "fought" to end the "civil insurrection"; a
3241:. Which treatments are used depends on the type, location and grade of the cancer as well as the patient's health and preferences. The
372:
14648:
11916:
9643:"The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019"
5886:
2934:, cancer screening involves efforts to detect cancer after it has formed, but before any noticeable symptoms appear. This may involve
1504:(parent, sibling or child) has been diagnosed with it is about 2. The corresponding relative risk is 1.5 for lung cancer, and 1.9 for
6915:
6898:
4424:
3168:
3112:
concluded that breast cancer screening by mammography had no effect in reducing mortality because of overdiagnosis and overtreatment.
1482:
868:
Different types of cancers tend to metastasize to particular organs. Overall, the most common places for metastases to occur are the
14711:
Bagri A, Kouros-Mehr H, Leong KG, Plowman GD (March 2010). "Use of anti-VEGF adjuvant therapy in cancer: challenges and rationale".
13556:
13127:
3664:
Although extremely rare, some forms of cancer, even from an advanced stage, can heal spontaneously. This phenomenon is known as the
1887:
A further mutation may cause loss of a tumor suppressor gene, disrupting the apoptosis signaling pathway and immortalizing the cell.
16046:
12384:
12017:
8895:"Double strand breaks can initiate gene silencing and SIRT1-dependent onset of DNA methylation in an exogenous promoter CpG island"
2689:
1576:
application of hot objects to the body. It is possible that repeated burns on the same part of the body, such as those produced by
395:
have been shown to nearly eliminate risk of cancers caused by these viruses in persons successfully vaccinated prior to infection.
12108:
12067:
3882:
2564:
1884:
A further mutation in an oncogene might cause the cell to reproduce more rapidly and more frequently than its normal counterparts.
675:
Local symptoms may occur due to the mass of the tumor or its ulceration. For example, mass effects from lung cancer can block the
14020:
9836:
4097:
2625:
1662:
6415:
Sasco AJ, Secretan MB, Straif K (August 2004). "Tobacco smoking and cancer: a brief review of recent epidemiological evidence".
1881:
A mutation in the error-correcting machinery of a cell might cause that cell and its children to accumulate errors more rapidly.
15387:
12806:"Quality of life data as prognostic indicators of survival in cancer patients: an overview of the literature from 1982 to 2008"
8363:
Baylin SB, Ohm JE (February 2006). "Epigenetic gene silencing in cancer – a mechanism for early oncogenic pathway addiction?".
6550:"Alcohol attributable burden of incidence of cancer in eight European countries based on results from prospective cohort study"
5475:
1170:
is more common in the United States. Immigrant cancer profiles mirror those of their new country, often within one generation.
660:. Many frequently occur in individuals who have other conditions. Cancer can be difficult to diagnose and can be considered a "
15169:
7362:
4187:
Agents (e.g. viruses) and events (e.g. mutations) that cause or facilitate genetic changes in cells destined to become cancer.
1016:, for example, causes 90% of lung cancer. Tobacco use can cause cancer throughout the body including in the mouth and throat,
15453:
15432:
15397:
15369:
15345:
15324:
15129:
14186:
14141:
14109:
14082:
14053:
14000:
13975:
13790:
13672:
13586:
13337:
13310:
13189:
13100:
12785:
12743:
12093:
12052:
11853:
Vitale I, Galluzzi L, Castedo M, Kroemer G (June 2011). "Mitotic catastrophe: a mechanism for avoiding genomic instability".
9599:
9504:
8008:
7786:
7732:
7284:
7201:
6863:
5970:
5704:
5425:
5221:
5105:
5023:
4827:
4147:
4614:
11954:
Hill R, Healy B, Holloway L, Kuncic Z, Thwaites D, Baldock C (March 2014). "Advances in kilovoltage x-ray beam dosimetry".
5996:"Proportion and number of cancer cases and deaths attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors in the United States"
4727:
3630:
unwanted side effects of treating the first cancer (particularly radiation therapy), and better compliance with screening.
2813:
11939:
8756:"Differing patterns of genetic instability in mice deficient in the mismatch repair genes Pms2, Mlh1, Msh2, Msh3 and Msh6"
8014:
3280:. Traditional chemotherapeutic agents act by killing cells that divide rapidly, a critical property of most cancer cells.
667:
People may become anxious or depressed post-diagnosis. The risk of suicide in people with cancer is approximately double.
14611:
13195:
11415:
11338:
11306:
11274:
11242:
11210:
11178:
11146:
11114:
11082:
11050:
11028:
7792:
7738:
7290:
7207:
3017:
14335:
Jönsson B, Hofmarcher T, Lindgren P, Wilking N (2016). "The cost and burden of cancer in the
European Union 1995–2014".
12657:
5908:
4020:
for people with cancer include a duty to fully disclose the medical situation to the person, and the right to engage in
2637:
2447:. For some common cancers, the English organ name is used. For example, the most common type of breast cancer is called
1907:
work against the body's design and enforcement of order. Once cancer has begun to develop, this ongoing process, termed
16354:
6452:"How much of the decrease in cancer death rates in the United States is attributable to reductions in tobacco smoking?"
4795:"Global burden of cancer attributable to infections in 2018: a worldwide incidence analysis – The Lancet Global Health"
4021:
1411:
and other skin malignancies. Clear evidence establishes ultraviolet radiation, especially the non-ionizing medium wave
1218:
14817:
9522:"Psychosocial interventions to improve quality of life and emotional wellbeing for recently diagnosed cancer patients"
5755:
4794:
2820:; however, due to cardiovascular and gastrointestinal side effects, they cause overall harm when used for prevention.
1921:(cancer cells with heterogeneous mutations) that complicates designing effective treatment strategies and requires an
1548:, are believed to have similar effects. Non-fibrous particulate materials that cause cancer include powdered metallic
10488:
7941:
Borrello MG, Degl'Innocenti D, Pierotti MA (August 2008). "Inflammation and cancer: the oncogene-driven connection".
3298:
2956:
is not available for many types of cancers. Even when tests are available, they may not be recommended for everyone.
2494:
Some types of cancer are named for the size and shape of the cells under a microscope, such as giant cell carcinoma,
12584:
5453:
4299:. Also, when chemotherapy is given after birth, many of the drugs appear in breast milk, which could harm the baby.
522:
and as lifestyle changes occur in the developing world. The global total economic costs of cancer were estimated at
454:
is particularly important in people with advanced disease. The chance of survival depends on the type of cancer and
16369:
15647:
9255:
3683:
2371:: These two classes arise from hematopoietic (blood-forming) cells that leave the marrow and tend to mature in the
17:
15505:, EU OSHA. The site shares information to help prevent workers from being exposed to carcinogens in the workplace.
5934:
4847:
3446:
recommend that patients and physicians respond to cancer only with palliative care. This applies to patients who:
2457:
refers to the appearance of cancer under the microscope, which suggests that it has originated in the milk ducts.
438:. The benefits of screening for breast cancer are controversial. Cancer is often treated with some combination of
13213:
Anisimov VN, Sikora E, Pawelec G (August 2009). "Relationships between cancer and aging: a multilevel approach".
9570:
8087:"Association Between Coeliac Disease and Risk of Any Malignancy and Gastrointestinal Malignancy: A Meta-Analysis"
8038:"Circulating insulin-like growth factor peptides and prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
7436:
Cunningham D, Atkin W, Lenz HJ, Lynch HT, Minsky B, Nordlinger B, et al. (March 2010). "Colorectal cancer".
3720:
3273:
3265:
2051:(or miRNAs). miRNAs do not code for proteins, but can "target" protein-coding genes and reduce their expression.
1228:
1033:
787:
712:
12987:"Latest global cancer data: Cancer burden rises to 18.1 million new cases and 9.6 million cancer deaths in 2018"
12500:
6093:"Work stress and risk of cancer: meta-analysis of 5700 incident cancer events in 116,000 European men and women"
2149:. Even in these cases, however, the use of glycolysis as an energy source rarely exceeds 60%. A few cancers use
11001:
9724:"Causes of cancer in the world: comparative risk assessment of nine behavioural and environmental risk factors"
5125:
3622:, partly because the types of cancer that are most common there are harder to treat than those associated with
2833:
2705:
2670:
2267:
2036:
360:
6196:
Tolar J, Neglia JP (June 2003). "Transplacental and other routes of cancer transmission between individuals".
16364:
15962:
14225:
11679:
Nastoupil LJ, Rose AC, Flowers CR (May 2012). "Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: current treatment approaches".
5316:
Cakir BÖ, Adamson P, Cingi C (November 2012). "Epidemiology and economic burden of nonmelanoma skin cancer".
4172:
3573:
2685:
1252:
1079:
466:
is on average 80%. For cancer in the United States, the average five-year survival rate is 66% for all ages.
10918:
8320:
Merlo LM, Pepper JW, Reid BJ, Maley CC (December 2006). "Cancer as an evolutionary and ecological process".
6755:"Body-mass index and risk of 22 specific cancers: a population-based cohort study of 5·24 million UK adults"
3387:
in an attempt to either cure or improve symptoms. It works by damaging the DNA of cancerous tissue, causing
2467:
as a suffix with the organ name as the root. For example, a benign tumor of smooth muscle cells is called a
2292:
that the tumor cells resemble and is therefore presumed to be the origin of the tumor. These types include:
2043:
mutations (which cause highly penetrant cancer syndromes) are the cause of only about 1 percent of cancers.
1004:
Exposure to particular substances have been linked to specific types of cancer. These substances are called
16259:
13935:
12749:
5786:. AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US).
5431:
5111:
5029:
4833:
4269:
4037:
3969:
3433:
3302:
2518:
of the breast (pale area at the center) surrounded by spikes of whitish scar tissue and yellow fatty tissue
2185:. Neither of these leads to a definitive diagnosis, which requires the examination of a tissue sample by a
1890:
A further mutation in the signaling machinery of the cell might send error-causing signals to nearby cells.
1794:
1096:
1087:
948:
793:
Some systemic symptoms of cancer are caused by hormones or other molecules produced by the tumor, known as
635:
506:
368:
304:
8136:"Inflammatory bowel disease and cancer: The role of inflammation, immunosuppression, and cancer treatment"
2975:
Possible harms from the screening test: for example, X-ray images involve exposure to potentially harmful
2055:
505:
were included in total new cancer cases each year, it would account for around 40% of cases. In children,
10707:
Bjelakovic G, Gluud LL, Nikolova D, Whitfield K, Wetterslev J, Simonetti RG, et al. (January 2014).
5534:
4354:
3773:
3515:
3230:
2845:
1909:
1762:
Genetic changes can occur at different levels and by different mechanisms. The gain or loss of an entire
1427:
1179:
342:
10764:
Fritz H, Kennedy D, Fergusson D, Fernandes R, Doucette S, Cooley K, et al. (2011). Minna JD (ed.).
8805:"Disruption of Brca2 increases the spontaneous mutation rate in vivo: synergism with ionizing radiation"
8697:"Elevated levels of mutation in multiple tissues of mice deficient in the DNA mismatch repair gene Pms2"
3439:
People at all stages of cancer treatment typically receive some kind of palliative care. In some cases,
3283:
It was found that providing combined cytotoxic drugs is better than a single drug, a process called the
2169:
16254:
15993:
7105:
6091:
Heikkilä K, Nyberg ST, Theorell T, Fransson EI, Alfredsson L, Bjorner JB, et al. (February 2013).
4508:
Anand P, Kunnumakkara AB, Sundaram C, Harikumar KB, Tharakan ST, Lai OS, et al. (September 2008).
4295:. Radiation to the breast reduces the ability of that breast to produce milk and increases the risk of
4257:
3938:
3769:
3548:
3443:
2181:
Most cancers are initially recognized either because of the appearance of signs or symptoms or through
1655:
1615:
542:
7132:
7058:
3803:
by age 80. As these cancers do not cause the patient's death, identifying them would have represented
16300:
15787:
14589:
11367:"Screening for prostate cancer: a review of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force"
11032:
10922:
10864:
Vinceti M, Filippini T, Del Giovane C, Dennert G, Zwahlen M, Brinkman M, et al. (January 2018).
8455:
Baldassarre G, Battista S, Belletti B, Thakur S, Pentimalli F, Trapasso F, et al. (April 2003).
6684:
6639:
3757:(780,000), and breast cancer (620,000). This makes invasive cancer the leading cause of death in the
3642:
3395:
Radiation therapy is used in about half of cases. The radiation can be either from internal sources (
2134:
2130:
1786:
1435:
923:
720:
223:
12618:
10536:
4036:
metaphors also help rationalize radical, destructive treatments. In the 1970s, a relatively popular
3795:
studies in Europe and Asia showed that up to 36% of people have undiagnosed and apparently harmless
3709:
1735:
Cancers are caused by a series of mutations. Each mutation alters the behavior of the cell somewhat.
16290:
16213:
15822:
15780:
15573:
14951:
14585:
13878:"The C-Word review – a wonderful testament to a woman who faced cancer with honesty, verve and wit"
13578:
Cells, Tissues, and Disease : Principles of General Pathology: Principles of General Pathology
12091:* The American Society of Clinical Oncology made this recommendation based on various cancers. See
11757:"The present and future management of malignant brain tumours: surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy"
11420:
11343:
11311:
11279:
11247:
11215:
11183:
11151:
11119:
11087:
11055:
5497:
4705:
4005:
3741:
3369:
3360:, ovarian cancer and certain lung cancers. Chemotherapy is curative for some cancers, such as some
2571:
2449:
2433:
2198:
2174:
2025:
1740:
1362:
1352:
1258:
1246:
1222:
794:
376:
12242:
Engstrom PF, Arnoletti JP, Benson AB, Chen YJ, Choti MA, Cooper HS, et al. (September 2009).
12206:
Carlson RW, Allred DC, Anderson BO, Burstein HJ, Carter WB, Edge SB, et al. (February 2009).
9617:
6239:
Biesalski HK, Bueno de Mesquita B, Chesson A, Chytil F, Grimble R, Hermus RJ, et al. (1998).
5994:
Islami F, Goding Sauer A, Miller KD, Siegel RL, Fedewa SA, Jacobs EJ, et al. (January 2018).
4963:"16. The fraction of cancer attributable to lifestyle and environmental factors in the UK in 2010"
3851:
Cancer has existed for all of human history. The earliest written record regarding cancer is from
2653:
Greater than 30% of cancer deaths could be prevented by avoiding risk factors including: tobacco,
2238:
are other types of tissue tests. These tests provide information about molecular changes (such as
996:
16032:
15915:
15879:
15817:
15082:
14852:
12533:
10203:"World Health Organization – IARC Monographs evaluate consumption of red meat and processed meat"
4851:
3458:
3105:
3101:
2590:
2551:
2224:, genetic abnormalities and other features. Together, this information is useful to evaluate the
1900:
1815:
Small-scale mutations include point mutations, deletions, and insertions, which may occur in the
1790:
1641:. For example, the daughters of women who have breast cancer have significantly higher levels of
1311:
1072:
955:
760:
583:
459:
31:
15194:
Vincze O, Colchero F, Lemaître JF, Conde DA, Pavard S, Bieuville M, et al. (January 2022).
12777:
12771:
3964:
as the cause of nose cancer in 1761. This was followed by the report in 1775 by British surgeon
2858:
supplementation does not appear to be effective at preventing cancer. While low blood levels of
1984:
and changes in chromosomal architecture (caused by inappropriate expression of proteins such as
1731:
16231:
16208:
16177:
15920:
15874:
12613:
10531:
9044:
Fearon ER (November 1997). "Human cancer syndromes: clues to the origin and nature of cancer".
4912:
Kushi LH, Doyle C, McCullough M, Rock CL, Demark-Wahnefried W, Bandera EV, et al. (2012).
4381:
4162:
3897:
3677:
3650:
3536:
3305:(CML). Currently, targeted therapies exist for many of the most common cancer types, including
2495:
2303:
cells. This group includes many of the most common cancers and include nearly all those in the
1592:
1328:
1214:
1068:
909:
605:
364:
15613:
15119:
14131:
13965:
13576:
13327:
13300:
12366:
10202:
9589:
7312:
5694:
4121:
in a study. A review found a somewhat decreased divorce rate for most cancer types, and noted
2028:
repair (HRR). Chromosomal rearrangements and aneuploidy also increase in HRR defective cells.
1859:. If the error control processes fail, then the mutations will survive and be passed along to
1365:
are due to ultraviolet radiation, mostly from sunlight. Sources of ionizing radiation include
16154:
15972:
15953:
14176:
14099:
12986:
11387:
11366:
10077:
9692:
9408:
8854:"Bloom's syndrome. I. Genetical and clinical observations in the first twenty-seven patients"
7520:
Coté ML, Liu M, Bonassi S, Neri M, Schwartz AG, Christiani DC, et al. (September 2012).
6337:
6241:"European Consensus Statement on Lung Cancer: risk factors and prevention. Lung Cancer Panel"
5962:
Cancer Mortality and Morbidity Patterns in the U.S. Population: An Interdisciplinary Approach
4467:
4065:
3937:
believed that breast cancer was caused by a milk clot in a mammary duct. The Dutch professor
3665:
3586:
2812:
Medications can be used to prevent cancer in a few circumstances. In the general population,
1755:
1618:
and their binding proteins play a key role in cancer cell proliferation, differentiation and
1501:
1400:
1358:
1262:
971:
307:
include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss, and a change in
12700:
10300:
10283:
6679:
5195:
5178:
5128:, et al. (Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (8 October 2016).
652:
When cancer begins, it produces no symptoms. Signs and symptoms appear as the mass grows or
430:, and limiting exposure to direct sunlight. Early detection through screening is useful for
16295:
16241:
15925:
15770:
15760:
15640:
15355:
15207:
14995:
14901:
14638:
14043:
13795:
13452:
11963:
11912:
10777:
10766:"Vitamin A and retinoid derivatives for lung cancer: a systematic review and meta analysis"
10367:
Cooper K, Squires H, Carroll C, Papaioannou D, Booth A, Logan RF, et al. (June 2010).
9784:
9100:
9053:
8944:
Cuozzo C, Porcellini A, Angrisano T, Morano A, Lee B, Di Pardo A, et al. (July 2007).
8708:
7816:"Cancer-related inflammation, the seventh hallmark of cancer: links to genetic instability"
7192:. In Kufe DW, Pollock RE, Weichselbaum RR, Bast RC, Gansler TS, Holland JF, Frei E (eds.).
4346:
4342:
3599:
3504:
3498:
3440:
3400:
3392:
healthy tissue. As with chemotherapy, cancers vary in their response to radiation therapy.
3272:. The term encompasses a variety of drugs, which are divided into broad categories such as
3269:
3100:
for breast cancer screening every two years from ages 50–74, but does not recommend either
2935:
2674:
2606:
2531:
2499:
2263:
2235:
2186:
1981:
1947:
The central role of DNA damage and epigenetic defects in DNA repair genes in carcinogenesis
1922:
1918:
1204:
802:
744:
657:
523:
514:
392:
312:
15625:
15490:
13117:
13017:
Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. (December 2012).
12860:
Akl EA, Kahale LA, Hakoum MB, Matar CF, Sperati F, Barba M, et al. (September 2017).
10823:
Cole BF, Baron JA, Sandler RS, Haile RW, Ahnen DJ, Bresalier RS, et al. (June 2007).
7313:"IARC classifies radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans"
4416:
8:
16323:
16264:
16195:
16128:
15812:
15744:
15558:
15470:
15064:
15040:"Opinion | I'm an oncologist. My worst fears about Covid and cancer are coming true"
13560:
12128:
Azzoli CG, Temin S, Aliff T, Baker S, Brahmer J, Johnson DH, et al. (October 2011).
10282:
Rostom A, Dubé C, Lewin G, Tsertsvadze A, Barrowman N, Code C, et al. (March 2007).
5805:
Dimitriadis GK, Angelousi A, Weickert MO, Randeva HS, Kaltsas G, Grossman A (June 2017).
4386:
4307:
4122:
4055:
4017:
3859:
3623:
3388:
3297:
molecule, inhibiting the growth of breast cancer. Another common example is the class of
3284:
3212:
2984:
The likelihood that cancer is present: Screening is not normally useful for rare cancers.
2958:
2909:
2662:
2021:
1816:
1431:
1334:
1274:
1232:
1122:
767:
700:
653:
575:
with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. They form a subset of
384:
347:
330:
15211:
14999:
14906:
13456:
13053:
12958:
12391:
12170:
Ettinger DS, Akerley W, Bepler G, Blum MG, Chang A, Cheney RT, et al. (July 2010).
11967:
11365:
Chou R, Croswell JM, Dana T, Bougatsos C, Blazina I, Fu R, et al. (December 2011).
10781:
10733:
10708:
10465:
10444:
10443:
Wilt TJ, MacDonald R, Hagerty K, Schellhammer P, Kramer BS (April 2008). Wilt TJ (ed.).
9788:
9641:
Tran KB, Lang JJ, Compton K, Xu R, Acheson AR, Henrikson HJ, et al. (August 2022).
9483:"Role of the Surgical Pathologist in the Diagnosis and Management of the Cancer Patient"
9104:
9057:
8712:
6055:
4153:
Because cancer is a class of diseases, it is unlikely that there will ever be a single "
2079:
Metastasis is common in the late stages of cancer and it can occur via the blood or the
1147:(eating too much), rather than from eating too few vegetables or other healthful foods.
830:
Metastasis is common in the late stages of cancer and it can occur via the blood or the
16110:
15905:
15285:
15260:
15241:
15228:
15195:
15021:
14926:
14889:
14858:
14798:
14763:
14562:
14535:
14312:
14287:
14172:
14016:
13851:
13786:
13763:
13738:
13719:
13643:
13536:
13476:
13425:
13281:
13238:
13122:
13066:
12935:
12910:
12886:
12861:
12832:
12805:
12710:
12683:
12639:
12564:
12482:
12433:
12346:
12304:
12279:
12154:
12129:
11987:
11878:
11830:
11805:
11781:
11756:
11737:
11618:
11593:
11592:
Dear RF, McGeechan K, Jenkins MC, Barratt A, Tattersall MH, Wilcken N (December 2013).
11523:
11468:
11443:
10960:
10890:
10865:
10800:
10765:
10746:
10349:
10246:
10143:
10118:
10053:
10028:
10004:
9979:
9876:
9859:
9828:
9805:
9772:
9753:
9669:
9642:
9546:
9521:
9432:
9403:
9379:
9352:
9333:
9277:
9250:
9226:
9199:
9175:
9148:
9121:
9088:
9087:
Vogelstein B, Papadopoulos N, Velculescu VE, Zhou S, Diaz LA, Kinzler KW (March 2013).
9021:
8996:
8972:
8945:
8921:
8894:
8870:
8853:
8829:
8804:
8780:
8755:
8672:
8645:
8621:
8596:
8531:
8506:
8432:
8407:
8388:
8345:
8253:
8210:
8162:
8135:
8111:
8086:
8062:
8037:
7883:
7856:
7687:
7662:
7638:
7629:
7613:
7594:
7546:
7521:
7461:
7418:
7250:
7035:
6964:
6940:"Why do viruses cause cancer? Highlights of the first century of human tumour virology"
6939:
6874:
6779:
6754:
6753:
Bhaskaran K, Douglas I, Forbes H, dos-Santos-Silva I, Leon DA, Smeeth L (August 2014).
6735:
6704:
Kushi LH, Byers T, Doyle C, Bandera EV, McCullough M, McTiernan A, et al. (2006).
6574:
6549:
6525:
6500:
6476:
6451:
6397:
6319:
6270:
6221:
6173:
6148:
6117:
6092:
6064:
6039:
5675:
5568:
5397:
5154:
5129:
5069:
5044:
4987:
4962:
4943:
4675:
4642:
4534:
4509:
4335:
4158:
4085:
4072:
3985:
3954:
3762:
3522:
3451:
3384:
3044:
2976:
2697:
2221:
2146:
2013:
1992:). Each of these alterations regulates gene expression without altering the underlying
1943:
1938:
1695:
1691:
1557:
1339:
1185:
991:
987:
967:
699:, affecting bowel habits. Masses in breasts or testicles may produce observable lumps.
661:
338:
259:
188:
14427:
14264:
14178:
Bright-sided: How the Relentless Promotion of Positive Thinking Has Undermined America
13034:
12767:
11975:
11821:
11594:"Combination versus sequential single agent chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer"
10974:
10685:
10337:
9740:
9723:
9659:
8481:
8456:
8297:
8272:
7678:
7449:
6770:
5733:
5555:
5538:
5145:
4231:
pandemic, there has been a worry that cancer research and treatment are slowing down.
16359:
16182:
16100:
16069:
16008:
15998:
15910:
15724:
15584:
15449:
15428:
15393:
15365:
15359:
15341:
15320:
15290:
15245:
15233:
15161:
15125:
15013:
14931:
14728:
14693:
14567:
14516:
14481:
14431:
14396:
14352:
14317:
14268:
14182:
14147:
14137:
14105:
14078:
14049:
13996:
13971:
13855:
13843:
13800:
13768:
13711:
13668:
13635:
13582:
13528:
13468:
13443:
Ward EM, Thun MJ, Hannan LM, Jemal A (September 2006). "Interpreting cancer trends".
13417:
13373:
13333:
13306:
13273:
13230:
13185:
13158:
13154:
13096:
13058:
13043:
12940:
12891:
12837:
12781:
12739:
12715:
12631:
12556:
12474:
12425:
12338:
12309:
12265:
12229:
12193:
12159:
11979:
11870:
11835:
11786:
11729:
11688:
11623:
11515:
11473:
11392:
10978:
10895:
10846:
10805:
10750:
10738:
10689:
10651:
10610:
10549:
10500:
10470:
10425:
10390:
10341:
10305:
10183:
10148:
10099:
10058:
10009:
9960:
9925:
9881:
9810:
9745:
9674:
9595:
9551:
9500:
9437:
9384:
9337:
9325:
9282:
9231:
9180:
9126:
9069:
9026:
8977:
8926:
8875:
8834:
8785:
8736:
8731:
8696:
8677:
8626:
8577:
8536:
8486:
8437:
8423:
8380:
8337:
8302:
8245:
8202:
8167:
8116:
8067:
8004:
7958:
7923:
7888:
7837:
7782:
7728:
7692:
7643:
7586:
7551:
7502:
7453:
7410:
7280:
7242:
7197:
7080:
7039:
7004:
6969:
6920:
6879:
6859:
6820:
6784:
6727:
6614:
6579:
6530:
6481:
6432:
6389:
6384:
6367:
6311:
6306:
6289:
6262:
6213:
6209:
6178:
6122:
6069:
6017:
5966:
5828:
5787:
5737:
5700:
5667:
5612:
5560:
5421:
5389:
5333:
5298:
5263:
5217:
5159:
5101:
5074:
5019:
4992:
4935:
4823:
4776:
4680:
4662:
4558:
4539:
4292:
4199:
3835:
3758:
3746:
3609:
3562:
3526:
3485:
3380:
3357:
3349:
3330:
3310:
3294:
3242:
3226:
3126:
3086:
3078:
3040:
2817:
2801:
2747:
2743:
2708:
2678:
2620:
2386:
2338:
2320:
2217:
2084:
2000:, endure for multiple generations, and can be considered as equivalent to mutations.
1871:
1497:
1486:
1457:
1299:
1279:
1167:
940:
839:
771:
692:
684:
616:
519:
482:
439:
435:
292:
238:
176:
15567:
15563:
15508:
15413:
15313:
Bast RC, Croe CM, Hait WN, Hong WK, Kufe DW, Piccart-Gebhart M, et al. (2016).
14802:
14767:
14614:. Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry. 30 August 2002. Archived from
13723:
13647:
13540:
13429:
13242:
12911:"The spontaneous remission of cancer: Current insights and therapeutic significance"
12643:
12437:
12350:
11991:
11882:
11741:
11527:
10353:
9757:
8472:
8257:
7598:
7465:
7422:
7222:
7000:
6739:
6274:
6225:
5679:
5467:
5401:
4641:
Kocarnik JM, Compton K, Dean FE, Fu W, Gaw BL, Harvey JD, et al. (March 2022).
3942:
3637:
with other health problems have lower survival rates than otherwise healthy people.
1739:
Cancer is fundamentally a disease of tissue growth regulation. For a normal cell to
1625:
Hormones are important agents in sex-related cancers, such as cancer of the breast,
16226:
15897:
15775:
15280:
15272:
15223:
15215:
15146:
15025:
15003:
14921:
14911:
14790:
14755:
14720:
14683:
14557:
14547:
14508:
14473:
14423:
14386:
14344:
14307:
14299:
14260:
13835:
13758:
13750:
13701:
13625:
13518:
13480:
13460:
13407:
13365:
13285:
13265:
13222:
13150:
13141:
Pawelec G, Derhovanessian E, Larbi A (August 2010). "Immunosenescence and cancer".
13070:
13048:
13038:
13030:
12930:
12922:
12881:
12877:
12873:
12827:
12817:
12705:
12695:
12623:
12568:
12548:
12486:
12464:
12417:
12330:
12299:
12291:
12255:
12219:
12183:
12149:
12141:
11971:
11862:
11825:
11817:
11776:
11768:
11719:
11613:
11609:
11605:
11550:
11507:
11463:
11459:
11455:
11382:
10970:
10885:
10881:
10877:
10836:
10825:"Folic acid for the prevention of colorectal adenomas: a randomized clinical trial"
10795:
10785:
10728:
10724:
10720:
10681:
10641:
10602:
10541:
10460:
10452:
10417:
10380:
10333:
10295:
10175:
10138:
10130:
10089:
10048:
10040:
9999:
9991:
9952:
9915:
9871:
9800:
9792:
9735:
9664:
9654:
9541:
9537:
9533:
9486:
9478:
9427:
9417:
9374:
9366:
9315:
9272:
9264:
9221:
9211:
9170:
9162:
9153:
9149:"Energy metabolism of cancer: Glycolysis versus oxidative phosphorylation (Review)"
9116:
9108:
9061:
9016:
9008:
8967:
8957:
8916:
8906:
8865:
8824:
8816:
8775:
8767:
8754:
Hegan DC, Narayanan L, Jirik FR, Edelmann W, Liskay RM, Glazer PM (December 2006).
8726:
8716:
8667:
8657:
8616:
8608:
8567:
8526:
8518:
8476:
8468:
8427:
8419:
8392:
8372:
8349:
8329:
8292:
8284:
8237:
8214:
8194:
8157:
8147:
8106:
8098:
8057:
8049:
7950:
7915:
7878:
7868:
7827:
7682:
7674:
7633:
7625:
7578:
7541:
7533:
7492:
7445:
7400:
7254:
7234:
7070:
7031:
6996:
6959:
6951:
6910:
6869:
6851:
6774:
6766:
6717:
6606:
6569:
6561:
6548:
Schütze M, Boeing H, Pischon T, Rehm J, Kehoe T, Gmel G, et al. (April 2011).
6520:
6512:
6471:
6463:
6424:
6401:
6379:
6323:
6301:
6252:
6205:
6168:
6160:
6112:
6104:
6059:
6051:
6007:
5818:
5780:
Dy SM, Gupta A, Waldfogel JM, Sharma R, Zhang A, Feliciano JL, et al. (2020).
5729:
5657:
5602:
5572:
5550:
5379:
5325:
5290:
5253:
5190:
5149:
5141:
5064:
5060:
5056:
4982:
4974:
4947:
4925:
4766:
4670:
4654:
4550:
4529:
4521:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4350:
3961:
3811:
3785:
3777:
3619:
3478:
3290:
3234:
2953:
2921:
2829:
2515:
2272:
2182:
2158:
2120:
2080:
1782:
1706:
used to treat these diseases may promote developing extra-intestinal malignancies.
1687:
1294:
1140:
958:. Exceptions include rare transmissions that occur with pregnancies and occasional
892:
831:
447:
326:
288:
246:
219:
133:
98:
90:
13839:
13808:
12390:. The National Consensus Project for Quality Palliative Care (NCP). Archived from
10630:"Vitamin D status and cancer incidence and mortality: something new under the sun"
10179:
9065:
8820:
8271:
Nelson DA, Tan TT, Rabson AB, Anderson D, Degenhardt K, White E (September 2004).
7497:
7480:
6428:
4610:
3945:, believed that all disease was the outcome of chemical processes and that acidic
3705:
3420:
in the area. For some types of cancer this is sufficient to eliminate the cancer.
2836:; however, it is associated with the same adverse effects as NSAIDs. Daily use of
1150:
Some specific foods are linked to specific cancers. A high-salt diet is linked to
656:. The findings that result depend on cancer's type and location. Few symptoms are
311:. While these symptoms may indicate cancer, they can also have other causes. Over
16349:
16141:
16115:
16013:
15988:
15633:
15578:
15443:
15422:
15404:
15335:
15314:
14724:
14070:
13662:
12926:
12588:
12552:
10948:
10790:
10369:"Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer: systematic review and economic evaluation"
10094:
9520:
Galway K, Black A, Cantwell M, Cardwell CR, Mills M, Donnelly M (November 2012).
9357:
8962:
8911:
7954:
6855:
6843:
6610:
5960:
5853:
5662:
5645:
5530:
4319:
4277:
4154:
4138:
3800:
3594:
3428:
3404:
3334:
3238:
3199:
3138:
3109:
3090:
3067:
3029:
3025:
2947:
2905:
2844:
reduce the risk of breast cancer in high-risk women. The benefit versus harm for
2825:
2720:
2475:
2424:
2378:
2308:
1977:
1824:
1820:
1809:
1781:
Large-scale mutations involve the deletion or gain of a portion of a chromosome.
1529:
1505:
1451:
1423:
1393:
1385:
1366:
1208:
1131:
1116:
1040:
1013:
586:. These characteristics are required to produce a malignant tumor. They include:
494:
478:
463:
451:
431:
404:
15548:
11911:
McMorran J, Crowther D, McMorran S, Youngmin S, Wacogne I, Pleat J, et al.
11554:
11498:(January 2008). "The clinical management of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers".
8102:
6680:"Environmental Pollutant, PFOA, Associated with Increased Risk of Kidney Cancer"
4658:
4268:
with fetal shielding are considered safe during pregnancy; some others, such as
3953:
believed that cancer was a poison that slowly spreads and concluded that it was
809:, which can also cause altered mental status, vomiting, headaches, or seizures.
640:
526:
1.16 trillion (equivalent to $ 1.62 trillion in 2023) per year as of 2010.
16236:
15935:
15893:
15589:
15276:
15219:
14894:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
14615:
14391:
14374:
14348:
13754:
13369:
13177:
11931:
11569:
10606:
9494:
9482:
9370:
9268:
8701:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
7996:
7919:
7906:
Mantovani A (June 2010). "Molecular pathways linking inflammation and cancer".
7774:
7720:
7537:
7272:
7189:
5781:
5607:
5590:
4206:
due to cancer research has led to new treatments for cancer since US President
4190:
The precise nature of the genetic damage and the genes that are affected by it.
4176:
4045:
3965:
3878:
3796:
3750:
3558:
3464:
3342:
3306:
3277:
3122:
3082:
3074:
2759:
2739:
2666:
2438:
2390:
2324:
2281:
2277:
1914:
1895:
1877:
The errors that cause cancer are self-amplifying and compounding, for example:
1805:
1715:
1682:
1670:
1634:
1478:
1316:
1163:
1151:
1104:
959:
486:
455:
423:
227:
198:
14552:
14512:
13902:
13226:
12627:
11511:
10456:
10134:
8522:
6722:
6705:
6516:
6257:
6240:
5329:
5294:
4554:
4525:
2437:, while a malignancy arising from primitive liver precursor cells is called a
16343:
16328:
15739:
14885:
14534:
Fugmann D, Boeker M, Holsteg S, Steiner N, Prins J, Karger A (9 March 2022).
14452:
14151:
13847:
13804:
13088:
12801:
12519:
12503:. National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. 13 September 2011
12334:
12145:
11772:
11495:
10841:
10824:
9320:
9306:
9301:
9012:
8273:"Hypoxia and defective apoptosis drive genomic instability and tumorigenesis"
8152:
8036:
Rowlands MA, Gunnell D, Harris R, Vatten LJ, Holly JM, Martin RM (May 2009).
7661:
Green J, Cairns BJ, Casabonne D, Wright FL, Reeves G, Beral V (August 2011).
7389:"Genome-wide association studies: how predictable is a person's cancer risk?"
4666:
4323:
4211:
4207:
4166:
4032:
4025:
4001:
3977:
3950:
3934:
3847:
with two views of a Dutch woman who had a tumor removed from her neck in 1689
3804:
3654:
3530:
3508:
3407:, radiation therapy has been found to be effective in about 70% of patients.
3396:
3314:
3048:
2870:
2797:
2304:
2161:
often use oxidative phosphorylation or glutamine as a primary energy source.
2153:
as the major energy source, partly because it provides nitrogen required for
2092:
2088:
1997:
1955:
1860:
1699:
1493:
1144:
1136:
902:
853:
844:
798:
775:
756:
490:
334:
68:
14916:
14781:
Winther H, Jorgensen JT (2010). "Drug-Diagnostic Co-Development in Cancer".
13464:
12822:
12421:
12260:
12243:
12224:
12207:
12188:
12171:
9422:
9112:
8771:
8572:
8555:
7832:
7815:
7154:
7057:
Samaras V, Rafailidis PI, Mourtzoukou EG, Peppas G, Falagas ME (June 2010).
6916:
10.1002/1097-0142(196505)18:5<656::AID-CNCR2820180515>3.0.CO;2-3
4771:
4754:
4071:
One idea about why people with cancer are blamed or stigmatized, called the
3791:
Some slow-growing cancers are particularly common, but often are not fatal.
2473:(the common name of this frequently occurring benign tumor in the uterus is
16310:
16305:
16277:
16105:
16082:
15680:
15484:
15409:
15294:
15237:
15165:
15017:
14935:
14825:
14732:
14697:
14643:
14571:
14520:
14485:
14435:
14400:
14356:
14321:
14272:
13772:
13715:
13639:
13532:
13472:
13421:
13377:
13277:
13234:
13162:
13062:
12944:
12895:
12841:
12719:
12635:
12581:
12560:
12478:
12429:
12342:
12313:
12269:
12233:
12197:
12163:
11983:
11874:
11839:
11790:
11733:
11692:
11627:
11519:
11477:
11396:
10982:
10899:
10850:
10809:
10742:
10693:
10655:
10614:
10553:
10504:
10474:
10429:
10408:
Thomsen A, Kolesar JM (December 2008). "Chemoprevention of breast cancer".
10394:
10345:
10309:
10187:
10152:
10103:
10062:
10013:
9995:
9964:
9929:
9920:
9903:
9885:
9814:
9749:
9678:
9555:
9441:
9388:
9329:
9286:
9235:
9184:
9130:
9030:
8981:
8930:
8838:
8789:
8721:
8681:
8630:
8581:
8540:
8490:
8441:
8384:
8341:
8306:
8249:
8206:
8171:
8120:
8071:
7962:
7927:
7892:
7873:
7841:
7696:
7647:
7590:
7555:
7506:
7457:
7414:
7246:
7084:
7043:
7008:
6973:
6924:
6883:
6824:
6788:
6731:
6618:
6583:
6534:
6485:
6467:
6436:
6393:
6315:
6217:
6182:
6126:
6073:
6021:
5832:
5791:
5741:
5671:
5616:
5564:
5393:
5337:
5302:
5267:
5163:
5078:
4996:
4939:
4780:
4684:
4562:
4543:
4281:
4203:
4050:
4041:
3754:
3365:
3353:
3322:
3257:
3253:
3222:
3221:
Many treatment options for cancer exist. The primary ones include surgery,
2931:
2789:
2785:
2731:
2684:
In 2019, ~44% of all cancer deaths – or ~4.5 M deaths or ~105 million lost
2629:
Global deaths from cancers attributable to risk factors in 2019 by sex and
2460:
2398:
2231:
2190:
2096:
1993:
1726:
1666:
1651:
1646:
1588:
1565:
1533:
1525:
1155:
1092:
1049:
897:
862:
806:
752:
611:
510:
443:
300:
242:
81:
14303:
13823:
13739:"Campbell De Morgan's 'Observations on cancer', and their relevance today"
12604:
Vickers A (2004). "Alternative cancer cures: "unproven" or "disproven"?".
12295:
10646:
10629:
10545:
9773:"Substantial contribution of extrinsic risk factors to cancer development"
9216:
9073:
8879:
8740:
8662:
8612:
6266:
3929:
In the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries, it became acceptable for doctors to
3634:
2788:
for cancer prevention typically include an emphasis on vegetables, fruit,
16164:
16159:
16003:
15943:
15802:
15765:
15688:
15608:
10965:
9722:
Danaei G, Vander Hoorn S, Lopez AD, Murray CJ, Ezzati M (November 2005).
9696:
8228:
Knudson AG (November 2001). "Two genetic hits (more or less) to cancer".
8198:
7238:
6638:(Press release). World Health Organization. 27 April 2007. Archived from
5445:
4978:
4265:
4221:
4126:
4118:
4096:
In the United States, cancer is included as a protected condition by the
4010:
3984:"). This view of the disease was first formulated by the English surgeon
3863:
3819:
3638:
3338:
3097:
3063:
3059:
3052:
2893:
2849:
2793:
2751:
2443:
2382:
2358:
2312:
2243:
2202:
2004:
1973:
1967:
1851:
1638:
1626:
1611:
1581:
1537:
1416:
1323:
1242:
1238:
1083:
1029:
963:
783:
779:
590:
572:
561:
498:
474:
419:
415:
388:
356:
352:
318:
205:
194:
15147:"How companion animals contribute to the fight against cancer in humans"
14746:
Sleigh SH, Barton CL (2010). "Repurposing Strategies for Therapeutics".
14288:"Projections of the cost of cancer care in the United States: 2010–2020"
14251:
Bosanquet N, Sikora K (2004). "The economics of cancer care in the UK".
10027:
Wang X, Ouyang Y, Liu J, Zhu M, Zhao G, Bao W, et al. (July 2014).
9796:
9166:
8803:
Tutt AN, van Oostrom CT, Ross GM, van Steeg H, Ashworth A (March 2002).
8288:
5823:
5806:
5366:
Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D (February 2011).
2873:
supplementation increases lung cancer rates in those who are high risk.
2792:
and fish and an avoidance of processed and red meat (beef, pork, lamb),
1951:
The classical view of cancer is a set of diseases driven by progressive
16024:
15948:
15797:
15734:
15698:
14794:
14759:
14477:
13706:
13689:
13630:
13613:
13523:
13506:
13412:
13395:
12469:
11935:
10593:
Holick MF (January 2013). "Vitamin D, sunlight and cancer connection".
10421:
9251:"The promise and peril of targeting cell metabolism for cancer therapy"
8695:
Narayanan L, Fritzell JA, Baker SM, Liskay RM, Glazer PM (April 1997).
6238:
6012:
5995:
5384:
5367:
5258:
5241:
4930:
4913:
4510:"Cancer is a preventable disease that requires major lifestyle changes"
4327:
4235:
4101:
3981:
3930:
3923:
3417:
3261:
2943:
2939:
2889:
2874:
2841:
2654:
2575:
2428:
2372:
2354:
2300:
2247:
2194:
2154:
2126:
2072:
2067:
1963:
1867:
1840:
1802:
1798:
1775:
1763:
1541:
1485:(HNPCC or Lynch syndrome), which is present in about 3% of people with
1285:
1100:
1006:
823:
818:
704:
645:
620:
308:
296:
211:
53:
14101:
Pink Ribbon Blues: How Breast Cancer Culture Undermines Women's Health
11724:
11707:
10044:
8053:
7582:
7481:"A first-degree relative with colorectal cancer: what are we missing?"
7405:
7388:
6752:
6565:
6164:
6149:"An overview of mutational and copy number signatures in human cancer"
3704:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
2407:: Cancers derived from immature "precursor" cells or embryonic tissue.
2250:
changes) and may thus also indicate the prognosis and best treatment.
2220:
from the biopsy indicates the type of cell that is proliferating, its
1850:
Replication of the data contained within the DNA of living cells will
16064:
15967:
15853:
15838:
15719:
15703:
13824:"Confronting the "C" Word: Cancer and Death in Philip Roth's Fiction"
13256:
de Magalhães JP (May 2013). "How ageing processes influence cancer".
10385:
10368:
10119:"Well-done meat intake, heterocyclic amine exposure, and cancer risk"
9490:
9302:"The emerging role of targeting cancer metabolism for cancer therapy"
8241:
7855:
Ungefroren H, Sebens S, Seidl D, Lehnert H, Hass R (September 2011).
7075:
6108:
4315:
3997:
3844:
3840:
3737:
3416:
attempts to remove the entire mass along with, in certain cases, the
3361:
2859:
2837:
2535:
2469:
2346:
2296:
2225:
2210:
2150:
1904:
1856:
1836:
1619:
1569:
1545:
1289:
1269:
Bacterial infection may also increase the risk of cancer, as seen in
1197:
1193:
1159:
1021:
936:
774:. Treatment for dyspnea in patients with advanced cancer can include
716:
688:
680:
600:
555:
253:
15531:
15008:
14983:
14688:
14671:
13269:
13018:
12452:
11866:
10489:"Vitamins and minerals: not for cancer or cardiovascular prevention"
9086:
8556:"Mutator pathways unleashed by epigenetic silencing in human cancer"
8376:
8333:
7814:
Colotta F, Allavena P, Sica A, Garlanda C, Mantovani A (July 2009).
6955:
4143:
3511:
to fight cancer, have come into use since 1997. Approaches include:
2824:
has been found to reduce the risk of death from cancer by about 7%.
2650:
due to environmental factors and therefore potentially preventable.
15957:
15848:
15807:
15792:
15665:
15657:
15502:
15259:
Murgia C, Pritchard JK, Kim SY, Fassati A, Weiss RA (August 2006).
15044:
6040:"Ten Surprising Facts About Stressful Life Events and Disease Risk"
5804:
4391:
4331:
4296:
4228:
4114:
4061:
3922:(2nd century AD) disagreed with the use of surgery and recommended
3889:
3823:
3815:
3326:
3318:
3216:
3058:
Evidence is insufficient to recommend for or against screening for
2901:
2897:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2735:
2488:
2484:
2427:
or tissue of origin as the root. For example, cancers of the liver
2404:
2394:
2368:
2364:
2316:
2284:
features shown, although they vary substantially from case to case.
2239:
2142:
2138:
2048:
2040:
1959:
1952:
1832:
1771:
1751:
1642:
1630:
1596:
1521:
1462:
1408:
1189:
1057:
1053:
1025:
928:
918:
748:
737:
676:
576:
502:
427:
321:
is the cause of about 22% of cancer deaths. Another 10% are due to
181:
60:
56:
14204:"A Sick Stigma: Why are cancer patients blamed for their illness?"
10863:
9299:
7940:
7056:
5281:
Dubas LE, Ingraffea A (February 2013). "Nonmelanoma skin cancer".
4507:
4318:
are particularly prone to be affected by cancer (e.g. over 25% of
571:
Cancers comprise a large family of diseases that involve abnormal
458:
at the start of treatment. In children under 15 at diagnosis, the
398:
These environmental factors act, at least partly, by changing the
15858:
15843:
13394:
Ward E, DeSantis C, Robbins A, Kohler B, Jemal A (January 2014).
12768:"156: Secondary Cancers: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Management"
12518:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
12092:
12051:
10709:"Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of mortality in adults"
9636:
9634:
9632:
8507:"Epigenetics Offer New Horizons for Colorectal Cancer Prevention"
8454:
7059:"Chronic bacterial and parasitic infections and cancer: a review"
5783:
Interventions for Breathlessness in Patients With Advanced Cancer
5644:
Anguiano L, Mayer DK, Piven ML, Rosenstein D (July–August 2012).
4261:
3973:
3792:
3658:
3474:
2927:
2885:
2855:
2821:
2726:
2701:
2693:
2658:
2555:
2334:
2206:
2129:, whereas most cancers rely on glycolysis for energy production (
1828:
1767:
1607:
1377:
1126:
1061:
1028:. Tobacco smoke contains over fifty known carcinogens, including
932:
724:
322:
215:
77:
30:
This article is about the group of diseases. For other uses, see
15474:
14413:
14372:
14334:
10706:
10445:"Five-alpha-reductase Inhibitors for prostate cancer prevention"
10442:
9956:
9942:
8893:
O'Hagan HM, Mohammad HP, Baylin SB (August 2008). Lee JT (ed.).
7223:"Computed tomography—an increasing source of radiation exposure"
6850:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 472. pp. 467–77.
3877:) described several kinds of cancer, referring to them with the
15543:
14536:"A Systematic Review: The Effect of Cancer on the Divorce Rate"
12862:"Parenteral anticoagulation in ambulatory patients with cancer"
10946:
10366:
8943:
8643:
6899:"Cancer Mortality Among Japanese Issei and Nisei of California"
6636:"WHO calls for prevention of cancer through healthy workplaces"
4009:
cancer statistics: the most common form of cancer—non-melanoma
3033:
1747:
that regulate cell growth and differentiation must be altered.
1577:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1524:, naturally occurring mineral fibers that are a major cause of
1017:
1000:
The incidence of lung cancer is highly correlated with smoking.
708:
408:
114:
110:
11708:"Follicular lymphoma: 2012 update on diagnosis and management"
10763:
10078:"Coffee consumption and risk of liver cancer: a meta-analysis"
9629:
6290:"Tobacco use and cancer causation: association by tumour type"
6090:
5993:
5873:
5871:
4064:
will increase survival. This notion is particularly strong in
2125:
Normal cells typically generate only about 30% of energy from
151:
15497:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
15385:
14639:"Exciting New Cancer Treatments Emerge Amid Persistent Myths"
13690:"A note from history: landmarks in history of cancer, part 3"
13614:"A note from history: landmarks in history of cancer, part 2"
13507:"A note from history: landmarks in history of cancer, part 1"
12244:"NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: colon cancer"
12205:
12018:"Radiation Therapy for Brain Metastases: A Systematic Review"
10242:"W.H.O. Report Links Some Cancers With Processed or Red Meat"
9721:
8644:
Bernstein C, Nfonsam V, Prasad AR, Bernstein H (March 2013).
5176:
4752:
4129:
weaknesses for many studies on effects of cancer on divorce.
3946:
3926:
instead. These recommendations largely stood for 1000 years.
3919:
3912:
3893:
3553:
3158:
3154:
2763:
2350:
2328:
2104:
1989:
1985:
1894:
The transformation of a normal cell into cancer is akin to a
1473:
1467:
1381:
1370:
1184:
Worldwide, approximately 18% of cancer deaths are related to
873:
696:
565:
450:. Pain and symptom management are an important part of care.
422:
against certain infectious diseases, limiting consumption of
118:
106:
86:
14710:
14286:
Mariotto AB, Yabroff KR, Shao Y, Feuer EJ, Brown ML (2011).
11910:
11852:
8802:
8694:
7854:
5643:
4349:(also known as canine transmissible venereal tumor), and in
4284:
and pregnancy loss (spontaneous abortions and stillbirths).
4113:
A study found women were around six times more likely to be
3469:
No strong evidence implies that treatment would be effective
1793:, or translocation of chromosomes 9 and 22, which occurs in
1456:
The vast majority of cancers are non-hereditary (sporadic).
1024:, stomach, bladder, kidney, cervix, colon/rectum, liver and
15693:
15655:
15193:
15083:"Revolutionary nanodrones enable targeted cancer treatment"
14984:"Young, talented and fed-up: scientists tell their stories"
14533:
13356:
Kaatsch P (June 2010). "Epidemiology of childhood cancer".
12241:
11754:
11591:
9519:
9476:
8946:"DNA damage, homology-directed repair, and DNA methylation"
8753:
8035:
7813:
7022:
Ljubojevic S, Skerlev M (2014). "HPV-associated diseases".
6662:"Erin Brockovich Blasts U.S. Regulation of Toxic Chemicals"
5868:
3603:
Three measures of global cancer mortality from 1990 to 2017
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
2642:
2342:
2108:
2100:
1744:
1610:
also play a role in the development of cancer by promoting
1599:
build up an inflammatory pro-tumorigenic microenvironment.
1361:
and radioactive material is a risk factor for cancer. Many
877:
869:
399:
94:
14498:
13140:
12592:
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine
12385:"Clinical Practice Guidelines for Quality Palliative Care"
12319:
10281:
7660:
6986:
6505:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
5958:
5719:
4753:
Jayasekara H, MacInnis RJ, Room R, English DR (May 2016).
3918:, also meaning crab and recommended surgery as treatment.
3727:
Age-standardized death rate from cancer per 10,000 people.
1831:
product. Disruption of a single gene may also result from
1750:
The affected genes are divided into two broad categories.
1419:, which are the most common forms of cancer in the world.
596:
Continuous growth and division even given contrary signals
15258:
14890:"Rescuing US biomedical research from its systemic flaws"
14463:
13393:
13093:
Molecular Pathology: The Molecular Basis of Human Disease
12407:
12208:"Breast cancer. Clinical practice guidelines in oncology"
12169:
11364:
9477:
Connolly JL, Schnitt SJ, Wang HH, Longtine JA, Dvorak A,
9300:
Farhadi P, Yarani R, Dokaneheifard S, Mansouri K (2020).
8892:
7568:
7363:"Cell Phones and Cancer Risk – National Cancer Institute"
6596:
5959:
Manton K, Akushevich I, Kravchenko J (28 December 2008).
5420:. World Health Organization. 2014. pp. Chapter 6.7.
5216:. World Health Organization. 2014. pp. Chapter 1.1.
5100:. World Health Organization. 2014. pp. Chapter 1.3.
5018:. World Health Organization. 2014. pp. Chapter 4.7.
4822:. World Health Organization. 2014. pp. Chapter 1.1.
4157:" any more than there will be a single treatment for all
3781:
2767:
2645:
attributable to 11 Level 2 risk factors globally in 2019.
1870:, repeated physical injury, heat, ionising radiation, or
1412:
1404:
1071:(PFOA), which is predominantly used in the production of
975:
380:
142:
102:
15480:"On telling cancer patients to have a positive attitude"
14884:
14285:
11541:
Lind MJ (2008). "Principles of cytotoxic chemotherapy".
10521:
10322:
7435:
6950:(12). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 878–889.
6841:
6547:
6368:"Tobacco use, cancer causation and public health impact"
5240:
Siegel RL, Miller KD, Wagle NS, Jemal A (January 2023).
4911:
3799:
at the time of their deaths and that 80% of men develop
3489:
than 12 months of life even given aggressive treatment.
1166:
is more common in Japan due to its high-salt diet while
337:. Other factors include certain infections, exposure to
15386:
Pazdur R, Camphausen KA, Wagman LD, Hoskins WJ (2009).
15261:"Clonal origin and evolution of a transmissible cancer"
14952:"Grant System Leads Cancer Researchers to Play It Safe"
14373:
Hofmarcher T, Lindgren P, Wilking N, Jönsson B (2020).
13016:
11953:
9857:
8504:
8270:
7999:. In Bast RC, Kufe DW, Pollock RE, et al. (eds.).
7777:. In Bast RC, Kufe DW, Pollock RE, et al. (eds.).
7723:. In Bast RC, Kufe DW, Pollock RE, et al. (eds.).
7562:
7275:. In Bast RC, Kufe DW, Pollock RE, et al. (eds.).
2981:
The likelihood of the test correctly identifying cancer
2091:
into the blood or lymph, circulation through the body,
1143:. More than half of the effect from the diet is due to
13736:
12765:
9594:. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. p. 229.
9456:"Cancer Screening Guidelines | Detecting Cancer Early"
8133:
7994:
7857:"Interaction of tumor cells with the microenvironment"
6703:
6146:
5779:
5692:
5239:
4165:
were once incorrectly thought to have potential as a "
3736:
In 2008, approximately 12.7 million cancers were
3011:
1492:
Statistically for cancers causing most mortality, the
193:
Lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained
13990:
13212:
12761:
12759:
12127:
12105:
Choosing Wisely: An Initiative of the ABIM Foundation
12098:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
12064:
Choosing Wisely: An Initiative of the ABIM Foundation
12057:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
11913:"tumour radiosensitivity – General Practice Notebook"
10822:
10671:
7015:
5365:
5177:
Sciacovelli M, Schmidt C, Maher ER, Frezza C (2020).
4640:
3933:
to discover the cause of death. The German professor
3020:(USPSTF) issues recommendations for various cancers:
2189:. People with suspected cancer are investigated with
1958:
that include mutations in tumor-suppressor genes and
1754:
are genes that promote cell growth and reproduction.
1622:, suggesting possible involvement in carcinogenesis.
1306:
Parasitic infections associated with cancer include:
962:. However, transmissible infectious diseases such as
939:(both ionizing and non-ionizing, up to 10%), lack of
913:
Share of cancer deaths attributed to tobacco in 2016.
703:
can cause bleeding that can lead to symptoms such as
148:
145:
139:
15521:
15516:
Appendix A- NIOSH Potential Occupational Carcinogens
12859:
12534:"Complementary and alternative therapies for cancer"
12410:
Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network
12248:
Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network
12212:
Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network
12176:
Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network
11678:
9614:
Image by Mikael Häggström, MD. Source for findings:
9401:
8319:
3765:. Over half of cases occur in the developing world.
3193:
Colon, uterine, small bowel, stomach, urinary tract
2750:, a phenomenon that could be due to the presence of
2681:
and thus are not preventable via personal behavior.
2353:), each of which develops from cells originating in
1847:
oncogenes in the affected cell and its descendants.
1158:, a frequent food contaminant, causes liver cancer.
15124:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 901–905.
13903:"Avoiding the 'C' Word for Low-Risk Thyroid Cancer"
13442:
13176:Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. (2002).
13175:
12684:"Investigating Tumor Heterogeneity in Mouse Models"
11755:Rampling R, James A, Papanastassiou V (June 2004).
8646:"Epigenetic field defects in progression to cancer"
7807:
6414:
5756:"Shortness of Breath | Cancer-related Side Effects"
5646:"A literature review of suicide in cancer patients"
3591:
List of cancer mortality rates in the United States
3463:Are not eligible to participate in any appropriate
2993:
Whether early detection improves treatment outcomes
2888:have been developed that prevent infection by some
2083:or both. The typical steps in metastasis are local
136:
15361:The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer
14950:
14851:
13963:
13396:"Childhood and adolescent cancer statistics, 2014"
13095:. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. p. 66.
12776:(6th ed.). Hamilton, Ont: BC Decker. p.
12756:
11761:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
11002:"Cancer Screening Overview (PDQ®)–Patient Version"
10913:
10911:
10909:
8597:"Epigenetic changes of DNA repair genes in cancer"
7519:
6365:
6287:
6037:
5179:"Metabolic Drivers in Hereditary Cancer Syndromes"
3477:and therefore only indicated when people approach
2754:in meats cooked at high temperatures. In 2015 the
2431:arising from malignant epithelial cells is called
2423:as a suffix, with the Latin or Greek word for the
1465:include: certain inherited mutations in the genes
1430:and other similar sources has been described as a
15117:
14041:
13737:Grange JM, Stanford JL, Stanford CA (June 2002).
11898:Walter and Miller's Textbook of Radiation therapy
11803:
11441:
11029:Principles and practice of screening for disease.
9771:Wu S, Powers S, Zhu W, Hannun YA (January 2016).
9770:
9640:
8185:Croce CM (January 2008). "Oncogenes and cancer".
7997:"Chapter 13: Hormones and the Etiology of Cancer"
7021:
5952:
5315:
5042:
4183:Cancer research focuses on the following issues:
3454:, implying limited ability to care for themselves
691:, making it difficult or painful to swallow; and
16341:
15495:National Firefighter Registry (NFR) for Cancer,
15312:
14780:
14578:
11895:
11358:
10942:
10940:
10166:Ferguson LR (February 2010). "Meat and cancer".
10026:
9693:"Cancer prevention: 7 steps to reduce your risk"
9571:"Why Some People Keep Serious Illnesses Private"
9142:
9140:
8003:(5th ed.). Hamilton, Ontario: B.C. Decker.
7781:(5th ed.). Hamilton, Ontario: B.C. Decker.
7727:(5th ed.). Hamilton, Ontario: B.C. Decker.
7485:Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention
7279:(5th ed.). Hamilton, Ontario: B.C. Decker.
6288:Kuper H, Boffetta P, Adami HO (September 2002).
6147:Steele CD, Pillay N, Alexandrov LB (July 2022).
4960:
4338:) appear to face consistently low cancer risks.
4224:, which uses convert viruses, is being studied.
3949:fluid was the cause of cancer. His contemporary
2441:and a cancer arising from fat cells is called a
1376:Ionizing radiation is not a particularly strong
951:were caused by previous chemotherapy treatment.
299:to other parts of the body. These contrast with
15389:Cancer Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach
14250:
12738:. World Health Organization. 2014. p. 22.
11804:Madan V, Lear JT, Szeimies RM (February 2010).
11665:
11663:
10906:
10568:"Vitamin D Has Role in Colon Cancer Prevention"
9350:
9197:
8553:
7270:
6802:
6800:
6798:
6746:
6038:Cohen S, Murphy ML, Prather AA (January 2019).
5588:
5529:
5318:Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America
5283:Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America
5090:
5088:
3784:over a lifetime and age-related changes in the
3574:Complementary and alternative cancer treatments
2734:. Studies have linked excessive consumption of
1759:to transform a normal cell into a cancer cell.
1477:with a more than 75% risk of breast cancer and
1200:(viruses that can cause human cancer) include:
978:, can contribute to the development of cancer.
560:, meaning 'crab' and 'tumor'. Greek physicians
14853:"Advances Elusive in the Drive to Cure Cancer"
14167:
14165:
14163:
14161:
14133:Bathsheba's Breast: Women, Cancer, and History
13086:
11444:"Screening for breast cancer with mammography"
10407:
9821:
8134:Axelrad JE, Lichtiger S, Yajnik V (May 2016).
7718:
7605:
5935:"Share of cancer deaths attributed to tobacco"
5504:. National Cancer Institute. 17 September 2007
5280:
5045:"Screening for breast cancer with mammography"
4961:Parkin DM, Boyd L, Walker LC (December 2011).
4708:. National Cancer Institute. 17 September 2007
1384:gas, for example, has similar cancer risks as
834:or both. The typical steps in metastasis are:
16040:
15641:
15252:
14045:Molecular therapeutics: 21st-century medicine
13967:Handbook of Psychiatry in Palliative Medicine
13298:
12597:
12531:
11648:. National Cancer Institute. 26 February 2018
11493:
10937:
10816:
10757:
10667:
10665:
10621:
10515:
10481:
10436:
10401:
10360:
10316:
10275:
10233:
10194:
10159:
10110:
10069:
9971:
9936:
9470:
9395:
9353:"The Emerging Hallmarks of Cancer Metabolism"
9344:
9293:
9242:
9191:
9137:
7100:
7098:
6806:
5848:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5696:Cancer rehabilitation principles and practice
5490:
5008:
5006:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4730:. National Cancer Institute. 3 January 2012.
4588:. National Cancer Institute. 26 February 2018
4004:. Cancer is also euphemised as "the C-word";
3649:People with cancer have an increased risk of
2690:due to known clearly preventable risk factors
2479:). Confusingly, some types of cancer use the
1658:, have the lowest levels of prostate cancer.
473:The most common types of cancer in males are
14845:
14843:
14745:
13325:
13255:
12981:
12979:
12277:
12047:
12045:
12043:
12041:
12039:
11660:
11567:
11379:United States Preventive Services Task Force
11004:. National Cancer Institute. 13 January 2010
10627:
9901:
9404:"Metabolic Adaptations in Cancer Stem Cells"
9402:Yadav UP, Singh T, Kumar P, Mehta K (2020).
8594:
8505:Schnekenburger M, Diederich M (March 2012).
8313:
8221:
8178:
8085:Han Y, Chen W, Li P, Ye J (September 2015).
8078:
7990:
7988:
7986:
7984:
7982:
7980:
7978:
7976:
7974:
7972:
7214:
7196:(6th ed.). Hamilton, Ont: B.C. Decker.
7063:Journal of Infection in Developing Countries
7050:
6890:
6835:
6795:
6630:
6628:
6590:
6541:
6492:
6443:
6281:
6084:
6033:
6031:
5085:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4840:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4489:
3256:is the treatment of cancer with one or more
1923:evolutionary approach to designing treatment
549:
14368:
14366:
14158:
14104:. Oxford University Press. pp. 78–89.
13991:Rapini RP, Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL (2007).
13389:
13387:
13184:(4th ed.). New York: Garland Science.
13118:"Unearthing Prehistoric Tumors, and Debate"
13082:
13080:
13012:
13010:
12866:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
12681:
11598:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
11448:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
11403:
11198:
10870:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
10713:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
10449:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
10211:International Agency for Research on Cancer
10075:
9860:"Poverty as a risk factor in human cancers"
9526:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
8405:
8084:
7995:Henderson BE, Bernstein L, Ross RK (2000).
7614:"Rating the risk factors for breast cancer"
7513:
7472:
7382:
7380:
7343:. National Cancer Institute. 7 January 2019
7220:
6842:Brenner H, Rothenbacher D, Arndt V (2009).
6498:
6366:Kuper H, Adami HO, Boffetta P (June 2002).
6232:
6195:
5460:
5049:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1913:, drives progression towards more invasive
1827:and alter the function or stability of its
1440:International Agency for Research on Cancer
16047:
16033:
15648:
15634:
15333:
15113:
15111:
15109:
15107:
15105:
15103:
14453:https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/cancer.cfm
14181:. Henry Holt and Company. pp. 15–44.
14171:
14068:
13928:"The C word: how we react to cancer today"
13667:(1 ed.). New York: Ballantine Books.
13574:
13568:
13553:Paul of Aegina, 7th century AD, quoted in
13445:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
13351:
13349:
12908:
11489:
11487:
11023:
11021:
11019:
10662:
10410:American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy
9897:
9895:
9858:Heidary F, Rahimi A, Gharebaghi R (2013).
9615:
9587:
8650:World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology
7714:
7712:
7710:
7708:
7706:
7611:
7273:"15. Ultraviolet Radiation Carcinogenesis"
7266:
7264:
7135:. National Cancer Institute. 29 April 2015
7127:
7125:
7123:
7108:. National Cancer Institute. 29 April 2015
7095:
6937:
6813:Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
6699:
6697:
6695:
6342:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5854:"Metastatic Cancer: Questions and Answers"
5839:
5591:"Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation"
5584:
5582:
5525:
5523:
5521:
5519:
5408:
5208:
5206:
5118:
5003:
4801:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4605:
4603:
4462:
3653:which can be life-threatening. The use of
2133:). But a minority of cancer types rely on
1970:was identified in the early 21st century.
797:. Common paraneoplastic syndromes include
695:may lead to narrowing or blockages in the
67:
15427:. Springer Science & Business Media.
15354:
15284:
15227:
15007:
14925:
14915:
14905:
14840:
14687:
14561:
14551:
14390:
14311:
14125:
14123:
14121:
13984:
13875:
13762:
13705:
13629:
13607:
13605:
13522:
13500:
13498:
13496:
13494:
13492:
13490:
13411:
13109:
13052:
13042:
12976:
12934:
12885:
12831:
12821:
12800:
12770:. In Frei E, Kufe DW, Holland JF (eds.).
12766:Rheingold S, Neugut A, Meadows A (2003).
12709:
12699:
12617:
12493:
12468:
12453:"Immunotherapy: past, present and future"
12303:
12259:
12223:
12187:
12153:
12036:
11829:
11780:
11723:
11617:
11534:
11467:
11386:
10964:
10947:Lertkhachonsuk AA, Yip CH, Khuhaprema T,
10889:
10840:
10799:
10789:
10732:
10645:
10595:Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry
10535:
10464:
10384:
10299:
10142:
10093:
10052:
10003:
9919:
9875:
9804:
9739:
9668:
9658:
9545:
9431:
9421:
9378:
9319:
9276:
9225:
9215:
9174:
9120:
9020:
8971:
8961:
8920:
8910:
8869:
8828:
8779:
8730:
8720:
8671:
8661:
8620:
8571:
8530:
8480:
8431:
8362:
8296:
8161:
8151:
8110:
8061:
7969:
7905:
7882:
7872:
7831:
7686:
7637:
7545:
7496:
7404:
7333:
7183:
7181:
7179:
7177:
7175:
7074:
6963:
6914:
6896:
6873:
6778:
6721:
6625:
6573:
6524:
6475:
6449:
6383:
6305:
6256:
6172:
6116:
6063:
6028:
6011:
5965:. Springer Science & Business Media.
5822:
5661:
5630:
5628:
5626:
5606:
5554:
5383:
5257:
5194:
5153:
5068:
4986:
4929:
4900:
4770:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4674:
4611:"SEER Stat Fact Sheets: All Cancer Sites"
4576:
4574:
4572:
4533:
4486:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4411:
4409:
4407:
3073:Routine screening is not recommended for
3039:Recommend that Americans be screened for
1483:hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
1075:, is known to cause two kinds of cancer.
513:are most common, except in Africa, where
16054:
15514:NIOSH Pocket guide to chemical hazards,
14447:
14445:
14363:
14292:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
13970:. Oxford University Press. p. 196.
13821:
13743:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
13384:
13305:. Oxford University Press. p. 977.
13077:
13007:
12450:
11705:
11388:10.7326/0003-4819-155-11-201112060-00375
10674:The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology
10634:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
10524:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
10165:
10116:
9499:(6 ed.). Hamilton (ON): BC Decker.
9458:. American Cancer Society. 14 March 2022
7768:
7766:
7764:
7762:
7760:
7758:
7756:
7429:
7377:
6668:. Scientific American. 28 December 2020.
6361:
6359:
6198:Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology
5856:. National Cancer Institute. 12 May 2015
5699:. New York: Demos Medical. p. 983.
5361:
5359:
5357:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5347:
4142:
3839:
3598:
3559:Laser-induced interstitial thermotherapy
2987:Possible harms from follow-up procedures
2636:
2624:
2463:(which are not cancers) are named using
2271:
2168:
2137:as the primary energy source, including
1980:(hypermethylation and hypomethylation),
1942:
1730:
1052:can come from inhaling tobacco smoke or
995:
908:
896:
639:
528:
489:. In females, the most common types are
15441:
15121:Cancer Nursing: Principles and Practice
15100:
13785:
13355:
13346:
13299:David S, Fraumeni JF (24 August 2006).
13143:Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology
13115:
12701:10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033413
12603:
12280:"Bending the cost curve in cancer care"
12003:
12001:
11919:from the original on 24 September 2015.
11484:
11442:Gøtzsche PC, Jørgensen KJ (June 2013).
11016:
10996:
10994:
10992:
10301:10.7326/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00010
9892:
9715:
9568:
8227:
7703:
7478:
7261:
7120:
6980:
6692:
5579:
5516:
5309:
5235:
5233:
5203:
5196:10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033612
5043:Gøtzsche PC, Jørgensen KJ (June 2013).
5036:
4629:
4600:
4098:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
3568:
3368:, and needless in others, such as most
2996:Whether cancer will ever need treatment
2990:Whether suitable treatment is available
2742:to an increased risk of breast cancer,
2095:into the new tissue, proliferation and
2016:instability characteristic of cancers.
373:Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
27:Group of diseases involving cell growth
14:
16342:
15420:
15118:Yarbro CH, Wujcik D, Gobel BH (2010).
15077:
15075:
15060:"Don't sacrifice cancer care to COVID"
14981:
14948:
14849:
14815:
14669:
14636:
14118:
14023:from the original on 27 September 2010
13959:
13957:
13955:
13953:
13602:
13487:
13091:. In Tsongalis GJ, Coleman WL (eds.).
12855:
12853:
12851:
12525:
11855:Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
10592:
10239:
9980:"Fruit and vegetables and cancer risk"
9043:
8994:
8851:
8017:from the original on 10 September 2017
7386:
7187:
7172:
6807:Park S, Bae J, Nam BH, Yoo KY (2008).
6142:
6140:
6138:
6136:
5623:
4691:
4617:from the original on 26 September 2010
4569:
4439:
4404:
3991:
2926:Unlike diagnostic efforts prompted by
2677:and cancers caused through hereditary
2327:type, which means that the cancer has
2056:Field defects in progression to cancer
1676:
1317:squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder
593:and division absent the proper signals
554:The word comes from the ancient Greek
493:, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, and
16028:
15629:
15144:
14442:
14214:from the original on 11 October 2013.
14129:
14097:
14062:
13687:
13660:
13611:
13504:
13198:from the original on 2 January 2016.
12094:American Society of Clinical Oncology
12053:American Society of Clinical Oncology
10200:
9902:Wicki A, Hagmann J (September 2011).
9839:from the original on 29 December 2010
9626:Last author update: 20 September 2022
9248:
9146:
8595:Lahtz C, Pfeifer GP (February 2011).
8184:
7795:from the original on 4 September 2015
7775:"Chapter 17: Trauma and Inflammation"
7772:
7753:
7741:from the original on 4 September 2015
7293:from the original on 4 September 2015
7221:Brenner DJ, Hall EJ (November 2007).
6408:
6356:
6189:
5883:National Comprehensive Cancer Network
5589:Hanahan D, Weinberg RA (March 2011).
5478:from the original on 1 September 2013
5456:from the original on 7 November 2022.
5344:
4148:University of Florida Cancer Hospital
3473:Palliative care may be confused with
2593:with typical histopathology features.
629:
14866:from the original on 14 January 2012
14201:
13554:
12658:"Three measures of cancer mortality"
11998:
11929:
11540:
10989:
10254:from the original on 26 October 2015
10221:from the original on 26 October 2015
9703:from the original on 8 February 2010
8554:Jacinto FV, Esteller M (July 2007).
8498:
8408:"Epigenetic modifications in cancer"
7210:from the original on 2 January 2016.
7091:from the original on 4 October 2011.
5807:"Paraneoplastic endocrine syndromes"
5230:
4108:
4040:in the US was a specialized form of
3690:
2385:cells, most often presenting in the
2177:showing lung cancer in the left lung
1415:, as the cause of most non-melanoma
1110:
730:
648:depend on the location of the tumor.
387:). Importantly, vaccination against
15072:
14888:, Kirschner MW, Tilghman S (2014).
14672:"Cutting off cancer's supply lines"
14375:"The cost of cancer in Europe 2018"
13950:
13575:Majno G, Joris I (12 August 2004).
12909:Radha G, Lopus M (September 2021).
12848:
12810:Health and Quality of Life Outcomes
12606:CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians
12284:The New England Journal of Medicine
11416:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
11339:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
11307:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
11275:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
11243:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
11211:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
11179:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
11147:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
11115:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
11083:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
11051:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
10628:Schwartz GG, Blot WJ (April 2006).
9977:
8187:The New England Journal of Medicine
7393:Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy
7341:"Electromagnetic Fields and Cancer"
7227:The New England Journal of Medicine
6938:Moore PS, Chang Y (December 2010).
6710:CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians
6245:CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians
6133:
6056:10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102857
6000:CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians
5124:
4918:CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians
3018:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
3012:U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
1996:. These changes may remain through
805:, constipation and dehydration, or
24:
15305:
13964:Chochinov HM, Breitbart W (2009).
13302:Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention
13178:"The Preventable Causes of Cancer"
13130:from the original on 24 June 2017.
11896:Bomford CK, Kunkler IH, Walter J.
8858:American Journal of Human Genetics
7721:"Chapter 16: Physical Carcinogens"
7630:10.1097/01.SLA.0000059969.64262.87
7036:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.08.007
4858:from the original on 2 August 2013
4078:
3960:The physician John Hill described
3423:
3132:
3006:
2904:) decrease the risk of developing
2276:A large proportion of cancers are
2228:and to choose the best treatment.
1917:. Clonal evolution leads to intra-
1709:
1515:
1219:B-cell lymphoproliferative disease
606:Limitless number of cell divisions
25:
16381:
15464:
15175:from the original on 23 July 2014
14075:Researching and Applying Metaphor
14048:. London: J. Wiley. p. 207.
13559:. CancerDecisions. Archived from
13332:. St. Louis: Mosby. p. 468.
12373:from the original on 14 May 2008.
12278:Smith TJ, Hillner BE (May 2011).
12276:for other general statements see
11942:from the original on 9 July 2017.
11334:"Screening for Pancreatic Cancer"
11270:"Screening for Testicular Cancer"
11078:"Screening for Colorectal Cancer"
10511:from the original on 25 May 2012.
8601:Journal of Molecular Cell Biology
8511:Current Colorectal Cancer Reports
8140:World Journal of Gastroenterology
7329:from the original on 1 June 2011.
6599:Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy
6450:Thun MJ, Jemal A (October 2006).
5693:O'Dell M, Stubblefield M (2009).
4888:from the original on 14 July 2014
3807:rather than useful medical care.
3129:due to the high incidence there.
2257:
2254:partially or to selected people.
1797:and results in production of the
670:
287:is a group of diseases involving
15187:
15138:
15052:
15032:
14975:
14963:from the original on 8 June 2011
14942:
14878:
14809:
14774:
14739:
14704:
14663:
14651:from the original on 16 May 2008
14630:
14604:
14527:
14492:
14457:
14407:
14328:
14279:
14244:
14218:
14195:
14091:
14042:McCulley M, Greenwell P (2007).
14035:
14009:
13920:
13895:
13869:
13815:
13779:
13730:
13681:
13654:
13547:
13436:
13319:
13292:
13249:
13206:
13169:
13155:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2010.06.012
13134:
12951:
12902:
12794:
12726:
12682:Tammela T, Sage J (March 2020).
12675:
12650:
12575:
12513:
12444:
12401:
12377:
12359:
12085:
12010:
11947:
11923:
11904:
11889:
11846:
11797:
11748:
11699:
11672:
11634:
11585:
11561:
11435:
11326:
11294:
11262:
11230:
11166:
11134:
11102:
11070:
11038:
10866:"Selenium for preventing cancer"
10857:
10700:
10586:
10560:
10266:
10020:
9864:Iranian Journal of Public Health
9851:
9764:
9685:
9608:
9581:
9562:
9513:
9448:
9351:Pavlova NN, Thompson CB (2016).
9256:Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy
9198:Seyfried TN, Shelton LM (2010).
9080:
9037:
8988:
8937:
8886:
8845:
8796:
8747:
8688:
8637:
8588:
8547:
8448:
8424:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2011.01809.x
8406:Kanwal R, Gupta S (April 2012).
8399:
8356:
7861:Cell Communication and Signaling
7271:Cleaver JE, Mitchell DL (2000).
7190:"Chapter 14: Ionizing Radiation"
6844:"Epidemiology of Stomach Cancer"
6385:10.1046/j.1365-2796.2002.00993.x
6307:10.1046/j.1365-2796.2002.01022.x
6251:(3): 167–76, discussion 164–66.
6210:10.1097/00043426-200306000-00002
5909:"Why is cancer so hard to cure?"
4734:from the original on 4 July 2015
4427:from the original on 8 June 2014
4302:
3695:
3684:List of countries by cancer rate
3542:
3492:
3055:starting at age 50 until age 75.
2598:
2583:
2563:
2543:
2523:
2507:
2411:Cancers are usually named using
1819:region of a gene and affect its
1681:There is an association between
1235:and primary effusion lymphomas),
1034:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
927:refers to any cause that is not
788:nonpharmacological interventions
341:, and environmental pollutants.
303:, which do not spread. Possible
132:
13087:Coleman WB, Rubinas TC (2009).
12688:Annual Review of Cancer Biology
11956:Physics in Medicine and Biology
11206:"Screening for Prostate Cancer"
11046:"Screening for Cervical Cancer"
11035:. Public Health Papers, No. 34.
10076:Larsson SC, Wolk A (May 2007).
9591:A cancer source book for nurses
9200:"Cancer as a metabolic disease"
8473:10.1128/MCB.23.7.2225-2238.2003
8264:
8127:
8042:International Journal of Cancer
8029:
7934:
7899:
7848:
7719:Maltoni CF, Holland JF (2000).
7654:
7571:International Journal of Cancer
7355:
7305:
7147:
7001:10.1016/j.semcancer.2004.06.009
6931:
6672:
6654:
6499:Dubey S, Powell CA (May 2008).
6330:
5987:
5927:
5901:
5798:
5773:
5748:
5713:
5686:
5637:
5438:
5274:
5183:Annual Review of Cancer Biology
5170:
4954:
4870:
4787:
3671:
3457:Received no benefit from prior
3345:as well as other cancer types.
3248:
2671:sexually transmitted infections
2061:
1843:, leading to the expression of
1833:integration of genomic material
1698:, due to chronic inflammation.
935:(30–35%), infections (15–20%),
14818:"Rethinking the War on Cancer"
14816:Begley S (16 September 2008).
14637:Wanjek C (16 September 2006).
14501:Journal of Cancer Survivorship
14136:. JHU Press. pp. 145–70.
14077:. Cambridge University Press.
13116:Johnson G (28 December 2010).
12878:10.1002/14651858.CD006652.pub5
11944:Last Checked: 23 December 2015
11712:American Journal of Hematology
11610:10.1002/14651858.CD008792.pub2
11460:10.1002/14651858.CD001877.pub5
11302:"Screening for Ovarian Cancer"
11238:"Screening for Bladder Cancer"
11027:Wilson JMG, Jungner G. (1968)
10882:10.1002/14651858.CD005195.pub4
10725:10.1002/14651858.cd007470.pub3
9538:10.1002/14651858.cd007064.pub2
8461:Molecular and Cellular Biology
5879:"What is Metastasized Cancer?"
5061:10.1002/14651858.CD001877.pub5
4746:
4720:
4341:In non-humans, a few types of
4260:(magnetic resonance imaging),
4198:The improved understanding of
4173:Experimental cancer treatments
3761:and the second leading in the
3561:(LITT), or interstitial laser
3432:palliative care is to improve
3375:
2880:
2834:familial adenomatous polyposis
2686:disability-adjusted life years
2450:ductal carcinoma of the breast
2288:Cancers are classified by the
2268:List of oncology-related terms
2037:DNA repair-deficiency disorder
1932:
1903:, where the driving forces of
1426:radiation from mobile phones,
520:more people live to an old age
361:human papillomavirus infection
13:
1:
15963:Clonally transmissible cancer
15445:The basic science of oncology
15392:. Cmp United Business Media.
15340:. Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
14428:10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70442-X
14265:10.1016/S1470-2045(04)01569-4
14019:. World Health Organization.
13840:10.5703/philrothstud.11.1.105
13329:Urological Surgical Pathology
13326:Bostwick DG, Eble JN (2007).
13182:Molecular biology of the cell
13035:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0
12532:Cassileth BR, Deng G (2004).
11822:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61196-X
11411:"Screening for Breast Cancer"
10975:10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70350-4
10686:10.1016/S2213-8587(13)70212-2
10338:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62110-1
10180:10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.06.032
9741:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67725-2
9660:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01438-6
9618:"Lung – Small cell carcinoma"
9569:Pearson C (10 January 2024).
9066:10.1126/science.278.5340.1043
7679:10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70154-1
7498:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0984
7450:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60353-4
6897:Buell P, Dunn JE (May 1965).
6809:"Aetiology of cancer in Asia"
6771:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60892-8
6429:10.1016/j.lungcan.2004.07.998
5734:10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70218-7
5556:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81683-9
5146:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
4613:. National Cancer Institute.
4417:"Cancer – Signs and symptoms"
4397:
3976:, was a common disease among
3901:
3867:
3862:and describes breast cancer.
3852:
3507:, stimulating or helping the
3503:A variety of therapies using
3206:
3036:at least until the age of 65.
2966:involves screening everyone.
2807:
2614:
2554:(the whitish tumor) near the
2114:
1823:, or may occur in the gene's
1253:Human T-cell leukemia virus-1
850:Circulation through the body.
812:
335:excessive alcohol consumption
16260:Obstetric labor complication
15448:. McGraw-Hill Professional.
15337:Principles of cancer biology
15316:Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine
15196:"Cancer risk across mammals"
14725:10.1016/j.molmed.2010.01.004
14713:Trends in Molecular Medicine
14202:Huff C (24 September 2013).
13822:Pozorski A (20 March 2015).
12927:10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101166
12773:Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine
12594:. Retrieved 3 February 2008.
12553:10.1634/theoncologist.9-1-80
12501:"Lasers in Cancer Treatment"
12323:Journal of Clinical Oncology
12172:"Non-small cell lung cancer"
12134:Journal of Clinical Oncology
11900:(6th ed.). p. 311.
11568:Frei III E, Eder JP (2003).
10791:10.1371/journal.pone.0021107
10373:Health Technology Assessment
10240:Hauser C (26 October 2015).
10095:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.044
9496:Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine
8963:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030110
8912:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000155
8001:Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine
7955:10.1016/j.canlet.2008.03.060
7779:Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine
7725:Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine
7612:Singletary SE (April 2003).
7277:Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine
6856:10.1007/978-1-60327-492-0_23
6611:10.1016/j.biopha.2007.10.006
6501:"Update in lung cancer 2007"
6372:Journal of Internal Medicine
6294:Journal of Internal Medicine
5663:10.1097/NCC.0b013e31822fc76c
4246:
4091:
4038:alternative cancer treatment
3580:
3303:chronic myelogenous leukemia
3245:may or may not be curative.
3163:Breast, ovarian, pancreatic
3142:
2915:
2894:Human papillomavirus vaccine
2782:was linked to some cancers.
2164:
1795:chronic myelogenous leukemia
1766:can occur through errors in
1580:and kairo heaters (charcoal
1346:
1229:Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus
1173:
1097:immunosuppressive medication
981:
766:Shortness of breath, called
636:Signs and symptoms of cancer
556:
507:acute lymphoblastic leukemia
381:Human immunodeficiency virus
369:Human T-lymphotropic virus 1
7:
14226:"Economic Impact of Cancer"
13581:. Oxford University Press.
11976:10.1088/0031-9155/59/6/r183
11930:Tidy C (23 December 2015).
11706:Freedman A (October 2012).
11642:"Targeted Cancer Therapies"
11555:10.1016/j.mpmed.2007.10.003
11371:Annals of Internal Medicine
11142:"Screening for Oral Cancer"
11110:"Screening for Skin Cancer"
10919:"Cancer Vaccine Fact Sheet"
10288:Annals of Internal Medicine
8821:10.1093/embo-reports/kvf037
8103:10.1097/MD.0000000000001612
6044:Annual Review of Psychology
5982:aspects of our environment.
5474:. American Cancer Society.
4659:10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.6987
4582:"Targeted Cancer Therapies"
4360:
4355:devil facial tumour disease
4132:
3516:Monoclonal antibody therapy
3106:clinical breast examination
3028:screening in women who are
2846:5-alpha-reductase inhibitor
2778:) and, to a lesser degree,
2483:suffix, examples including
2323:. Most of these are of the
1774:, which are changes in the
1720:
1663:hormone replacement therapy
1616:Insulin-like growth factors
1602:
1445:
1428:electric power transmission
1357:Radiation exposure such as
1180:Infectious causes of cancer
1078:Chemotherapy drugs such as
905:for carcinogenic substances
687:can cause narrowing of the
619:of tissue and formation of
10:
16386:
16255:Complications of pregnancy
15994:Index of oncology articles
15277:10.1016/j.cell.2006.05.051
15220:10.1038/s41586-021-04224-5
14850:Kolata G (23 April 2009).
14392:10.1016/j.ejca.2020.01.011
14379:European Journal of Cancer
14349:10.1016/j.ejca.2016.06.022
14337:European Journal of Cancer
13876:Wollaston S (4 May 2015).
13755:10.1177/014107680209500609
13688:Hajdu SI (February 2012).
13370:10.1016/j.ctrv.2010.02.003
12451:Waldmann TA (March 2003).
11806:"Non-melanoma skin cancer"
10607:10.2174/187152013804487308
9371:10.1016/j.cmet.2015.12.006
9269:10.1007/s00262-019-02432-7
9204:Nutrition & Metabolism
9089:"Cancer genome landscapes"
7920:10.2174/156652410791316968
7908:Current Molecular Medicine
7538:10.1016/j.ejca.2012.01.038
7526:European Journal of Cancer
7479:Kampman E (January 2007).
6989:Seminars in Cancer Biology
6716:(5): 254–81, quiz 313–14.
5608:10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013
5368:"Global cancer statistics"
4878:"How is cancer diagnosed?"
4136:
3939:Francois de la Boe Sylvius
3833:
3829:
3681:
3675:
3651:blood clots in their veins
3584:
3549:Lasers in cancer treatment
3546:
3525:(therapy that targets the
3496:
3444:professional organizations
3410:
3301:, which are used to treat
3210:
3136:
2919:
2718:
2714:
2618:
2261:
2118:
2065:
2026:homologous recombinational
1966:abnormalities. A role for
1936:
1724:
1713:
1656:androstanediol glucuronide
1449:
1380:. Residential exposure to
1350:
1177:
1114:
1086:that increase the risk of
985:
954:Cancer is generally not a
890:
816:
633:
315:of cancers affect humans.
278:10 million annually (2019)
270:24 million annually (2019)
29:
16355:Aging-associated diseases
16319:
16301:Connective tissue disease
16286:
16273:
16250:
16222:
16204:
16191:
16173:
16150:
16137:
16124:
16096:
16078:
16060:
15981:
15934:
15892:
15867:
15831:
15753:
15712:
15679:
15672:
15599:
15525:
14949:Kolata G (27 June 2009).
14590:National Cancer Institute
14553:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.828656
14513:10.1007/s11764-016-0532-9
14069:Low G, Cameron L (1999).
13993:Dermatology: 2-Volume Set
13227:10.1007/s10522-008-9209-8
12628:10.3322/canjclin.54.2.110
11512:10.1007/s11912-008-0008-9
11033:World Health Organization
10499:(108): 182. August 2010.
10457:10.1002/14651858.CD007091
10201:Staff (26 October 2015).
10135:10.1080/01635580802710741
9984:British Journal of Cancer
9833:World Health Organization
8523:10.1007/s11888-011-0116-z
7320:World Health Organization
6723:10.3322/canjclin.56.5.254
6685:National Cancer Institute
6517:10.1164/rccm.200801-107UP
6258:10.3322/canjclin.48.3.167
5539:"The hallmarks of cancer"
5330:10.1016/j.fsc.2012.07.004
5295:10.1016/j.fsc.2012.10.003
5242:"Cancer statistics, 2023"
4967:British Journal of Cancer
4728:"Obesity and Cancer Risk"
4555:10.1007/s11095-008-9690-4
4526:10.1007/s11095-008-9661-9
4472:World Health Organization
3970:chimney sweeps' carcinoma
3742:non-melanoma skin cancers
3618:Survival is worse in the
3459:evidence-based treatments
3370:non-melanoma skin cancers
2832:formation in people with
2828:may decrease the rate of
2193:. These commonly include
2135:oxidative phosphorylation
1778:sequence of genomic DNA.
1436:World Health Organization
1363:non-melanoma skin cancers
886:
759:, can cause a persistent
721:abnormal vaginal bleeding
612:blood vessel construction
582:All tumor cells show the
550:Etymology and definitions
331:lack of physical activity
274:
266:
252:
234:
224:lack of physical activity
204:
187:
175:
124:
75:
66:
49:
44:
16291:Musculoskeletal disorder
16214:Gastrointestinal disease
15503:Stop carcinogens at work
15491:WHO fact sheet on cancer
15364:. Simon & Schuster.
14670:Hayden EC (April 2009).
13358:Cancer Treatment Reviews
12735:World Cancer Report 2014
12335:10.1200/JCO.2010.33.1744
12146:10.1200/JCO.2010.34.2774
11773:10.1136/jnnp.2004.040535
11571:Combination Chemotherapy
11500:Current Oncology Reports
10842:10.1001/jama.297.21.2351
10117:Zheng W, Lee SA (2009).
9321:10.1177/1010428320965284
9314:(10): 1010428320965284.
9013:10.1177/1947601911413466
8153:10.3748/wjg.v22.i20.4794
7387:Roukos DH (April 2009).
7365:. Cancer.gov. 8 May 2013
6338:"Cancer and Tobacco Use"
6153:The Journal of Pathology
5811:Endocrine-Related Cancer
5214:World Cancer Report 2014
5097:World Cancer Report 2014
5015:World Cancer Report 2014
4819:World Cancer Report 2014
4006:Macmillan Cancer Support
3780:, errors accumulated in
3116:
2609:, with typical findings.
2375:and blood, respectively.
1743:into a cancer cell, the
1353:Radiation-induced cancer
1259:Merkel cell polyomavirus
1247:hepatocellular carcinoma
1223:nasopharyngeal carcinoma
847:into the blood or lymph.
795:paraneoplastic syndromes
377:Merkel cell polyomavirus
89: ←, ✱ central
16370:Latin words and phrases
15916:Prostate cancer staging
15880:Paraneoplastic syndrome
14917:10.1073/pnas.1404402111
14783:Pharmaceutical Medicine
14748:Pharmaceutical Medicine
14540:Frontiers in Psychology
14230:American Cancer Society
13791:"Welcome to Cancerland"
13664:A history of the breast
13505:Hajdu SI (March 2011).
13465:10.1196/annals.1371.048
12823:10.1186/1477-7525-7-102
12587:8 December 2005 at the
12422:10.6004/jnccn.2006.0068
12261:10.6004/jnccn.2009.0056
12225:10.6004/jnccn.2009.0012
12204:for breast cancer, see
12189:10.6004/jnccn.2010.0056
11174:"Lung Cancer Screening"
10493:Prescrire International
9978:Key TJ (January 2011).
9945:Frontiers in Bioscience
9616:Underwood CI, Glass C.
9423:10.3389/fonc.2020.01010
9113:10.1126/science.1235122
8995:Malkin D (April 2011).
8852:German J (March 1969).
8277:Genes & Development
4882:American Cancer Society
4852:American Cancer Society
4514:Pharmaceutical Research
4280:, increase the risk of
4163:Angiogenesis inhibitors
4016:Western conceptions of
3988:between 1871 and 1874.
3266:chemotherapeutic agents
3102:breast self-examination
2786:Dietary recommendations
2631:Socio-demographic Index
2591:Squamous cell carcinoma
2552:squamous-cell carcinoma
2381:: Cancers derived from
2337:: Cancers arising from
2299:: Cancers derived from
1929:of immune destruction.
1901:survival of the fittest
1791:Philadelphia chromosome
1312:Schistosoma haematobium
778:, bilevel ventilation,
584:six hallmarks of cancer
460:five-year survival rate
32:Cancer (disambiguation)
16232:Female genital disease
16209:Maxillofacial disorder
16178:Cardiovascular disease
15954:Tumor suppressor genes
15921:Gleason grading system
15875:Precancerous condition
15424:Encyclopedia of Cancer
15334:Kleinsmith LJ (2006).
15145:Thamm D (March 2009).
13612:Hajdu SI (June 2011).
13258:Nature Reviews. Cancer
12915:Translational Oncology
12240:for colon cancer, see
11419:. 2009. Archived from
11342:. 2004. Archived from
11310:. 2004. Archived from
11278:. 2004. Archived from
11246:. 2004. Archived from
11214:. 2008. Archived from
11182:. 2004. Archived from
11150:. 2004. Archived from
11118:. 2009. Archived from
11086:. 2008. Archived from
11054:. 2003. Archived from
9996:10.1038/sj.bjc.6606032
9921:10.4414/smw.2011.13250
8997:"Li-fraumeni syndrome"
8722:10.1073/pnas.94.7.3122
8365:Nature Reviews. Cancer
8322:Nature Reviews. Cancer
8230:Nature Reviews. Cancer
7874:10.1186/1478-811X-9-18
7024:Clinics in Dermatology
6944:Nature Reviews. Cancer
6666:scientificamerican.com
6468:10.1136/tc.2006.017749
4759:Alcohol and Alcoholism
4382:Epidemiology of cancer
4330:die of cancer), while
4150:
4022:shared decision-making
3848:
3810:The three most common
3678:Epidemiology of cancer
3604:
3537:Adoptive cell transfer
3364:, ineffective in some
2646:
2634:
2496:spindle cell carcinoma
2453:. Here, the adjective
2331:-like differentiation.
2285:
2178:
2157:(DNA, RNA) synthesis.
1968:epigenetic alterations
1948:
1756:Tumor suppressor genes
1736:
1629:, prostate, ovary and
1593:tumor microenvironment
1399:Prolonged exposure to
1329:Opisthorchis viverrini
1196:may also play a role.
1069:perfluorooctanoic acid
1001:
914:
906:
743:Some cancers, such as
679:resulting in cough or
649:
546:
291:with the potential to
16155:Neurological disorder
15973:Carcinogenic bacteria
15713:Malignant progression
13044:10536/DRO/DU:30050819
12296:10.1056/NEJMsb1013826
12126:for lung cancer, see
9699:. 27 September 2008.
9588:Varricchio C (2004).
9409:Frontiers in Oncology
9217:10.1186/1743-7075-7-7
8772:10.1093/carcin/bgl079
8663:10.4251/wjgo.v5.i3.43
8573:10.1093/mutage/gem009
7833:10.1093/carcin/bgp127
4848:"Heredity and Cancer"
4772:10.1093/alcalc/agv110
4146:
4066:breast cancer culture
3843:
3666:spontaneous remission
3602:
3587:Cancer survival rates
3529:or regulators of the
2802:refined carbohydrates
2758:reported that eating
2640:
2628:
2275:
2262:Further information:
2172:
1946:
1783:Genomic amplification
1734:
1502:first-degree relative
1401:ultraviolet radiation
1359:ultraviolet radiation
1263:Merkel cell carcinoma
999:
986:Further information:
972:Human Papilloma Virus
956:transmissible disease
912:
900:
719:(bladder cancer), or
643:
601:programmed cell death
540:
16365:Causes of amputation
16296:Soft tissue disorder
16242:Male genital disease
16055:Major Disease groups
15926:Dukes classification
15475:Publications.iarc.fr
15154:Veterinaria Italiana
14828:on 10 September 2008
13995:. St. Louis: Mosby.
12959:"Cancer death rates"
11767:(Suppl 2): ii24–30.
10953:The Lancet. Oncology
10123:Nutrition and Cancer
9908:Swiss Medical Weekly
8199:10.1056/NEJMra072367
7667:The Lancet. Oncology
7239:10.1056/NEJMra072149
6831:on 4 September 2011.
6688:. 24 September 2020.
5722:The Lancet. Oncology
5140:(10053): 1545–1602.
4979:10.1038/bjc.2011.489
4343:transmissible cancer
4234:On 2 December 2023,
3907:– 50 AD) translated
3569:Alternative medicine
3499:Cancer immunotherapy
3401:head and neck cancer
3383:involves the use of
3270:standardized regimen
3024:Strongly recommends
2936:physical examination
2675:background radiation
2607:small-cell carcinoma
2532:colorectal carcinoma
2500:small-cell carcinoma
2264:List of cancer types
2236:immunohistochemistry
1982:histone modification
1919:tumour heterogeneity
1205:Human papillomavirus
856:into the new tissue.
803:altered mental state
515:non-Hodgkin lymphoma
393:human papillomavirus
289:abnormal cell growth
230:, certain infections
80:showing a malignant
16324:Congenital disorder
16265:Postpartum disorder
16196:Respiratory disease
16129:Hematologic disease
15745:Sentinel lymph node
15509:Occupational Cancer
15212:2022Natur.601..263V
15065:New York Daily News
15048:. 12 February 2021.
15000:2016Natur.538..446P
14907:2014PNAS..111.5773A
14612:"Cancer Fact Sheet"
14592:. 17 September 2007
14304:10.1093/jnci/djq495
13828:Philip Roth Studies
13811:on 8 November 2013.
13457:2006NYASA1076...29W
11968:2014PMB....59R.183H
11346:on 21 November 2010
11218:on 31 December 2010
11058:on 23 December 2010
10782:2011PLoSO...621107F
10647:10.1093/jnci/djj127
10546:10.1093/jnci/djj101
9797:10.1038/nature16166
9789:2016Natur.529...43W
9167:10.3892/ol.2012.928
9105:2013Sci...339.1546V
9058:1997Sci...278.1043F
8713:1997PNAS...94.3122N
8613:10.1093/jmcb/mjq053
8289:10.1101/gad.1204904
7155:"Cancer prevention"
6848:Cancer Epidemiology
5824:10.1530/ERC-17-0036
4973:(Suppl 2): S77–81.
4884:. 29 January 2013.
4474:. 12 September 2018
4387:Occupational cancer
4336:even-toed ungulates
4308:Veterinary oncology
4227:In the wake of the
4159:infectious diseases
4123:study heterogeneity
4056:Illness as Metaphor
3992:Society and culture
3860:Edwin Smith Papyrus
3624:developed countries
3389:mitotic catastrophe
3285:combination therapy
3213:Treatment of cancer
2968:Selective screening
2959:Universal screening
2910:hepatitis B vaccine
2816:reduce the risk of
2709:systematic analysis
2663:physical inactivity
2022:DNA mismatch repair
1677:Autoimmune diseases
1669:may be promoted by
1432:possible carcinogen
1335:Clonorchis sinensis
1275:Helicobacter pylori
1255:(T-cell leukemias).
1186:infectious diseases
1123:physical inactivity
786:and multicomponent
644:Symptoms of cancer
348:Helicobacter pylori
16111:Metabolic disorder
15793:Respiratory system
15600:External resources
15442:Tannock I (2005).
15068:. 13 January 2021.
14957:The New York Times
14859:The New York Times
14795:10.1007/BF03256837
14760:10.1007/BF03256811
14478:10.1002/cncr.24577
13938:on 22 October 2020
13707:10.1002/cncr.26320
13631:10.1002/cncr.25825
13524:10.1002/cncr.25553
13413:10.3322/caac.21219
13123:The New York Times
13029:(9859): 2095–128.
12470:10.1038/nm0303-269
11314:on 23 October 2010
11186:on 4 November 2010
11154:on 24 October 2010
11090:on 7 February 2015
10574:on 4 December 2006
10422:10.2146/ajhp070663
10247:The New York Times
9653:(10352): 563–591.
9622:Pathology Outlines
9575:The New York Times
9493:, Kufe DW (eds.).
9001:Genes & Cancer
7188:Little JB (2000).
6642:on 12 October 2007
6013:10.3322/caac.21440
5450:www.etymonline.com
5385:10.3322/caac.20107
5259:10.3322/caac.21763
4931:10.3322/caac.20140
4264:, ultrasounds and
4151:
4086:financial toxicity
4073:just-world fallacy
3986:Campbell De Morgan
3972:, a cancer of the
3849:
3774:Robert A. Weinberg
3605:
3527:immune checkpoints
3523:Checkpoint therapy
3486:medical guidelines
3484:Multiple national
3452:performance status
3385:ionizing radiation
3354:osteogenic sarcoma
3299:Bcr-Abl inhibitors
3066:, lung cancer, or
3045:fecal occult blood
2977:ionizing radiation
2647:
2635:
2605:Histopathology of
2558:in a lung specimen
2534:(top center) in a
2357:cells outside the
2286:
2222:histological grade
2179:
2147:endometrial cancer
1949:
1939:Cancer epigenetics
1770:. More common are
1737:
1696:ulcerative colitis
1612:cell proliferation
1558:crystalline silica
1458:Hereditary cancers
1340:cholangiocarcinoma
1215:Epstein–Barr virus
1002:
992:Smoking and cancer
988:Alcohol and cancer
968:Epstein-Barr virus
919:inherited genetics
915:
907:
801:, which can cause
717:blood in the urine
650:
630:Signs and symptoms
547:
365:Epstein–Barr virus
339:ionizing radiation
305:signs and symptoms
260:five-year survival
16337:
16336:
16183:Lymphatic disease
16101:Endocrine disease
16070:Parasitic disease
16022:
16021:
16009:Cancer and nausea
15888:
15887:
15725:Carcinoma in situ
15623:
15622:
15471:IARC Publications
15455:978-0-07-138774-3
15434:978-3-540-36847-2
15421:Schwab M (2008).
15399:978-1-891483-62-2
15371:978-1-4391-0795-9
15347:978-0-8053-4003-7
15326:978-1-118-93469-2
15206:(7892): 263–267.
15131:978-0-7637-6357-2
14982:Powell K (2016).
14618:on 13 August 2009
14586:"What Is Cancer?"
14472:(22): 5237–5242.
14188:978-0-8050-8749-9
14143:978-0-8018-8064-3
14130:Olson JS (2005).
14111:978-0-19-974993-5
14098:Sulik GA (2010).
14084:978-0-521-64964-3
14055:978-0-470-01916-0
14002:978-1-4160-2999-1
13977:978-0-19-530107-6
13796:Harper's Magazine
13789:(November 2001).
13674:978-0-679-43459-7
13588:978-0-19-974892-1
13557:"Galen on Cancer"
13339:978-0-323-01970-5
13312:978-0-19-974797-9
13191:978-0-8153-4072-0
13102:978-0-12-374419-7
12963:Our World in Data
12804:(December 2009).
12787:978-1-55009-213-4
12745:978-92-832-0429-9
12662:Our World in Data
12367:"NCCN Guidelines"
11725:10.1002/ajh.23313
11423:on 2 January 2013
11250:on 23 August 2010
11122:on 8 January 2011
10835:(21): 2351–2359.
10045:10.1136/bmj.g4490
9904:"Diet and cancer"
9734:(9499): 1784–93.
9601:978-0-7637-3276-9
9506:978-1-55009-213-4
9249:Weiss JM (2020).
9099:(6127): 1546–58.
9052:(5340): 1043–50.
8412:Clinical Genetics
8054:10.1002/ijc.24202
8010:978-1-55009-113-7
7788:978-1-55009-113-7
7773:Gaeta JF (2000).
7734:978-1-55009-113-7
7618:Annals of Surgery
7583:10.1002/ijc.11466
7444:(9719): 1030–47.
7406:10.1586/era.09.12
7286:978-1-55009-113-7
7203:978-1-55009-113-7
6865:978-1-60327-491-3
6566:10.1136/bmj.d1584
6423:(Suppl 2): S3–9.
6165:10.1002/path.5912
5972:978-0-387-78193-8
5939:Our World in Data
5706:978-1-933864-33-4
5498:"What is cancer?"
5468:"Cancer Glossary"
5427:978-92-832-0429-9
5417:World Report 2014
5223:978-92-832-0429-9
5107:978-92-832-0429-9
5025:978-92-832-0429-9
4829:978-92-832-0429-9
4706:"Defining Cancer"
4347:Sticker's sarcoma
4293:Caesarean section
4200:molecular biology
4109:Effect on divorce
4062:positive thinking
3836:History of cancer
3812:childhood cancers
3747:colorectal cancer
3724:
3717:
3716:
3441:medical specialty
3381:Radiation therapy
3358:testicular cancer
3350:pancreatic cancer
3331:pancreatic cancer
3311:colorectal cancer
3309:, breast cancer,
3295:estrogen receptor
3274:alkylating agents
3227:radiation therapy
3197:
3196:
3127:photofluorography
3087:pancreatic cancer
3079:testicular cancer
3041:colorectal cancer
2818:colorectal cancer
2748:pancreatic cancer
2704:, according to a
2679:genetic disorders
2621:Cancer prevention
2570:A large invasive
2339:connective tissue
2159:Cancer stem cells
1852:probabilistically
1498:colorectal cancer
1487:colorectal cancer
1300:colorectal cancer
1280:gastric carcinoma
1111:Diet and exercise
1088:secondary cancers
1060:from exposure to
949:secondary cancers
941:physical activity
876:, brain, and the
772:allergic response
745:Hodgkin's disease
731:Systemic symptoms
705:coughing up blood
693:colorectal cancer
685:esophageal cancer
538:
483:colorectal cancer
456:extent of disease
440:radiation therapy
436:colorectal cancer
407:and confirmed by
282:
281:
239:Radiation therapy
113:, 7 & 8
93:, 1 & 3
39:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
16377:
16227:Urologic disease
16049:
16042:
16035:
16026:
16025:
15823:Endocrine system
15788:Digestive system
15677:
15676:
15650:
15643:
15636:
15627:
15626:
15523:
15522:
15459:
15438:
15417:
15412:. Archived from
15382:
15380:
15378:
15351:
15330:
15299:
15298:
15288:
15256:
15250:
15249:
15231:
15191:
15185:
15184:
15182:
15180:
15174:
15151:
15142:
15136:
15135:
15115:
15098:
15097:
15095:
15093:
15079:
15070:
15069:
15056:
15050:
15049:
15036:
15030:
15029:
15011:
14994:(7626): 446–49.
14979:
14973:
14972:
14970:
14968:
14954:
14946:
14940:
14939:
14929:
14919:
14909:
14882:
14876:
14875:
14873:
14871:
14855:
14847:
14838:
14837:
14835:
14833:
14824:. Archived from
14813:
14807:
14806:
14778:
14772:
14771:
14743:
14737:
14736:
14708:
14702:
14701:
14691:
14682:(7239): 686–87.
14667:
14661:
14660:
14658:
14656:
14634:
14628:
14627:
14625:
14623:
14608:
14602:
14601:
14599:
14597:
14582:
14576:
14575:
14565:
14555:
14531:
14525:
14524:
14496:
14490:
14489:
14461:
14455:
14449:
14440:
14439:
14411:
14405:
14404:
14394:
14370:
14361:
14360:
14332:
14326:
14325:
14315:
14283:
14277:
14276:
14248:
14242:
14241:
14239:
14237:
14232:. 3 January 2018
14222:
14216:
14215:
14199:
14193:
14192:
14169:
14156:
14155:
14127:
14116:
14115:
14095:
14089:
14088:
14066:
14060:
14059:
14039:
14033:
14032:
14030:
14028:
14013:
14007:
14006:
13988:
13982:
13981:
13961:
13948:
13947:
13945:
13943:
13934:. Archived from
13924:
13918:
13917:
13915:
13913:
13899:
13893:
13892:
13890:
13888:
13873:
13867:
13866:
13864:
13862:
13819:
13813:
13812:
13807:. Archived from
13783:
13777:
13776:
13766:
13734:
13728:
13727:
13709:
13685:
13679:
13678:
13661:Yalom M (1998).
13658:
13652:
13651:
13633:
13609:
13600:
13599:
13597:
13595:
13572:
13566:
13564:
13563:on 16 July 2011.
13555:Moss RW (2004).
13551:
13545:
13544:
13526:
13502:
13485:
13484:
13440:
13434:
13433:
13415:
13391:
13382:
13381:
13353:
13344:
13343:
13323:
13317:
13316:
13296:
13290:
13289:
13253:
13247:
13246:
13210:
13204:
13203:
13173:
13167:
13166:
13138:
13132:
13131:
13113:
13107:
13106:
13084:
13075:
13074:
13056:
13046:
13014:
13005:
13004:
13002:
13000:
12991:
12983:
12974:
12973:
12971:
12969:
12955:
12949:
12948:
12938:
12906:
12900:
12899:
12889:
12857:
12846:
12845:
12835:
12825:
12798:
12792:
12791:
12763:
12754:
12753:
12752:on 12 July 2017.
12748:. Archived from
12730:
12724:
12723:
12713:
12703:
12679:
12673:
12672:
12670:
12668:
12654:
12648:
12647:
12621:
12601:
12595:
12579:
12573:
12572:
12538:
12529:
12523:
12517:
12516:
12512:
12510:
12508:
12497:
12491:
12490:
12472:
12448:
12442:
12441:
12405:
12399:
12398:
12396:
12389:
12381:
12375:
12374:
12363:
12357:
12354:
12317:
12307:
12273:
12263:
12237:
12227:
12201:
12191:
12167:
12157:
12123:
12121:
12119:
12113:
12107:. Archived from
12102:
12089:
12083:
12082:
12080:
12078:
12072:
12066:. Archived from
12061:
12049:
12034:
12033:
12031:
12029:
12024:. 13 August 2019
12014:
12008:
12005:
11996:
11995:
11951:
11945:
11943:
11927:
11921:
11920:
11908:
11902:
11901:
11893:
11887:
11886:
11850:
11844:
11843:
11833:
11816:(9715): 673–85.
11801:
11795:
11794:
11784:
11752:
11746:
11745:
11727:
11703:
11697:
11696:
11676:
11670:
11667:
11658:
11657:
11655:
11653:
11638:
11632:
11631:
11621:
11604:(12): CD008792.
11589:
11583:
11582:
11580:
11578:
11565:
11559:
11558:
11538:
11532:
11531:
11491:
11482:
11481:
11471:
11439:
11433:
11432:
11430:
11428:
11407:
11401:
11400:
11390:
11362:
11356:
11355:
11353:
11351:
11330:
11324:
11323:
11321:
11319:
11298:
11292:
11291:
11289:
11287:
11266:
11260:
11259:
11257:
11255:
11234:
11228:
11227:
11225:
11223:
11202:
11196:
11195:
11193:
11191:
11170:
11164:
11163:
11161:
11159:
11138:
11132:
11131:
11129:
11127:
11106:
11100:
11099:
11097:
11095:
11074:
11068:
11067:
11065:
11063:
11042:
11036:
11025:
11014:
11013:
11011:
11009:
10998:
10987:
10986:
10968:
10966:cond-mat/0606434
10959:(12): e497–507.
10944:
10935:
10934:
10932:
10930:
10915:
10904:
10903:
10893:
10861:
10855:
10854:
10844:
10820:
10814:
10813:
10803:
10793:
10761:
10755:
10754:
10736:
10704:
10698:
10697:
10669:
10660:
10659:
10649:
10625:
10619:
10618:
10590:
10584:
10583:
10581:
10579:
10570:. Archived from
10564:
10558:
10557:
10539:
10519:
10513:
10512:
10485:
10479:
10478:
10468:
10440:
10434:
10433:
10405:
10399:
10398:
10388:
10386:10.3310/hta14320
10364:
10358:
10357:
10320:
10314:
10313:
10303:
10279:
10273:
10270:
10264:
10263:
10261:
10259:
10237:
10231:
10230:
10228:
10226:
10220:
10207:
10198:
10192:
10191:
10163:
10157:
10156:
10146:
10114:
10108:
10107:
10097:
10082:Gastroenterology
10073:
10067:
10066:
10056:
10024:
10018:
10017:
10007:
9975:
9969:
9968:
9940:
9934:
9933:
9923:
9899:
9890:
9889:
9879:
9855:
9849:
9848:
9846:
9844:
9825:
9819:
9818:
9808:
9768:
9762:
9761:
9743:
9719:
9713:
9712:
9710:
9708:
9689:
9683:
9682:
9672:
9662:
9638:
9627:
9625:
9612:
9606:
9605:
9585:
9579:
9578:
9566:
9560:
9559:
9549:
9532:(11): CD007064.
9517:
9511:
9510:
9474:
9468:
9467:
9465:
9463:
9452:
9446:
9445:
9435:
9425:
9399:
9393:
9392:
9382:
9348:
9342:
9341:
9323:
9297:
9291:
9290:
9280:
9246:
9240:
9239:
9229:
9219:
9195:
9189:
9188:
9178:
9161:(6): 1151–1157.
9154:Oncology Letters
9147:Zheng J (2012).
9144:
9135:
9134:
9124:
9084:
9078:
9077:
9041:
9035:
9034:
9024:
8992:
8986:
8985:
8975:
8965:
8941:
8935:
8934:
8924:
8914:
8890:
8884:
8883:
8873:
8849:
8843:
8842:
8832:
8800:
8794:
8793:
8783:
8751:
8745:
8744:
8734:
8724:
8692:
8686:
8685:
8675:
8665:
8641:
8635:
8634:
8624:
8592:
8586:
8585:
8575:
8551:
8545:
8544:
8534:
8502:
8496:
8494:
8484:
8452:
8446:
8445:
8435:
8403:
8397:
8396:
8360:
8354:
8353:
8317:
8311:
8310:
8300:
8283:(17): 2095–107.
8268:
8262:
8261:
8242:10.1038/35101031
8225:
8219:
8218:
8182:
8176:
8175:
8165:
8155:
8146:(20): 4794–801.
8131:
8125:
8124:
8114:
8082:
8076:
8075:
8065:
8033:
8027:
8026:
8024:
8022:
7992:
7967:
7966:
7938:
7932:
7931:
7903:
7897:
7896:
7886:
7876:
7852:
7846:
7845:
7835:
7811:
7805:
7804:
7802:
7800:
7770:
7751:
7750:
7748:
7746:
7716:
7701:
7700:
7690:
7658:
7652:
7651:
7641:
7609:
7603:
7602:
7566:
7560:
7559:
7549:
7517:
7511:
7510:
7500:
7476:
7470:
7469:
7433:
7427:
7426:
7408:
7384:
7375:
7374:
7372:
7370:
7359:
7353:
7352:
7350:
7348:
7337:
7331:
7330:
7328:
7317:
7309:
7303:
7302:
7300:
7298:
7268:
7259:
7258:
7218:
7212:
7211:
7185:
7170:
7169:
7167:
7165:
7151:
7145:
7144:
7142:
7140:
7129:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7113:
7102:
7093:
7092:
7078:
7076:10.3855/jidc.819
7054:
7048:
7047:
7019:
7013:
7012:
6984:
6978:
6977:
6967:
6935:
6929:
6928:
6918:
6894:
6888:
6887:
6877:
6839:
6833:
6832:
6827:. Archived from
6804:
6793:
6792:
6782:
6765:(9945): 755–65.
6750:
6744:
6743:
6725:
6701:
6690:
6689:
6676:
6670:
6669:
6658:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6647:
6632:
6623:
6622:
6594:
6588:
6587:
6577:
6545:
6539:
6538:
6528:
6496:
6490:
6489:
6479:
6447:
6441:
6440:
6412:
6406:
6405:
6387:
6363:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6349:
6344:. 27 August 2019
6334:
6328:
6327:
6309:
6285:
6279:
6278:
6260:
6236:
6230:
6229:
6193:
6187:
6186:
6176:
6144:
6131:
6130:
6120:
6109:10.1136/bmj.f165
6088:
6082:
6081:
6067:
6035:
6026:
6025:
6015:
5991:
5985:
5984:
5956:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5945:
5931:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5920:
5905:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5894:
5885:. Archived from
5875:
5866:
5865:
5863:
5861:
5850:
5837:
5836:
5826:
5817:(6): R173–R190.
5802:
5796:
5795:
5777:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5766:
5752:
5746:
5745:
5717:
5711:
5710:
5690:
5684:
5683:
5665:
5641:
5635:
5632:
5621:
5620:
5610:
5586:
5577:
5576:
5558:
5537:(January 2000).
5527:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5509:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5464:
5458:
5457:
5442:
5436:
5435:
5434:on 12 July 2017.
5430:. Archived from
5412:
5406:
5405:
5387:
5363:
5342:
5341:
5313:
5307:
5306:
5278:
5272:
5271:
5261:
5237:
5228:
5227:
5210:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5174:
5168:
5167:
5157:
5122:
5116:
5115:
5114:on 12 July 2017.
5110:. Archived from
5092:
5083:
5082:
5072:
5040:
5034:
5033:
5032:on 12 July 2017.
5028:. Archived from
5010:
5001:
5000:
4990:
4958:
4952:
4951:
4933:
4909:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4874:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4836:on 12 July 2017.
4832:. Archived from
4814:
4799:
4798:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4774:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4702:
4689:
4688:
4678:
4638:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4607:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4578:
4567:
4566:
4547:
4537:
4505:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4464:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4413:
4377:Causes of cancer
4372:Cancer treatment
4367:Cancer screening
4351:Tasmanian devils
4320:clouded leopards
4204:cellular biology
4053:, who published
4046:blame the victim
4018:patients' rights
3962:tobacco sniffing
3941:, a follower of
3906:
3903:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3858:in the Egyptian
3857:
3854:
3786:endocrine system
3778:immunosenescence
3763:developing world
3718:
3699:
3698:
3691:
3620:developing world
3563:photocoagulation
3291:Targeted therapy
3243:treatment intent
3235:targeted therapy
3231:hormonal therapy
3143:
3070:in men under 75.
2954:Cancer screening
2922:Cancer screening
2826:COX-2 inhibitors
2632:
2602:
2587:
2572:ductal carcinoma
2567:
2547:
2527:
2516:ductal carcinoma
2511:
2401:, respectively).
2121:Tumor metabolome
2107:, brain and the
2081:lymphatic system
1910:clonal evolution
1700:Immunomodulators
1688:gluten-free diet
1489:, among others.
1295:Escherichia coli
1292:associated with
1233:Kaposi's sarcoma
1141:endocrine system
903:Hazard pictogram
893:Causes of cancer
832:lymphatic system
715:(colon cancer),
559:
539:
448:targeted therapy
385:Kaposi's sarcoma
247:targeted therapy
167:
166:
165:
164:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
138:
91:pleural effusion
71:
42:
41:
21:
18:Cancer (disease)
16385:
16384:
16380:
16379:
16378:
16376:
16375:
16374:
16340:
16339:
16338:
16333:
16315:
16282:
16269:
16246:
16218:
16200:
16187:
16169:
16146:
16142:Mental disorder
16133:
16120:
16116:Immune disorder
16092:
16074:
16056:
16053:
16023:
16018:
15977:
15930:
15884:
15863:
15827:
15749:
15708:
15668:
15654:
15624:
15619:
15618:
15595:
15594:
15534:
15467:
15462:
15456:
15435:
15416:on 15 May 2009.
15400:
15376:
15374:
15372:
15348:
15327:
15308:
15306:Further reading
15303:
15302:
15257:
15253:
15192:
15188:
15178:
15176:
15172:
15149:
15143:
15139:
15132:
15116:
15101:
15091:
15089:
15081:
15080:
15073:
15058:
15057:
15053:
15038:
15037:
15033:
15009:10.1038/538446a
14980:
14976:
14966:
14964:
14947:
14943:
14900:(16): 5773–77.
14883:
14879:
14869:
14867:
14848:
14841:
14831:
14829:
14814:
14810:
14779:
14775:
14744:
14740:
14709:
14705:
14689:10.1038/458686b
14668:
14664:
14654:
14652:
14635:
14631:
14621:
14619:
14610:
14609:
14605:
14595:
14593:
14584:
14583:
14579:
14532:
14528:
14497:
14493:
14462:
14458:
14450:
14443:
14422:(12): 1165–74.
14416:Lancet Oncology
14412:
14408:
14371:
14364:
14343:(Oct): 162–70.
14333:
14329:
14284:
14280:
14253:Lancet Oncology
14249:
14245:
14235:
14233:
14224:
14223:
14219:
14200:
14196:
14189:
14170:
14159:
14144:
14128:
14119:
14112:
14096:
14092:
14085:
14067:
14063:
14056:
14040:
14036:
14026:
14024:
14015:
14014:
14010:
14003:
13989:
13985:
13978:
13962:
13951:
13941:
13939:
13926:
13925:
13921:
13911:
13909:
13901:
13900:
13896:
13886:
13884:
13874:
13870:
13860:
13858:
13820:
13816:
13784:
13780:
13735:
13731:
13686:
13682:
13675:
13659:
13655:
13624:(12): 2811–20.
13610:
13603:
13593:
13591:
13589:
13573:
13569:
13552:
13548:
13517:(5): 1097–102.
13503:
13488:
13441:
13437:
13392:
13385:
13354:
13347:
13340:
13324:
13320:
13313:
13297:
13293:
13270:10.1038/nrc3497
13254:
13250:
13211:
13207:
13192:
13174:
13170:
13139:
13135:
13114:
13110:
13103:
13085:
13078:
13015:
13008:
12998:
12996:
12989:
12985:
12984:
12977:
12967:
12965:
12957:
12956:
12952:
12907:
12903:
12872:(9): CD006652.
12858:
12849:
12799:
12795:
12788:
12764:
12757:
12746:
12732:
12731:
12727:
12680:
12676:
12666:
12664:
12656:
12655:
12651:
12619:10.1.1.521.2180
12602:
12598:
12589:Wayback Machine
12580:
12576:
12536:
12530:
12526:
12514:
12506:
12504:
12499:
12498:
12494:
12457:Nature Medicine
12449:
12445:
12406:
12402:
12397:on 16 May 2011.
12394:
12387:
12383:
12382:
12378:
12365:
12364:
12360:
12140:(28): 3825–31.
12117:
12115:
12114:on 31 July 2012
12111:
12100:
12090:
12086:
12076:
12074:
12073:on 31 July 2012
12070:
12059:
12050:
12037:
12027:
12025:
12016:
12015:
12011:
12007:Holland Chp. 41
12006:
11999:
11962:(6): R183–231.
11952:
11948:
11928:
11924:
11909:
11905:
11894:
11890:
11867:10.1038/nrm3115
11851:
11847:
11802:
11798:
11753:
11749:
11704:
11700:
11677:
11673:
11669:Holland Chp. 40
11668:
11661:
11651:
11649:
11640:
11639:
11635:
11590:
11586:
11576:
11574:
11566:
11562:
11539:
11535:
11492:
11485:
11454:(6): CD001877.
11440:
11436:
11426:
11424:
11409:
11408:
11404:
11363:
11359:
11349:
11347:
11332:
11331:
11327:
11317:
11315:
11300:
11299:
11295:
11285:
11283:
11268:
11267:
11263:
11253:
11251:
11236:
11235:
11231:
11221:
11219:
11204:
11203:
11199:
11189:
11187:
11172:
11171:
11167:
11157:
11155:
11140:
11139:
11135:
11125:
11123:
11108:
11107:
11103:
11093:
11091:
11076:
11075:
11071:
11061:
11059:
11044:
11043:
11039:
11026:
11017:
11007:
11005:
11000:
10999:
10990:
10945:
10938:
10928:
10926:
10917:
10916:
10907:
10876:(1): CD005195.
10862:
10858:
10821:
10817:
10762:
10758:
10719:(1): CD007470.
10705:
10701:
10670:
10663:
10626:
10622:
10591:
10587:
10577:
10575:
10566:
10565:
10561:
10537:10.1.1.594.1654
10520:
10516:
10487:
10486:
10482:
10451:(2): CD007091.
10441:
10437:
10416:(23): 2221–28.
10406:
10402:
10365:
10361:
10332:(9759): 31–41.
10321:
10317:
10280:
10276:
10271:
10267:
10257:
10255:
10238:
10234:
10224:
10222:
10218:
10205:
10199:
10195:
10164:
10160:
10115:
10111:
10074:
10070:
10025:
10021:
9976:
9972:
9941:
9937:
9900:
9893:
9856:
9852:
9842:
9840:
9827:
9826:
9822:
9769:
9765:
9720:
9716:
9706:
9704:
9691:
9690:
9686:
9639:
9630:
9613:
9609:
9602:
9586:
9582:
9567:
9563:
9518:
9514:
9507:
9475:
9471:
9461:
9459:
9454:
9453:
9449:
9400:
9396:
9358:Cell Metabolism
9349:
9345:
9298:
9294:
9247:
9243:
9196:
9192:
9145:
9138:
9085:
9081:
9042:
9038:
8993:
8989:
8942:
8938:
8905:(8): e1000155.
8891:
8887:
8850:
8846:
8801:
8797:
8766:(12): 2402–08.
8752:
8748:
8693:
8689:
8642:
8638:
8593:
8589:
8552:
8548:
8503:
8499:
8453:
8449:
8404:
8400:
8377:10.1038/nrc1799
8361:
8357:
8334:10.1038/nrc2013
8318:
8314:
8269:
8265:
8226:
8222:
8183:
8179:
8132:
8128:
8083:
8079:
8048:(10): 2416–29.
8034:
8030:
8020:
8018:
8011:
7993:
7970:
7939:
7935:
7904:
7900:
7853:
7849:
7812:
7808:
7798:
7796:
7789:
7771:
7754:
7744:
7742:
7735:
7717:
7704:
7659:
7655:
7610:
7606:
7567:
7563:
7532:(13): 1957–68.
7518:
7514:
7477:
7473:
7434:
7430:
7385:
7378:
7368:
7366:
7361:
7360:
7356:
7346:
7344:
7339:
7338:
7334:
7326:
7315:
7311:
7310:
7306:
7296:
7294:
7287:
7269:
7262:
7233:(22): 2277–84.
7219:
7215:
7204:
7194:Cancer medicine
7186:
7173:
7163:
7161:
7153:
7152:
7148:
7138:
7136:
7131:
7130:
7121:
7111:
7109:
7104:
7103:
7096:
7055:
7051:
7020:
7016:
6985:
6981:
6956:10.1038/nrc2961
6936:
6932:
6895:
6891:
6866:
6840:
6836:
6805:
6796:
6751:
6747:
6702:
6693:
6678:
6677:
6673:
6660:
6659:
6655:
6645:
6643:
6634:
6633:
6626:
6595:
6591:
6546:
6542:
6497:
6493:
6456:Tobacco Control
6448:
6444:
6413:
6409:
6364:
6357:
6347:
6345:
6336:
6335:
6331:
6286:
6282:
6237:
6233:
6194:
6190:
6145:
6134:
6089:
6085:
6036:
6029:
5992:
5988:
5973:
5957:
5953:
5943:
5941:
5933:
5932:
5928:
5918:
5916:
5907:
5906:
5902:
5892:
5890:
5877:
5876:
5869:
5859:
5857:
5852:
5851:
5840:
5803:
5799:
5778:
5774:
5764:
5762:
5754:
5753:
5749:
5718:
5714:
5707:
5691:
5687:
5642:
5638:
5633:
5624:
5587:
5580:
5528:
5517:
5507:
5505:
5496:
5495:
5491:
5481:
5479:
5466:
5465:
5461:
5444:
5443:
5439:
5428:
5414:
5413:
5409:
5364:
5345:
5314:
5310:
5279:
5275:
5238:
5231:
5224:
5212:
5211:
5204:
5175:
5171:
5123:
5119:
5108:
5094:
5093:
5086:
5055:(6): CD001877.
5041:
5037:
5026:
5012:
5011:
5004:
4959:
4955:
4910:
4901:
4891:
4889:
4876:
4875:
4871:
4861:
4859:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4830:
4816:
4815:
4802:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4751:
4747:
4737:
4735:
4726:
4725:
4721:
4711:
4709:
4704:
4703:
4692:
4639:
4630:
4620:
4618:
4609:
4608:
4601:
4591:
4589:
4580:
4579:
4570:
4549:(Erratum:
4548:
4520:(9): 2097–116.
4506:
4487:
4477:
4475:
4466:
4465:
4440:
4430:
4428:
4415:
4414:
4405:
4400:
4363:
4324:bat-eared foxes
4305:
4278:first trimester
4249:
4177:clinical trials
4175:are studied in
4155:cure for cancer
4141:
4139:Cancer research
4135:
4111:
4094:
4081:
4079:Economic effect
3994:
3904:
3874:
3870:
3855:
3838:
3832:
3801:prostate cancer
3759:developed world
3730:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3713:
3700:
3696:
3686:
3680:
3674:
3597:
3595:Cancer survivor
3583:
3571:
3551:
3545:
3501:
3495:
3434:quality of life
3429:Palliative care
3426:
3424:Palliative care
3413:
3405:bone metastasis
3378:
3335:prostate cancer
3325:, lung cancer,
3278:antimetabolites
3268:) as part of a
3251:
3239:palliative care
3219:
3211:Main articles:
3209:
3200:Genetic testing
3141:
3139:Cancer syndrome
3135:
3133:Genetic testing
3119:
3110:Cochrane review
3091:prostate cancer
3068:prostate cancer
3030:sexually active
3026:cervical cancer
3014:
3009:
3007:Recommendations
2948:medical imaging
2924:
2918:
2906:cervical cancer
2883:
2866:
2810:
2723:
2721:Diet and cancer
2717:
2623:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2594:
2588:
2579:
2568:
2559:
2548:
2539:
2528:
2519:
2512:
2434:hepatocarcinoma
2379:Germ cell tumor
2280:, with typical
2278:adenocarcinomas
2270:
2260:
2167:
2123:
2117:
2070:
2064:
1978:DNA methylation
1941:
1935:
1825:coding sequence
1810:tyrosine kinase
1808:, an oncogenic
1729:
1723:
1718:
1712:
1710:Pathophysiology
1704:biologic agents
1692:Crohn's disease
1679:
1671:growth hormones
1605:
1530:serous membrane
1528:(cancer of the
1518:
1516:Physical agents
1506:prostate cancer
1454:
1452:Cancer syndrome
1448:
1424:radio frequency
1394:medical imaging
1386:passive smoking
1367:medical imaging
1355:
1349:
1209:cervical cancer
1182:
1176:
1132:body mass index
1119:
1117:Diet and cancer
1113:
1103:that can cause
994:
984:
895:
889:
821:
815:
733:
713:rectal bleeding
707:(lung cancer),
673:
638:
632:
552:
541:Video summary (
529:
495:cervical cancer
479:prostate cancer
464:developed world
452:Palliative care
405:medical imaging
309:bowel movements
199:bowel movements
171:
160:
159:
135:
131:
85:Legend: →
84:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
16383:
16373:
16372:
16367:
16362:
16357:
16352:
16335:
16334:
16332:
16331:
16326:
16320:
16317:
16316:
16314:
16313:
16308:
16303:
16298:
16293:
16287:
16284:
16283:
16281:
16280:
16274:
16271:
16270:
16268:
16267:
16262:
16257:
16251:
16248:
16247:
16245:
16244:
16239:
16237:Breast disease
16234:
16229:
16223:
16220:
16219:
16217:
16216:
16211:
16205:
16202:
16201:
16199:
16198:
16192:
16189:
16188:
16186:
16185:
16180:
16174:
16171:
16170:
16168:
16167:
16162:
16157:
16151:
16148:
16147:
16145:
16144:
16138:
16135:
16134:
16132:
16131:
16125:
16122:
16121:
16119:
16118:
16113:
16108:
16103:
16097:
16094:
16093:
16091:
16090:
16085:
16079:
16076:
16075:
16073:
16072:
16067:
16061:
16058:
16057:
16052:
16051:
16044:
16037:
16029:
16020:
16019:
16017:
16016:
16011:
16006:
16001:
15996:
15991:
15985:
15983:
15979:
15978:
15976:
15975:
15970:
15965:
15960:
15951:
15946:
15940:
15938:
15936:Carcinogenesis
15932:
15931:
15929:
15928:
15923:
15918:
15913:
15908:
15902:
15900:
15890:
15889:
15886:
15885:
15883:
15882:
15877:
15871:
15869:
15865:
15864:
15862:
15861:
15856:
15851:
15846:
15841:
15835:
15833:
15829:
15828:
15826:
15825:
15820:
15818:Nervous system
15815:
15810:
15805:
15800:
15795:
15790:
15785:
15784:
15783:
15781:nasopharyngeal
15778:
15773:
15768:
15757:
15755:
15751:
15750:
15748:
15747:
15742:
15737:
15732:
15727:
15722:
15716:
15714:
15710:
15709:
15707:
15706:
15701:
15696:
15691:
15685:
15683:
15674:
15670:
15669:
15653:
15652:
15645:
15638:
15630:
15621:
15620:
15617:
15616:
15604:
15603:
15601:
15597:
15596:
15593:
15592:
15581:
15570:
15551:
15535:
15530:
15529:
15527:
15526:Classification
15520:
15519:
15512:
15506:
15500:
15493:
15488:
15477:
15466:
15465:External links
15463:
15461:
15460:
15454:
15439:
15433:
15418:
15398:
15383:
15370:
15352:
15346:
15331:
15325:
15309:
15307:
15304:
15301:
15300:
15251:
15186:
15137:
15130:
15099:
15071:
15051:
15031:
14974:
14941:
14877:
14839:
14808:
14773:
14738:
14703:
14662:
14629:
14603:
14577:
14526:
14507:(5): 865–873.
14491:
14456:
14441:
14406:
14385:(Apr): 41–49.
14362:
14327:
14278:
14243:
14217:
14194:
14187:
14157:
14142:
14117:
14110:
14090:
14083:
14061:
14054:
14034:
14017:"Skin cancers"
14008:
14001:
13983:
13976:
13949:
13919:
13894:
13868:
13834:(1): 105–123.
13814:
13778:
13749:(6): 296–299.
13729:
13700:(4): 1155–68.
13680:
13673:
13653:
13601:
13587:
13567:
13546:
13486:
13435:
13383:
13364:(4): 277–285.
13345:
13338:
13318:
13311:
13291:
13248:
13215:Biogerontology
13205:
13190:
13168:
13133:
13108:
13101:
13076:
13006:
12975:
12950:
12901:
12847:
12793:
12786:
12755:
12744:
12725:
12674:
12649:
12596:
12574:
12541:The Oncologist
12524:
12492:
12443:
12416:(8): 776–818.
12400:
12376:
12358:
12356:
12355:
12290:(21): 2060–5.
12274:
12254:(8): 778–831.
12238:
12202:
12182:(7): 740–801.
12084:
12035:
12009:
11997:
11946:
11932:"Radiotherapy"
11922:
11903:
11888:
11861:(6): 385–392.
11845:
11796:
11747:
11718:(10): 988–95.
11698:
11671:
11659:
11633:
11584:
11560:
11533:
11483:
11434:
11402:
11357:
11325:
11293:
11282:on 15 May 2016
11261:
11229:
11197:
11165:
11133:
11101:
11069:
11037:
11015:
10988:
10936:
10905:
10856:
10815:
10756:
10699:
10680:(4): 307–320.
10661:
10620:
10585:
10559:
10514:
10480:
10435:
10400:
10359:
10315:
10274:
10272:Holland Chp.33
10265:
10232:
10193:
10158:
10109:
10068:
10019:
9970:
9935:
9891:
9870:(3): 341–343.
9850:
9820:
9783:(7584): 43–7.
9763:
9714:
9684:
9628:
9607:
9600:
9580:
9561:
9512:
9505:
9469:
9447:
9394:
9343:
9292:
9263:(2): 255–261.
9241:
9190:
9136:
9079:
9036:
8987:
8936:
8885:
8864:(2): 196–227.
8844:
8795:
8760:Carcinogenesis
8746:
8707:(7): 3122–27.
8687:
8636:
8587:
8546:
8497:
8467:(7): 2225–38.
8447:
8398:
8355:
8328:(12): 924–35.
8312:
8263:
8220:
8177:
8126:
8077:
8028:
8009:
7968:
7943:Cancer Letters
7933:
7898:
7847:
7826:(7): 1073–81.
7820:Carcinogenesis
7806:
7787:
7752:
7733:
7702:
7653:
7624:(4): 474–482.
7604:
7577:(5): 797–803.
7561:
7512:
7471:
7428:
7376:
7354:
7332:
7304:
7285:
7260:
7213:
7202:
7171:
7146:
7119:
7094:
7049:
7014:
6979:
6930:
6889:
6864:
6834:
6794:
6745:
6691:
6671:
6653:
6624:
6605:(10): 640–58.
6589:
6540:
6491:
6442:
6407:
6355:
6329:
6280:
6231:
6188:
6159:(4): 454–465.
6132:
6083:
6027:
5986:
5971:
5951:
5926:
5915:. 15 July 2023
5900:
5889:on 7 July 2013
5867:
5838:
5797:
5772:
5760:www.cancer.org
5747:
5712:
5705:
5685:
5650:Cancer Nursing
5636:
5634:Holland Chp. 1
5622:
5578:
5515:
5489:
5459:
5437:
5426:
5407:
5343:
5324:(4): 419–422.
5308:
5273:
5229:
5222:
5202:
5169:
5117:
5106:
5084:
5035:
5024:
5002:
4953:
4899:
4869:
4839:
4828:
4800:
4786:
4745:
4719:
4690:
4653:(3): 420–444.
4628:
4599:
4568:
4485:
4438:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4362:
4359:
4304:
4301:
4288:chemotherapy.
4248:
4245:
4210:declared the "
4196:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4137:Main article:
4134:
4131:
4127:methodological
4110:
4107:
4093:
4090:
4080:
4077:
3993:
3990:
3978:chimney sweeps
3966:Percivall Pott
3931:dissect bodies
3856: 1600 BC
3834:Main article:
3831:
3828:
3797:thyroid cancer
3751:stomach cancer
3726:
3715:
3714:
3703:
3701:
3694:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3676:Main article:
3673:
3670:
3655:blood thinners
3582:
3579:
3570:
3567:
3547:Main article:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3519:
3518:
3497:Main article:
3494:
3491:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3465:clinical trial
3461:
3455:
3425:
3422:
3412:
3409:
3377:
3374:
3343:thyroid cancer
3307:bladder cancer
3250:
3247:
3208:
3205:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3134:
3131:
3123:gastric cancer
3118:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3094:
3083:ovarian cancer
3075:bladder cancer
3071:
3056:
3037:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2964:mass screening
2920:Main article:
2917:
2914:
2882:
2879:
2864:
2852:is not clear.
2809:
2806:
2760:processed meat
2740:processed meat
2719:Main article:
2716:
2713:
2619:Main article:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2595:
2589:
2582:
2580:
2569:
2562:
2560:
2549:
2542:
2540:
2529:
2522:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2439:hepatoblastoma
2409:
2408:
2402:
2376:
2362:
2332:
2325:adenocarcinoma
2282:histopathology
2259:
2258:Classification
2256:
2246:and numerical
2166:
2163:
2131:Warburg effect
2119:Main article:
2116:
2113:
2066:Main article:
2063:
2060:
1998:cell divisions
1937:Main article:
1934:
1931:
1896:chain reaction
1892:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1861:daughter cells
1806:fusion protein
1725:Main article:
1722:
1719:
1716:Carcinogenesis
1714:Main article:
1711:
1708:
1683:celiac disease
1678:
1675:
1635:thyroid cancer
1604:
1601:
1517:
1514:
1496:of developing
1479:ovarian cancer
1450:Main article:
1447:
1444:
1351:Main article:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1320:
1304:
1303:
1283:
1267:
1266:
1256:
1250:
1236:
1226:
1212:
1178:Main article:
1175:
1172:
1164:gastric cancer
1152:gastric cancer
1115:Main article:
1112:
1109:
1105:primary tumors
1082:compounds are
1080:platinum-based
983:
980:
891:Main article:
888:
885:
866:
865:
860:
857:
851:
848:
842:
817:Main article:
814:
811:
757:kidney cancers
732:
729:
672:
671:Local symptoms
669:
662:great imitator
634:Main article:
631:
628:
624:
623:
614:
608:
603:
597:
594:
551:
548:
487:stomach cancer
424:processed meat
280:
279:
276:
272:
271:
268:
264:
263:
256:
250:
249:
236:
232:
231:
208:
202:
201:
191:
185:
184:
179:
173:
172:
170:
169:
128:
126:
122:
121:
73:
72:
64:
63:
51:
47:
46:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
16382:
16371:
16368:
16366:
16363:
16361:
16358:
16356:
16353:
16351:
16348:
16347:
16345:
16330:
16329:Fetal disease
16327:
16325:
16322:
16321:
16318:
16312:
16309:
16307:
16304:
16302:
16299:
16297:
16294:
16292:
16289:
16288:
16285:
16279:
16276:
16275:
16272:
16266:
16263:
16261:
16258:
16256:
16253:
16252:
16249:
16243:
16240:
16238:
16235:
16233:
16230:
16228:
16225:
16224:
16221:
16215:
16212:
16210:
16207:
16206:
16203:
16197:
16194:
16193:
16190:
16184:
16181:
16179:
16176:
16175:
16172:
16166:
16163:
16161:
16158:
16156:
16153:
16152:
16149:
16143:
16140:
16139:
16136:
16130:
16127:
16126:
16123:
16117:
16114:
16112:
16109:
16107:
16104:
16102:
16099:
16098:
16095:
16089:
16086:
16084:
16081:
16080:
16077:
16071:
16068:
16066:
16063:
16062:
16059:
16050:
16045:
16043:
16038:
16036:
16031:
16030:
16027:
16015:
16012:
16010:
16007:
16005:
16002:
16000:
15997:
15995:
15992:
15990:
15987:
15986:
15984:
15980:
15974:
15971:
15969:
15966:
15964:
15961:
15959:
15955:
15952:
15950:
15947:
15945:
15942:
15941:
15939:
15937:
15933:
15927:
15924:
15922:
15919:
15917:
15914:
15912:
15909:
15907:
15904:
15903:
15901:
15899:
15895:
15891:
15881:
15878:
15876:
15873:
15872:
15870:
15866:
15860:
15857:
15855:
15852:
15850:
15847:
15845:
15842:
15840:
15837:
15836:
15834:
15830:
15824:
15821:
15819:
15816:
15814:
15811:
15809:
15806:
15804:
15801:
15799:
15796:
15794:
15791:
15789:
15786:
15782:
15779:
15777:
15774:
15772:
15771:oropharyngeal
15769:
15767:
15764:
15763:
15762:
15761:Head and neck
15759:
15758:
15756:
15752:
15746:
15743:
15741:
15740:Primary tumor
15738:
15736:
15733:
15731:
15728:
15726:
15723:
15721:
15718:
15717:
15715:
15711:
15705:
15702:
15700:
15697:
15695:
15692:
15690:
15687:
15686:
15684:
15682:
15681:Benign tumors
15678:
15675:
15671:
15667:
15663:
15659:
15651:
15646:
15644:
15639:
15637:
15632:
15631:
15628:
15615:
15611:
15610:
15606:
15605:
15602:
15598:
15591:
15587:
15586:
15582:
15580:
15576:
15575:
15571:
15569:
15565:
15561:
15560:
15556:
15552:
15550:
15546:
15545:
15541:
15537:
15536:
15533:
15528:
15524:
15517:
15513:
15510:
15507:
15504:
15501:
15498:
15494:
15492:
15489:
15487:
15486:
15481:
15478:
15476:
15472:
15469:
15468:
15457:
15451:
15447:
15446:
15440:
15436:
15430:
15426:
15425:
15419:
15415:
15411:
15407:
15406:
15401:
15395:
15391:
15390:
15384:
15373:
15367:
15363:
15362:
15357:
15353:
15349:
15343:
15339:
15338:
15332:
15328:
15322:
15318:
15317:
15311:
15310:
15296:
15292:
15287:
15282:
15278:
15274:
15271:(3): 477–87.
15270:
15266:
15262:
15255:
15247:
15243:
15239:
15235:
15230:
15225:
15221:
15217:
15213:
15209:
15205:
15201:
15197:
15190:
15171:
15167:
15163:
15160:(1): 111–20.
15159:
15155:
15148:
15141:
15133:
15127:
15123:
15122:
15114:
15112:
15110:
15108:
15106:
15104:
15088:
15084:
15078:
15076:
15067:
15066:
15061:
15055:
15047:
15046:
15041:
15035:
15027:
15023:
15019:
15015:
15010:
15005:
15001:
14997:
14993:
14989:
14985:
14978:
14962:
14958:
14953:
14945:
14937:
14933:
14928:
14923:
14918:
14913:
14908:
14903:
14899:
14895:
14891:
14887:
14881:
14865:
14861:
14860:
14854:
14846:
14844:
14827:
14823:
14819:
14812:
14804:
14800:
14796:
14792:
14789:(6): 363–75.
14788:
14784:
14777:
14769:
14765:
14761:
14757:
14754:(3): 151–59.
14753:
14749:
14742:
14734:
14730:
14726:
14722:
14719:(3): 122–32.
14718:
14714:
14707:
14699:
14695:
14690:
14685:
14681:
14677:
14673:
14666:
14650:
14646:
14645:
14640:
14633:
14617:
14613:
14607:
14591:
14587:
14581:
14573:
14569:
14564:
14559:
14554:
14549:
14545:
14541:
14537:
14530:
14522:
14518:
14514:
14510:
14506:
14502:
14495:
14487:
14483:
14479:
14475:
14471:
14467:
14460:
14454:
14448:
14446:
14437:
14433:
14429:
14425:
14421:
14417:
14410:
14402:
14398:
14393:
14388:
14384:
14380:
14376:
14369:
14367:
14358:
14354:
14350:
14346:
14342:
14338:
14331:
14323:
14319:
14314:
14309:
14305:
14301:
14298:(2): 117–28.
14297:
14293:
14289:
14282:
14274:
14270:
14266:
14262:
14259:(9): 568–74.
14258:
14254:
14247:
14231:
14227:
14221:
14213:
14209:
14205:
14198:
14190:
14184:
14180:
14179:
14174:
14168:
14166:
14164:
14162:
14153:
14149:
14145:
14139:
14135:
14134:
14126:
14124:
14122:
14113:
14107:
14103:
14102:
14094:
14086:
14080:
14076:
14072:
14065:
14057:
14051:
14047:
14046:
14038:
14022:
14018:
14012:
14004:
13998:
13994:
13987:
13979:
13973:
13969:
13968:
13960:
13958:
13956:
13954:
13937:
13933:
13929:
13923:
13908:
13904:
13898:
13883:
13879:
13872:
13857:
13853:
13849:
13845:
13841:
13837:
13833:
13829:
13825:
13818:
13810:
13806:
13802:
13798:
13797:
13792:
13788:
13782:
13774:
13770:
13765:
13760:
13756:
13752:
13748:
13744:
13740:
13733:
13725:
13721:
13717:
13713:
13708:
13703:
13699:
13695:
13691:
13684:
13676:
13670:
13666:
13665:
13657:
13649:
13645:
13641:
13637:
13632:
13627:
13623:
13619:
13615:
13608:
13606:
13590:
13584:
13580:
13579:
13571:
13562:
13558:
13550:
13542:
13538:
13534:
13530:
13525:
13520:
13516:
13512:
13508:
13501:
13499:
13497:
13495:
13493:
13491:
13482:
13478:
13474:
13470:
13466:
13462:
13458:
13454:
13450:
13446:
13439:
13431:
13427:
13423:
13419:
13414:
13409:
13406:(2): 83–103.
13405:
13401:
13397:
13390:
13388:
13379:
13375:
13371:
13367:
13363:
13359:
13352:
13350:
13341:
13335:
13331:
13330:
13322:
13314:
13308:
13304:
13303:
13295:
13287:
13283:
13279:
13275:
13271:
13267:
13264:(5): 357–65.
13263:
13259:
13252:
13244:
13240:
13236:
13232:
13228:
13224:
13221:(4): 323–38.
13220:
13216:
13209:
13202:
13197:
13193:
13187:
13183:
13179:
13172:
13164:
13160:
13156:
13152:
13149:(2): 165–72.
13148:
13144:
13137:
13129:
13125:
13124:
13119:
13112:
13104:
13098:
13094:
13090:
13083:
13081:
13072:
13068:
13064:
13060:
13055:
13050:
13045:
13040:
13036:
13032:
13028:
13024:
13020:
13013:
13011:
12995:
12988:
12982:
12980:
12964:
12960:
12954:
12946:
12942:
12937:
12932:
12928:
12924:
12921:(9): 101166.
12920:
12916:
12912:
12905:
12897:
12893:
12888:
12883:
12879:
12875:
12871:
12867:
12863:
12856:
12854:
12852:
12843:
12839:
12834:
12829:
12824:
12819:
12815:
12811:
12807:
12803:
12797:
12789:
12783:
12779:
12775:
12774:
12769:
12762:
12760:
12751:
12747:
12741:
12737:
12736:
12729:
12721:
12717:
12712:
12707:
12702:
12697:
12694:(1): 99–119.
12693:
12689:
12685:
12678:
12663:
12659:
12653:
12645:
12641:
12637:
12633:
12629:
12625:
12620:
12615:
12612:(2): 110–18.
12611:
12607:
12600:
12593:
12590:
12586:
12583:
12578:
12570:
12566:
12562:
12558:
12554:
12550:
12546:
12542:
12535:
12528:
12521:
12520:public domain
12502:
12496:
12488:
12484:
12480:
12476:
12471:
12466:
12463:(3): 269–77.
12462:
12458:
12454:
12447:
12439:
12435:
12431:
12427:
12423:
12419:
12415:
12411:
12404:
12393:
12386:
12380:
12372:
12368:
12362:
12352:
12348:
12344:
12340:
12336:
12332:
12329:(6): 755–60.
12328:
12324:
12315:
12311:
12306:
12301:
12297:
12293:
12289:
12285:
12281:
12275:
12271:
12267:
12262:
12257:
12253:
12249:
12245:
12239:
12235:
12231:
12226:
12221:
12218:(2): 122–92.
12217:
12213:
12209:
12203:
12199:
12195:
12190:
12185:
12181:
12177:
12173:
12165:
12161:
12156:
12151:
12147:
12143:
12139:
12135:
12131:
12125:
12124:
12110:
12106:
12099:
12095:
12088:
12069:
12065:
12058:
12054:
12048:
12046:
12044:
12042:
12040:
12023:
12019:
12013:
12004:
12002:
11993:
11989:
11985:
11981:
11977:
11973:
11969:
11965:
11961:
11957:
11950:
11941:
11937:
11933:
11926:
11918:
11914:
11907:
11899:
11892:
11884:
11880:
11876:
11872:
11868:
11864:
11860:
11856:
11849:
11841:
11837:
11832:
11827:
11823:
11819:
11815:
11811:
11807:
11800:
11792:
11788:
11783:
11778:
11774:
11770:
11766:
11762:
11758:
11751:
11743:
11739:
11735:
11731:
11726:
11721:
11717:
11713:
11709:
11702:
11694:
11690:
11687:(5): 488–95.
11686:
11682:
11675:
11666:
11664:
11647:
11643:
11637:
11629:
11625:
11620:
11615:
11611:
11607:
11603:
11599:
11595:
11588:
11573:
11572:
11564:
11556:
11552:
11548:
11544:
11537:
11529:
11525:
11521:
11517:
11513:
11509:
11505:
11501:
11497:
11490:
11488:
11479:
11475:
11470:
11465:
11461:
11457:
11453:
11449:
11445:
11438:
11422:
11418:
11417:
11412:
11406:
11398:
11394:
11389:
11384:
11380:
11376:
11372:
11368:
11361:
11345:
11341:
11340:
11335:
11329:
11313:
11309:
11308:
11303:
11297:
11281:
11277:
11276:
11271:
11265:
11249:
11245:
11244:
11239:
11233:
11217:
11213:
11212:
11207:
11201:
11185:
11181:
11180:
11175:
11169:
11153:
11149:
11148:
11143:
11137:
11121:
11117:
11116:
11111:
11105:
11089:
11085:
11084:
11079:
11073:
11057:
11053:
11052:
11047:
11041:
11034:
11030:
11024:
11022:
11020:
11003:
10997:
10995:
10993:
10984:
10980:
10976:
10972:
10967:
10962:
10958:
10954:
10950:
10943:
10941:
10925:. 8 June 2006
10924:
10920:
10914:
10912:
10910:
10901:
10897:
10892:
10887:
10883:
10879:
10875:
10871:
10867:
10860:
10852:
10848:
10843:
10838:
10834:
10830:
10826:
10819:
10811:
10807:
10802:
10797:
10792:
10787:
10783:
10779:
10776:(6): e21107.
10775:
10771:
10767:
10760:
10752:
10748:
10744:
10740:
10735:
10730:
10726:
10722:
10718:
10714:
10710:
10703:
10695:
10691:
10687:
10683:
10679:
10675:
10668:
10666:
10657:
10653:
10648:
10643:
10640:(7): 428–30.
10639:
10635:
10631:
10624:
10616:
10612:
10608:
10604:
10600:
10596:
10589:
10573:
10569:
10563:
10555:
10551:
10547:
10543:
10538:
10533:
10530:(7): 451–59.
10529:
10525:
10518:
10510:
10506:
10502:
10498:
10494:
10490:
10484:
10476:
10472:
10467:
10462:
10458:
10454:
10450:
10446:
10439:
10431:
10427:
10423:
10419:
10415:
10411:
10404:
10396:
10392:
10387:
10382:
10379:(32): 1–206.
10378:
10374:
10370:
10363:
10355:
10351:
10347:
10343:
10339:
10335:
10331:
10327:
10319:
10311:
10307:
10302:
10297:
10294:(5): 376–89.
10293:
10289:
10285:
10278:
10269:
10253:
10249:
10248:
10243:
10236:
10217:
10213:
10212:
10204:
10197:
10189:
10185:
10181:
10177:
10174:(2): 308–13.
10173:
10169:
10162:
10154:
10150:
10145:
10140:
10136:
10132:
10129:(4): 437–46.
10128:
10124:
10120:
10113:
10105:
10101:
10096:
10091:
10088:(5): 1740–5.
10087:
10083:
10079:
10072:
10064:
10060:
10055:
10050:
10046:
10042:
10038:
10034:
10030:
10023:
10015:
10011:
10006:
10001:
9997:
9993:
9989:
9985:
9981:
9974:
9966:
9962:
9958:
9954:
9951:(1): 90–108.
9950:
9946:
9939:
9931:
9927:
9922:
9917:
9913:
9909:
9905:
9898:
9896:
9887:
9883:
9878:
9873:
9869:
9865:
9861:
9854:
9838:
9834:
9830:
9824:
9816:
9812:
9807:
9802:
9798:
9794:
9790:
9786:
9782:
9778:
9774:
9767:
9759:
9755:
9751:
9747:
9742:
9737:
9733:
9729:
9725:
9718:
9702:
9698:
9694:
9688:
9680:
9676:
9671:
9666:
9661:
9656:
9652:
9648:
9644:
9637:
9635:
9633:
9623:
9619:
9611:
9603:
9597:
9593:
9592:
9584:
9576:
9572:
9565:
9557:
9553:
9548:
9543:
9539:
9535:
9531:
9527:
9523:
9516:
9508:
9502:
9498:
9497:
9492:
9488:
9484:
9480:
9473:
9457:
9451:
9443:
9439:
9434:
9429:
9424:
9419:
9415:
9411:
9410:
9405:
9398:
9390:
9386:
9381:
9376:
9372:
9368:
9364:
9360:
9359:
9354:
9347:
9339:
9335:
9331:
9327:
9322:
9317:
9313:
9309:
9308:
9307:Tumor Biology
9303:
9296:
9288:
9284:
9279:
9274:
9270:
9266:
9262:
9258:
9257:
9252:
9245:
9237:
9233:
9228:
9223:
9218:
9213:
9209:
9205:
9201:
9194:
9186:
9182:
9177:
9172:
9168:
9164:
9160:
9156:
9155:
9150:
9143:
9141:
9132:
9128:
9123:
9118:
9114:
9110:
9106:
9102:
9098:
9094:
9090:
9083:
9075:
9071:
9067:
9063:
9059:
9055:
9051:
9047:
9040:
9032:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9014:
9010:
9007:(4): 475–84.
9006:
9002:
8998:
8991:
8983:
8979:
8974:
8969:
8964:
8959:
8955:
8951:
8950:PLOS Genetics
8947:
8940:
8932:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8904:
8900:
8899:PLOS Genetics
8896:
8889:
8881:
8877:
8872:
8867:
8863:
8859:
8855:
8848:
8840:
8836:
8831:
8826:
8822:
8818:
8815:(3): 255–60.
8814:
8810:
8806:
8799:
8791:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8773:
8769:
8765:
8761:
8757:
8750:
8742:
8738:
8733:
8728:
8723:
8718:
8714:
8710:
8706:
8702:
8698:
8691:
8683:
8679:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8655:
8651:
8647:
8640:
8632:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8614:
8610:
8606:
8602:
8598:
8591:
8583:
8579:
8574:
8569:
8566:(4): 247–53.
8565:
8561:
8557:
8550:
8542:
8538:
8533:
8528:
8524:
8520:
8516:
8512:
8508:
8501:
8492:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8474:
8470:
8466:
8462:
8458:
8451:
8443:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8425:
8421:
8418:(4): 303–11.
8417:
8413:
8409:
8402:
8394:
8390:
8386:
8382:
8378:
8374:
8371:(2): 107–16.
8370:
8366:
8359:
8351:
8347:
8343:
8339:
8335:
8331:
8327:
8323:
8316:
8308:
8304:
8299:
8294:
8290:
8286:
8282:
8278:
8274:
8267:
8259:
8255:
8251:
8247:
8243:
8239:
8236:(2): 157–62.
8235:
8231:
8224:
8216:
8212:
8208:
8204:
8200:
8196:
8193:(5): 502–11.
8192:
8188:
8181:
8173:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8145:
8141:
8137:
8130:
8122:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8104:
8100:
8097:(38): e1612.
8096:
8092:
8088:
8081:
8073:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8055:
8051:
8047:
8043:
8039:
8032:
8016:
8012:
8006:
8002:
7998:
7991:
7989:
7987:
7985:
7983:
7981:
7979:
7977:
7975:
7973:
7964:
7960:
7956:
7952:
7949:(2): 262–70.
7948:
7944:
7937:
7929:
7925:
7921:
7917:
7914:(4): 369–73.
7913:
7909:
7902:
7894:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7866:
7862:
7858:
7851:
7843:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7825:
7821:
7817:
7810:
7794:
7790:
7784:
7780:
7776:
7769:
7767:
7765:
7763:
7761:
7759:
7757:
7740:
7736:
7730:
7726:
7722:
7715:
7713:
7711:
7709:
7707:
7698:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7680:
7676:
7673:(8): 785–94.
7672:
7668:
7664:
7657:
7649:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7619:
7615:
7608:
7600:
7596:
7592:
7588:
7584:
7580:
7576:
7572:
7565:
7557:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7539:
7535:
7531:
7527:
7523:
7516:
7508:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7490:
7486:
7482:
7475:
7467:
7463:
7459:
7455:
7451:
7447:
7443:
7439:
7432:
7424:
7420:
7416:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7399:(4): 389–92.
7398:
7394:
7390:
7383:
7381:
7364:
7358:
7342:
7336:
7325:
7321:
7314:
7308:
7292:
7288:
7282:
7278:
7274:
7267:
7265:
7256:
7252:
7248:
7244:
7240:
7236:
7232:
7228:
7224:
7217:
7209:
7205:
7199:
7195:
7191:
7184:
7182:
7180:
7178:
7176:
7160:
7156:
7150:
7134:
7128:
7126:
7124:
7107:
7101:
7099:
7090:
7086:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7069:(5): 267–81.
7068:
7064:
7060:
7053:
7045:
7041:
7037:
7033:
7030:(2): 227–34.
7029:
7025:
7018:
7010:
7006:
7002:
6998:
6995:(6): 453–71.
6994:
6990:
6983:
6975:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6934:
6926:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6909:(5): 656–64.
6908:
6904:
6900:
6893:
6885:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6867:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6845:
6838:
6830:
6826:
6822:
6819:(3): 371–80.
6818:
6814:
6810:
6803:
6801:
6799:
6790:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6760:
6756:
6749:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6715:
6711:
6707:
6700:
6698:
6696:
6687:
6686:
6681:
6675:
6667:
6663:
6657:
6641:
6637:
6631:
6629:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6593:
6585:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6551:
6544:
6536:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6511:(9): 941–46.
6510:
6506:
6502:
6495:
6487:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6462:(5): 345–47.
6461:
6457:
6453:
6446:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6411:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6378:(6): 455–66.
6377:
6373:
6369:
6362:
6360:
6343:
6339:
6333:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6300:(3): 206–24.
6299:
6295:
6291:
6284:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6235:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6192:
6184:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6143:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6128:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6087:
6080:
6075:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6034:
6032:
6023:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5990:
5983:
5980:
5974:
5968:
5964:
5963:
5955:
5940:
5936:
5930:
5914:
5910:
5904:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5874:
5872:
5855:
5849:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5834:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5801:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5784:
5776:
5761:
5757:
5751:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5728:(5): 489–95.
5727:
5723:
5716:
5708:
5702:
5698:
5697:
5689:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5656:(4): E14–26.
5655:
5651:
5647:
5640:
5631:
5629:
5627:
5618:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5601:(5): 646–74.
5600:
5596:
5592:
5585:
5583:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5526:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5503:
5499:
5493:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5463:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5441:
5433:
5429:
5423:
5419:
5418:
5411:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5362:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5312:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5277:
5269:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5236:
5234:
5225:
5219:
5215:
5209:
5207:
5197:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5173:
5165:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5121:
5113:
5109:
5103:
5099:
5098:
5091:
5089:
5080:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5039:
5031:
5027:
5021:
5017:
5016:
5009:
5007:
4998:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4957:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4873:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4843:
4835:
4831:
4825:
4821:
4820:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4796:
4790:
4782:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4765:(3): 315–30.
4764:
4760:
4756:
4749:
4733:
4729:
4723:
4707:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4686:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4647:JAMA Oncology
4644:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4616:
4612:
4606:
4604:
4587:
4583:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4545:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4473:
4469:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4403:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4311:
4309:
4303:Other animals
4300:
4298:
4294:
4289:
4285:
4283:
4282:birth defects
4279:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4253:
4244:
4240:
4237:
4232:
4230:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4213:
4212:War on Cancer
4209:
4208:Richard Nixon
4205:
4201:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4168:
4167:silver bullet
4164:
4160:
4156:
4149:
4145:
4140:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4119:comorbidities
4116:
4106:
4103:
4099:
4089:
4087:
4076:
4074:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4033:War on Cancer
4029:
4027:
4026:individualism
4023:
4019:
4014:
4012:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3951:Nicolaes Tulp
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3935:Wilhelm Fabry
3932:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3910:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3875: 370 BC
3871: 460 BC
3865:
3861:
3846:
3842:
3837:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3808:
3806:
3805:overdiagnosis
3802:
3798:
3794:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3743:
3739:
3734:
3722:
3711:
3710:MediaWiki.org
3707:
3702:
3693:
3692:
3685:
3679:
3669:
3667:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3578:
3575:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3543:Laser therapy
3538:
3535:
3532:
3531:immune system
3528:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:immune system
3506:
3505:immunotherapy
3500:
3493:Immunotherapy
3490:
3487:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3437:
3435:
3430:
3421:
3419:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3397:brachytherapy
3393:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3315:kidney cancer
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3286:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3214:
3204:
3201:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3149:Cancer types
3148:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3049:sigmoidoscopy
3046:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2932:medical signs
2929:
2923:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2871:Beta-Carotene
2868:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2798:pickled foods
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2722:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2661:, poor diet,
2660:
2656:
2655:excess weight
2651:
2644:
2639:
2627:
2622:
2608:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2510:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2461:Benign tumors
2458:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2255:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2191:medical tests
2188:
2184:
2176:
2171:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2093:extravasation
2090:
2089:intravasation
2086:
2082:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2059:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1956:abnormalities
1954:
1945:
1940:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1787:Translocation
1784:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1733:
1728:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1494:relative risk
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1422:Non-ionizing
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1145:overnutrition
1142:
1138:
1137:immune system
1133:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1014:Tobacco smoke
1011:
1009:
1008:
998:
993:
989:
979:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
952:
950:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
925:
924:Environmental
920:
911:
904:
899:
894:
884:
881:
879:
875:
871:
864:
861:
859:Proliferation
858:
855:
854:Extravasation
852:
849:
846:
845:Intravasation
843:
841:
837:
836:
835:
833:
828:
825:
820:
810:
808:
804:
800:
799:hypercalcemia
796:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
741:
739:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
668:
665:
663:
659:
655:
647:
642:
637:
627:
622:
618:
615:
613:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:Avoidance of
598:
595:
592:
589:
588:
587:
585:
580:
578:
574:
569:
567:
563:
558:
544:
527:
525:
521:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
491:breast cancer
488:
484:
480:
476:
471:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
412:
410:
406:
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
301:benign tumors
298:
294:
290:
286:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
255:
251:
248:
244:
240:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
207:
203:
200:
196:
192:
190:
186:
183:
180:
178:
174:
163:
156:
130:
129:
127:
125:Pronunciation
123:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
83:
79:
74:
70:
65:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
16311:Chondropathy
16306:Bone disease
16278:Skin disease
16106:Malnutrition
16087:
16083:Benign tumor
15729:
15661:
15656:Overview of
15607:
15583:
15572:
15553:
15538:
15485:The Atlantic
15483:
15444:
15423:
15414:the original
15410:Google Books
15403:
15388:
15375:. Retrieved
15360:
15336:
15315:
15268:
15264:
15254:
15203:
15199:
15189:
15177:. Retrieved
15157:
15153:
15140:
15120:
15090:. Retrieved
15087:ScienceDaily
15086:
15063:
15054:
15043:
15034:
14991:
14987:
14977:
14965:. Retrieved
14956:
14944:
14897:
14893:
14880:
14868:. Retrieved
14857:
14830:. Retrieved
14826:the original
14821:
14811:
14786:
14782:
14776:
14751:
14747:
14741:
14716:
14712:
14706:
14679:
14675:
14665:
14653:. Retrieved
14644:Live Science
14642:
14632:
14620:. Retrieved
14616:the original
14606:
14594:. Retrieved
14580:
14543:
14539:
14529:
14504:
14500:
14494:
14469:
14465:
14459:
14419:
14415:
14409:
14382:
14378:
14340:
14336:
14330:
14295:
14291:
14281:
14256:
14252:
14246:
14234:. Retrieved
14229:
14220:
14207:
14197:
14177:
14173:Ehrenreich B
14132:
14100:
14093:
14074:
14064:
14044:
14037:
14025:. Retrieved
14011:
13992:
13986:
13966:
13940:. Retrieved
13936:the original
13932:NHS Networks
13931:
13922:
13910:. Retrieved
13906:
13897:
13885:. Retrieved
13882:The Guardian
13881:
13871:
13859:. Retrieved
13831:
13827:
13817:
13809:the original
13794:
13781:
13746:
13742:
13732:
13697:
13693:
13683:
13663:
13656:
13621:
13617:
13594:11 September
13592:. Retrieved
13577:
13570:
13561:the original
13549:
13514:
13510:
13451:(1): 29–53.
13448:
13444:
13438:
13403:
13399:
13361:
13357:
13328:
13321:
13301:
13294:
13261:
13257:
13251:
13218:
13214:
13208:
13199:
13181:
13171:
13146:
13142:
13136:
13121:
13111:
13092:
13026:
13022:
12997:. Retrieved
12993:
12966:. Retrieved
12962:
12953:
12918:
12914:
12904:
12869:
12865:
12813:
12809:
12796:
12772:
12750:the original
12734:
12728:
12691:
12687:
12677:
12665:. Retrieved
12661:
12652:
12609:
12605:
12599:
12582:What Is CAM?
12577:
12547:(1): 80–89.
12544:
12540:
12527:
12505:. Retrieved
12495:
12460:
12456:
12446:
12413:
12409:
12403:
12392:the original
12379:
12361:
12326:
12322:
12287:
12283:
12251:
12247:
12215:
12211:
12179:
12175:
12137:
12133:
12116:. Retrieved
12109:the original
12104:
12087:
12075:. Retrieved
12068:the original
12063:
12026:. Retrieved
12021:
12012:
11959:
11955:
11949:
11925:
11906:
11897:
11891:
11858:
11854:
11848:
11813:
11809:
11799:
11764:
11760:
11750:
11715:
11711:
11701:
11684:
11680:
11674:
11650:. Retrieved
11646:About Cancer
11645:
11636:
11601:
11597:
11587:
11575:. Retrieved
11570:
11563:
11549:(1): 19–23.
11546:
11542:
11536:
11506:(1): 47–53.
11503:
11499:
11451:
11447:
11437:
11425:. Retrieved
11421:the original
11414:
11405:
11374:
11370:
11360:
11348:. Retrieved
11344:the original
11337:
11328:
11316:. Retrieved
11312:the original
11305:
11296:
11284:. Retrieved
11280:the original
11273:
11264:
11252:. Retrieved
11248:the original
11241:
11232:
11220:. Retrieved
11216:the original
11209:
11200:
11188:. Retrieved
11184:the original
11177:
11168:
11156:. Retrieved
11152:the original
11145:
11136:
11124:. Retrieved
11120:the original
11113:
11104:
11092:. Retrieved
11088:the original
11081:
11072:
11060:. Retrieved
11056:the original
11049:
11040:
11006:. Retrieved
10956:
10952:
10927:. Retrieved
10873:
10869:
10859:
10832:
10828:
10818:
10773:
10769:
10759:
10716:
10712:
10702:
10677:
10673:
10637:
10633:
10623:
10601:(1): 70–82.
10598:
10594:
10588:
10576:. Retrieved
10572:the original
10562:
10527:
10523:
10517:
10496:
10492:
10483:
10448:
10438:
10413:
10409:
10403:
10376:
10372:
10362:
10329:
10325:
10318:
10291:
10287:
10277:
10268:
10256:. Retrieved
10245:
10235:
10223:. Retrieved
10209:
10196:
10171:
10168:Meat Science
10167:
10161:
10126:
10122:
10112:
10085:
10081:
10071:
10036:
10032:
10022:
9987:
9983:
9973:
9948:
9944:
9938:
9911:
9907:
9867:
9863:
9853:
9841:. Retrieved
9832:
9823:
9780:
9776:
9766:
9731:
9727:
9717:
9705:. Retrieved
9687:
9650:
9646:
9621:
9610:
9590:
9583:
9574:
9564:
9529:
9525:
9515:
9495:
9472:
9460:. Retrieved
9450:
9413:
9407:
9397:
9365:(1): 27–47.
9362:
9356:
9346:
9311:
9305:
9295:
9260:
9254:
9244:
9207:
9203:
9193:
9158:
9152:
9096:
9092:
9082:
9049:
9045:
9039:
9004:
9000:
8990:
8953:
8949:
8939:
8902:
8898:
8888:
8861:
8857:
8847:
8812:
8809:EMBO Reports
8808:
8798:
8763:
8759:
8749:
8704:
8700:
8690:
8656:(3): 43–49.
8653:
8649:
8639:
8604:
8600:
8590:
8563:
8559:
8549:
8517:(1): 66–81.
8514:
8510:
8500:
8464:
8460:
8450:
8415:
8411:
8401:
8368:
8364:
8358:
8325:
8321:
8315:
8280:
8276:
8266:
8233:
8229:
8223:
8190:
8186:
8180:
8143:
8139:
8129:
8094:
8090:
8080:
8045:
8041:
8031:
8019:. Retrieved
8000:
7946:
7942:
7936:
7911:
7907:
7901:
7864:
7860:
7850:
7823:
7819:
7809:
7797:. Retrieved
7778:
7743:. Retrieved
7724:
7670:
7666:
7656:
7621:
7617:
7607:
7574:
7570:
7564:
7529:
7525:
7515:
7488:
7484:
7474:
7441:
7437:
7431:
7396:
7392:
7367:. Retrieved
7357:
7345:. Retrieved
7335:
7319:
7307:
7295:. Retrieved
7276:
7230:
7226:
7216:
7193:
7162:. Retrieved
7158:
7149:
7137:. Retrieved
7110:. Retrieved
7066:
7062:
7052:
7027:
7023:
7017:
6992:
6988:
6982:
6947:
6943:
6933:
6906:
6902:
6892:
6847:
6837:
6829:the original
6816:
6812:
6762:
6758:
6748:
6713:
6709:
6683:
6674:
6665:
6656:
6644:. Retrieved
6640:the original
6602:
6598:
6592:
6557:
6553:
6543:
6508:
6504:
6494:
6459:
6455:
6445:
6420:
6416:
6410:
6375:
6371:
6346:. Retrieved
6341:
6332:
6297:
6293:
6283:
6248:
6244:
6234:
6204:(6): 430–4.
6201:
6197:
6191:
6156:
6152:
6100:
6096:
6086:
6077:
6047:
6043:
6006:(1): 31–54.
6003:
5999:
5989:
5978:
5976:
5961:
5954:
5942:. Retrieved
5938:
5929:
5917:. Retrieved
5912:
5903:
5891:. Retrieved
5887:the original
5882:
5858:. Retrieved
5814:
5810:
5800:
5782:
5775:
5763:. Retrieved
5759:
5750:
5725:
5721:
5715:
5695:
5688:
5653:
5649:
5639:
5598:
5594:
5549:(1): 57–70.
5546:
5542:
5506:. Retrieved
5501:
5492:
5482:11 September
5480:. Retrieved
5471:
5462:
5449:
5440:
5432:the original
5416:
5410:
5378:(2): 69–90.
5375:
5371:
5321:
5317:
5311:
5289:(1): 43–53.
5286:
5282:
5276:
5252:(1): 17–48.
5249:
5245:
5213:
5186:
5182:
5172:
5137:
5133:
5120:
5112:the original
5096:
5052:
5048:
5038:
5030:the original
5014:
4970:
4966:
4956:
4924:(1): 30–67.
4921:
4917:
4890:. Retrieved
4881:
4872:
4860:. Retrieved
4842:
4834:the original
4818:
4789:
4762:
4758:
4748:
4736:. Retrieved
4722:
4710:. Retrieved
4650:
4646:
4619:. Retrieved
4590:. Retrieved
4585:
4517:
4513:
4476:. Retrieved
4471:
4429:. Retrieved
4420:
4340:
4334:(especially
4312:
4306:
4290:
4286:
4274:
4254:
4250:
4241:
4233:
4226:
4220:
4216:
4197:
4182:
4171:
4152:
4112:
4095:
4082:
4070:
4054:
4051:Susan Sontag
4042:talk therapy
4030:
4015:
4011:skin cancers
3995:
3959:
3928:
3915:
3908:
3905: 25 BC
3885:
3850:
3820:brain tumors
3809:
3790:
3767:
3755:liver cancer
3735:
3731:
3719:See or edit
3672:Epidemiology
3663:
3648:
3639:Centenarians
3632:
3628:
3617:
3611:
3606:
3572:
3552:
3502:
3483:
3472:
3450:Display low
3438:
3427:
3414:
3394:
3379:
3366:brain tumors
3347:
3323:liver cancer
3289:
3282:
3254:Chemotherapy
3252:
3249:Chemotherapy
3223:chemotherapy
3220:
3198:
3121:Screens for
3120:
3015:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2952:
2925:
2890:carcinogenic
2884:
2869:
2854:
2811:
2790:whole grains
2784:
2744:colon cancer
2732:liver cancer
2724:
2683:
2652:
2648:
2530:An invasive
2514:An invasive
2493:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2432:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2410:
2399:dysgerminoma
2290:type of cell
2287:
2252:
2244:fusion genes
2232:Cytogenetics
2230:
2215:
2180:
2124:
2097:angiogenesis
2078:
2071:
2053:
2045:
2034:
2030:
2018:
2010:
2002:
1994:DNA sequence
1972:
1950:
1927:
1908:
1893:
1876:
1865:
1849:
1844:
1814:
1780:
1761:
1749:
1738:
1727:Oncogenomics
1680:
1667:Osteosarcoma
1660:
1652:testosterone
1647:progesterone
1633:and also of
1624:
1606:
1589:inflammation
1586:
1582:hand warmers
1574:
1566:cristobalite
1534:wollastonite
1526:mesothelioma
1519:
1510:
1491:
1472:
1466:
1455:
1421:
1417:skin cancers
1407:can lead to
1398:
1390:
1375:
1356:
1333:
1327:
1324:liver flukes
1310:
1305:
1293:
1273:
1268:
1183:
1168:colon cancer
1156:Aflatoxin B1
1149:
1120:
1107:to develop.
1093:Azathioprine
1091:
1077:
1067:Exposure to
1066:
1050:mesothelioma
1046:
1038:
1030:nitrosamines
1012:
1005:
1003:
960:organ donors
953:
945:
922:
916:
882:
867:
863:Angiogenesis
829:
822:
807:hyponatremia
792:
765:
742:
734:
674:
666:
651:
625:
581:
570:
553:
511:brain tumors
472:
468:
444:chemotherapy
416:whole grains
413:
397:
346:
317:
284:
283:
243:chemotherapy
226:, excessive
210:Exposure to
206:Risk factors
197:, change in
82:mesothelioma
59:, malignant
36:
16165:Ear disease
16160:Eye disease
16004:Cancer pain
15944:Cancer cell
15689:Hyperplasia
15609:MedlinePlus
15356:Mukherjee S
14967:29 December
14832:8 September
12802:Montazeri A
12507:15 December
11494:Gulati AP,
11427:21 December
11350:21 December
11318:21 December
11286:21 December
11254:21 December
11222:21 December
11190:21 December
11158:21 December
11126:21 December
11094:21 December
11062:21 December
9990:(1): 6–11.
9957:10.2741/253
9697:Mayo Clinic
8956:(7): e110.
8607:(1): 51–8.
8560:Mutagenesis
7106:"Radiation"
6417:Lung Cancer
6050:: 577–597.
5979:environment
5535:Weinberg RA
4478:19 December
4421:NHS Choices
4272:, are not.
4222:Virotherapy
3864:Hippocrates
3770:risk factor
3753:(780,000),
3740:(excluding
3721:source data
3706:Phabricator
3608:(excluding
3479:end of life
3418:lymph nodes
3339:skin cancer
3098:mammography
3096:Recommends
3064:oral cancer
3060:skin cancer
3053:colonoscopy
3032:and have a
2944:urine tests
2881:Vaccination
2850:finasteride
2794:animal fats
2752:carcinogens
2698:alcohol use
2444:liposarcoma
2383:pluripotent
2373:lymph nodes
2359:bone marrow
2355:mesenchymal
2216:The tissue
2195:blood tests
2187:pathologist
2005:methylation
1964:chromosomal
1933:Epigenetics
1868:carcinogens
1639:bone cancer
1627:endometrium
1538:attapulgite
1298:infection (
1243:hepatitis C
1239:Hepatitis B
1198:Oncoviruses
1084:carcinogens
1056:fibers, or
1007:carcinogens
964:hepatitis B
784:reflexology
780:acupressure
591:Cell growth
573:cell growth
562:Hippocrates
501:other than
499:skin cancer
475:lung cancer
442:, surgery,
420:vaccination
389:hepatitis B
357:hepatitis C
353:hepatitis B
319:Tobacco use
241:, surgery,
214:, tobacco,
212:carcinogens
195:weight loss
50:Other names
16344:Categories
15949:Carcinogen
15813:Urogenital
15754:Topography
15735:Metastasis
15699:Pseudocyst
15673:Conditions
15585:DiseasesDB
14546:: 828656.
14027:19 January
12999:5 December
12028:10 October
11936:Patient UK
11496:Domchek SM
11381:: 762–71.
10258:26 October
10225:26 October
9914:: w13250.
9707:30 January
9487:Holland JF
8021:27 January
7945:(review).
7910:(review).
7867:(18): 18.
7822:(review).
7799:27 January
7745:31 January
7491:(1): 1–3.
7297:31 January
7133:"Sunlight"
6646:13 October
6348:25 October
5765:10 October
5502:cancer.gov
5472:cancer.org
5134:The Lancet
4586:cancer.gov
4398:References
4328:red wolves
4266:mammograms
4236:Nano Today
4102:sick leave
3982:metastasis
3955:contagious
3924:purgatives
3873: – c.
3822:(23%) and
3749:(860,000)
3682:See also:
3643:depression
3610:carcinoma
3585:See also:
3262:neoplastic
3207:Management
3137:See also:
2875:Folic acid
2842:raloxifene
2808:Medication
2615:Prevention
2576:mastectomy
2429:parenchyma
2413:-carcinoma
2301:epithelial
2248:chromosome
2155:nucleotide
2127:glycolysis
2115:Metabolism
2073:Metastasis
2068:Metastasis
2062:Metastasis
1974:Epigenetic
1841:retrovirus
1821:expression
1776:nucleotide
1764:chromosome
1542:glass wool
1286:Colibactin
1101:carcinogen
824:Metastasis
819:Metastasis
813:Metastasis
701:Ulceration
646:metastasis
621:metastases
610:Promoting
76:A coronal
16065:Infection
15968:Oncovirus
15958:oncogenes
15911:Ann Arbor
15854:Papilloma
15839:Carcinoma
15832:Histology
15776:laryngeal
15720:Dysplasia
15704:Hamartoma
15319:. Wiley.
15246:245425871
14886:Alberts B
14655:17 August
14622:17 August
14152:186453370
13856:160969212
13848:1940-5278
13805:0017-789X
13787:Barbara E
12968:4 October
12614:CiteSeerX
12118:14 August
12077:14 August
10751:205189615
10532:CiteSeerX
10039:: g4490.
9843:9 January
9479:Dvorak HF
9338:222214285
6560:: d1584.
5977:The term
5531:Hanahan D
5189:: 77–97.
4667:2374-2437
4332:ungulates
4316:Carnivora
4270:PET scans
4247:Pregnancy
4092:Workplace
3998:euphemism
3943:Descartes
3911:into the
3888:(crab or
3845:Engraving
3824:lymphomas
3738:diagnosed
3581:Prognosis
3376:Radiation
3362:leukemias
3258:cytotoxic
3108:. A 2013
3047:testing,
2916:Screening
2892:viruses.
2860:vitamin D
2838:tamoxifen
2692:, led by
2536:colectomy
2470:leiomyoma
2421:-blastoma
2347:cartilage
2297:Carcinoma
2240:mutations
2226:prognosis
2218:diagnosis
2211:endoscopy
2183:screening
2165:Diagnosis
2151:glutamine
2049:microRNAs
1962:, and in
1960:oncogenes
1905:evolution
1857:apoptosis
1837:DNA virus
1772:mutations
1752:Oncogenes
1741:transform
1620:apoptosis
1597:Oncogenes
1570:tridymite
1546:rock wool
1463:syndromes
1403:from the
1347:Radiation
1290:genotoxin
1278:-induced
1245:viruses (
1194:parasites
1174:Infection
1160:Betel nut
1022:esophagus
982:Chemicals
937:radiation
929:inherited
749:leukemias
689:esophagus
681:pneumonia
654:ulcerates
577:neoplasms
343:Infection
313:100 types
267:Frequency
262:66% (USA)
254:Prognosis
235:Treatment
177:Specialty
117:, 9
109:, 6
105:, 5
101:, 4
97:, 2
54:Malignant
16360:Oncology
15989:Research
15849:Blastoma
15666:oncology
15511:, NIOSH.
15473:(WHO) |
15377:7 August
15358:(2010).
15295:16901782
15238:34937938
15170:Archived
15166:20391394
15092:24 March
15045:NBC News
15018:27786221
14961:Archived
14936:24733905
14864:Archived
14822:Newsweek
14803:43505621
14768:25267555
14733:20189876
14698:19360048
14649:Archived
14596:28 March
14572:35356338
14521:26995006
14486:19645027
14436:24131614
14401:32120274
14357:27589247
14322:21228314
14273:15337487
14212:Archived
14175:(2009).
14021:Archived
13942:13 April
13912:13 April
13907:Medscape
13887:13 April
13861:13 April
13773:12042378
13724:38892895
13716:21751192
13648:28148111
13640:21656759
13541:39667103
13533:20960499
13473:17119192
13430:34364885
13422:24488779
13378:20231056
13278:23612461
13243:17412298
13235:19156531
13196:Archived
13163:20656212
13128:Archived
13063:23245604
13054:10790329
12945:34242964
12896:28892556
12842:20030832
12720:34164589
12644:35124492
12636:15061600
12585:Archived
12561:14755017
12479:12612576
12438:44343423
12430:16948956
12371:Archived
12351:40873748
12343:21263086
12314:21612477
12270:19755046
12234:19200416
12198:20679538
12164:21900105
11992:18082594
11984:24584183
11940:Archived
11917:Archived
11883:22483746
11875:21527953
11840:20171403
11791:15146036
11742:35447562
11734:23001911
11693:22730604
11681:Oncology
11652:28 March
11628:24347031
11543:Medicine
11528:29630942
11520:18366960
11478:23737396
11397:21984740
11031:Geneva:
11008:28 March
10983:24176569
10929:28 March
10900:29376219
10851:17551129
10810:21738614
10770:PLOS ONE
10743:24414552
10734:11285307
10694:24703049
10656:16595770
10615:23094923
10554:16595781
10509:Archived
10505:20939459
10475:18425978
10466:11270836
10430:19020189
10395:20594533
10354:22950940
10346:21144578
10310:17339623
10252:Archived
10216:Archived
10188:20374790
10153:19838915
10104:17484871
10063:25073782
10014:21119663
9965:22202045
9930:21904992
9886:23641414
9837:Archived
9829:"Cancer"
9815:26675728
9758:17354479
9750:16298215
9701:Archived
9679:35988567
9556:23152241
9481:(2003).
9442:32670883
9416:: 1010.
9389:26771115
9330:33028168
9287:31781842
9236:20181022
9185:23226794
9131:23539594
9031:21779515
8982:17616978
8931:18704159
8839:11850397
8790:16728433
8682:23671730
8631:21278452
8582:17412712
8541:22389639
8491:12640109
8442:22082348
8385:16491070
8342:17109012
8307:15314031
8258:20201610
8250:11905807
8207:18234754
8172:27239106
8121:26402826
8091:Medicine
8072:19142965
8015:Archived
7963:18502035
7928:20455855
7893:21914164
7842:19468060
7793:Archived
7739:Archived
7697:21782509
7648:12677142
7599:25591527
7591:14566830
7556:22436981
7507:17220324
7466:25299272
7458:20304247
7423:24746283
7415:19374592
7369:28 March
7324:Archived
7291:Archived
7247:18046031
7208:Archived
7089:Archived
7085:20539059
7044:24559558
7009:15489139
6974:21102637
6925:14278899
6884:19107449
6825:18990005
6789:25129328
6740:19823935
6732:17005596
6619:18055160
6584:21474525
6535:18434333
6486:16998161
6437:15552776
6394:12028500
6316:12270001
6275:20891885
6226:34197973
6218:12794519
6183:35420163
6127:23393080
6103:: f165.
6074:29949726
6022:29160902
5860:28 March
5833:28341725
5792:33289989
5742:21296615
5680:45874503
5672:21946906
5617:21376230
5565:10647931
5508:28 March
5476:Archived
5454:Archived
5446:"cancer"
5402:30500384
5394:21296855
5338:23084294
5303:23369588
5268:36633525
5164:27733282
5079:23737396
4997:22158327
4940:22237782
4886:Archived
4856:Archived
4781:26400678
4732:Archived
4712:28 March
4685:34967848
4615:Archived
4592:28 March
4563:18626751
4544:18626751
4468:"Cancer"
4425:Archived
4392:Oncology
4361:See also
4357:(DFTD).
4297:mastitis
4262:CT scans
4229:COVID-19
4133:Research
4115:divorced
3909:karkinos
3890:crayfish
3886:karkinos
3883:καρκίνος
3816:leukemia
3657:such as
3327:lymphoma
3319:leukemia
3217:Oncology
2928:symptoms
2902:Cervarix
2898:Gardasil
2886:Vaccines
2848:such as
2780:red meat
2776:sausages
2772:hot dogs
2702:high BMI
2578:specimen
2538:specimen
2489:seminoma
2485:melanoma
2417:-sarcoma
2405:Blastoma
2395:seminoma
2387:testicle
2369:leukemia
2365:Lymphoma
2317:pancreas
2309:prostate
2207:CT scans
2203:contrast
2143:leukemia
2139:lymphoma
2085:invasion
2041:germline
1817:promoter
1721:Genetics
1643:estrogen
1608:Hormones
1603:Hormones
1587:Chronic
1522:asbestos
1446:Heredity
1409:melanoma
1190:bacteria
1058:leukemia
1054:asbestos
1026:pancreas
901:The GHS
840:invasion
738:cachexia
677:bronchus
658:specific
617:Invasion
557:καρκίνος
503:melanoma
432:cervical
428:red meat
258:Average
189:Symptoms
182:Oncology
61:neoplasm
15999:History
15898:grading
15894:Staging
15859:Adenoma
15844:Sarcoma
15579:D009369
15549:C00-C97
15286:2593932
15229:8755536
15208:Bibcode
15179:18 July
15026:4465686
14996:Bibcode
14927:4000813
14902:Bibcode
14563:8959852
14313:3107566
13764:1279913
13481:1579801
13453:Bibcode
13286:5726826
13071:1541253
12994:iarc.fr
12936:8271173
12887:6419241
12833:2805623
12816:: 102.
12711:8218894
12667:7 March
12569:6453919
12487:9745527
12305:4042405
12155:3675703
11964:Bibcode
11831:3339125
11782:1765659
11619:8094913
11577:4 April
11469:6464778
10949:Chen DS
10891:6491296
10801:3124481
10778:Bibcode
10578:27 July
10144:2769029
10054:4115152
10005:3039795
9877:3633807
9806:4836858
9785:Bibcode
9670:9395583
9547:6457819
9433:7330710
9380:4715268
9278:7004869
9227:2845135
9176:3506713
9122:3749880
9101:Bibcode
9093:Science
9074:9353177
9054:Bibcode
9046:Science
9022:3135649
8973:1913100
8922:2491723
8880:5770175
8871:1706430
8830:1084010
8781:2612936
8741:9096356
8709:Bibcode
8673:3648662
8622:3030973
8532:3277709
8433:3590802
8393:2514545
8350:8040576
8215:8813076
8163:4873872
8112:4635766
8063:2743036
7884:3180438
7688:3148429
7639:1514477
7547:3445438
7255:2760372
6965:3718018
6875:2166976
6780:4151483
6575:3072472
6526:2720127
6477:2563648
6402:9172672
6324:6132726
6267:9594919
6174:9324981
6118:3567204
6065:6996482
5944:5 March
5919:17 July
5913:The Age
5893:18 July
5573:1478778
5155:5055577
5070:6464778
4988:3252065
4948:2067308
4892:10 June
4862:22 July
4676:8719276
4621:18 June
4535:2515569
4431:10 June
4194:cancer.
3974:scrotum
3830:History
3818:(34%),
3793:Autopsy
3708:and on
3659:heparin
3612:in situ
3475:hospice
3411:Surgery
3264:drugs (
2856:Vitamin
2822:Aspirin
2762:(e.g.,
2727:obesity
2715:Dietary
2694:smoking
2688:– were
2667:alcohol
2659:obesity
2641:Cancer
2556:bronchi
2476:fibroid
2389:or the
2349:, fat,
2335:Sarcoma
2014:genetic
1953:genetic
1872:hypoxia
1835:from a
1829:protein
1768:mitosis
1500:when a
1434:by the
1378:mutagen
1127:obesity
1099:, is a
1062:benzene
1041:smoking
933:obesity
768:dyspnea
725:abdomen
462:in the
325:, poor
323:obesity
228:alcohol
218:, poor
216:obesity
115:kidneys
78:CT scan
16350:Cancer
16088:Cancer
15730:Cancer
15662:cancer
15658:tumors
15614:001289
15452:
15431:
15405:Cancer
15396:
15368:
15344:
15323:
15293:
15283:
15244:
15236:
15226:
15200:Nature
15164:
15128:
15024:
15016:
14988:Nature
14934:
14924:
14801:
14766:
14731:
14696:
14676:Nature
14570:
14560:
14519:
14484:
14466:Cancer
14434:
14399:
14355:
14320:
14310:
14271:
14236:5 July
14185:
14150:
14140:
14108:
14081:
14052:
13999:
13974:
13854:
13846:
13803:
13771:
13761:
13722:
13714:
13694:Cancer
13671:
13646:
13638:
13618:Cancer
13585:
13539:
13531:
13511:Cancer
13479:
13471:
13428:
13420:
13376:
13336:
13309:
13284:
13276:
13241:
13233:
13188:
13161:
13099:
13069:
13061:
13051:
13023:Lancet
12943:
12933:
12894:
12884:
12840:
12830:
12784:
12742:
12718:
12708:
12642:
12634:
12616:
12567:
12559:
12485:
12477:
12436:
12428:
12349:
12341:
12312:
12302:
12268:
12232:
12196:
12162:
12152:
11990:
11982:
11881:
11873:
11838:
11828:
11810:Lancet
11789:
11779:
11740:
11732:
11691:
11626:
11616:
11526:
11518:
11476:
11466:
11395:
11377:(11).
10981:
10898:
10888:
10849:
10808:
10798:
10749:
10741:
10731:
10692:
10654:
10613:
10552:
10534:
10503:
10473:
10463:
10428:
10393:
10352:
10344:
10326:Lancet
10308:
10186:
10151:
10141:
10102:
10061:
10051:
10012:
10002:
9963:
9928:
9884:
9874:
9813:
9803:
9777:Nature
9756:
9748:
9728:Lancet
9677:
9667:
9647:Lancet
9598:
9554:
9544:
9503:
9491:Frei E
9462:24 May
9440:
9430:
9387:
9377:
9336:
9328:
9285:
9275:
9234:
9224:
9183:
9173:
9129:
9119:
9072:
9029:
9019:
8980:
8970:
8929:
8919:
8878:
8868:
8837:
8827:
8788:
8778:
8739:
8729:
8680:
8670:
8629:
8619:
8580:
8539:
8529:
8489:
8482:150734
8479:
8440:
8430:
8391:
8383:
8348:
8340:
8305:
8298:515288
8295:
8256:
8248:
8213:
8205:
8170:
8160:
8119:
8109:
8070:
8060:
8007:
7961:
7926:
7891:
7881:
7840:
7785:
7731:
7695:
7685:
7646:
7636:
7597:
7589:
7554:
7544:
7505:
7464:
7456:
7438:Lancet
7421:
7413:
7347:8 June
7283:
7253:
7245:
7200:
7164:8 June
7139:8 June
7112:8 June
7083:
7042:
7007:
6972:
6962:
6923:
6903:Cancer
6882:
6872:
6862:
6823:
6787:
6777:
6759:Lancet
6738:
6730:
6617:
6582:
6572:
6533:
6523:
6484:
6474:
6435:
6400:
6392:
6322:
6314:
6273:
6265:
6224:
6216:
6181:
6171:
6125:
6115:
6079:2008).
6072:
6062:
6020:
5969:
5831:
5790:
5740:
5703:
5678:
5670:
5615:
5571:
5563:
5424:
5400:
5392:
5336:
5301:
5266:
5220:
5162:
5152:
5104:
5077:
5067:
5022:
4995:
4985:
4946:
4938:
4826:
4779:
4738:4 July
4683:
4673:
4665:
4561:
4557:,
4542:
4532:
4002:stigma
3916:cancer
3898:Celsus
3593:, and
3341:, and
3125:using
3034:cervix
2908:. The
2814:NSAIDs
2455:ductal
2341:(i.e.
2305:breast
2199:X-rays
2173:Chest
2145:, and
2024:or in
1915:stages
1631:testis
1578:kanger
1562:quartz
1554:nickel
1550:cobalt
1481:, and
1125:, and
1121:Diet,
1073:Teflon
1018:larynx
887:Causes
838:Local
751:, and
709:anemia
543:script
485:, and
409:biopsy
297:spread
293:invade
285:Cancer
275:Deaths
168:
111:spleen
45:Cancer
15982:Misc.
15868:Other
15808:Blood
15590:28843
15499:, USA
15242:S2CID
15173:(PDF)
15150:(PDF)
15022:S2CID
14870:5 May
14799:S2CID
14764:S2CID
14208:Slate
13852:S2CID
13720:S2CID
13644:S2CID
13537:S2CID
13477:S2CID
13426:S2CID
13282:S2CID
13239:S2CID
13067:S2CID
12990:(PDF)
12640:S2CID
12565:S2CID
12537:(PDF)
12483:S2CID
12434:S2CID
12395:(PDF)
12388:(PDF)
12347:S2CID
12112:(PDF)
12101:(PDF)
12071:(PDF)
12060:(PDF)
12022:PCORI
11988:S2CID
11879:S2CID
11738:S2CID
11524:S2CID
10961:arXiv
10747:S2CID
10350:S2CID
10219:(PDF)
10206:(PDF)
9754:S2CID
9485:. In
9334:S2CID
9210:: 7.
8732:20332
8389:S2CID
8346:S2CID
8254:S2CID
8211:S2CID
7595:S2CID
7462:S2CID
7419:S2CID
7327:(PDF)
7316:(PDF)
7251:S2CID
6736:S2CID
6398:S2CID
6320:S2CID
6271:S2CID
6222:S2CID
5676:S2CID
5569:S2CID
5398:S2CID
4944:S2CID
4353:with
3968:that
3947:lymph
3920:Galen
3913:Latin
3894:Galen
3881:word
3879:Greek
3635:frail
3554:Laser
3260:anti-
3169:HNPCC
3159:BRCA2
3155:BRCA1
3146:Gene
3117:Japan
3089:, or
3051:, or
2940:blood
2830:polyp
2764:bacon
2643:DALYs
2574:in a
2481:-noma
2425:organ
2391:ovary
2351:nerve
2329:gland
2321:colon
2175:X-ray
2109:bones
2105:liver
2101:lungs
1990:HMGA1
1986:HMGA2
1845:viral
1745:genes
1474:BRCA2
1468:BRCA1
1382:radon
1373:gas.
1371:radon
1095:, an
878:bones
874:liver
870:lungs
761:fever
753:liver
697:bowel
566:Galen
497:. If
400:genes
158:
119:liver
107:aorta
99:spine
95:lungs
87:tumor
57:tumor
16014:Diet
15803:Skin
15798:Bone
15766:oral
15694:Cyst
15664:and
15574:MeSH
15559:9-CM
15450:ISBN
15429:ISBN
15394:ISBN
15379:2013
15366:ISBN
15342:ISBN
15321:ISBN
15291:PMID
15265:Cell
15234:PMID
15181:2014
15162:PMID
15126:ISBN
15094:2024
15014:PMID
14969:2009
14932:PMID
14872:2009
14834:2008
14729:PMID
14694:PMID
14657:2009
14624:2009
14598:2018
14568:PMID
14517:PMID
14482:PMID
14432:PMID
14397:PMID
14353:PMID
14318:PMID
14269:PMID
14238:2018
14183:ISBN
14148:OCLC
14138:ISBN
14106:ISBN
14079:ISBN
14071:"10"
14050:ISBN
14029:2011
13997:ISBN
13972:ISBN
13944:2020
13914:2020
13889:2020
13863:2020
13844:ISSN
13801:ISSN
13769:PMID
13712:PMID
13669:ISBN
13636:PMID
13596:2013
13583:ISBN
13529:PMID
13469:PMID
13449:1076
13418:PMID
13374:PMID
13334:ISBN
13307:ISBN
13274:PMID
13231:PMID
13186:ISBN
13159:PMID
13097:ISBN
13059:PMID
13001:2018
12970:2019
12941:PMID
12892:PMID
12870:2021
12838:PMID
12782:ISBN
12778:2399
12740:ISBN
12716:PMID
12669:2020
12632:PMID
12557:PMID
12509:2017
12475:PMID
12426:PMID
12339:PMID
12318:and
12310:PMID
12266:PMID
12230:PMID
12194:PMID
12168:and
12160:PMID
12120:2012
12079:2012
12030:2023
11980:PMID
11871:PMID
11836:PMID
11787:PMID
11730:PMID
11689:PMID
11654:2018
11624:PMID
11602:2021
11579:2020
11516:PMID
11474:PMID
11452:2013
11429:2010
11393:PMID
11352:2010
11320:2010
11288:2010
11256:2010
11224:2010
11192:2010
11160:2010
11128:2010
11096:2010
11064:2010
11010:2018
10979:PMID
10931:2018
10896:PMID
10847:PMID
10829:JAMA
10806:PMID
10739:PMID
10690:PMID
10652:PMID
10611:PMID
10580:2007
10550:PMID
10501:PMID
10471:PMID
10426:PMID
10391:PMID
10342:PMID
10306:PMID
10260:2015
10227:2015
10184:PMID
10149:PMID
10100:PMID
10059:PMID
10010:PMID
9961:PMID
9926:PMID
9882:PMID
9845:2011
9811:PMID
9746:PMID
9709:2010
9675:PMID
9596:ISBN
9552:PMID
9501:ISBN
9464:2022
9438:PMID
9385:PMID
9326:PMID
9283:PMID
9232:PMID
9181:PMID
9127:PMID
9070:PMID
9027:PMID
8978:PMID
8927:PMID
8876:PMID
8835:PMID
8786:PMID
8737:PMID
8678:PMID
8627:PMID
8578:PMID
8537:PMID
8487:PMID
8438:PMID
8381:PMID
8338:PMID
8303:PMID
8246:PMID
8203:PMID
8168:PMID
8117:PMID
8068:PMID
8023:2011
8005:ISBN
7959:PMID
7924:PMID
7889:PMID
7838:PMID
7801:2011
7783:ISBN
7747:2011
7729:ISBN
7693:PMID
7644:PMID
7587:PMID
7552:PMID
7503:PMID
7454:PMID
7411:PMID
7371:2018
7349:2019
7299:2011
7281:ISBN
7243:PMID
7198:ISBN
7166:2019
7141:2019
7114:2019
7081:PMID
7040:PMID
7005:PMID
6970:PMID
6921:PMID
6880:PMID
6860:ISBN
6821:PMID
6785:PMID
6728:PMID
6648:2007
6615:PMID
6580:PMID
6531:PMID
6482:PMID
6433:PMID
6390:PMID
6350:2023
6312:PMID
6263:PMID
6214:PMID
6179:PMID
6123:PMID
6070:PMID
6018:PMID
5967:ISBN
5946:2020
5921:2023
5895:2013
5862:2018
5829:PMID
5788:PMID
5767:2023
5738:PMID
5701:ISBN
5668:PMID
5613:PMID
5595:Cell
5561:PMID
5543:Cell
5510:2018
5484:2013
5422:ISBN
5390:PMID
5334:PMID
5299:PMID
5264:PMID
5218:ISBN
5160:PMID
5102:ISBN
5075:PMID
5053:2013
5020:ISBN
4993:PMID
4936:PMID
4894:2014
4864:2013
4824:ISBN
4777:PMID
4740:2015
4714:2018
4681:PMID
4663:ISSN
4623:2014
4594:2018
4559:PMID
4540:PMID
4480:2018
4433:2014
4326:and
4258:MRIs
4202:and
4125:and
3814:are
3276:and
3237:and
3215:and
3189:PMS2
3185:PMS1
3181:MSH6
3177:MSH2
3173:MLH1
3043:via
3016:The
3002:Cost
2930:and
2900:and
2800:and
2756:IARC
2746:and
2700:and
2498:and
2487:and
2465:-oma
2397:and
2367:and
2343:bone
2319:and
2313:lung
2266:and
2234:and
2209:and
1702:and
1694:and
1645:and
1637:and
1568:and
1556:and
1552:and
1544:and
1471:and
1369:and
1332:and
1322:The
1288:, a
1241:and
1221:and
1192:and
1139:and
1032:and
990:and
974:and
776:fans
564:and
524:US$
509:and
446:and
434:and
426:and
391:and
375:and
327:diet
220:diet
103:ribs
15906:TNM
15568:239
15564:140
15555:ICD
15540:ICD
15482:at
15408:at
15281:PMC
15273:doi
15269:126
15224:PMC
15216:doi
15204:601
15004:doi
14992:538
14922:PMC
14912:doi
14898:111
14791:doi
14756:doi
14721:doi
14684:doi
14680:458
14558:PMC
14548:doi
14509:doi
14474:doi
14470:115
14424:doi
14387:doi
14383:129
14345:doi
14308:PMC
14300:doi
14296:103
14261:doi
13836:doi
13759:PMC
13751:doi
13702:doi
13698:118
13626:doi
13622:117
13519:doi
13515:117
13461:doi
13408:doi
13366:doi
13266:doi
13223:doi
13151:doi
13089:"4"
13049:PMC
13039:hdl
13031:doi
13027:380
12931:PMC
12923:doi
12882:PMC
12874:doi
12828:PMC
12818:doi
12706:PMC
12696:doi
12624:doi
12549:doi
12465:doi
12418:doi
12331:doi
12300:PMC
12292:doi
12288:364
12256:doi
12220:doi
12184:doi
12150:PMC
12142:doi
11972:doi
11863:doi
11826:PMC
11818:doi
11814:375
11777:PMC
11769:doi
11720:doi
11614:PMC
11606:doi
11551:doi
11508:doi
11464:PMC
11456:doi
11383:doi
11375:155
10971:doi
10923:NCI
10886:PMC
10878:doi
10837:doi
10833:297
10796:PMC
10786:doi
10729:PMC
10721:doi
10682:doi
10642:doi
10603:doi
10542:doi
10461:PMC
10453:doi
10418:doi
10381:doi
10334:doi
10330:377
10296:doi
10292:146
10176:doi
10139:PMC
10131:doi
10090:doi
10086:132
10049:PMC
10041:doi
10037:349
10033:BMJ
10000:PMC
9992:doi
9988:104
9953:doi
9916:doi
9912:141
9872:PMC
9801:PMC
9793:doi
9781:529
9736:doi
9732:366
9665:PMC
9655:doi
9651:400
9542:PMC
9534:doi
9428:PMC
9418:doi
9375:PMC
9367:doi
9316:doi
9273:PMC
9265:doi
9222:PMC
9212:doi
9171:PMC
9163:doi
9117:PMC
9109:doi
9097:339
9062:doi
9050:278
9017:PMC
9009:doi
8968:PMC
8958:doi
8917:PMC
8907:doi
8866:PMC
8825:PMC
8817:doi
8776:PMC
8768:doi
8727:PMC
8717:doi
8668:PMC
8658:doi
8617:PMC
8609:doi
8568:doi
8527:PMC
8519:doi
8477:PMC
8469:doi
8428:PMC
8420:doi
8373:doi
8330:doi
8293:PMC
8285:doi
8238:doi
8195:doi
8191:358
8158:PMC
8148:doi
8107:PMC
8099:doi
8058:PMC
8050:doi
8046:124
7951:doi
7947:267
7916:doi
7879:PMC
7869:doi
7828:doi
7683:PMC
7675:doi
7634:PMC
7626:doi
7622:237
7579:doi
7575:107
7542:PMC
7534:doi
7493:doi
7446:doi
7442:375
7401:doi
7235:doi
7231:357
7159:WHO
7071:doi
7032:doi
6997:doi
6960:PMC
6952:doi
6911:doi
6870:PMC
6852:doi
6775:PMC
6767:doi
6763:384
6718:doi
6607:doi
6570:PMC
6562:doi
6558:342
6554:BMJ
6521:PMC
6513:doi
6509:177
6472:PMC
6464:doi
6425:doi
6380:doi
6376:251
6302:doi
6298:252
6253:doi
6206:doi
6169:PMC
6161:doi
6157:257
6113:PMC
6105:doi
6101:346
6097:BMJ
6060:PMC
6052:doi
6008:doi
5819:doi
5730:doi
5658:doi
5603:doi
5599:144
5551:doi
5547:100
5380:doi
5326:doi
5291:doi
5254:doi
5191:doi
5150:PMC
5142:doi
5138:388
5126:GBD
5065:PMC
5057:doi
4983:PMC
4975:doi
4971:105
4926:doi
4767:doi
4671:PMC
4655:doi
4551:doi
4530:PMC
4522:doi
4049:by
3782:DNA
3104:or
2962:or
2946:or
2942:or
2840:or
2768:ham
2738:or
2736:red
2706:GBD
2419:or
2201:, (
1988:or
1839:or
1803:abl
1799:BCR
1438:'s
1413:UVB
1405:sun
976:HIV
755:or
711:or
664:".
379:.
333:or
295:or
16346::
15660:,
15612::
15588::
15577::
15562::
15547::
15544:10
15402:.
15289:.
15279:.
15267:.
15263:.
15240:.
15232:.
15222:.
15214:.
15202:.
15198:.
15168:.
15158:54
15156:.
15152:.
15102:^
15085:.
15074:^
15062:.
15042:.
15020:.
15012:.
15002:.
14990:.
14986:.
14959:.
14955:.
14930:.
14920:.
14910:.
14896:.
14892:.
14862:.
14856:.
14842:^
14820:.
14797:.
14787:24
14785:.
14762:.
14752:24
14750:.
14727:.
14717:16
14715:.
14692:.
14678:.
14674:.
14647:.
14641:.
14588:.
14566:.
14556:.
14544:13
14542:.
14538:.
14515:.
14505:10
14503:.
14480:.
14468:.
14444:^
14430:.
14420:14
14418:.
14395:.
14381:.
14377:.
14365:^
14351:.
14341:66
14339:.
14316:.
14306:.
14294:.
14290:.
14267:.
14255:.
14228:.
14210:.
14206:.
14160:^
14146:.
14120:^
14073:.
13952:^
13930:.
13905:.
13880:.
13850:.
13842:.
13832:11
13830:.
13826:.
13799:.
13793:.
13767:.
13757:.
13747:95
13745:.
13741:.
13718:.
13710:.
13696:.
13692:.
13642:.
13634:.
13620:.
13616:.
13604:^
13535:.
13527:.
13513:.
13509:.
13489:^
13475:.
13467:.
13459:.
13447:.
13424:.
13416:.
13404:64
13402:.
13400:CA
13398:.
13386:^
13372:.
13362:36
13360:.
13348:^
13280:.
13272:.
13262:13
13260:.
13237:.
13229:.
13219:10
13217:.
13194:.
13180:.
13157:.
13147:75
13145:.
13126:.
13120:.
13079:^
13065:.
13057:.
13047:.
13037:.
13025:.
13021:.
13009:^
12992:.
12978:^
12961:.
12939:.
12929:.
12919:14
12917:.
12913:.
12890:.
12880:.
12868:.
12864:.
12850:^
12836:.
12826:.
12812:.
12808:.
12780:.
12758:^
12714:.
12704:.
12690:.
12686:.
12660:.
12638:.
12630:.
12622:.
12610:54
12608:.
12563:.
12555:.
12543:.
12539:.
12481:.
12473:.
12459:.
12455:.
12432:.
12424:.
12412:.
12369:.
12345:.
12337:.
12327:29
12325:.
12308:.
12298:.
12286:.
12282:.
12264:.
12250:.
12246:.
12228:.
12214:.
12210:.
12192:.
12178:.
12174:.
12158:.
12148:.
12138:29
12136:.
12132:.
12103:.
12096:.
12062:.
12055:.
12038:^
12020:.
12000:^
11986:.
11978:.
11970:.
11960:59
11958:.
11938:.
11934:.
11915:.
11877:.
11869:.
11859:12
11857:.
11834:.
11824:.
11812:.
11808:.
11785:.
11775:.
11765:75
11763:.
11759:.
11736:.
11728:.
11716:87
11714:.
11710:.
11685:26
11683:.
11662:^
11644:.
11622:.
11612:.
11600:.
11596:.
11547:36
11545:.
11522:.
11514:.
11504:10
11502:.
11486:^
11472:.
11462:.
11450:.
11446:.
11413:.
11391:.
11373:.
11369:.
11336:.
11304:.
11272:.
11240:.
11208:.
11176:.
11144:.
11112:.
11080:.
11048:.
11018:^
10991:^
10977:.
10969:.
10957:14
10955:.
10939:^
10921:.
10908:^
10894:.
10884:.
10872:.
10868:.
10845:.
10831:.
10827:.
10804:.
10794:.
10784:.
10772:.
10768:.
10745:.
10737:.
10727:.
10715:.
10711:.
10688:.
10676:.
10664:^
10650:.
10638:98
10636:.
10632:.
10609:.
10599:13
10597:.
10548:.
10540:.
10528:98
10526:.
10507:.
10497:19
10495:.
10491:.
10469:.
10459:.
10447:.
10424:.
10414:65
10412:.
10389:.
10377:14
10375:.
10371:.
10348:.
10340:.
10328:.
10304:.
10290:.
10286:.
10250:.
10244:.
10214:.
10208:.
10182:.
10172:84
10170:.
10147:.
10137:.
10127:61
10125:.
10121:.
10098:.
10084:.
10080:.
10057:.
10047:.
10035:.
10031:.
10008:.
9998:.
9986:.
9982:.
9959:.
9947:.
9924:.
9910:.
9906:.
9894:^
9880:.
9868:42
9866:.
9862:.
9835:.
9831:.
9809:.
9799:.
9791:.
9779:.
9775:.
9752:.
9744:.
9730:.
9726:.
9695:.
9673:.
9663:.
9649:.
9645:.
9631:^
9620:.
9573:.
9550:.
9540:.
9530:11
9528:.
9524:.
9489:,
9436:.
9426:.
9414:10
9412:.
9406:.
9383:.
9373:.
9363:23
9361:.
9355:.
9332:.
9324:.
9312:42
9310:.
9304:.
9281:.
9271:.
9261:69
9259:.
9253:.
9230:.
9220:.
9206:.
9202:.
9179:.
9169:.
9157:.
9151:.
9139:^
9125:.
9115:.
9107:.
9095:.
9091:.
9068:.
9060:.
9048:.
9025:.
9015:.
9003:.
8999:.
8976:.
8966:.
8952:.
8948:.
8925:.
8915:.
8901:.
8897:.
8874:.
8862:21
8860:.
8856:.
8833:.
8823:.
8811:.
8807:.
8784:.
8774:.
8764:27
8762:.
8758:.
8735:.
8725:.
8715:.
8705:94
8703:.
8699:.
8676:.
8666:.
8652:.
8648:.
8625:.
8615:.
8603:.
8599:.
8576:.
8564:22
8562:.
8558:.
8535:.
8525:.
8513:.
8509:.
8485:.
8475:.
8465:23
8463:.
8459:.
8436:.
8426:.
8416:81
8414:.
8410:.
8387:.
8379:.
8367:.
8344:.
8336:.
8324:.
8301:.
8291:.
8281:18
8279:.
8275:.
8252:.
8244:.
8232:.
8209:.
8201:.
8189:.
8166:.
8156:.
8144:22
8142:.
8138:.
8115:.
8105:.
8095:94
8093:.
8089:.
8066:.
8056:.
8044:.
8040:.
8013:.
7971:^
7957:.
7922:.
7912:10
7887:.
7877:.
7863:.
7859:.
7836:.
7824:30
7818:.
7791:.
7755:^
7737:.
7705:^
7691:.
7681:.
7671:12
7669:.
7665:.
7642:.
7632:.
7620:.
7616:.
7593:.
7585:.
7573:.
7550:.
7540:.
7530:48
7528:.
7524:.
7501:.
7489:16
7487:.
7483:.
7460:.
7452:.
7440:.
7417:.
7409:.
7395:.
7391:.
7379:^
7322:.
7318:.
7289:.
7263:^
7249:.
7241:.
7229:.
7225:.
7206:.
7174:^
7157:.
7122:^
7097:^
7087:.
7079:.
7065:.
7061:.
7038:.
7028:32
7026:.
7003:.
6993:14
6991:.
6968:.
6958:.
6948:10
6946:.
6942:.
6919:.
6907:18
6905:.
6901:.
6878:.
6868:.
6858:.
6846:.
6815:.
6811:.
6797:^
6783:.
6773:.
6761:.
6757:.
6734:.
6726:.
6714:56
6712:.
6708:.
6694:^
6682:.
6664:.
6627:^
6613:.
6603:61
6601:.
6578:.
6568:.
6556:.
6552:.
6529:.
6519:.
6507:.
6503:.
6480:.
6470:.
6460:15
6458:.
6454:.
6431:.
6421:45
6419:.
6396:.
6388:.
6374:.
6370:.
6358:^
6340:.
6318:.
6310:.
6296:.
6292:.
6269:.
6261:.
6249:48
6247:.
6243:.
6220:.
6212:.
6202:25
6200:.
6177:.
6167:.
6155:.
6151:.
6135:^
6121:.
6111:.
6099:.
6095:.
6076:.
6068:.
6058:.
6048:70
6046:.
6042:.
6030:^
6016:.
6004:68
6002:.
5998:.
5975:.
5937:.
5911:.
5881:.
5870:^
5841:^
5827:.
5815:24
5813:.
5809:.
5758:.
5736:.
5726:12
5724:.
5674:.
5666:.
5654:35
5652:.
5648:.
5625:^
5611:.
5597:.
5593:.
5581:^
5567:.
5559:.
5545:.
5541:.
5533:,
5518:^
5500:.
5470:.
5452:.
5448:.
5396:.
5388:.
5376:61
5374:.
5372:CA
5370:.
5346:^
5332:.
5322:20
5320:.
5297:.
5287:21
5285:.
5262:.
5250:73
5248:.
5246:CA
5244:.
5232:^
5205:^
5185:.
5181:.
5158:.
5148:.
5136:.
5132:.
5087:^
5073:.
5063:.
5051:.
5047:.
5005:^
4991:.
4981:.
4969:.
4965:.
4942:.
4934:.
4922:62
4920:.
4916:.
4902:^
4880:.
4854:.
4850:.
4803:^
4775:.
4763:51
4761:.
4757:.
4693:^
4679:.
4669:.
4661:.
4649:.
4645:.
4631:^
4602:^
4584:.
4571:^
4538:.
4528:.
4518:25
4516:.
4512:.
4488:^
4470:.
4441:^
4423:.
4419:.
4406:^
4322:,
4161:.
4068:.
3957:.
3902:c.
3868:c.
3853:c.
3723:.
3668:.
3626:.
3589:,
3436:.
3356:,
3352:,
3337:,
3333:,
3329:,
3321:,
3317:,
3313:,
3233:,
3229:,
3225:,
3187:,
3183:,
3179:,
3175:,
3171:,
3157:,
3085:,
3081:,
3077:,
3062:,
2950:.
2938:,
2804:.
2796:,
2774:,
2770:,
2766:,
2711:.
2696:,
2669:,
2665:,
2550:A
2502:.
2491:.
2415:,
2345:,
2315:,
2311:,
2307:,
2242:,
2213:.
2205:)
2197:,
2141:,
2111:.
2103:,
2087:,
1925:.
1874:.
1863:.
1812:.
1614:.
1595:.
1564:,
1540:,
1536:,
1396:.
1342:).
1326:,
1225:),
1211:),
1154:.
1064:.
1036:.
1020:,
1010:.
970:,
966:,
921:.
880:.
872:,
790:.
763:.
747:,
740:.
727:.
683:;
481:,
477:,
418:,
411:.
371:,
367:,
363:,
359:,
355:,
351:,
329:,
245:,
222:,
152:ər
16048:e
16041:t
16034:v
15956:/
15896:/
15649:e
15642:t
15635:v
15566:—
15557:-
15542:-
15532:D
15518:.
15458:.
15437:.
15381:.
15350:.
15329:.
15297:.
15275::
15248:.
15218::
15210::
15183:.
15134:.
15096:.
15028:.
15006::
14998::
14971:.
14938:.
14914::
14904::
14874:.
14836:.
14805:.
14793::
14770:.
14758::
14735:.
14723::
14700:.
14686::
14659:.
14626:.
14600:.
14574:.
14550::
14523:.
14511::
14488:.
14476::
14438:.
14426::
14403:.
14389::
14359:.
14347::
14324:.
14302::
14275:.
14263::
14257:5
14240:.
14191:.
14154:.
14114:.
14087:.
14058:.
14031:.
14005:.
13980:.
13946:.
13916:.
13891:.
13865:.
13838::
13775:.
13753::
13726:.
13704::
13677:.
13650:.
13628::
13598:.
13543:.
13521::
13483:.
13463::
13455::
13432:.
13410::
13380:.
13368::
13342:.
13315:.
13288:.
13268::
13245:.
13225::
13165:.
13153::
13105:.
13073:.
13041::
13033::
13003:.
12972:.
12947:.
12925::
12898:.
12876::
12844:.
12820::
12814:7
12790:.
12722:.
12698::
12692:4
12671:.
12646:.
12626::
12571:.
12551::
12545:9
12522:.
12511:.
12489:.
12467::
12461:9
12440:.
12420::
12414:4
12353:.
12333::
12316:.
12294::
12272:.
12258::
12252:7
12236:.
12222::
12216:7
12200:.
12186::
12180:8
12166:.
12144::
12122:.
12081:.
12032:.
11994:.
11974::
11966::
11885:.
11865::
11842:.
11820::
11793:.
11771::
11744:.
11722::
11695:.
11656:.
11630:.
11608::
11581:.
11557:.
11553::
11530:.
11510::
11480:.
11458::
11431:.
11399:.
11385::
11354:.
11322:.
11290:.
11258:.
11226:.
11194:.
11162:.
11130:.
11098:.
11066:.
11012:.
10985:.
10973::
10963::
10933:.
10902:.
10880::
10874:1
10853:.
10839::
10812:.
10788::
10780::
10774:6
10753:.
10723::
10717:1
10696:.
10684::
10678:2
10658:.
10644::
10617:.
10605::
10582:.
10556:.
10544::
10477:.
10455::
10432:.
10420::
10397:.
10383::
10356:.
10336::
10312:.
10298::
10262:.
10229:.
10190:.
10178::
10155:.
10133::
10106:.
10092::
10065:.
10043::
10016:.
9994::
9967:.
9955::
9949:4
9932:.
9918::
9888:.
9847:.
9817:.
9795::
9787::
9760:.
9738::
9711:.
9681:.
9657::
9624:.
9604:.
9577:.
9558:.
9536::
9509:.
9466:.
9444:.
9420::
9391:.
9369::
9340:.
9318::
9289:.
9267::
9238:.
9214::
9208:7
9187:.
9165::
9159:4
9133:.
9111::
9103::
9076:.
9064::
9056::
9033:.
9011::
9005:2
8984:.
8960::
8954:3
8933:.
8909::
8903:4
8882:.
8841:.
8819::
8813:3
8792:.
8770::
8743:.
8719::
8711::
8684:.
8660::
8654:5
8633:.
8611::
8605:3
8584:.
8570::
8543:.
8521::
8515:8
8495:/
8493:.
8471::
8444:.
8422::
8395:.
8375::
8369:6
8352:.
8332::
8326:6
8309:.
8287::
8260:.
8240::
8234:1
8217:.
8197::
8174:.
8150::
8123:.
8101::
8074:.
8052::
8025:.
7965:.
7953::
7930:.
7918::
7895:.
7871::
7865:9
7844:.
7830::
7803:.
7749:.
7699:.
7677::
7650:.
7628::
7601:.
7581::
7558:.
7536::
7509:.
7495::
7468:.
7448::
7425:.
7403::
7397:9
7373:.
7351:.
7301:.
7257:.
7237::
7168:.
7143:.
7116:.
7073::
7067:4
7046:.
7034::
7011:.
6999::
6976:.
6954::
6927:.
6913::
6886:.
6854::
6817:9
6791:.
6769::
6742:.
6720::
6650:.
6621:.
6609::
6586:.
6564::
6537:.
6515::
6488:.
6466::
6439:.
6427::
6404:.
6382::
6352:.
6326:.
6304::
6277:.
6255::
6228:.
6208::
6185:.
6163::
6129:.
6107::
6054::
6024:.
6010::
5948:.
5923:.
5897:.
5864:.
5835:.
5821::
5794:.
5769:.
5744:.
5732::
5709:.
5682:.
5660::
5619:.
5605::
5575:.
5553::
5512:.
5486:.
5404:.
5382::
5340:.
5328::
5305:.
5293::
5270:.
5256::
5226:.
5199:.
5193::
5187:4
5166:.
5144::
5081:.
5059::
4999:.
4977::
4950:.
4928::
4896:.
4866:.
4797:.
4783:.
4769::
4742:.
4716:.
4687:.
4657::
4651:8
4625:.
4596:.
4565:)
4553::
4546:.
4524::
4482:.
4435:.
3900:(
3866:(
3712:.
3533:)
3093:.
2896:(
2865:3
2863:D
2657:/
2633:.
2393:(
2361:.
1801:-
1560:(
1338:(
1319:)
1315:(
1302:)
1282:.
1265:)
1261:(
1249:)
1231:(
1217:(
1207:(
782:/
545:)
155:/
149:s
146:n
143:æ
140:k
137:ˈ
134:/
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.