127:
464:
530:
522:
31:
188:
who figured in the order's legends about its origins. It was also known as white crosiers or crosiers with red heart from the color of their robes or their emblem. The order's difficult and varied names introduce much confusion in historiography and obscure its origin and history. In particular, the
381:
in 1673–1674, the
Bohemian order became an autonomous and independent order in 1678. The new order became known as the Order of the Holy Cross with the Red Heart (Canonicus Ordo Crucigerorum cum Rubeo Corde). In 1715, they established an annual celebration in honor of Saint
1397:
235:, though this description is unclear and debatable. However, the information about the order's activities is very fragmentary as its rules prohibited publicizing one's work, and many libraries and archives were lost when the monasteries were closed.
714:
582:
161:, a Roman fountain located nearby. It could also be a reference to Demetrius, an alleged Christian martyr who plays a role in the legends of the order's founding. In Lithuania, the order was known as
1525:
1430:
Vaicekauskas, Mikas (2008). "To Burn or To
Republish?: The Fate of the 18th–19th century Lithuanian Bestseller". In Gabler, Hans Walter; Robinson, Peter; Subačius, Paulius V. (eds.).
17:
139:
212:. White symbolized purity while red symbolized martyrdom and sacrifice. The meaning of the emblem could be summarized as "perfecting the heart by faithfully carrying the cross".
170:
126:
377:, the Canons Regular of Penitence returned to Prague but they were not satisfied with their Polish superior general. After a failed attempt to merge with the Belgian
1468:
The cultural legacy of the monasteries resolved in the former Polish
Commonwealth and in Silesia during 18th and 19th centuries: the fate, importance, inventory
1001:
395:
1177:
Elm, Kaspar; Franchi, Antonino; Gustaw, Romualdo (1980). "Frati della
Penitenza dei Beati Martiri". In Pelliccia, Guerrino; Rocca, Giancarlo (eds.).
1365:
709:
1535:
897:
378:
302:(two of them in Prague), two in the Kingdom of Poland, one in Germany, and one in an unknown island in Kuyavia. The order was invited to the
577:
637:
175:
1326:
1540:
1231:
955:
400:
208:. The scapular was embroidered with the symbol of the order – red heart with a red cross. A pierced heart is an attribute of
564:
335:
279:
where the monks built the Church of the Holy Cross (completed in 1356). In 1257, the order was invited to Poland by Duke
1151:
1033:
1545:
457:
416:
As the number of monasteries in the Grand Duchy of
Lithuania continued to grow, the order formed a separate Lithuanian
144:
417:
153:
where the order was originally based. The church is known only from written records and possibly was located near the
1501:
1447:
1336:
1283:
1241:
1230:
Janonienė, Rūta (20 September 2000). "Vilniaus buvęs atgailos kanauninkų vienuolynas ir Šv. Baltramiejaus bažnyčia".
984:
79:
1398:"ks. Andrzej Bruździński, Kanonicy regularni od pokuty na ziemiach polskich, Wydawnictwo Unum, Kraków 2003, ss. 445"
373:
in 1470. In the 16th century, the order's monasteries were located only in Poland and
Lithuania. In 1628, after the
1312:
The knights of the cross with the red heart (Cyriaci) and their convent in the Old Town of Prague between 1628-1729
1530:
307:
410:
311:
231:(including a pseudo-martyr Demetrius). The order was known for its pastoral work. It was also described as a
898:"Ks. Andrzej Bruździński, Kanonicy regularni od pokuty na ziemiach polskich, Kraków: Wydawnictwo UNUM, 2003"
1325:
Janonienė, Rūta (6 June 2000). "Videniškių buvęs atgailos kanauninkų vienuolynas ir Šv. Lauryno bažnyčia".
657:
498:
358:
1520:
390:(1621–1688), was first buried in the Church of the Holy Cross of the order and only later transferred to
463:
219:. Its surviving constitutions (1612 from Poland and 1750 from Bohemia) are essentially copies of the
1074:
Dictionnaire des Ordres religieux ou
Histoire des Ordres Monastiques, Religieux et Militaires (etc.)
369:) monasteries were closed. The monks returned to Prague in 1436 but had to flee more permanently to
66:, and devotion to the Holy Cross. Established in the 13th century, the order was initially based in
1034:"An Hitherto Unknown 17th Century Correspondence Between Bohemian and Belgian Crosiers (1673–1674)"
374:
303:
91:
280:
405:
continues to be celebrated in Prague every 15 May. The
Bohemian order was closed in 1783 due to
284:
1072:
366:
318:
in 1260) and perhaps in Spain and France. The monasteries in Spain were reportedly located in
1305:
272:
216:
74:, Germany, England, perhaps Spain and France. The Bohemian branch with the main monastery in
59:
48:
Ordo
Canonicorum Regularium Mendicantium S. Mariae de Metro de Poenitentia Sanctorum Martyrum
1270:
950:
481:
224:
131:
115:
1307:
Kanonie Cyriaků (křižovníků s červeným srdcem) na Starém Městě pražském v letech 1628-1729
529:
83:
8:
421:
391:
154:
1314:] (Diploma thesis) (in Czech). Charles University in Prague. pp. 5, 30, 62, 79.
331:
327:
299:
291:
95:
71:
387:
1497:
1463:
1443:
1412:
1332:
1279:
1237:
1212:
1182:
1166:
1078:
1048:
1007:
980:
912:
521:
260:
228:
1342:
78:
became an independent order in 1628 and was suppressed in 1783. Most popular in the
1435:
441:
342:
252:
107:
1247:
683:
383:
232:
220:
209:
197:
851:
445:
256:
248:
185:
165:(White Augustinians) from their white robes. In Poland, the order was known as
103:
55:
51:
43:
1439:
1077:. Encyclopédie théologique (in French). Vol. 2. Migne. pp. 953–954.
864:
670:
425:
99:
1514:
1416:
1204:
1082:
1011:
916:
786:
449:
1216:
1186:
1170:
1052:
760:
512:), author of a popular Lithuanian-language collection of religious readings
350:
271:– that came under papal protection. In 1256, the order was invited by King
624:
611:
428:
became the superior general. The superior in Videniškiai had the title of
406:
341:
Initially based in Rome at the Church of the Sancta Mariae de Metro, the
158:
1181:(in Italian). Vol. VI. Rome: Edizioni Paoline. pp. 1392–1398.
1107:
642:
597:
467:
The main location of the order in Poland – Church of St. Mark in Kraków
354:
63:
492:
773:
696:
485:
362:
315:
742:
551:
516:
460:. This monastery also closed in 1845 bringing the end of the order.
453:
370:
134:
wearing the white habit with the embroidered red emblem of the order
111:
87:
799:
452:
policies and closed all monasteries of the order except for one in
244:
205:
201:
190:
323:
838:
825:
812:
746:
437:
268:
264:
259:. The earliest known papal document referencing the order is by
346:
319:
314:
in 1387. The order also had monasteries in
England (founded in
276:
263:
from 9 April 1256 which mentioned three monasteries – in Rome,
243:
The origin of the order is unknown though it shares with other
75:
1363:
533:
Church of St. Bartholomew where the last monastery was located
525:
Interior of the former monastery in Videniškiai (now a museum)
1150:
Elm, Kaspar; Franchi, Antonino; Gustaw, Romualdo (May 1986).
729:
433:
30:
1464:"Kanonicy regularni od pokuty, Kraków (św. Marka Apostoła)"
420:. As the monasteries in Poland closed down, the Lithuanian
295:
150:
67:
1278:. Collegeville, MN: The Liturgical Press. pp. 14–19.
959:(in Lithuanian). Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras.
138:
In their Latin name, "S. Mariae de Metro" referred to the
118:(officially beatified in 2018) was a member of the order.
1526:
Catholic religious orders established in the 13th century
223:
constitutions. The order was particularly devoted to the
1366:"Dziękczynienie za beatyfikację Bł. Michała Giedroycia"
1047:. Translated by Raymond Steffes, Walter Nichipor: 3–5.
1434:. Variants. Vol. 7. Brill/Rodopi. pp. 9–10.
1331:(in Lithuanian). Vilniaus dailės akademijos leidykla.
1236:(in Lithuanian). Vilniaus dailės akademijos leidykla.
1000:
Hülsen, Christian (1927). "M60. S. Mariae de Metrio".
40:
Canons Regular of the Penitence of the Blessed Martyrs
1006:(in Italian). Florence: Leo S. Olschki. p. 345.
283:. The order was in danger of being suppressed by the
247:
the legends about its founding in the 1st century by
484:(died in 1485), known for his piety, was officially
1269:Bosch, Piet van den (1992). Cotone, Michael (ed.).
432:, i.e. he had the right to wear bishop's insignia (
1211:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. p. 637.
18:Canons Regular of Penitence of the Blessed Martyrs
1494:Kanonicy regularni od pokuty na ziemiach polskich
517:Monasteries in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1512:
1176:
1149:
294:listed eight monasteries of the order – one in
1364:Katolicka Agencja Informacyjna (8 June 2019).
1110:(in Polish). Kościół świętego Marka w Krakowie
905:Lietuvių katalikų mokslo akademijos metraštis
379:Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross
1429:
895:
1491:
974:
1395:
979:(in Lithuanian). Aidai. pp. 197–198.
476:The most famous member of the order were:
1324:
1229:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1299:
1297:
1295:
948:
528:
520:
462:
326:, both founded by pilgrims visiting the
227:and the Holy Cross as well as the early
125:
29:
1496:(in Polish). Kraków: Wydawnictwo UNUM.
1303:
1272:The Crosiers: They Shared with Everyone
1207:. In Herbermann, Charles George (ed.).
1202:
1198:
1196:
1179:Dizionario degli Istituti di Perfezione
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1066:
1064:
1062:
970:
968:
966:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
891:
889:
887:
14:
1513:
1456:
1318:
1165:. Translated by James Hentges: 12–14.
1145:
1070:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
999:
949:Jagminas, Leonardas (1 August 2018) .
1536:Catholic Church in the Czech Republic
1423:
1380:
1357:
1292:
1268:
1262:
1223:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1405:Studia Źródłoznawcze. Commentationes
1193:
1089:
1059:
993:
963:
923:
884:
121:
1175:which is an English translation of
1152:"The Penitents of the Holy Martyrs"
1031:
1018:
386:(killed in 1393) who, according to
336:Order of Hermits of Saint Augustine
310:in 1390 shortly after the official
189:order is often confused with other
102:), the order was suppressed by the
24:
1485:
1122:
82:(a total of five locations in the
25:
1557:
1432:Textual Scholarship and the Canon
440:). After the failed anti-Tsarist
334:, and were incorporated into the
180:. In Bohemia, they were known as
157:; its name might be derived from
1203:McGahan, Florence Rudge (1911).
956:Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija
94:(a total of 18 locations in the
1003:Le Chiese di Roma nel Medio Evo
140:Church of Santa Maria de Metrio
169:from their main center at the
27:Roman Catholic religious order
13:
1:
1492:Bruździński, Andrzej (2003).
1328:Lietuvos vienuolynai. Vadovas
1233:Lietuvos vienuolynai. Vadovas
975:Rabikauskas, Paulius (2002).
896:Prašmantaitė, Aldona (2003).
878:
502:
411:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
357:. At the time, four (Prague,
349:in 1340. In 1420, during the
312:Christianization of Lithuania
70:and had a few monasteries in
1541:Catholic Church in Lithuania
353:, the order fled Bohemia to
7:
98:with the main monastery in
86:with the main monastery in
10:
1562:
471:
456:which was attached to the
238:
171:Church of St. Mark, Kraków
130:17th-century engraving of
62:and emphasized piousness,
54:religious order. It was a
1546:Catholic Church in Poland
1440:10.1163/9789042032361_003
1396:Baranowska, Anna (2005).
1209:The Catholic Encyclopedia
458:Church of St. Bartholomew
290:In a papal bull of 1295,
34:Coat of arms of the order
1304:Jiřinec, Martin (2007).
1032:Elm, Kaspar (May 1986).
491:Priest Jakub Sójecki of
375:Battle of White Mountain
304:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
114:closed in 1845. Blessed
110:. The last monastery in
92:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1071:Hélyot, Pierre (1849).
977:Krikščioniškoji Lietuva
215:The order followed the
1531:1845 disestablishments
951:"atgailos kanauninkai"
534:
526:
468:
409:reforms introduced by
285:Second Council of Lyon
135:
47:
35:
532:
524:
466:
308:Władysław II Jagiełło
281:Bolesław V the Chaste
273:Ottokar II of Bohemia
217:Rule of St. Augustine
196:The monks wore white
129:
60:Rule of St. Augustine
33:
1205:"Penitential Orders"
448:implemented various
359:Klášterec nad Orlicí
225:crucifixion of Jesus
1345:on 24 February 2022
1250:on 11 February 2012
543:Present-day country
422:provincial superior
392:St. Vitus Cathedral
367:Benátky nad Jizerou
345:later relocated to
251:and restoration by
163:baltieji Augustinai
155:Arch of Constantine
104:Tsarist authorities
58:which followed the
1521:Augustinian canons
535:
527:
469:
332:Kingdom of Galicia
328:Camino de Santiago
300:Kingdom of Bohemia
292:Pope Boniface VIII
136:
96:Diocese of Vilnius
36:
876:
875:
619:1400 – 1595/1610
572:1262/1266 – 1816
261:Pope Alexander IV
229:Christian martyrs
122:Names and symbols
84:Diocese of Kraków
80:Kingdom of Poland
16:(Redirected from
1553:
1507:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1470:. 9 January 2017
1460:
1454:
1453:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1402:
1393:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1341:. Archived from
1322:
1316:
1315:
1301:
1290:
1289:
1277:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1246:. Archived from
1227:
1221:
1220:
1200:
1191:
1190:
1174:
1159:Crosier Heritage
1156:
1147:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1104:
1087:
1086:
1068:
1057:
1056:
1041:Crosier Heritage
1038:
1029:
1016:
1015:
997:
991:
990:
972:
961:
960:
946:
921:
920:
902:
893:
718:
646:
586:
537:
536:
511:
507:
504:
499:Michał Olszewski
442:Uprising of 1831
404:
396:Navalis festival
343:superior general
179:
148:
108:Uprising of 1831
21:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1511:
1510:
1504:
1488:
1486:Further reading
1483:
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1471:
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1461:
1457:
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1424:
1400:
1394:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1362:
1358:
1348:
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1339:
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1319:
1302:
1293:
1286:
1275:
1267:
1263:
1253:
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1201:
1194:
1154:
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1123:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1090:
1069:
1060:
1036:
1030:
1019:
998:
994:
987:
973:
964:
947:
924:
900:
894:
885:
881:
712:
640:
580:
519:
509:
505:
482:Michał Giedroyć
474:
398:
388:Bohuslav Balbín
384:John of Nepomuk
298:, three in the
267:(Germany), and
241:
233:mendicant order
210:Saint Augustine
173:
142:
132:Michał Giedroyć
124:
116:Michał Giedroyć
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1509:
1508:
1502:
1487:
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1422:
1379:
1356:
1337:
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1222:
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1088:
1058:
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992:
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922:
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867:
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570:
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548:
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541:
518:
515:
514:
513:
496:
489:
473:
470:
446:Russian Empire
287:of 1272–1274.
257:Judas Cyriacus
253:Empress Helena
249:Pope Anacletus
240:
237:
186:Judas Cyriacus
123:
120:
56:penitent order
52:Roman Catholic
50:) was a small
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1558:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
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1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
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1505:
1503:83-89256-11-8
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1489:
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1459:
1451:
1449:9789042032361
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1407:(in Polish).
1406:
1399:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1367:
1360:
1344:
1340:
1338:9986-571-39-1
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1313:
1309:
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1300:
1298:
1296:
1287:
1285:0-8146-5836-9
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1243:9986-571-39-1
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1128:
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1101:
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1097:
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1093:
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1076:
1075:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1035:
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1024:
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1013:
1009:
1005:
1004:
996:
988:
986:9955-445-36-X
982:
978:
971:
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945:
943:
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906:
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871:
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849:
845:
842:
840:
837:
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819:
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788:
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777:
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772:
771:
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748:
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736:
733:
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700:
698:
695:
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669:
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664:
661:
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648:
644:
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635:
631:
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626:
623:
622:
618:
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613:
609:
608:
604:
601:
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588:
584:
579:
576:
575:
571:
568:
566:
563:
562:
558:
555:
553:
550:
549:
546:Years active
545:
542:
539:
538:
531:
523:
500:
497:
494:
490:
487:
483:
479:
478:
477:
465:
461:
459:
455:
451:
450:Russification
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
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1343:the original
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1411:: 217–218.
1368:(in Polish)
911:: 741–746.
865:Suvainiškis
713: [
671:Videniškiai
641: [
581: [
510: 1779
506: 1712
495:(1579–1659)
426:Videniškiai
407:Josephinism
399: [
200:with white
174: [
159:Meta Sudans
143: [
100:Videniškiai
1515:Categories
1474:25 January
1372:27 January
1349:30 January
1254:30 January
1114:25 January
1108:"Markowie"
879:References
872:1782–1832
859:1775–1810
846:1770–1832
833:1764–1832
820:1721–1832
807:1700–1832
794:1695–1832
781:1677–1832
768:1650–1700
755:1644–1845
737:1641–1832
724:1622–1832
710:Michališki
704:1620–1832
691:1620–1827
678:1618–1832
665:1610–1800
652:1600–1832
632:1501–1832
605:1390–1832
598:Medininkai
592:1390–1523
559:1257–1807
508: – c.
355:Regensburg
106:after the
90:) and the
64:asceticism
1417:0081-7147
1083:758265296
1012:636231156
917:1392-0502
869:Lithuania
856:Lithuania
852:Glitiškės
843:Lithuania
830:Lithuania
817:Lithuania
804:Lithuania
791:Lithuania
778:Lithuania
774:Skiemonys
765:Lithuania
752:Lithuania
701:Lithuania
697:Panemunis
675:Lithuania
649:Lithuania
629:Lithuania
625:Tverečius
612:Tęgoborze
602:Lithuania
486:beatified
430:infulatus
424:based in
363:Pardubice
338:in 1567.
316:Guildford
221:Dominican
206:mozzettas
202:scapulars
800:Kurkliai
787:Jūžintai
578:Bystryca
565:Trzciana
540:Location
480:Blessed
418:province
306:by King
245:Crosiers
191:Crosiers
167:Markowie
1217:1391341
1187:2194708
1171:9663588
1053:9663588
839:Kvetkai
826:Papilys
813:Salakas
761:Paberžė
747:Vilnius
734:Belarus
721:Belarus
684:Bogoria
638:Smalvos
589:Belarus
493:Przyrów
488:in 2018
472:Members
438:crosier
330:in the
269:Kuyavia
265:Alsfeld
239:History
182:Cyriaci
72:Bohemia
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743:Užupis
688:Poland
662:Poland
658:Pilica
616:Poland
569:Poland
556:Poland
552:Kraków
454:Užupis
444:, the
394:. The
371:Kraków
365:, and
347:Prague
320:Sarria
277:Prague
198:habits
184:after
112:Užupis
88:Kraków
76:Prague
1401:(PDF)
1310:[
1276:(PDF)
1155:(PDF)
1037:(PDF)
901:(PDF)
730:Myory
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610:Near
585:]
434:mitre
403:]
324:Arzúa
178:]
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44:Latin
1498:ISBN
1476:2020
1444:ISBN
1413:ISSN
1374:2020
1351:2020
1333:ISBN
1280:ISBN
1256:2020
1238:ISBN
1213:OCLC
1183:OCLC
1167:OCLC
1116:2020
1079:OCLC
1049:OCLC
1008:OCLC
981:ISBN
913:ISSN
436:and
322:and
296:Rome
255:and
204:and
151:Rome
68:Rome
38:The
1436:doi
275:to
149:in
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